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Turunen S, Koivula MK, Risteli L, Risteli J. Ureido group-specific antibodies are induced in rabbits immunized with citrulline- or homocitrulline-containing antigens. Autoimmunity 2016; 49:459-465. [PMID: 27098309 DOI: 10.3109/08916934.2016.1171853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The specificities and cross-reactions of antibodies induced by citrulline- and homocitrulline-containing proteins may give implications on the role of citrulline- and homocitrulline-binding antibodies in the pathogenesis and progression of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Here we use rabbits as an experimental model of antibody development in RA. Thirty-two animals were immunized with peptide antigens containing either homocitrulline or citrulline. The sera were tested for binding to CCP and MCV antigens and to peptide sequences related to carboxyterminal telopeptides of type I and II collagens and containing arginine, citrulline, or homocitrulline. The binding of CCP and MCV antigens to antisera against homocitrulline-containing immunogens could be inhibited by human serum albumin containing homocitrulline, whereas similar binding to sera against citrulline-containing immunogens was not inhibited. The antisera induced with citrulline-containing collagen telopeptides recognized type I collagen-related antigens in a sequence-specific manner, as antibody binding to both citrulline- and homocitrulline-containing peptides was inhibited by corresponding citrullinated and native peptides. In contrast, type II collagen-related peptides were recognized by the antisera in a ureido group-specific manner, as their binding to homocitrulline-containing peptide was inhibited by both citrulline- and homocitrulline-containing, but not native peptide. Binding of the citrullinated type II collagen peptide could only be inhibited by the similarly citrullinated peptide. In conclusion, antibodies induced with citrulline or homocitrulline-containing antigens bound antigens in a ureido group-specific manner, recognizing citrulline and homocitrulline also in other sequences than those used in the original immunization. In competitive situations the amino acid present in the immunization antigen was favored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanna Turunen
- a Department of Clinical Chemistry , Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, Medical Research Center, University of Oulu , Oulu , Finland and
| | - Marja-Kaisa Koivula
- a Department of Clinical Chemistry , Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, Medical Research Center, University of Oulu , Oulu , Finland and.,b Northern Finland Laboratory Centre NordLab, Oulu University Hospital , Oulu , Finland
| | - Leila Risteli
- a Department of Clinical Chemistry , Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, Medical Research Center, University of Oulu , Oulu , Finland and.,b Northern Finland Laboratory Centre NordLab, Oulu University Hospital , Oulu , Finland
| | - Juha Risteli
- a Department of Clinical Chemistry , Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, Medical Research Center, University of Oulu , Oulu , Finland and.,b Northern Finland Laboratory Centre NordLab, Oulu University Hospital , Oulu , Finland
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202
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Myelin Basic Protein Citrullination in Multiple Sclerosis: A Potential Therapeutic Target for the Pathology. Neurochem Res 2016; 41:1845-56. [PMID: 27097548 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-1920-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a multifactorial demyelinating disease characterized by neurodegenerative events and autoimmune response against myelin component. Citrullination or deimination, a post-translational modification of protein-bound arginine into citrulline, catalyzed by Ca(2+) dependent peptidylarginine deiminase enzyme (PAD), plays an essential role in physiological processes include gene expression regulation, apoptosis and the plasticity of the central nervous system, while aberrant citrullination can generate new epitopes, thus involving in the initiation and/or progression of autoimmune disorder like MS. Myelin basic protein (MBP) is the major myelin protein and is generally considered to maintain the stability of the myelin sheath. This review describes the MBP citrullination and its consequence, as well as offering further support for the "inside-out" hypothesis that MS is primarily a neurodegenerative disease with secondary inflammatory demyelination. In addition, it discusses the role of MBP citrullination in the immune inflammation and explores the potential of inhibition of PAD enzymes as a therapeutic strategy for the disease.
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203
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Winget JM, Finlay D, Mills KJ, Huggins T, Bascom C, Isfort RJ, Moritz RL. Quantitative Proteomic Analysis of Stratum Corneum Dysfunction in Adult Chronic Atopic Dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol 2016; 136:1732-1735. [PMID: 27091361 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Tom Huggins
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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204
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205
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Lange S. Peptidylarginine Deiminases as Drug Targets in Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy. Front Neurol 2016; 7:22. [PMID: 26941709 PMCID: PMC4761975 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2016.00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxygen deprivation and infection are major causes of perinatal brain injury leading to cerebral palsy and other neurological disabilities. The identification of novel key factors mediating white and gray matter damage are crucial to allow better understanding of the specific contribution of different cell types to the injury processes and pathways for clinical intervention. Recent studies in the Rice-Vannucci mouse model of neonatal hypoxic ischemia (HI) have highlighted novel roles for calcium-regulated peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs) and demonstrated neuroprotective effects of pharmacological PAD inhibition following HI and synergistic infection mimicked by lipopolysaccharide stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigrun Lange
- Department of Pharmacology, UCL School of Pharmacy, London, UK; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Westminster, London, UK
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206
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Histone modifications in DNA damage response. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2016; 59:257-70. [PMID: 26825946 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-016-5011-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
DNA damage is a relatively common event in eukaryotic cell and may lead to genetic mutation and even cancer. DNA damage induces cellular responses that enable the cell either to repair the damaged DNA or cope with the damage in an appropriate way. Histone proteins are also the fundamental building blocks of eukaryotic chromatin besides DNA, and many types of post-translational modifications often occur on tails of histones. Although the function of these modifications has remained elusive, there is ever-growing studies suggest that histone modifications play vital roles in several chromatin-based processes, such as DNA damage response. In this review, we will discuss the main histone modifications, and their functions in DNA damage response.
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207
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McGinty JW, Marré ML, Bajzik V, Piganelli JD, James EA. T cell epitopes and post-translationally modified epitopes in type 1 diabetes. Curr Diab Rep 2015; 15:90. [PMID: 26370701 PMCID: PMC4902156 DOI: 10.1007/s11892-015-0657-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease in which progressive loss of self-tolerance, evidenced by accumulation of auto-antibodies and auto-reactive T cells that recognize diverse self-proteins, leads to immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic beta cells and loss of insulin secretion. In this review, we discuss antigens and epitopes in T1D and the role that post-translational modifications play in circumventing tolerance mechanisms and increasing antigenic diversity. Emerging data suggest that, analogous to other autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and celiac disease, enzymatically modified epitopes are preferentially recognized in T1D. Modifying enzymes such as peptidyl deiminases and tissue transglutaminase are activated in response to beta cell stress, providing a mechanistic link between post-translational modification and interactions with the environment. Although studies of such responses in the at-risk population have been limited, current data suggests that breakdown in tolerance through post-translational modification represents an important checkpoint in the development of T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W McGinty
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 9th Ave, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Meghan L Marré
- Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Veronique Bajzik
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 9th Ave, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Jon D Piganelli
- Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Eddie A James
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 9th Ave, Seattle, WA, USA.
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208
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Fert-Bober J, Giles JT, Holewinski RJ, Kirk JA, Uhrigshardt H, Crowgey EL, Andrade F, Bingham CO, Park JK, Halushka MK, Kass DA, Bathon JM, Van Eyk JE. Citrullination of myofilament proteins in heart failure. Cardiovasc Res 2015; 108:232-42. [PMID: 26113265 PMCID: PMC4614685 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvv185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Citrullination, the post-translational conversion of arginine to citrulline by the enzyme family of peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs), is associated with several diseases, and specific citrullinated proteins have been shown to alter function while others act as auto-antigens. In this study, we identified citrullinated proteins in human myocardial samples, from healthy and heart failure patients, and determined several potential functional consequences. Further we investigated PAD isoform cell-specific expression in the heart. METHODS AND RESULTS A citrullination-targeted proteomic strategy using data-independent (SWATH) acquisition method was used to identify the modified cardiac proteins. Citrullinated-induced sarcomeric proteins were validated using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and investigated using biochemical and functional assays. Myocardial PAD isoforms were confirmed by RT-PCR with PAD2 being the major isoform in myocytes. In total, 304 citrullinated sites were identified that map to 145 proteins among the three study groups: normal, ischaemia, and dilated cardiomyopathy. Citrullination of myosin (using HMM fragment) decreased its intrinsic ATPase activity and inhibited the acto-HMM-ATPase activity. Citrullinated TM resulted in stronger F-actin binding and inhibited the acto-HMM-ATPase activity. Citrullinated TnI did not alter the binding to F-actin or acto-HMM-ATPase activity. Overall, citrullination of sarcomeric proteins caused a decrease in Ca(2+) sensitivity in skinned cardiomyocytes, with no change in maximal calcium-activated force or hill coefficient. CONCLUSION Citrullination unique to the cardiac proteome was identified. Our data indicate important structural and functional alterations to the cardiac sarcomere and the contribution of protein citrullination to this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Fert-Bober
- The Heart Institute and Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Advanced Clinical BioSystems Research Institute, Advanced Health Science Building, 9229, Los Angeles, CA, USA Bayview Proteomics Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - John T Giles
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ronald J Holewinski
- The Heart Institute and Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Advanced Clinical BioSystems Research Institute, Advanced Health Science Building, 9229, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan A Kirk
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Helge Uhrigshardt
- Bayview Proteomics Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Erin L Crowgey
- The Heart Institute and Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Advanced Clinical BioSystems Research Institute, Advanced Health Science Building, 9229, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Felipe Andrade
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Clifton O Bingham
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin Kyun Park
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Marc K Halushka
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David A Kass
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joan M Bathon
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jennifer E Van Eyk
- The Heart Institute and Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Advanced Clinical BioSystems Research Institute, Advanced Health Science Building, 9229, Los Angeles, CA, USA Bayview Proteomics Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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209
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Chicooree N, Unwin RD, Griffiths JR. The application of targeted mass spectrometry-based strategies to the detection and localization of post-translational modifications. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2015; 34:595-626. [PMID: 24737647 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This review describes some of the more interesting and imaginative ways in which mass spectrometry has been utilized to study a number of important post-translational modifications over the past two decades; from circa 1990 to 2013. A diverse range of modifications is covered, including citrullination, sulfation, hydroxylation and sumoylation. A summary of the biological role of each modification described, along with some brief mechanistic detail, is also included. Emphasis has been placed on strategies specifically aimed at detecting target modifications, as opposed to more serendipitous modification discovery approaches, which rely upon straightforward product ion scanning methods. The authors have intentionally excluded from this review both phosphorylation and glycosylation since these major modifications have been extensively reviewed elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navin Chicooree
- CRUK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4BX, UK
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Brunswick Street, Manchester, M13 9SU, UK
| | - Richard D Unwin
- Centre for Advanced Discovery and Experimental Therapeutics (CADET), Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, M13 9WL, UK
- Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - John R Griffiths
- CRUK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4BX, UK
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210
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Kim DY, Han YJ, Kim SI, Song JT, Seo HS. Arabidopsis CMT3 activity is positively regulated by AtSIZ1-mediated sumoylation. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 239:209-15. [PMID: 26398805 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The activities of mammalian DNA and histone methyltransferases are regulated by post-translational modifications such as phosphorylation and sumoylation; however, it is unclear how the activities of these enzymes are regulated at the post-translational level in plants. Here, we demonstrate that the DNA methylation activity of Arabidopsis CHROMOMETHYLASE 3 (CMT3) is positively regulated by the E3 SUMO ligase AtSIZ1. The methylation level of the Arabidopsis genome, including transposons, was significantly lower in the siz1-2 mutant than in wild-type plants. CMT3 was sumoylated by the E3 ligase activity of AtSIZ1 through a direct interaction, and the DNA methyltransferase activity of CMT3 was enhanced by this modification. In addition, the methylation levels of a large number of genes, including the nitrate reductase gene NIA2, were lower in siz1-2 and cmt3 plants than in wild-type plants. Furthermore, the CHG methylation activity of CMT3 was specific for NIA2and not NIA1 (the other nitrate reductase gene in Arabidopsis), indicating that CMT3 selectively regulates the CHG methylation levels of target genes. Taken together, our results indicate that the sumoylation of CMT3 is critical for its role in the control of gene expression and that AtSIZ1 positively controls the epigenetic repression of CMT3-mediated gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do Youn Kim
- Department of Plant Science and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Jung Han
- Department of Plant Science and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Il Kim
- Department of Plant Science and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Tae Song
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hak Soo Seo
- Department of Plant Science and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Republic of Korea; Bio-MAX Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-818, Republic of Korea.
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211
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Lazarus RC, Buonora JE, Flora MN, Freedy JG, Holstein GR, Martinelli GP, Jacobowitz DM, Mueller GP. Protein Citrullination: A Proposed Mechanism for Pathology in Traumatic Brain Injury. Front Neurol 2015; 6:204. [PMID: 26441823 PMCID: PMC4585288 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2015.00204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein citrullination is a calcium-driven post-translational modification proposed to play a causative role in the neurodegenerative disorders of Alzheimer’s disease, multiple sclerosis (MS), and prion disease. Citrullination can result in the formation of antigenic epitopes that underlie pathogenic autoimmune responses. This phenomenon, which is best understood in rheumatoid arthritis, may play a role in the chronic dysfunction following traumatic brain injury (TBI). Despite substantial evidence of aberrations in calcium signaling following TBI, there is little understanding of how TBI alters citrullination in the brain. The present investigation addressed this gap by examining the effects of TBI on the distribution of protein citrullination and on the specific cell types involved. Immunofluorescence revealed that controlled cortical impact in rats profoundly up-regulated protein citrullination in the cerebral cortex, external capsule, and hippocampus. This response was exclusively seen in astrocytes; no such effects were observed on the status of protein citrullination in neurons, oligodendrocytes or microglia. Further, proteomic analyses demonstrated that the effects of TBI on citrullination were confined to a relatively small subset of neural proteins. Proteins most notably affected were those also reported to be citrullinated in other disorders, including prion disease and MS. In vivo findings were extended in an in vitro model of simulated TBI employing normal human astrocytes. Pharmacologically induced calcium excitotoxicity was shown to activate the citrullination and breakdown of glial fibrillary acidic protein, producing a novel candidate TBI biomarker and potential target for autoimmune recognition. In summary, these findings demonstrate that the effects of TBI on protein citrullination are selective with respect to brain region, cell type, and proteins modified, and may contribute to a role for autoimmune dysfunction in chronic pathology following TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel C Lazarus
- Program in Neuroscience, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, MD , USA
| | - John E Buonora
- US Army Graduate Program in Anesthesia Nursing , Fort Sam Houston, TX , USA
| | - Michael N Flora
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, MD , USA
| | - James G Freedy
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, MD , USA
| | - Gay R Holstein
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, NY , USA
| | - Giorgio P Martinelli
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, NY , USA
| | - David M Jacobowitz
- Program in Neuroscience, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, MD , USA ; Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, MD , USA
| | - Gregory P Mueller
- Program in Neuroscience, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, MD , USA ; Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, MD , USA ; Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, MD , USA
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212
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Dai Y, Hu S. Recent insights into the role of autophagy in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2015; 55:403-10. [PMID: 26342228 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kev337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy appears to play a dual role in eukaryotic cells. It manifests cytoprotective effects through the regulation of catabolic processes and the clearance of pathogens; however, a correlation between autophagy and the pathogenesis of autoimmune/autoinflammatory conditions has recently been described. Autophagy has emerged as a mediator in the pathogenesis of RA. Autophagy may regulate apoptosis resistance and hyperplasia in synovial fibroblasts, promote osteoclastogenesis and stimulate osteoclast-mediated bone resorption through the delivery of citrullinated peptides to MHC compartments, which results in the activation of the innate and adaptive immune response, thereby resulting in RA. Given the likely importance of autophagy in the pathogenesis of RA, here we reviewed the detailed mechanisms concerning the pathogenicity of autophagy and autophagy proteins in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Dai
- Department of Rheumatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shaoxian Hu
- Department of Rheumatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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213
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Reichert S, Schlumberger W, Dähnrich C, Hornig N, Altermann W, Schaller HG, Schulz S. Association of levels of antibodies against citrullinated cyclic peptides and citrullinated α-enolase in chronic and aggressive periodontitis as a risk factor of Rheumatoid arthritis: a case control study. J Transl Med 2015; 13:283. [PMID: 26319714 PMCID: PMC4552989 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-015-0625-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Periodontal disease could be a risk factor for rheumatoid arthritis (RA). It is assumed that the bacterial strain Porphyromonas gingivalis mediates citrullination of host peptides and thereby the generation of RA-associated autoantibodies in genetically predisposed individuals. For that reason non-RA individuals who suffered from generalized aggressive (GAgP, N = 51) and generalized chronic periodontitis (GChP, N = 50) were investigated regarding the occurrence of antibodies against citrullinated cyclic peptides (anti-CCP) and citrullinated α-enolase peptide-1 (anti-CEP-1) in comparison to non-RA non-periodontitis controls (N = 89). Furthermore, putative associations between infections with five periodontopathic bacteria or expression of certain human leucocyte antigens (HLA) to these autoantibodies were investigated. METHODS The presence of anti-CCP and anti-CEP-1 in plasma samples was conducted with enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Subgingival plaque specimens were taken from the deepest pocket of each quadrant and pooled. For detection of DNA of five periodontopathic bacteria PCR with sequence specific oligonucleotides was carried out. Low resolution HLA typing was carried out with PCR with sequence specific primers. Differences between patients and controls were assessed using Chi square test with Yates correction or Fisher`s exact test if the expected number n in one group was <5. RESULTS Two patients with GAgP (3.9%), no patient with GChP and two controls (2.2%, pFisher = 0.662) were positive for anti-CEP-1 whereas no study participant was anti-CCP positive. Individuals with P. gingivalis were slightly more often anti-CEP-1 positive in comparison to individuals without P. gingivalis (3.2 vs. 1.1%, pFisher = 0.366). Carrier of HLA-DQB1*06 or the HLA combination DRB1*13; DRB3*; DQB1*06 were slightly more anti-CEP-1 positive (6.1 and 4.3%) than no carriers (0.7 and 0%, pFisher 0.053). CONCLUSIONS GAgP and GChP and the presence of periodontopathic bacteria are not associated with an increased risk for occurrence of anti-CCP and anti-CEP-1 autoantibodies. The putative relationship between periodontitis and RA should be investigated in further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Reichert
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Große Steinstrasse 19, 06108, Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | | | | | | | - Wolfgang Altermann
- HLA Laboratory (Ghatt), Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany.
| | - Hans-Günter Schaller
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Große Steinstrasse 19, 06108, Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Susanne Schulz
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Große Steinstrasse 19, 06108, Halle (Saale), Germany.
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214
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Juarez M, Bang H, Hammar F, Reimer U, Dyke B, Sahbudin I, Buckley CD, Fisher B, Filer A, Raza K. Identification of novel antiacetylated vimentin antibodies in patients with early inflammatory arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2015; 75:1099-107. [PMID: 26160441 PMCID: PMC4893102 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-206785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective To investigate serum antibody reactivity against a panel of post-translationally modified vimentin peptides (PTMPs) in patients with early inflammatory arthritis. Methods A panel of PTMPs was developed. Microtitre plates were coated with peptides derived from vimentin that were identical in length and composition except at one amino acid that was changed to introduce one of three post-translational modifications (PTMs)—either a citrullinated, carbamylated or acetylated residue. Sera of 268 treatment-naive patients with early inflammatory arthritis and symptoms ≤3 months' duration were tested. Patients were assigned to one of three outcome categories at 18-month follow-up (rheumatoid arthritis (RA), persistent non-RA arthritis and resolving arthritis). Results Antibodies against citrullinated, carbamylated and acetylated vimentin peptides were detected in the sera of patients with early inflammatory arthritis. The proportion of patients seropositive for all antibody types was significantly higher in the RA group than in the other groups. Anti cyclic citrullinated peptide (CCP)-positive patients with RA had higher numbers of peptides recognised and higher levels of antibodies against those peptides, representing a distinct profile compared with the other groups. Conclusions We show for the first time that antibodies against acetylated vimentin are present in the sera of patients with early RA and confirm and extend previous observations regarding anticitrullinated and anticarbamylated antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Juarez
- Research Laboratories, Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, University of Birmingham, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | | | | | - Ulf Reimer
- JPT Peptide Technologies GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernard Dyke
- Research Laboratories, Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, University of Birmingham, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | - Ilfita Sahbudin
- Research Laboratories, Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, University of Birmingham, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | - Christopher D Buckley
- Research Laboratories, Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, University of Birmingham, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | - Benjamin Fisher
- Research Laboratories, Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, University of Birmingham, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | - Andrew Filer
- Research Laboratories, Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, University of Birmingham, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | - Karim Raza
- Research Laboratories, Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, University of Birmingham, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, UK Department of Rheumatology, Sandwell and West Birmingham Hospitals NHS Trust, Birmingham, UK
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215
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Structure and mechanism of a bacterial host-protein citrullinating virulence factor, Porphyromonas gingivalis peptidylarginine deiminase. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11969. [PMID: 26132828 PMCID: PMC4487231 DOI: 10.1038/srep11969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Citrullination is a post-translational modification of higher organisms that deiminates arginines in proteins and peptides. It occurs in physiological processes but also pathologies such as multiple sclerosis, fibrosis, Alzheimer’s disease and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The reaction is catalyzed by peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs), which are found in vertebrates but not in lower organisms. RA has been epidemiologically associated with periodontal disease, whose main infective agent is Porphyromonas gingivalis. Uniquely among microbes, P. gingivalis secretes a PAD, termed PPAD (Porphyromonas peptidylarginine deiminase), which is genetically unrelated to eukaryotic PADs. Here, we studied function of PPAD and its substrate-free, substrate-complex, and substrate-mimic-complex structures. It comprises a flat cylindrical catalytic domain with five-fold α/β-propeller architecture and a C-terminal immunoglobulin-like domain. The PPAD active site is a funnel located on one of the cylinder bases. It accommodates arginines from peptide substrates after major rearrangement of a “Michaelis loop” that closes the cleft. The guanidinium and carboxylate groups of substrates are tightly bound, which explains activity of PPAD against arginines at C-termini but not within peptides. Catalysis is based on a cysteine-histidine-asparagine triad, which is shared with human PAD1-PAD4 and other guanidino-group modifying enzymes. We provide a working mechanism hypothesis based on 18 structure-derived point mutants.
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216
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Pisanu S, Cubeddu T, Pagnozzi D, Rocca S, Cacciotto C, Alberti A, Marogna G, Uzzau S, Addis MF. Neutrophil extracellular traps in sheep mastitis. Vet Res 2015; 46:59. [PMID: 26088507 PMCID: PMC4471908 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-015-0196-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are structures composed of DNA, histones, and antimicrobial proteins that are released extracellularly by neutrophils and other immune cells as a means for trapping and killing invading pathogens. Here, we describe NET formation in milk and in mammary alveoli of mastitic sheep, and provide a dataset of proteins found in association to these structures. Nucleic acid staining, immunomicroscopy and fluorescent in-situ hybridization of mastitic mammary tissue from sheep infected with Streptococcus uberis demonstrated the presence of extranuclear DNA colocalizing with antimicrobial proteins, histones, and bacteria. Then, proteomic analysis by LTQ-Orbitrap Velos mass spectrometry provided detailed information on protein abundance changes occurring in milk upon infection. As a result, 1095 unique proteins were identified, of which 287 being significantly more abundant in mastitic milk. Upon protein ontology classification, the most represented localization classes for upregulated proteins were the cytoplasmic granule, the nucleus, and the mitochondrion, while function classes were mostly related to immune defence and inflammation pathways. All known NET markers were massively increased, including histones, granule proteases, and antimicrobial proteins. Of note was the detection of protein arginine deiminases (PAD3 and PAD4). These enzymes are responsible for citrullination, the post-translational modification that is known to trigger NET formation by inducing chromatin decondensation and extracellular release of NETs. As a further observation, citrullinated residues were detected by tandem mass spectrometry in histones of samples from mastitic animals. In conclusion, this work provides novel microscopic and proteomic information on NETs formed in vivo in the mammary gland, and reports the most complete database of proteins increased in milk upon bacterial mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tiziana Cubeddu
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università di Sassari, Sassari, Italy.
| | | | - Stefano Rocca
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università di Sassari, Sassari, Italy.
| | - Carla Cacciotto
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università di Sassari, Sassari, Italy.
| | - Alberto Alberti
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università di Sassari, Sassari, Italy.
| | - Gavino Marogna
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale G, Pegreffi, Sassari, Italy.
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217
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Yang Y, Dai M. Expression of PADI4 in patients with ankylosing spondylitis and its role in mediating the effects of TNF-α on the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells. Int J Mol Med 2015; 36:565-70. [PMID: 26082376 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2015.2248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Peptidyl arginine deiminase, type IV (PADI4) plays an important role in inflammation and in the immune response, and it has been shown to be associated with rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis and ankylosing spondylitis (AS). However, little is known about the precise role of PADI4 in the pathogenic process in vitro. In this study, we aimed to investigate the expression of PADI4 in the synovial tissue of patients with AS and to determine the potential effects of PADI4 on human mesenchymal stem cell (hMSC) proliferation and osteogenic differentiation under normal and pathological conditions. Synovial tissues were collected from 18 patients with AS and 11 control subjects. The results of reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and western blot analysis revealed that the expression of PADI4 was upregulated in the patients with AS. In the hMSCs, the protein expression of PADI4 was increased following treatment with tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in a dose- and time-dependent manner. MTT assay revealed that TNF-α promoted hMSC proliferation. In addition, we found that TNF-α promoted the osteogenic differentiation of hMSCs, as demonstrated by an increase in alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, as well as an increase in the expression of bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2), runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) and Osterix. The hMSCs were transfected with PADI4 siRNA to silence PADI4 expression. We found that, under normal conditions, the silencing of PADI4 did not have any effect on hMSC proliferation or osteogenic differentiation. However, in the presence of TNF-α, hMSC proliferation and osteogenic differentiation were induced. These effects were attenuated by the silencing of PADI4. In conclusion, the findings of this study demonstrate that the expression of PADI4 differs between patients with AS and normal subjects. In addition, our data suggest that PADI4 plays a role in hMSC proliferation and differentiation, which are induced by TNF-α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xinyu Hospital of Nanchang University, Xinyu, Jiangxi 338025, P.R. China
| | - Min Dai
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nangchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
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218
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Fuhrmann J, Clancy K, Thompson PR. Chemical biology of protein arginine modifications in epigenetic regulation. Chem Rev 2015; 115:5413-61. [PMID: 25970731 PMCID: PMC4463550 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Fuhrmann
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Kathleen
W. Clancy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and Program in Chemical
Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical
School, 364 Plantation
Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Paul R. Thompson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and Program in Chemical
Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical
School, 364 Plantation
Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
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219
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Yang Z, Wang KKW. Glial fibrillary acidic protein: from intermediate filament assembly and gliosis to neurobiomarker. Trends Neurosci 2015; 38:364-74. [PMID: 25975510 PMCID: PMC4559283 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2015.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 547] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Revised: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) is an intermediate filament (IF) III protein uniquely found in astrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS), non-myelinating Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system (PNS), and enteric glial cells. GFAP mRNA expression is regulated by several nuclear-receptor hormones, growth factors, and lipopolysaccharides (LPSs). GFAP is also subject to numerous post-translational modifications (PTMs), while GFAP mutations result in protein deposits known as Rosenthal fibers in Alexander disease. GFAP gene activation and protein induction appear to play a critical role in astroglial cell activation (astrogliosis) following CNS injuries and neurodegeneration. Emerging evidence also suggests that, following traumatic brain and spinal cord injuries and stroke, GFAP and its breakdown products are rapidly released into biofluids, making them strong candidate biomarkers for such neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Yang
- Program for Neurotrauma, Neuroproteomics, and Biomarkers Research, Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, L4-100, University of Florida, 1149 South Newell Drive, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Kevin K W Wang
- Program for Neurotrauma, Neuroproteomics, and Biomarkers Research, Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, L4-100, University of Florida, 1149 South Newell Drive, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
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220
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Shin E, Cha S. Comparison of MALDI and ESI for Relative Quantification of Citrullination via Skewed Isotopic Distribution Patterns. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.10266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eunbi Shin
- Department of Chemistry; Hankuk University of Foreign Studies; Yongin 449-791 Korea
| | - Sangwon Cha
- Department of Chemistry; Hankuk University of Foreign Studies; Yongin 449-791 Korea
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221
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Cooper PR, Palmer LJ, Chapple ILC. Neutrophil extracellular traps as a new paradigm in innate immunity: friend or foe? Periodontol 2000 2015; 63:165-97. [PMID: 23931060 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of neutrophil extracellular traps in 2004 opened a fascinating new chapter in immune-mediated microbial killing. Brinkman et al. demonstrated that neutrophils, when catastrophically stimulated, undergo a novel form of programmed cell death (neutrophil extracellular trap formation) whereby they decondense their entire nuclear chromatin/DNA and release the resulting structure into the cytoplasm to mix with granule-derived antimicrobial peptides before extruding these web-like structures into the extracellular environment. The process requires the activation of the granule enzyme peptidyl arginine deiminase-4, the formation of reactive oxygen species (in particular hypochlorous acid), the neutrophil microtubular system and the actin cytoskeleton. Recent work by Yousefi et al. demonstrated that exposure to different agents for shorter stimulation periods resulted in neutrophil extracellular trap release from viable granulocytes, and that such neutrophil extracellular traps comprised mitochondrial DNA rather than nuclear DNA and were also capable of microbial entrapment and destruction. Deficiency in NADPH-oxidase production (as found in patients with chronic granulomatous disease) results in an inability to produce neutrophil extracellular traps and, along with their failure to produce antimicrobial reactive oxygen species, these patients suffer from severe, and sometimes life-threatening, infections. However, conversely the release of nuclear chromatin into tissues is also potentially autoimmunogenic and is now associated with the generation of anti-citrullinated protein antibodies in seropositive rheumatoid arthritis. Other neutrophil-derived nuclear and cytoplasmic contents are also pathogenic, either through direct effects on tissues or via autoimmune processes (e.g. autoimmune vasculitis). In this review, we discuss the plant origins of a highly conserved innate immune method of microbial killing, the history and biology of neutrophil extracellular traps and their role in defence and in human diseases. We attempt to resolve areas of controversy and propose roles for excess neutrophil extracellular trap release from hyperactive/reactive neutrophils and for the unique peptidyl arginine deiminase enzyme of Porphyromonas gingivalis in the pathogenesis of periodontitis, and subsequently a role for periodontitis/the peptidyl arginine deiminase enzyme of P. gingivalis in the causal pathway of autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis. We propose that neutrophil extracellular trap and peptidyl arginine deiminase release may propagate tissue-destructive mechanisms rather than provide protection in susceptible individuals and that release of host-derived DNase may play an important role in the digestion and removal of neutrophil extracellular traps within tissues.
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222
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Adhikari J, West GM, Fitzgerald MC. Global analysis of protein folding thermodynamics for disease state characterization. J Proteome Res 2015; 14:2287-97. [PMID: 25825992 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.5b00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Current methods for the large-scale characterization of disease states generally rely on the analysis of gene and/or protein expression levels. These existing methods fail to detect proteins with disease-related functions and unaltered expression levels. Here we describe the large-scale use of thermodynamic measurements of protein folding and stability for the characterization of disease states. Using the Stable Isotope Labeling with Amino Acids in Cell Culture and Stability of Proteins from Rates of Oxidation (SILAC-SPROX) technique, we assayed ∼800 proteins for protein folding and stability changes in three different cell culture models of breast cancer including the MCF-10A, MCF-7, and MDA-MB-231 cell lines. The thermodynamic stability profiles generated here created distinct molecular markers to differentiate the three cell lines, and a significant fraction (∼45%) of the differentially stabilized proteins did not have altered expression levels. Thus, the differential thermodynamic profiling strategy reported here created novel molecular signatures of breast cancer and provided additional insight into the molecular basis of the disease. Our results establish the utility of protein folding and stability measurements for the study of disease processes, and they suggest that such measurements may be useful for biomarker discovery in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagat Adhikari
- #Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Graham M West
- †Department of Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Michael C Fitzgerald
- #Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States.,∥Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
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223
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Regulation of skeletal muscle development and homeostasis by gene imprinting, histone acetylation and microRNA. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2015; 1849:309-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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224
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Oxidative and other posttranslational modifications in extracellular vesicle biology. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2015; 40:8-16. [PMID: 25721811 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles including exosomes, microvesicles and apoptotic vesicles, are phospholipid bilayer surrounded structures secreted by cells universally, in an evolutionarily conserved fashion. Posttranslational modifications such as oxidation, citrullination, phosphorylation and glycosylation play diverse roles in extracellular vesicle biology. Posttranslational modifications orchestrate the biogenesis of extracellular vesicles. The signals extracellular vesicles transmit between cells also often function via modulating posttranslational modifications of target molecules, given that extracellular vesicles are carriers of several active enzymes catalysing posttranslational modifications. Posttranslational modifications of extracellular vesicles can also contribute to disease pathology by e.g. amplifying inflammation, generating neoepitopes or carrying neoepitopes themselves.
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225
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Abstract
Periodontitis is a dysbiotic inflammatory disease with an adverse impact on systemic health. Recent studies have provided insights into the emergence and persistence of dysbiotic oral microbial communities that can mediate inflammatory pathology at local as well as distant sites. This Review discusses the mechanisms of microbial immune subversion that tip the balance from homeostasis to disease in oral or extra-oral sites.
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226
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Valesini G, Gerardi MC, Iannuccelli C, Pacucci VA, Pendolino M, Shoenfeld Y. Citrullination and autoimmunity. Autoimmun Rev 2015; 14:490-7. [PMID: 25636595 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2015.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases are characterized by the body's own immune system attack to the self-tissues, a condition enabled, in predisposed subjects, by the reduction of self-tolerance. A central role has been recently recognized to post-translational modifications, since they can promote generation of neo-(auto)antigens and in turn an autoimmune response. During the last years great attention has been paid to citrullination, because of its role in inducing anti-citrullinated proteins/peptide antibodies (ACPA), a class of autoantibodies with diagnostic, predictive and prognostic value for Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA). Nonetheless, citrullination has been reported to be a process present in a wide range of inflammatory tissues. Indeed, citrullinated proteins have been detected also in other inflammatory arthritides and in inflammatory conditions other than arthritides (polymyositis, inflammatory bowel disease and chronic tonsillitis). Moreover, environmental exposure to cigarette smoke and nanomaterials of air pollution may be able to induce citrullination in lung cells prior to any detectable onset of inflammatory responses, suggesting that protein citrullination could be considered as a sign of early cellular damage. Accordingly, citrullination seems to be implicated in all those para-physiological processes, such as cells death pathways, in which intracellular calcium concentration raises to higher levels than in physiologic conditions: hence, peptidylarginine deiminases enzymes are activated during apoptosis, autophagy and NETosis, processes which are well-known to be implicated in autoimmunity. Taken together, these data support the hypothesis that rather than being a disease-dependent process, citrullination is an inflammatory-dependent condition that plays a central role in autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Valesini
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, Reumatologia - Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy.
| | - Maria C Gerardi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, Reumatologia - Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Iannuccelli
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, Reumatologia - Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Viviana A Pacucci
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, Reumatologia - Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Monica Pendolino
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, Reumatologia - Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Yehuda Shoenfeld
- The Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Incumbent of the Laura Schwarz-Kipp Chair for Research of Autoimmune Diseases, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
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227
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Kolaparthy LK, Sanivarapu S, Swarna C, Devulapalli NS. Neutrophil extracellular traps: Their role in periodontal disease. J Indian Soc Periodontol 2015; 18:693-7. [PMID: 25624623 PMCID: PMC4296451 DOI: 10.4103/0972-124x.147399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are the first line of innate immune defense against infectious diseases. Since their discovery, they have always been considered tissue-destructive cells responsible for inflammatory tissue damage occurring during infections. Extensive research in the field of neutrophil cell biology and their role skewing the immune response in various infections or inflammatory disorders revealed their importance in the regulation of immune response. Neutrophils also release neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) for the containment of infection and inflammation along with other antimicrobial molecules. Activated neutrophils provide signals for the activation and maturation of macrophages as well as dendritic cells. Neutrophils are also involved in the regulation of T-cell immune response against various pathogens and tumor antigens. Thus, the present review is intended to highlight the emerging role of neutrophil extracellular trap production in the regulation of immune response and its role in periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sahitya Sanivarapu
- Department of Periodontics, Sibar Institute of Dental Sciences, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Chakrapani Swarna
- Department of Periodontics, Sibar Institute of Dental Sciences, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India
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228
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Kim JY, Kwon YJ, Kim SI, Kim DY, Song JT, Seo HS. Ammonium Inhibits Chromomethylase 3-Mediated Methylation of the Arabidopsis Nitrate Reductase Gene NIA2. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:1161. [PMID: 26834755 PMCID: PMC4720742 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.01161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Gene methylation is an important mechanism regulating gene expression and genome stability. Our previous work showed that methylation of the nitrate reductase (NR) gene NIA2 was dependent on chromomethylase 3 (CMT3). Here, we show that CMT3-mediated NIA2 methylation is regulated by ammonium in Arabidopsis thaliana. CHG sequences (where H can be A, T, or C) were methylated in NIA2 but not in NIA1, and ammonium [(NH4)2SO4] treatment completely blocked CHG methylation in NIA2. By contrast, ammonium had no effect on CMT3 methylation, indicating that ammonium negatively regulates CMT3-mediated NIA2 methylation without affecting CMT3 methylation. Ammonium upregulated NIA2 mRNA expression, which was consistent with the repression of NIA2 methylation by ammonium. Ammonium treatment also reduced the overall genome methylation level of wild-type Arabidopsis. Moreover, CMT3 bound to specific promoter and intragenic regions of NIA2. These combined results indicate that ammonium inhibits CMT3-mediated methylation of NIA2 and that of other target genes, and CMT3 selectively binds to target DNA sequences for methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo Yong Kim
- Department of Plant Science and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National UniversitySeoul, South Korea
| | - Ye Jin Kwon
- Department of Plant Science and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National UniversitySeoul, South Korea
| | - Sung-Il Kim
- Department of Plant Science and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National UniversitySeoul, South Korea
| | - Do Youn Kim
- Department of Plant Science and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National UniversitySeoul, South Korea
| | - Jong Tae Song
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National UniversityDaegu, South Korea
| | - Hak Soo Seo
- Department of Plant Science and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National UniversitySeoul, South Korea
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National UniversitySeoul, South Korea
- Bio-MAX Institute, Seoul National UniversitySeoul, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Hak Soo Seo,
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229
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Gudmann NS, Hansen NUB, Jensen ACB, Karsdal MA, Siebuhr AS. Biological relevance of citrullinations: diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic options. Autoimmunity 2014; 48:73-9. [PMID: 25520183 DOI: 10.3109/08916934.2014.962024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Citrullination has become a hot topic within recent years due to its involvement in diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), multiple sclerosis and fibrosis. Citrullinations are the conversion of arginine to citrulline by peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD) enzymes, which affect protein properties. The aim of this review is to summarize the advances in citrullination research and further explore the potential of citrullination as a diagnostic tool as well as inhibition of PAD enzymes as a target for treatment. METHOD We reviewed current literature with emphasis on the role of citrullination in health and disease, the nature of enzymes responsible for citrullination, and the potential of applying citrullinations in diagnostics and pharmaceuticals. CONCLUSION Current literature suggests that increased levels of citrullinated proteins are found in several if not all inflammatory diseases. In RA measurement of anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA) against citrullinated protein fragments are widely used as a prognostic biomarker. More recently, it has been indicated that levels of selected citrullinated proteins carries additional potential as biomarkers. This includes citrullinated vimentin which provide prognostic information in diseases as fibrosis and ankylosing spondylitis. In addition, recent studies suggest that inhibition of PAD is a target for treatment of diseases such as RA and cancer where proteins that are citrullinated are believed to influence the disease activity.
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230
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Damgaard D, Senolt L, Nielsen MF, Pruijn GJ, Nielsen CH. Demonstration of extracellular peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD) activity in synovial fluid of patients with rheumatoid arthritis using a novel assay for citrullination of fibrinogen. Arthritis Res Ther 2014; 16:498. [PMID: 25475141 PMCID: PMC4298085 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-014-0498-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Members of the peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD) family catalyse the posttranslational conversion of peptidylarginine to peptidylcitrulline. Citrullination of proteins is well described in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and hypercitrullination of proteins may be related to inflammation in general. PAD activity has been demonstrated in various cell lysates, but so far not in synovial fluid. We aimed to develop an assay for detection of PAD activity, if any, in synovial fluid from RA patients. Methods An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using human fibrinogen as the immobilized substrate for citrullination and anti-citrullinated fibrinogen antibody as the detecting agent were used for measurement of PAD activity in synovial fluid samples from five RA patients. The concentrations of PAD2 and calcium were also determined. Results Approximately 150 times lower levels of recombinant human PAD2 (rhPAD2) than of rhPAD4 were required for citrullination of fibrinogen. PAD activity was detected in four of five synovial fluid samples from RA patients and correlated with PAD2 concentrations in the samples (r = 0.98, P = 0.003). The calcium requirement for half-maximal activities of PAD2 and PAD4 were found in a range from 0.35 to 1.85 mM, and synovial fluid was found to contain sufficient calcium levels for the citrullination process to occur. Conclusions We present an assay with high specificity for PAD2 activity and show that citrullination of fibrinogen can occur in cell-free synovial fluid from RA patients.
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231
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Sabulski MJ, Fura JM, Pires MM. Fluorescence-based monitoring of PAD4 activity via a pro-fluorescence substrate analog. J Vis Exp 2014:e52114. [PMID: 25407913 DOI: 10.3791/52114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modifications may lead to altered protein functional states by increasing the covalent variations on the side chains of many protein substrates. The histone tails represent one of the most heavily modified stretches within all human proteins. Peptidyl-arginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) has been shown to convert arginine residues into the non-genetically encoded citrulline residue. Few assays described to date have been operationally facile with satisfactory sensitivity. Thus, the lack of adequate assays has likely contributed to the absence of potent non-covalent PAD4 inhibitors. Herein a novel fluorescence-based assay that allows for the monitoring of PAD4 activity is described. A pro-fluorescent substrate analog was designed to link PAD4 enzymatic activity to fluorescence liberation upon the addition of the protease trypsin. It was shown that the assay is compatible with high-throughput screening conditions and has a strong signal-to-noise ratio. Furthermore, the assay can also be performed with crude cell lysates containing over-expressed PAD4.
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232
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Kristensen JH, Karsdal MA, Genovese F, Johnson S, Svensson B, Jacobsen S, Hägglund P, Leeming DJ. The Role of Extracellular Matrix Quality in Pulmonary Fibrosis. Respiration 2014; 88:487-99. [DOI: 10.1159/000368163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is a leading pathogen in chronic periodontitis, a disease process involving progressive destruction of the tissues that support the teeth. Recently, the organism has been reported to produce a unique bacterial enzyme, P. gingivalis peptidyl-arginine deiminase (PPAD), which has the ability to convert arginine residues in proteins to citrulline. Protein citrullination alters protein structure and function; hence, PPAD may be involved in deregulation of the host’s signalling network and immune evasion. Further, accumulating evidence suggests a role for autoimmunity against citrullinated proteins in the development of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). As inflammatory conditions in the lungs of cigarette smokers contribute to the breakdown of immune tolerance to citrullinated epitopes, chronic exposure to citrullinated proteins at periodontitis sites may also predispose susceptible individuals to the development of autoantibodies and the initiation of RA. In this review, we discuss evidence that PPAD may represent a mechanistic link between periodontitis and RA, diseases that are known to be significantly associated at the epidemiological level.
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234
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Bhat S, Mary S, Banarjee R, Giri AP, Kulkarni MJ. Immune response to chemically modified proteome. Proteomics Clin Appl 2014; 8:19-34. [PMID: 24375944 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201300068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Both enzymatic and nonenzymatic PTMs of proteins involve chemical modifications. Some of these modifications are prerequisite for the normal functioning of cell, while other chemical modifications render the proteins as "neo-self" antigens, which are recognized as "non-self" leading to aberrant cellular and humoral immune responses. However, these modifications could be a secondary effect of autoimmune diseases, as in the case of type I diabetes, hyperglycemia leads to protein glycation. The enigma of chemical modifications and immune response is akin to the "chick-and-egg" paradox. Nevertheless, chemical modifications regulate immune response. In some of the well-known autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and multiple sclerosis, chemically modified proteins act as autoantigens forming immune complexes. In some instances, chemical modifications are also involved in regulating immune response during pathogen infection. Further, the usefulness of proteomic analysis of immune complexes is briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Bhat
- Proteomics Facility, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India
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235
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Deplus R, Denis H, Putmans P, Calonne E, Fourrez M, Yamamoto K, Suzuki A, Fuks F. Citrullination of DNMT3A by PADI4 regulates its stability and controls DNA methylation. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:8285-96. [PMID: 24957603 PMCID: PMC4117755 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation is a central epigenetic modification in mammals, with essential roles in development and disease. De novo DNA methyltransferases establish DNA methylation patterns in specific regions within the genome by mechanisms that remain poorly understood. Here we show that protein citrullination by peptidylarginine deiminase 4 (PADI4) affects the function of the DNA methyltransferase DNMT3A. We found that DNMT3A and PADI4 interact, from overexpressed as well as untransfected cells, and associate with each other's enzymatic activity. Both in vitro and in vivo, PADI4 was shown to citrullinate DNMT3A. We identified a sequence upstream of the PWWP domain of DNMT3A as its primary region citrullinated by PADI4. Increasing the PADI4 level caused the DNMT3A protein level to increase as well, provided that the PADI4 was catalytically active, and RNAi targeting PADI4 caused reduced DNMT3A levels. Accordingly, pulse-chase experiments revealed stabilization of the DNMT3A protein by catalytically active PADI4. Citrullination and increased expression of native DNMT3A by PADI4 were confirmed in PADI4-knockout MEFs. Finally, we showed that PADI4 overexpression increases DNA methyltransferase activity in a catalytic-dependent manner and use bisulfite pyrosequencing to demonstrate that PADI4 knockdown causes significant reduction of CpG methylation at the p21 promoter, a known target of DNMT3A and PADI4. Protein citrullination by PADI4 thus emerges as a novel mechanism for controlling a de novo DNA methyltransferase. Our results shed new light on how post-translational modifications might contribute to shaping the genomic CpG methylation landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Deplus
- Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 808 route de Lennik, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hélène Denis
- Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 808 route de Lennik, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pascale Putmans
- Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 808 route de Lennik, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Emilie Calonne
- Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 808 route de Lennik, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marie Fourrez
- Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 808 route de Lennik, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kazuhiko Yamamoto
- Laboratory for Autoimmune diseases, Center for Integrative Medical Science, The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), 1-7-22 Suehirocho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Akari Suzuki
- Laboratory for Autoimmune diseases, Center for Integrative Medical Science, The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), 1-7-22 Suehirocho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - François Fuks
- Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 808 route de Lennik, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
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236
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Effects of acute phencyclidine administration on arginine metabolism in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex in rats. Neuropharmacology 2014; 81:195-205. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Revised: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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237
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Lange S, Rocha-Ferreira E, Thei L, Mawjee P, Bennett K, Thompson PR, Subramanian V, Nicholas AP, Peebles D, Hristova M, Raivich G. Peptidylarginine deiminases: novel drug targets for prevention of neuronal damage following hypoxic ischemic insult (HI) in neonates. J Neurochem 2014; 130:555-62. [PMID: 24762056 PMCID: PMC4185393 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Revised: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Neonatal hypoxic ischaemic (HI) injury frequently causes neural impairment in surviving infants. Our knowledge of the underlying molecular mechanisms is still limited. Protein deimination is a post-translational modification caused by Ca+2-regulated peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs), a group of five isozymes that display tissue-specific expression and different preference for target proteins. Protein deimination results in altered protein conformation and function of target proteins, and is associated with neurodegenerative diseases, gene regulation and autoimmunity. In this study, we used the neonatal HI and HI/infection [lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation] murine models to investigate changes in protein deimination. Brains showed increases in deiminated proteins, cell death, activated microglia and neuronal loss in affected brain areas at 48 h after hypoxic ischaemic insult. Upon treatment with the pan-PAD inhibitor Cl-amidine, a significant reduction was seen in microglial activation, cell death and infarct size compared with control saline or LPS-treated animals. Deimination of histone 3, a target protein of the PAD4 isozyme, was increased in hippocampus and cortex specifically upon LPS stimulation and markedly reduced following Cl-amidine treatment. Here, we demonstrate a novel role for PAD enzymes in neural impairment in neonatal HI Encephalopathy, highlighting their role as promising new candidates for drug-directed intervention in neurotrauma. Hypoxic Ischaemic Insult (HI) results in activation of peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs) because of calcium dysregulation. Target proteins undergo irreversible changes of protein bound arginine to citrulline, resulting in protein misfolding. Infection in synergy with HI causes up-regulation of TNFα, nuclear translocation of PAD4 and change in gene regulation as a result of histone deimination. Pharmacological PAD inhibition significantly reduced HI brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigrun Lange
- UCL Institute for Women's Health, Maternal & Fetal Medicine, Perinatal Brain Repair Group, London, UK; UCL School of Pharmacy, London, UK
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238
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Mowen KA, David M. Unconventional post-translational modifications in immunological signaling. Nat Immunol 2014; 15:512-20. [DOI: 10.1038/ni.2873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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239
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Tutturen AEV, Fleckenstein B, de Souza GA. Assessing the citrullinome in rheumatoid arthritis synovial fluid with and without enrichment of citrullinated peptides. J Proteome Res 2014; 13:2867-73. [PMID: 24724574 DOI: 10.1021/pr500030x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Protein citrullination is a posttranslational modification that has attracted increased attention, especially for its involvement in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Here, we assess the citrullinome in RA synovial fluid by direct LC-MS/MS analysis and by the use of an enrichment strategy based on citrulline specific biotinylation. RA synovial fluid was depleted for abundant proteins, and total and depleted fractions were analyzed. Frequency of citrullinated peptides and their degree of citrullination could be determined for four known RA autoantigens, as well as a novel in vivo autocitrullination site of peptidylarginine deiminase 4. From the analysis of total and depleted synovial fluid after enrichment we could estimate the numbers of citrullinated peptides to be approximately 3600 and 2100, respectively. However, identification of these biotinylated peptides by MS/MS turned out to be very difficult due to fragmentation of the biotin moiety. By direct MS analysis of the total and depleted synovial fluid without enrichment, 119 and 157 citrullinated peptides were identified, respectively. This indicates that direct analysis allows identification of only a fraction of the citrullinated proteins present in synovial fluid and that specific enrichment is still needed for a comprehensive in-depth elucidation of the citrullinome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid E V Tutturen
- Centre for Immune Regulation, Department of Immunology, University of Oslo, Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet , Oslo 0372, Norway
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240
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Koziel J, Bryzek D, Sroka A, Maresz K, Glowczyk I, Bielecka E, Kantyka T, Pyrć K, Svoboda P, Pohl J, Potempa J. Citrullination alters immunomodulatory function of LL-37 essential for prevention of endotoxin-induced sepsis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:5363-72. [PMID: 24771854 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1303062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Cathelicidin LL-37 plays an essential role in innate immunity by killing invading microorganisms and regulating the inflammatory response. These activities depend on the cationic character of the peptide, which is conferred by arginine and lysine residues. At inflammatory foci in vivo, LL-37 is exposed to peptidyl arginine deiminase (PAD), an enzyme released by inflammatory cells. Therefore, we hypothesized that PAD-mediated citrullination of the arginine residues within LL-37 will abrogate its immunomodulatory functions. We found that, when citrullinated, LL-37 was at least 40 times less efficient at neutralizing the proinflammatory activity of LPS due to a marked decrease in its affinity for endotoxin. Also, the ability of citrullinated LL-37 to quench macrophage responses to lipoteichoic acid and poly(I:C) signaling via TLR2 and TLR3, respectively, was significantly reduced. Furthermore, in stark contrast to native LL-37, the modified peptide completely lost the ability to prevent morbidity and mortality in a mouse model of d-galactosamine-sensitized endotoxin shock. In fact, administration of citrullinated LL-37 plus endotoxin actually exacerbated sepsis due to the inability of LL-37 to neutralize LPS and the subsequent enhancement of systemic inflammation due to increased serum levels of IL-6. Importantly, serum from septic mice showed increased PAD activity, which strongly correlated with the level of citrullination, indicating that PAD-driven protein modification occurs in vivo. Because LL-37 is a potential treatment for sepsis, its administration should be preceded by a careful analysis to ensure that the citrullinated peptide is not generated in treated patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Koziel
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Danuta Bryzek
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Aneta Sroka
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Maresz
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Izabela Glowczyk
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Ewa Bielecka
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Tomasz Kantyka
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Pyrć
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Pavel Svoboda
- Division of Scientific Resources, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333; and
| | - Jan Pohl
- Division of Scientific Resources, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333; and
| | - Jan Potempa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; Center for Oral Health and Systemic Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY 40202
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241
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Citrullination and proteolytic processing of chemokines by Porphyromonas gingivalis. Infect Immun 2014; 82:2511-9. [PMID: 24686061 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01624-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The outgrowth of Porphyromonas gingivalis within the inflammatory subgingival plaque is associated with periodontitis characterized by periodontal tissue destruction, loss of alveolar bone, periodontal pocket formation, and eventually, tooth loss. Potential virulence factors of P. gingivalis are peptidylarginine deiminase (PPAD), an enzyme modifying free or peptide-bound arginine to citrulline, and the bacterial proteases referred to as gingipains (Rgp and Kgp). Chemokines attract leukocytes during inflammation. However, posttranslational modification (PTM) of chemokines by proteases or human peptidylarginine deiminases may alter their biological activities. Since chemokine processing may be important in microbial defense mechanisms, we investigated whether PTM of chemokines by P. gingivalis enzymes occurs. Upon incubation of interleukin-8 (IL-8; CXCL8) with PPAD, only minor enzymatic citrullination was detected. In contrast, Rgp rapidly cleaved CXCL8 in vitro. Subsequently, different P. gingivalis strains were incubated with the chemokine CXCL8 or CXCL10 and their PTMs were investigated. No significant CXCL8 citrullination was detected for the tested strains. Interestingly, although considerable differences in the efficiency of CXCL8 degradation were observed with full cultures of various strains, similar rates of chemokine proteolysis were exerted by cell-free culture supernatants. Sequencing of CXCL8 incubated with supernatant or bacteria showed that CXCL8 is processed into its more potent forms consisting of amino acids 6 to 77 and amino acids 9 to 77 (the 6-77 and 9-77 forms, respectively). In contrast, CXCL10 was entirely and rapidly degraded by P. gingivalis, with no transient chemokine forms being observed. In conclusion, this study demonstrates PTM of CXCL8 and CXCL10 by gingipains of P. gingivalis and that strain differences may particularly affect the activity of these bacterial membrane-associated proteases.
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242
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Bennike T, Birkelund S, Stensballe A, Andersen V. Biomarkers in inflammatory bowel diseases: Current status and proteomics identification strategies. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:3231-3244. [PMID: 24696607 PMCID: PMC3964395 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i12.3231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Revised: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Unambiguous diagnosis of the two main forms of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD): Ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD), represents a challenge in the early stages of the diseases. The diagnosis may be established several years after the debut of symptoms. Hence, protein biomarkers for early and accurate diagnostic could help clinicians improve treatment of the individual patients. Moreover, the biomarkers could aid physicians to predict disease courses and in this way, identify patients in need of intensive treatment. Patients with low risk of disease flares may avoid treatment with medications with the concomitant risk of adverse events. In addition, identification of disease and course specific biomarker profiles can be used to identify biological pathways involved in the disease development and treatment. Knowledge of disease mechanisms in general can lead to improved future development of preventive and treatment strategies. Thus, the clinical use of a panel of biomarkers represents a diagnostic and prognostic tool of potentially great value. The technological development in recent years within proteomic research (determination and quantification of the complete protein content) has made the discovery of novel biomarkers feasible. Several IBD-associated protein biomarkers are known, but none have been successfully implemented in daily use to distinguish CD and UC patients. The intestinal tissue remains an obvious place to search for novel biomarkers, which blood, urine or stool later can be screened for. When considering the protein complexity encountered in intestinal biopsy-samples and the recent development within the field of mass spectrometry driven quantitative proteomics, a more thorough and accurate biomarker discovery endeavor could today be performed than ever before. In this review, we report the current status of the proteomics IBD biomarkers and discuss various emerging proteomic strategies for identifying and characterizing novel biomarkers, as well as suggesting future targets for analysis.
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243
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U KP, Subramanian V, Nicholas AP, Thompson PR, Ferretti P. Modulation of calcium-induced cell death in human neural stem cells by the novel peptidylarginine deiminase-AIF pathway. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2014; 1843:1162-71. [PMID: 24607566 PMCID: PMC3996523 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PADs (peptidylarginine deiminases) are calcium-dependent enzymes that change protein-bound arginine to citrulline (citrullination/deimination) affecting protein conformation and function. PAD up-regulation following chick spinal cord injury has been linked to extensive tissue damage and loss of regenerative capability. Having found that human neural stem cells (hNSCs) expressed PAD2 and PAD3, we studied PAD function in these cells and investigated PAD3 as a potential target for neuroprotection by mimicking calcium-induced secondary injury responses. We show that PAD3, rather than PAD2 is a modulator of cell growth/death and that PAD activity is not associated with caspase-3-dependent cell death, but is required for AIF (apoptosis inducing factor)-mediated apoptosis. PAD inhibition prevents association of PAD3 with AIF and AIF cleavage required for its translocation to the nucleus. Finally, PAD inhibition also hinders calcium-induced cytoskeleton disassembly and association of PAD3 with vimentin, that we show to be associated also with AIF; together this suggests that PAD-dependent cytoskeleton disassembly may play a role in AIF translocation to the nucleus. This is the first study highlighting a role of PAD activity in balancing hNSC survival/death, identifying PAD3 as an important upstream regulator of calcium-induced apoptosis, which could be targeted to reduce neural loss, and shedding light on the mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kin Pong U
- Developmental Biology Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | | | - Antony P Nicholas
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham and Birmingham VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Paul R Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, TSRI, Scripps Florida, FL 33458, USA
| | - Patrizia Ferretti
- Developmental Biology Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UK.
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244
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Prevalence of anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA) in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL): a case-control study. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88177. [PMID: 24516607 PMCID: PMC3917867 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Antibodies against citrullinated proteins (ACPA) have been recognised as the most specific serum marker for rheumatoid arthritis. However, serum autoantibodies such as anti-nuclear antibodies have also been detected in the sera of different lymphatic malignancies without accompanying rheumatologic disease. Therefore, we conducted a study to evaluate the prevalence of ACPA in diffuse large B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (DLBCL). Methods Sera of 395 DLBCL patients and 258 age-matched healthy controls were investigated to evaluate the prevalence of ACPA and RF. ACPA-positive data were stratified into subgroups of RF positivity and established prognostic parameters for DLBCL, including overall survival. In addition, the ACPA serum concentrations levels were compared to an ACPA-positive RA cohort (n = 175). The statistics were performed with χ2 test and Mann- Whitney-U test; Kaplan-Meyer curves (log rank test) were used to analyse the overall survival. P-value <0.05 was statistically significant. Results ACPA, but not RF, occurred significantly more frequently in the sera of DLBCL patients than in healthy controls (3.5% versus 0.8%, p = 0.030). However, the ACPA serum concentration levels were significantly lower than in RA patients (median 10.4 versus 124.1 U/ml, p = 0.0001). After subgroup stratification, ACPA positivity in DLBCL was significantly associated with male gender (4.4% versus 0%, p = 0.022; odds ratio 1.046, CI 1.014–1.079) and with RF-IgM seropositivity (1.77% versus 0%, p = 0.043), but not with prognostic parameters for DLBCL. Conclusions DLBCL is associated with a significantly higher prevalence of ACPA, with an increased prevalence in male patients, and simultaneous RF-IgM positivity. However, ACPA is not prognostic for DLBCL. The prevalence of RF-IgM, -IgA, or -IgG did not differ from healthy controls.
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245
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dos Santos-Pinto JRA, Lamprecht G, Chen WQ, Heo S, Hardy JG, Priewalder H, Scheibel TR, Palma MS, Lubec G. Structure and post-translational modifications of the web silk protein spidroin-1 from Nephila spiders. J Proteomics 2014; 105:174-85. [PMID: 24434585 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Spidroin-1 is one of the major ampullate silk proteins produced by spiders for use in the construction of the frame and radii of orb webs, and as a dragline to escape from predators. Only partial sequences of spidroin-1 produced by Nephila clavipes have been reported up to now, and there is no information on post-translational modifications (PTMs). A gel-based mass spectrometry strategy with ETD and CID fragmentation methods were used to sequence and determine the presence/location of any PTMs on the spidroin-1. Sequence coverage of 98.06%, 95.05%, and 98.37% were obtained for N. clavipes, Nephila edulis and for Nephila madagascariensis, respectively. Phosphorylation was the major PTM observed with 8 phosphorylation sites considered reliable on spidroin-1 produced by N. clavipes, 4 in N. madagascariensis and 2 for N. edulis. Dityrosine and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (formed by oxidation of the spidroin-1) were observed, although the mechanism by which they are formed (i.e. exposure to UV radiation or to peroxidases in the major ampullate silk gland) is uncertain. Herein we present structural information on the spidroin-1 produced by three different Nephila species; these findings may be valuable for understanding the physicochemical properties of the silk proteins and moreover, future designs of recombinantly produced spider silk proteins. Biotechnological significance The present investigation shows for the first time spidroin structure and post-translational modifications observed on the major ampullate silk spidroin-1. The many site specific phosphorylations (localized within the structural motifs) along with the probably photoinduction of hydroxylations may be relevant for scientists in material science, biology, biochemistry and environmental scientists. Up to now all the mechanical properties of the spidroin have been characterized without any consideration about the existence of PTMs in the sequence of spidroins. Thus, these findings for major ampullate silk spidroin-1 from Nephila spiders provide the basis for mechanical-elastic property studies of silk for biotechnological and biomedical potential applications. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Proteomics of non-model organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Roberto Aparecido dos Santos-Pinto
- Center of the Study of Social Insects, Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences of Rio Claro, São Paulo State University, Rio Claro, SP 13500, Brazil; Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Günther Lamprecht
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna 1230, Austria
| | - Wei-Qiang Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Seok Heo
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - John George Hardy
- Lehrstuhl Biomaterialien, Fakultät für Ingenieurwissenschaften, Universität Bayreuth, Bayreuth 95447, Germany
| | - Helga Priewalder
- Department of Paleontology, Geological Survey of Austria, Vienna 1230, Austria
| | - Thomas Rainer Scheibel
- Lehrstuhl Biomaterialien, Fakultät für Ingenieurwissenschaften, Universität Bayreuth, Bayreuth 95447, Germany
| | - Mario Sergio Palma
- Center of the Study of Social Insects, Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences of Rio Claro, São Paulo State University, Rio Claro, SP 13500, Brazil.
| | - Gert Lubec
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria.
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Fan T, Zhang C, Zong M, Zhao Q, Yang X, Hao C, Zhang H, Yu S, Guo J, Gong R, Fan S, Wei L, Fan L. Peptidylarginine deiminase IV promotes the development of chemoresistance through inducing autophagy in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cell Biosci 2014; 4:49. [PMID: 25922661 PMCID: PMC4412294 DOI: 10.1186/2045-3701-4-49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peptidylarginine deiminase IV (PADI4) is widely distributed in several tissues and the expression is correlated with many pathological processes. Chemotherapy remains a major treatment alternatively to surgery for a large number of patients at the advanced stage of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the role of PADI4 in the chemoresistance of HCC has not been identified. METHODS MTT and PI/Annexin V assay were employed to examine the proliferation and apoptosis of HCC cell lines. The expression of MDR1 is detected by Realtime PCR. GFP tagged LC3 expression vector and electron microscopy are utilized to demonstrate the occurrence of autophagy. RESULTS We observed that the elevated PADI4 expression is associated with chemoresistance in HCC patients with TACE after surgery. In addition, we found that overexpression of PADI4 in HCC cell lines lead to the resistance to chemotherapeutic agents in vitro and in vivo. Interestingly, the HCC cells that overexpressed PADI4 were observed to undergo autophagy which was known as a protective mechanism for cells to resist the cell tosicity from chemotherapy. Autophagy inhibitor could effectively restore the sensitivity of HCC cells to chemotherapy in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that PADI4 may induce chemoresistance in HCC cells by leading autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Fan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University Medical School, No. 150, Jimo Road, Shanghai, 200120 China
| | - Changsong Zhang
- Clinical Oncology Laboratory, Changzhou cancer Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, 213001 China
- Tumor Immunology and Gene Therapy Center, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 225 Changhai Road, Shanghai, 200438 China
| | - Ming Zong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University Medical School, No. 150, Jimo Road, Shanghai, 200120 China
| | - Qiudong Zhao
- Tumor Immunology and Gene Therapy Center, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 225 Changhai Road, Shanghai, 200438 China
| | - Xue Yang
- Tumor Immunology and Gene Therapy Center, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 225 Changhai Road, Shanghai, 200438 China
| | - Chong Hao
- Tumor Immunology and Gene Therapy Center, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 225 Changhai Road, Shanghai, 200438 China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University Medical School, No. 150, Jimo Road, Shanghai, 200120 China
| | - Shanshan Yu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University Medical School, No. 150, Jimo Road, Shanghai, 200120 China
| | - Jinhu Guo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University Medical School, No. 150, Jimo Road, Shanghai, 200120 China
| | - Ruhan Gong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University Medical School, No. 150, Jimo Road, Shanghai, 200120 China
| | - Shasha Fan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University Medical School, No. 150, Jimo Road, Shanghai, 200120 China
| | - Lixin Wei
- Tumor Immunology and Gene Therapy Center, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 225 Changhai Road, Shanghai, 200438 China
| | - Lieying Fan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University Medical School, No. 150, Jimo Road, Shanghai, 200120 China
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Nakashima K, Arai S, Suzuki A, Nariai Y, Urano T, Nakayama M, Ohara O, Yamamura KI, Yamamoto K, Miyazaki T. PAD4 regulates proliferation of multipotent haematopoietic cells by controlling c-myc expression. Nat Commun 2013; 4:1836. [PMID: 23673621 PMCID: PMC3674250 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Peptidylarginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) functions as a transcriptional coregulator by catalyzing the conversion of histone H3 arginine residues to citrulline residues. Although the high level of PAD4 expression in bone marrow cells suggests its involvement in haematopoiesis, its precise contribution remains unclear. Here we show that PAD4, which is highly expressed in lineage− Sca-1+ c-Kit+ (LSK) cells of mouse bone marrow compared with other progenitor cells, controls c-myc expression by catalyzing the citrullination of histone H3 on its promoter. Furthermore, PAD4 is associated with lymphoid enhancer-binding factor 1 and histone deacetylase 1 at the upstream region of the c-myc gene. Supporting these findings, LSK cells, especially multipotent progenitors, in PAD4-deficient mice show increased proliferation in a cell-autonomous fashion compared with those in wild-type mice. Together, our results strongly suggest that PAD4 regulates the proliferation of multipotent progenitors in the bone marrow by controlling c-myc expression. Histone citrullination by peptidylarginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) regulates transcription but its physiological role is unclear. Here Nakashima et al. show that PAD4 controls proliferation of multipotent haematopoietic cells by modulating c-myc expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhiko Nakashima
- Laboratory of Molecular Biomedicine for Pathogenesis, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
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248
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Sadowska-Bartosz I, Adamczyk-Sowa M, Gajewska A, Bartosz G. Oxidative modification of blood serum proteins in multiple sclerosis after interferon or mitoxantrone treatment. J Neuroimmunol 2013; 266:67-74. [PMID: 24290230 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2013.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2013] [Revised: 10/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
This study was aimed at (i) comparison of the usefulness of serum protein oxidation parameters for assessment of oxidative stress (OS) in multiple sclerosis (MS), and (ii) comparison of OS in MS patients subject to various therapies. Elevated glycophore level was noted in relapsing-remitting (RRMS) patients without treatment and patients treated with interferons β1a and β1b (10.33±3.27, 8.02±2.22 and 8.56±2.45 vs control 5.27±0.73 fluorescence units (FU)/mg protein). Advanced oxidation protein products (295±135 vs 83±65nmol/mg protein), carbonyl groups (3.68±1.44nmol/mg protein vs 2.03±0.23nmol/mg protein), kynurenine (7.71±0.1.67 vs 5.5±0.63 FU/mg protein) and N'-formylkynurenine (7.69±0.7 vs 4.97±0.59 FU/mg protein) levels were increased, while thioredoxin level was decreased in RRMS patients without treatment (5.03±2.18 vs 10.83±2.75ng/ml) with respect to control. The level of OS was higher in untreated RRMS patients and in SPMS patients treated with mitoxantrone than in patients treated with interferon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Sadowska-Bartosz
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Rzeszow, ul. Zelwerowicza 4, 35-601 Rzeszów, Poland.
| | - Monika Adamczyk-Sowa
- Department of Neurology in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, ul. 3-go Maja 13-15, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Gajewska
- Department of Molecular Biophysics, University of Łódź, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Łódź, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Bartosz
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Rzeszow, ul. Zelwerowicza 4, 35-601 Rzeszów, Poland; Department of Molecular Biophysics, University of Łódź, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Łódź, Poland
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249
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Three isozymes of peptidylarginine deiminase in the chicken: molecular cloning, characterization, and tissue distribution. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 167:65-73. [PMID: 24161753 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2013.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD; EC 3.5.3.15) is a post-translational modification enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of protein-bound arginine to citrulline (deimination) in a calcium ion dependent manner. Although PADI genes are widely conserved among vertebrates, their function in the chicken is poorly understood. Here, we cloned and sequenced three chicken PADI cDNAs and analyzed the expression of their proteins in various tissues. Immunoblotting analysis showed that chicken PAD1 and PAD3 were present in cells of several central neuron system tissues including the retina; the chicken PAD2 protein was not detected in any tissue. We expressed recombinant chicken PADs in insect cells and characterized their enzymatic properties. The chicken PAD1 and PAD3 recombinant proteins required calcium ions as an essential cofactor for their catalytic activity. The two recombinant proteins showed similar substrate specificities toward synthetic arginine derivatives. By contrast to them, chicken PAD2 did not show any activity. We found that one of the conserved active centers in mammalian PADs had been altered in chicken PAD2; we prepared a reverse mutant but we did not detect an activity. We conclude that chicken PAD1 and PAD3 might play specific roles in the nervous system, but that chicken PAD2 might not be functional under normal physiological conditions.
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250
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Jiang Z, Cui Y, Wang L, Zhao Y, Yan S, Chang X. Investigating citrullinated proteins in tumour cell lines. World J Surg Oncol 2013; 11:260. [PMID: 24099319 PMCID: PMC3851430 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7819-11-260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The conversion of arginine into citrulline, termed citrullination, has important consequences for the structure and function of proteins. Studies have found PADI4, an enzyme performing citrullination, to be highly expressed in a variety of malignant tumours and have shown that PADI4 participates in the process of tumorigenesis. However, as citrullinated proteins have not been systematically investigated in tumours, the present study aimed to identify novel citrullinated proteins in tumours by 2-D western blotting (2-D WB). METHODS Two identical two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) gels were prepared using extracts from ECA, H292, HeLa, HEPG2, Lovo, MCF-7, PANC-1, SGC, and SKOV3 tumour cell lines. The expression profiles on a 2-DE gel were trans-blotted to PVDF membranes, and the blots were then probed with an anti-citrulline antibody. By comparing the 2-DE profile with the parallel 2-D WB profile at a global level, protein spots with immuno-signals were collected from the second 2-DE gel and identified using mass spectrometry. Immunoprecipitation was used to verify the expression and citrullination of the targeted proteins in tumour cell lines. RESULTS 2-D WB and mass spectrometry identified citrullinated α-enolase (ENO1), heat shock protein 60 (HSP60), keratin 8 (KRT8), tubulin beta (TUBB), T cell receptor chain and vimentin in these cell lines. Immunoprecipitation analyses verified the expression and citrullination of ENO1, HSP60, KRT8, and TUBB in the total protein lysates of the tumour cell lines. CONCLUSIONS The citrullination of these proteins suggests a new mechanism in the tumorigenic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongmin Jiang
- Medical Research Center of Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jingshi Road 16766, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P.R. China
| | - Yazhou Cui
- Biomedical Research Center, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jingshi Road 18877, Jinan, Shandong 250062, P.R. China
| | - Lin Wang
- Biomedical Research Center, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jingshi Road 18877, Jinan, Shandong 250062, P.R. China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Biomedical Research Center, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jingshi Road 18877, Jinan, Shandong 250062, P.R. China
| | - Suhua Yan
- Medical Research Center of Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jingshi Road 16766, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P.R. China
| | - Xiaotian Chang
- Medical Research Center of Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jingshi Road 16766, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P.R. China
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