201
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Hegerle N, Guiso N. Bordetella pertussisand pertactin-deficient clinical isolates: lessons for pertussis vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 13:1135-46. [DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2014.932254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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202
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Zhang H, Fan D, Deng J, Zhu C, Hui J, Ma X. Effect of Tris-acetate buffer on endotoxin removal from human-like collagen used biomaterials. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2014; 42:124-9. [PMID: 25063101 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2014.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Revised: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Protein preparation, which has active ingredients designated for the use of biomaterials and therapeutical protein, is obtained by genetic engineering, but products of genetic engineering are often contaminated by endotoxins. Because endotoxin is a ubiquitous and potent proinflammatory agent, endotoxin removal or depletion from protein is essential for researching any biomaterials. In this study, we have used Tris-acetate (TA) buffer of neutral pH value to evaluate endotoxins absorbed on the Pierce high-capacity endotoxin removal resin. The effects of TA buffer on pH, ionic strength, incubation time as well as human-like collagen (HLC) concentration on eliminating endotoxins are investigated. In the present experiments, we design an optimal method for TA buffer to remove endotoxin from recombinant collagen and use a chromogenic tachypleus amebocyte lysate (TAL) test kit to measure the endotoxin level of HLC. The present results show that, the endotoxins of HLC is dropped to 8.3EU/ml at 25 mM TA buffer (pH7.8) with 150 mM NaCl when setting incubation time at 6h, and HLC recovery is about 96%. Under this experimental condition, it is proved to exhibit high efficiencies of both endotoxin removal and collagen recovery. The structure of treated HLC was explored by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), demonstrating that the property and structure of HLC treated by TA buffer are maintained. Compared to the most widely used endotoxin removal method, Triton X-114 extraction, using TA buffer can obtain the non-toxic HLC without extra treatment for removing the toxic substances in Triton X-114. In addition, the present study aims at establishing a foundation for further work in laboratory animal science and providing a foundation for medical grade biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huizhi Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Daidi Fan
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China.
| | - Jianjun Deng
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Chenghui Zhu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Junfeng Hui
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Ma
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
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203
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Anwar MA, Choi S. Gram-negative marine bacteria: structural features of lipopolysaccharides and their relevance for economically important diseases. Mar Drugs 2014; 12:2485-514. [PMID: 24796306 PMCID: PMC4052302 DOI: 10.3390/md12052485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2013] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Gram-negative marine bacteria can thrive in harsh oceanic conditions, partly because of the structural diversity of the cell wall and its components, particularly lipopolysaccharide (LPS). LPS is composed of three main parts, an O-antigen, lipid A, and a core region, all of which display immense structural variations among different bacterial species. These components not only provide cell integrity but also elicit an immune response in the host, which ranges from other marine organisms to humans. Toll-like receptor 4 and its homologs are the dedicated receptors that detect LPS and trigger the immune system to respond, often causing a wide variety of inflammatory diseases and even death. This review describes the structural organization of selected LPSes and their association with economically important diseases in marine organisms. In addition, the potential therapeutic use of LPS as an immune adjuvant in different diseases is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ayaz Anwar
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 443-749, Korea.
| | - Sangdun Choi
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 443-749, Korea.
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204
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El Ichi S, Leon F, Vossier L, Marchandin H, Errachid A, Coste J, Jaffrezic-Renault N, Fournier-Wirth C. Microconductometric immunosensor for label-free and sensitive detection of Gram-negative bacteria. Biosens Bioelectron 2014; 54:378-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2013.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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205
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Unger RE, Peters K, Sartoris A, Freese C, Kirkpatrick CJ. Human endothelial cell-based assay for endotoxin as sensitive as the conventional Limulus Amebocyte Lysate assay. Biomaterials 2014; 35:3180-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.12.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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206
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Elucidation of the structure of the oligosaccharide from wild type Moraxella bovis Epp63 lipooligosaccharide. Carbohydr Res 2014; 388:81-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2013.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Revised: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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207
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Fontana C, Lundborg M, Weintraub A, Widmalm G. Rapid structural elucidation of polysaccharides employing predicted functions of glycosyltransferases and NMR data: application to the O-antigen of Escherichia coli O59. Glycobiology 2014; 24:450-7. [PMID: 24558268 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwu011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
A computerized method that uses predicted functions of glycosyltransferases (GTs) in conjunction with unassigned NMR data has been developed for the structural elucidation of bacterial polysaccharides (PSs). In this approach, information about the action of GTs (consisting of possible sugar residues used as donors and/or acceptors, as well as the anomeric configuration and/or substitution position in the respective glycosidic linkages) is extracted from the Escherichia coli O-antigen database and is submitted, together with the unassigned NMR data, to the CASPER program. This time saving methodology, which alleviates the need for chemical analysis, was successfully implemented in the structural elucidation of the O-antigen PS of E. coli O59. The repeating unit of the O-specific chain was determined using the O-deacylated PS and has a branched structure, namely, →6)[α-d-GalpA3Ac/4Ac-(1 → 3)]-α-d-Manp-(1 → 3)-α-d-Manp-(1 → 3)-β-d-Manp-(1 → 3)-α-d-GlcpNAc-(1→. The identification of the O-acetylation positions was efficiently performed by comparison of the (1)H,(13)C HSQC NMR spectra of the O-deacylated lipopolysaccharide and the lipid-free PS in conjunction with chemical shift predictions made by the CASPER program. The side-chain d-GalpA residue carries one equivalent of O-acetyl groups at the O-3 and O-4 positions distributed in the LPS in a 3:7 ratio, respectively. The presence of O-acetyl groups in the repeating unit of the E. coli O59 PS is consistent with the previously proposed acetyltransferase WclD in the O-antigen gene cluster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Fontana
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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208
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SAKATA M, TODOKORO M. Polymeric ^|^gamma;-Cyclodextrin Adsorbent for Selective Removal of Endotoxin from DNA Solution. KOBUNSHI RONBUNSHU 2014. [DOI: 10.1295/koron.71.283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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209
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γ-Cyclodextrin–polyurethane copolymer adsorbent for selective removal of endotoxin from DNA solution. Anal Biochem 2013; 443:41-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2013.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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210
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Genomic and proteomic studies on Plesiomonas shigelloides lipopolysaccharide core biosynthesis. J Bacteriol 2013; 196:556-67. [PMID: 24244003 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01100-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We report here the identification of waa clusters with the genes required for the biosynthesis of the core lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of two Plesiomonas shigelloides strains. Both P. shigelloides waa clusters shared all of the genes besides the ones flanking waaL. In both strains, all of the genes were found in the waa gene cluster, although one common core biosynthetic gene (wapG) was found in a different chromosome location outside the cluster. Since P. shigelloides and Klebsiella pneumoniae share a core LPS carbohydrate backbone extending up at least to the second outer-core residue, the functions of the common P. shigelloides genes were elucidated by genetic complementation studies using well-defined K. pneumoniae mutants. The function of strain-specific inner- or outer-core genes was identified by using as a surrogate acceptor LPS from three well-defined K. pneumoniae core LPS mutants. Using this strategy, we were able to assign a proteomic function to all of the P. shigelloides waa genes identified in the two strains encoding six new glycosyltransferases (WapA, -B, -C, -D, -F, and -G). P. shigelloides demonstrated an important variety of core LPS structures, despite being a single species of the genus, as well as high homologous recombination in housekeeping genes.
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211
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Ibrahim M, Tao Z, Hussain A, Chunlan Y, Ilyas M, Waheed A, Yuan F, Li B, Xie GL. Deciphering the role of Burkholderia cenocepacia membrane proteins in antimicrobial properties of chitosan. Arch Microbiol 2013; 196:9-16. [PMID: 24213809 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-013-0936-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Chitosan, a versatile derivative of chitin, is widely used as an antimicrobial agent either alone or mixed with other natural polymers. Burkholderia cenocepacia is a multidrug-resistant bacteria and difficult to eradicate. Our previous studies shown that chitosan had strong antibacterial activity against B. cenocepacia. In the current study, we have investigated the molecular aspects for the susceptibility of B. cenocepacia in response to chitosan antibacterial activity. We have conducted RNA expression analysis of drug efflux system by RT-PCR, membrane protein profiling by SDS-PAGE, and by LC-MS/MS analysis following the validation of selected membrane proteins by real-time PCR analysis. By RT-PCR analysis, it was found that orf3, orf9, and orf13 were expressed at detectable levels, which were similar to control, while rest of the orf did not express. Moreover, shotgun proteomics analysis revealed 21 proteins in chitosan-treated cells and 16 proteins in control. Among them 4 proteins were detected as shared proteins under control and chitosan-treated cells and 17 proteins as uniquely identified proteins under chitosan-treated cells. Among the catalog of uniquely identified proteins, there were proteins involved in electron transport chain and ATP synthase, metabolism of carbohydrates and adaptation to atypical conditions proteins which indicate that utilization and pattern of chitosan is diverse which might be responsible for its antibacterial effects on bacteria. Moreover, our results showed that RND drug efflux system, which display the ability to transport a variety of structurally unrelated drugs from a cell and consequently are capable of conferring resistance to a diverse range of chemotherapeutic agents, was not determined to play its role in response to chitosan. It might be lipopolysaccharides interaction with chitosan resulted in the destabilization of membrane protein to membrane lyses to cell death. Membrane proteome analysis were also validated by RT-qPCR analysis, which corroborated our results that of membrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ibrahim
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 388 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
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212
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Paszkiewicz M, Tokarska-Pietrzak E, Gołębiowski M, Kunikowska D, Stepnowski P. Plasmid- and chromosomal genes-encoded two separate O-polysaccharide chains of Salmonella Uccle (O:3,54) – Structural elucidation. J Struct Biol 2013; 184:367-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2013.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Revised: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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213
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Lodowska J, Wolny D, Węglarz L. The sugar 3-deoxy-d-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid (Kdo) as a characteristic component of bacterial endotoxin — a review of its biosynthesis, function, and placement in the lipopolysaccharide core. Can J Microbiol 2013; 59:645-55. [DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2013-0490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The sugar 3-deoxy-d-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid (Kdo) is a characteristic component of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS, endotoxin). It connects the carbohydrate part of LPS with C6 of glucosamine or 2,3-diaminoglucose of lipid A by acid-labile α-ketosidic linkage. The number of Kdo units present in LPS, the way they are connected, and the occurrence of other substituents (P, PEtn, PPEtn, Gal, or β-l-Ara4N) account for structural diversity of the inner core region of endotoxin. In a majority of cases, Kdo is crucial to the viability and growth of bacterial cells. In this paper, the biosynthesis of Kdo and the mechanism of its incorporation into the LPS structure, as well as the location of this unique component in the endotoxin core structures, have been described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Lodowska
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Silesia, Narcyzow 1 Street, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Daniel Wolny
- Department of Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Silesia, Narcyzow 1 St., 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Ludmiła Węglarz
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Silesia, Narcyzow 1 Street, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
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214
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Immunochemical properties of Proteus penneri lipopolysaccharides—one of the major Proteus sp. virulence factors. Carbohydr Res 2013; 380:16-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2013.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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215
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Magnusdottir A, Vidarsson H, Björnsson JM, Örvar BL. Barley grains for the production of endotoxin-free growth factors. Trends Biotechnol 2013; 31:572-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2013.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Revised: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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216
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The unique structure of complete lipopolysaccharide isolated from semi-rough Plesiomonas shigelloides O37 (strain CNCTC 39/89) containing (2S)-O-(4-oxopentanoic acid)-α-d-Glcp (α-d-Lenose). Carbohydr Res 2013; 378:98-107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2013.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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217
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Kaszowska M, Jachymek W, Niedziela T, Koj S, Kenne L, Lugowski C. The novel structure of the core oligosaccharide backbone of the lipopolysaccharide from the Plesiomonas shigelloides strain CNCTC 80/89 (serotype O13). Carbohydr Res 2013; 380:45-50. [PMID: 23920477 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2013.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The new structure of the core oligosaccharide of Plesiomonas shigelloides CNCTC 80/89 (serotype O13) lipopolysaccharide has been investigated by chemical methods, (1)H and (13)C NMR spectroscopy and matrix-assisted laser-desorption/ionization time of flight (MALDI-TOF). It was concluded that the core oligosaccharide of P. shigelloides CNCTC 80/89 is a nonasaccharide with the following structure: The position of glycine was determined by MALDI-TOF MS/MS analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Kaszowska
- Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, R. Weigla 12, PL-53-114 Wroclaw, Poland.
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218
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Patten DA, Collett A. Exploring the immunomodulatory potential of microbial-associated molecular patterns derived from the enteric bacterial microbiota. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2013; 159:1535-1544. [PMID: 23851280 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.064717-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The human intestinal lumen represents one of the most densely populated microbial niches in the biological world and, as a result, the intestinal innate immune system exists in a constant state of stimulation. A key component in the innate defence system is the intestinal epithelial layer, which acts not only as a physical barrier, but also as an immune sensor. The expression of pattern recognition receptors, such as Toll-like receptors, in epithelial cells allows innate recognition of a wide range of highly conserved bacterial moieties, termed microbial-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs), from both pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria. To date, studies of epithelial immunity have largely concentrated on inflammatory pathogenic antigens; however, this review discusses the major types of MAMPs likely to be produced by the enteric bacterial microbiota and, using data from in vitro studies, animal model systems and clinical observations, speculates on their immunomodulatory potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Patten
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK
| | - Andrew Collett
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK
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219
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Abstract
MOTIVATION Outer membrane beta-barrels (OMBBs) are the proteins found in the outer membrane of bacteria, mitochondria and chloroplasts. There are thousands of beta-barrels reported in genomic databases with ∼2-3% of the genes in gram-negative bacteria encoding these proteins. These proteins have a wide variety of biological functions including active and passive transport, cell adhesion, catalysis and structural anchoring. Of the non-redundant OMBB structures in the Protein Data Bank, half have been solved during the past 5 years. This influx of information provides new opportunities for understanding the chemistry of these proteins. The distribution of charges in proteins in the outer membrane has implications for how the mechanism of outer membrane protein insertion is understood. Understanding the distribution of charges might also assist in organism selection for the heterologous expression of mitochondrial OMBBs. RESULTS We find a strong asymmetry in the charge distribution of these proteins. For the outward-facing residues of the beta-barrel within regions of similar amino acid density for both membrane leaflets, the external side of the outer membrane contains almost three times the number of charged residues as the internal side of the outer membrane. Moreover, the lipid bilayer of the outer membrane is asymmetric, and the overall preference for amino acid types to be in the external leaflet of the membrane correlates roughly with the hydrophobicity of the membrane lipids. This preference is demonstrably related to the difference in lipid composition of the external and internal leaflets of the membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna S G Slusky
- Institute for Cancer Research, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Ave, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA.
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220
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Le Brun A, Clifton LA, Halbert CE, Lin B, Meron M, Holden PJ, Lakey JH, Holt SA. Structural characterization of a model gram-negative bacterial surface using lipopolysaccharides from rough strains of Escherichia coli. Biomacromolecules 2013; 14:2014-22. [PMID: 23617615 PMCID: PMC3679557 DOI: 10.1021/bm400356m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Revised: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) make up approximately 75% of the Gram-negative bacterial outer membrane (OM) surface, but because of the complexity of the molecule, there are very few model OMs that include LPS. The LPS molecule consists of lipid A, which anchors the LPS within the OM, a core polysaccharide region, and a variable O-antigen polysaccharide chain. In this work we used RcLPS (consisting of lipid A plus the first seven sugars of the core polysaccharide) from a rough strain of Escherichia coli to form stable monolayers of LPS at the air-liquid interface. The vertical structure RcLPS monolayers were characterized using neutron and X-ray reflectometry, while the lateral structure was investigated using grazing incidence X-ray diffraction and Brewster angle microscopy. It was found that RcLPS monolayers at surface pressures of 20 mN m(-1) and above are resolved as hydrocarbon tails, an inner headgroup, and an outer headgroup of polysaccharide with increasing solvation from tails to outer headgroups. The lateral organization of the hydrocarbon lipid chains displays an oblique hexagonal unit cell at all surface pressures, with only the chain tilt angle changing with surface pressure. This is in contrast to lipid A, which displays hexagonal or, above 20 mN m(-1), distorted hexagonal packing. This work provides the first complete structural analysis of a realistic E. coli OM surface model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton
P. Le Brun
- Bragg Institute, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC, NSW 2232, Australia
| | - Luke A. Clifton
- ISIS Neutron Facility, STFC Rutherford
Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Oxfordshire
OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - Candice E. Halbert
- Spallation Neutron Source, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
37831, United States
| | - Binhua Lin
- Consortium
of Advanced Radiation
Sources (CARS), University of Chicago,
Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Mati Meron
- Consortium
of Advanced Radiation
Sources (CARS), University of Chicago,
Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Peter J. Holden
- Bragg Institute, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC, NSW 2232, Australia
| | - Jeremy H. Lakey
- Institute for Cell and Molecular
Biosciences, Newcastle University, Framlington
Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen A. Holt
- Bragg Institute, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC, NSW 2232, Australia
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221
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Clifford JC, Rapicavoli JN, Roper MC. A rhamnose-rich O-antigen mediates adhesion, virulence, and host colonization for the xylem-limited phytopathogen Xylella fastidiosa. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2013; 26:676-85. [PMID: 23441576 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-12-12-0283-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Xylella fastidiosa is a gram-negative, xylem-limited bacterium that causes a lethal disease of grapevine called Pierce's disease. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) composes approximately 75% of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria and, because it is largely displayed on the cell surface, it mediates interactions between the bacterial cell and its surrounding environment. LPS is composed of a conserved lipid A-core oligosaccharide component and a variable O-antigen portion. By targeting a key O-antigen biosynthetic gene, we demonstrate the contribution of the rhamnose-rich O-antigen to surface attachment, cell-cell aggregation, and biofilm maturation: critical steps for successful infection of the host xylem tissue. Moreover, we have demonstrated that a fully formed O-antigen moiety is an important virulence factor for Pierce's disease development in grape and that depletion of the O-antigen compromises its ability to colonize the host. It has long been speculated that cell-surface polysaccharides play a role in X. fastidiosa virulence and this study confirms that LPS is a major virulence factor for this important agricultural pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer C Clifford
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
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222
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Arabski M, Lisowska H, Lankoff A, Davydova VN, Drulis-Kawa Z, Augustyniak D, Yermak IM, Molinaro A, Kaca W. The properties of chitosan complexes with smooth and rough forms of lipopolysaccharides on CHO-K1 cells. Carbohydr Polym 2013; 97:284-92. [PMID: 23911447 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Revised: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The negative charge of LPS molecule and the presence of fatty acids in lipid A structure make it capable of binding with chitosan. In the presented work we analyzed the interactions of chitosan with LPS of Burkholderia cepacia or Proteus mirabilis and biological effects of these complexes on CHO-K1 cells. We observed that the presence of O-polysaccharide part of LPS (S1959), core region (R110) or lack of fatty acids in lipid A increased binding affinity of endotoxin with chitosan. However, lipid A of B. cepacia or P. mirabilis R45 might interact with CHO-K1 cells membrane alone or mediated by chitosan, respectively. In conclusion, the presence of two (B. cepacia) or one (P. mirabilis R45) Ara4N residues in lipid A part, promoted binding to cell membrane of CHO-K1 cells, alone or in the presence of chitosan, respectively. Chitosan reduced biological potencies of P. mirabilis lipid A R45 structure and this effect depended on the presence of O-PS. Lipid A of B. cepacia induced oxidative DNA damage in CHO-K1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Arabski
- Department of Microbiology, Jan Kochanowski University, Świętokrzyska 15, 25-406 Kielce, Poland.
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Comparison of lipopolysaccharide structures of Bordetella pertussis clinical isolates from pre- and post-vaccine era. Carbohydr Res 2013; 378:56-62. [PMID: 23731797 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2013.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Endotoxins are lipopolysaccharides (LPS), and major constituents of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. Bordetella pertussis LPS were the only major antigens, of this agent of whooping-cough, that were not yet analyzed on isolates from the pre- and post-vaccination era. We compared here the LPS structures of four clinical isolates with that of the vaccine strain BP 1414. All physico-chemical analyses, including SDS-PAGE, TLC, and different MALDI mass spectrometry approaches were convergent. They helped demonstrating that, on the contrary to some other B. pertussis major antigens, no modification occurred in the dodecasaccharide core structure, as well as in the whole LPS molecules. These results are rendering these major antigens good potential vaccine components. Molecular modeling of this conserved LPS structure also confirmed the conclusions of previous experiments leading to the production of anti-LPS monoclonal antibodies and defining the main epitopes of these major antigens.
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224
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Carillo S, Pieretti G, Lindner B, Parrilli E, Filomena S, Tutino ML, Lanzetta R, Parrilli M, Corsaro MM. Structural Characterization of the Core Oligosaccharide Isolated from the Lipopolysaccharide of the Psychrophilic BacteriumColwellia psychrerythraeaStrain 34H. European J Org Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201300005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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225
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Schukken Y, Chuff M, Moroni P, Gurjar A, Santisteban C, Welcome F, Zadoks R. The "other" gram-negative bacteria in mastitis: Klebsiella, serratia, and more. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2013; 28:239-56. [PMID: 22664206 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2012.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Mastitis caused by gram-negative infections is of increasing importance on modern and well-managed dairy farms. Without a doubt, E coli tends to be the most important cause of these gram-negative infections when the data are tallied across farms.1 However, more precise investigation of individual farms often reveals a farm-specific infection pattern where a single gram-negative bacterial species predominates. Several farms with a predominance of “other” gram-negative IMIs may be observed. We have shown the presence of outbreaks on individual dairy farms with K pneumoniae, S marcescens, and Enterobacter cloacae. On farms with a predominance of these “other” gram-negative infections, a detailed epidemiologic investigation may reveal the source of these infections. It is quite surprising to identify the difference in host immune response pattern and the associated clinical and subclinical presentations of IMIs due to the different gram-negative organisms. Experimental and field observations would suggest that among the gram-negative bacterial causes of mastitis, Klebsiella spp are causing the most severe cases, closely followed by E coli and then much less clinical severity is observed in Serratia spp and Enterobacter spp cases. The precise mechanisms that would explain the difference in clinical severity are not known, but the most likely explanation appears to be the structure of the lipid A fraction of the LPS of the bacterial species. Important differences in the lipid A fraction of LPS between and within bacterial species are observed. The prevention of IMIs with gram-negative bacteria has components that are generic across species and components that are species specific. Generic prevention may be obtained by improving hygiene and reducing exposure of teat ends to environmental contamination. Also the use of a J5 bacterin is expected to provide some reduction in severity of gram-negative IMIs across bacterial species. Specific prevention programs will depend on the actual transmission behavior of the dominant species causing IMIs in the herd. Several clonal outbreaks of gram-negative bacterial species have been described. In such situations, optimal milking procedures, segregation and culling of infected animals, and targeted treatment would be advisable. Even more specific are the prevention procedures associated with S marcescens outbreaks, where resistance against specific biocides will lead to transmission of infection through teat disinfectants. Removal of these biocides from the cow environment is than essential. Antimicrobial treatment of gram-negative bacteria has often considered to be of limited value and treatment should be more targeted toward cow survival and reduction of clinical symptoms. More recently, extended treatment with a third-generation cephalosporin was reported to be efficacious in the treatment of E coli and Klebsiella spp but not of E cloacae. Further investigations in effective treatment protocols for gram-negative IMIs are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ynte Schukken
- Quality Milk Production Services, Cornell University, 240 Farrier Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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226
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Wu CL, Wang CC, Lai YH, Lee H, Lin JD, Lee YT, Wang YS. Selective Enhancement of Carbohydrate Ion Abundances by Diamond Nanoparticles for Mass Spectrometric Analysis. Anal Chem 2013; 85:3836-41. [DOI: 10.1021/ac3036469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chieh-Lin Wu
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chia-Chen Wang
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, ROC
- Institute of Biochemistry and
Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan,
ROC
| | - Yin-Hung Lai
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hsun Lee
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jia-Der Lin
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yuan Tseh Lee
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yi-Sheng Wang
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, ROC
- Institute of Biochemistry and
Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan,
ROC
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227
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Defects in D-rhamnosyl residue biosynthetic genes affect lipopolysaccharide structure, motility, and cell-surface hydrophobicity in Pseudomonas syringae pathovar glycinea race 4. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2013; 77:505-10. [PMID: 23470736 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.120736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
D-rhamnose (D-Rha) residue is a major component of lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) in strains of the phytopathogen Pseudomonas syringae pathovar glycinea. To investigate the effects of a deficiency in GDP-D-rhamnose biosynthetic genes on LPS structure and pathogenicity, we generated three mutants defective in D-Rha biosynthetic genes, encoding proteins GDP-D-mannose 4,6-dehydratase (GMD), GDP-4-keto-6-deoxy-D-mannose reductase (RMD), and a putative α-D-rhamnosyltransferase (WbpZ) in P. syringae pv. glycinea race 4. The Δgmd, Δrmd, and ΔwbpZ mutants had a reduced O-antigen polysaccharide consisting of D-Rha residues as compared with the wild type (WT). The swarming motility of the Δgmd, Δrmd, and ΔwbpZ mutant strains decreased and hydrophobicity and adhesion ability increased as compared with WT. Although the mutants had truncated O-antigen polysaccharides, and altered surface properties, they showed virulence to soybean, as WT did.
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228
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Shah NR, Albitar-Nehme S, Kim E, Marr N, Novikov A, Caroff M, Fernandez RC. Minor modifications to the phosphate groups and the C3' acyl chain length of lipid A in two Bordetella pertussis strains, BP338 and 18-323, independently affect Toll-like receptor 4 protein activation. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:11751-60. [PMID: 23467413 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.434365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of Bordetella pertussis are important modulators of the immune system. Interaction of the lipid A region of LPS with the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) complex causes dimerization of TLR4 and activation of downstream nuclear factor κB (NFκB), which can lead to inflammation. We have previously shown that two strains of B. pertussis, BP338 (a Tohama I-derivative) and 18-323, display two differences in lipid A structure. 1) BP338 can modify the 1- and 4'-phosphates by the addition of glucosamine (GlcN), whereas 18-323 cannot, and 2) the C3' acyl chain in BP338 is 14 carbons long, but only 10 or 12 carbons long in 18-323. In addition, BP338 lipid A can activate TLR4 to a greater extent than 18-323 lipid A. Here we set out to determine the genetic reasons for the differences in these lipid A structures and the contribution of each structural difference to the ability of lipid A to activate TLR4. We show that three genes of the lipid A GlcN modification (Lgm) locus, lgmA, lgmB, and lgmC (previously locus tags BP0399-BP0397), are required for GlcN modification and a single amino acid difference in LpxA is responsible for the difference in C3' acyl chain length. Furthermore, by introducing lipid A-modifying genes into 18-323 to generate isogenic strains with varying penta-acyl lipid A structures, we determined that both modifications increase TLR4 activation, although the GlcN modification plays a dominant role. These results shed light on how TLR4 may interact with penta-acyl lipid A species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nita R Shah
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
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229
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Kilár A, Dörnyei Á, Kocsis B. Structural characterization of bacterial lipopolysaccharides with mass spectrometry and on- and off-line separation techniques. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2013; 32:90-117. [PMID: 23165926 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2011] [Revised: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The focus of this review is the application of mass spectrometry to the structural characterization of bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPSs), also referred to as "endotoxins," because they elicit the strong immune response in infected organisms. Recently, a wide variety of MS-based applications have been implemented to the structure elucidation of LPS. Methodological improvements, as well as on- and off-line separation procedures, proved the versatility of mass spectrometry to study complex LPS mixtures. Special attention is given in the review to the tandem mass spectrometric methods and protocols for the analyses of lipid A, the endotoxic principle of LPS. We compare and evaluate the different ionization techniques (MALDI, ESI) in view of their use in intact R- and S-type LPS and lipid A studies. Methods for sample preparation of LPS prior to mass spectrometric analysis are also described. The direct identification of intrinsic heterogeneities of most intact LPS and lipid A preparations is a particular challenge, for which separation techniques (e.g., TLC, slab-PAGE, CE, GC, HPLC) combined with mass spectrometry are often necessary. A brief summary of these combined methodologies to profile LPS molecular species is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anikó Kilár
- Department of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.
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230
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Lieder R, Petersen PH, Sigurjónsson ÓE. Endotoxins-the invisible companion in biomaterials research. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2013; 19:391-402. [PMID: 23350734 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2012.0636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Metal implants and polymeric devices for the application in the clinical treatment of orthopedic tissue injuries are increasingly coated with bioactive biomaterials derived from natural substances to induce desirable biological effects. Many metals and polymers used in biomaterials research show high affinity for endotoxins, which are abundant in the environment. Endotoxin contamination is indicated in the pathology of periodontitis and aseptic implant loosening, but may also affect the evaluation of a biomaterial's bioactivity by inducing strong inflammatory reactions. In this review, we discuss the high affinity of three commonly used implant biomaterials for endotoxins and how the contamination can affect the outcome of the orthopedic fixation. The chemical nature of bacterial endotoxins and some of the clinical health implications are described, as this knowledge is critically important to tackle the issues associated with the measurement and removal of endotoxins from medical devices. Commonly used methods for endotoxin testing and removal from natural substances are examined and the lack of standard guidelines for the in vitro evaluation of biomaterials is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona Lieder
- The Blood Bank, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland
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231
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Desroy N, Denis A, Oliveira C, Atamanyuk D, Briet S, Faivre F, LeFralliec G, Bonvin Y, Oxoby M, Escaich S, Floquet S, Drocourt E, Vongsouthi V, Durant L, Moreau F, Verhey TB, Lee TW, Junop MS, Gerusz V. Novel HldE-K Inhibitors Leading to Attenuated Gram Negative Bacterial Virulence. J Med Chem 2013; 56:1418-30. [DOI: 10.1021/jm301499r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Theodore B. Verhey
- Department of Biochemistry and
Biomedical Sciences and Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious
Disease Research, McMaster University,
1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Ting-Wai Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and
Biomedical Sciences and Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious
Disease Research, McMaster University,
1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Murray S. Junop
- Department of Biochemistry and
Biomedical Sciences and Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious
Disease Research, McMaster University,
1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4K1, Canada
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232
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Oiva J, Mustonen H, Kylänpää ML, Kuuliala K, Siitonen S, Kemppainen E, Puolakkainen P, Repo H. Patients with acute pancreatitis complicated by organ dysfunction show abnormal peripheral blood polymorphonuclear leukocyte signaling. Pancreatology 2013; 13:118-24. [PMID: 23561969 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2013.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Revised: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Circulating polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNLs) may contribute to development of organ dysfunction in acute pancreatitis (AP). We outlined aberrations in PMNL signaling profiles in patients with AP complicated by organ dysfunction and immune suppression. METHODS Study comprised 13 patients treated at intensive care unit due to severe AP complicated by vital organ dysfunction. Mean proportion (SEM) of HLA-DR-positive monocytes was 55.0% (4.1%). 13 healthy volunteers served as reference subjects. Phosphorylation of PMNL NFκB, p38, ERK1/2 and STAT3, -5 and -6 was determined using whole blood flow cytometry. Transmigration of PMNLs was studied using endothelial EA-HY cell monolayer. RESULTS Proportions of NFκB phosphorylation-positive PMNLs were lower in the patients' than in reference subjects' blood samples supplemented with tumor necrosis factor. p38 phosphorylation was normal while ERK1/2 phosphorylation was decreased. STAT3 was constitutively activated in five patients. Proportion of patients' pSTAT6-positive cells was normal while fluorescence intensity was decreased. STAT5 phosphorylation was normal. Transmigration of patients' PMNLs was increased. CONCLUSIONS In patients with AP complicated by organ dysfunction proportion of pNFκB-positive PMNLs is decreased. This impairs patients' defense mechanisms against infection. Despite immune suppression, PMNL transmigration was increased and p38 phosphorylation capacity was not depressed, which may contribute to end organ inflammation and dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jani Oiva
- Department of Surgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
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233
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Hozumi H, Tada R, Murakami T, Adachi Y, Ohno N. Comparative analysis of hepatic CD14 expression between two different endotoxin shock model mice: relation between hepatic injury and CD14 expression. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53692. [PMID: 23308276 PMCID: PMC3538677 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
CD14 is a glycoprotein that recognizes gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and exists in both membrane-bound and soluble forms. Infectious and/or inflammatory diseases induce CD14 expression, which may be involved in the pathology of endotoxin shock. We previously found that the expression of CD14 protein differs among the endotoxin shock models used, although the reasons for these differences are unclear. We hypothesized that the differences in CD14 expression might be due to liver injury, because the hepatic tissue produces CD14 protein. We investigated CD14 expression in the plasma and liver in the carrageenan (CAR)-primed and D-galN-primed mouse models of endotoxin shock. Our results showed that severe liver injury was not induced in CAR-primed endotoxin shock model mice. In this CAR-primed model, the higher mRNA and protein expression of CD14 was observed in the liver, especially in the interlobular bile duct in contrast to D-galN-primed-endotoxin shock model mice. Our findings indicated that the molecular mechanism(s) underlying septic shock in CAR-primed and D-galN-primed endotoxin shock models are quite different. Because CD14 expression is correlated with clinical observations, the CAR-primed endotoxin shock model might be useful for studying the functions of CD14 during septic shock in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyasu Hozumi
- Laboratory for Immunopharmacology of Microbial Products, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rui Tada
- Laboratory for Immunopharmacology of Microbial Products, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taisuke Murakami
- Laboratory for Immunopharmacology of Microbial Products, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Adachi
- Laboratory for Immunopharmacology of Microbial Products, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Naohito Ohno
- Laboratory for Immunopharmacology of Microbial Products, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
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234
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OGISO M, AIBA SI, MINOURA N. Preparation of Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Gel Beads for Adsorption of Endotoxin. KOBUNSHI RONBUNSHU 2013. [DOI: 10.1295/koron.70.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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235
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Molecular Characterization of Lipopolysaccharide Binding to Human α-1-Acid Glycoprotein. J Lipids 2012; 2012:475153. [PMID: 23316371 PMCID: PMC3539403 DOI: 10.1155/2012/475153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Revised: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of AGP to bind circulating lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in plasma is believed to help reduce the proinflammatory effect of bacterial lipid A molecules. Here, for the first time we have characterized human AGP binding characteristics of the LPS from a number of pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria: Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Serratia marcescens. The binding affinity and structure activity relationships (SAR) of the AGP-LPS interactions were characterized by surface plasma resonance (SPR). In order to dissect the contribution of the lipid A, core oligosaccharide and O-antigen polysaccharide components of LPS, the AGP binding affinity of LPS from smooth strains, were compared to lipid A, Kdo2-lipid A, Ra, Rd, and Re rough LPS mutants. The SAR analysis enabled by the binding data suggested that, in addition to the important role played by the lipid A and core components of LPS, it is predominately the unique species- and strain-specific carbohydrate structure of the O-antigen polysaccharide that largely determines the binding affinity for AGP. Together, these data are consistent with the role of AGP in the binding and transport of LPS in plasma during acute-phase inflammatory responses to invading Gram-negative bacteria.
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236
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Alving CR, Rao M, Steers NJ, Matyas GR, Mayorov AV. Liposomes containing lipid A: an effective, safe, generic adjuvant system for synthetic vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines 2012; 11:733-44. [PMID: 22873129 DOI: 10.1586/erv.12.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Liposomes containing monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) have previously exhibited considerable potency and safety in human trials with a variety of candidate vaccines, including vaccines to malaria, HIV-1 and several different types of cancer. The long history of research and development of MPLA and liposomal MPLA as vaccine adjuvants reveals that there are numerous opportunities for creation and development of generic (nonproprietary) adjuvant system formulations with these materials that are not only highly potent and safe, but also readily available as native materials or as synthetic compounds. They are easily manufactured as potentially inexpensive and easy to use adjuvant systems and might be effective even with synthetic peptides as antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl R Alving
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
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237
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Makszin L, Kilár A, Felső P, Péterfi Z, Kocsis B, Kilár F. Quantitative microfluidic analysis ofS- andR-type endotoxin components with chip capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lilla Makszin
- Institute of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Medicine; University of Pécs; Pécs; Hungary
| | - Anikó Kilár
- Department of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences; University of Pécs; Pécs; Hungary
| | - Péter Felső
- Institute of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Medicine; University of Pécs; Pécs; Hungary
| | - Zoltán Péterfi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine; University of Pécs; Pécs; Hungary
| | - Béla Kocsis
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine; University of Pécs; Pécs; Hungary
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238
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Stone JK, Mayo M, Grasso SA, Ginther JL, Warrington SD, Allender CJ, Doyle A, Georgia S, Kaestli M, Broomall SM, Karavis MA, Insalaco JM, Hubbard KS, McNew LA, Gibbons HS, Currie BJ, Keim P, Tuanyok A. Detection of Burkholderia pseudomallei O-antigen serotypes in near-neighbor species. BMC Microbiol 2012; 12:250. [PMID: 23126230 PMCID: PMC3541218 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-12-250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Burkholderia pseudomallei is the etiological agent of melioidosis and a CDC category B select agent with no available effective vaccine. Previous immunizations in mice have utilized the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as a potential vaccine target because it is known as one of the most important antigenic epitopes in B. pseudomallei. Complicating this strategy are the four different B. pseudomallei LPS O-antigen types: A, B, B2, and rough. Sero-crossreactivity is common among O-antigens of Burkholderia species. Here, we identified the presence of multiple B. pseudomallei O-antigen types and sero-crossreactivity in its near-neighbor species. Results PCR screening of O-antigen biosynthesis genes, phenotypic characterization using SDS-PAGE, and immunoblot analysis showed that majority of B. mallei and B. thailandensis strains contained the typical O-antigen type A. In contrast, most of B. ubonensis and B. thailandensis-like strains expressed the atypical O-antigen types B and B2, respectively. Most B. oklahomensis strains expressed a distinct and non-seroreactive O-antigen type, except strain E0147 which expressed O-antigen type A. O-antigen type B2 was also detected in B. thailandensis 82172, B. ubonensis MSMB108, and Burkholderia sp. MSMB175. Interestingly, B. thailandensis-like MSMB43 contained a novel serotype B positive O-antigen. Conclusions This study expands the number of species which express B. pseudomallei O-antigen types. Further work is required to elucidate the full structures and how closely these are to the B. pseudomallei O-antigens, which will ultimately determine the efficacy of the near-neighbor B serotypes for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua K Stone
- Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
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239
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Duquenne P, Marchand G, Duchaine C. Measurement of endotoxins in bioaerosols at workplace: a critical review of literature and a standardization issue. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 57:137-72. [PMID: 23002277 DOI: 10.1093/annhyg/mes051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Endotoxins are lipopolysaccharides found in the outer membrane of most Gram-negative bacteria and cyanobacteria. Worker exposure to endotoxins has been shown in a number of work situations and is associated with both respiratory and systemic pathologies. The lack of an occupational exposure limit is mainly due to the absence of a standard protocol at the international level for sampling and analyzing airborne endotoxins. The bibliographic review in this article takes an exhaustive look at the current knowledge on measuring airborne endotoxins. It shows that, despite several reference documents at the international level, the methods used to measure endotoxin exposure differ considerably from one laboratory to another. Standardization is necessary to reduce interlaboratory variability and, ultimately, to improve the use of interstudy data. The bibliographic review presents the current status of standardization for airborne endotoxin measurement methods in the workplace and summarizes areas for further research. This article is both a reference document for all operators wishing to use such methods and a working document to build international consensus around the measurement of airborne endotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Duquenne
- Laboratoire de Métrologie des Aérosols, Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité, Vandoeuvre-Les-Nancy, France.
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240
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Casabuono AC, van der Ploeg CA, Rogé AD, Bruno SB, Couto AS. Characterization of lipid A profiles from Shigella flexneri variant X lipopolysaccharide. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2012; 26:2011-2020. [PMID: 22847700 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE In developing countries, Shigella flexneri (Sf) is the major causative agent of the endemic shigellosis (bacillary dysentery) responsible annually for one million fatalities mostly among infants. Lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) are characteristic components of the outer membrane of the overwhelming majority of Gram-negative bacteria. Since lipid A is essential for the viability of the Gram-negative bacteria, it is subject to extensive chemical studies with new analytical techniques. METHODS Lipid A was released by mild acid hydrolysis from the lipopolysaccharide which was obtained via the phenol/water extraction, purified and analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization laser-induced dissociation tandem mass spectrometry (MALDI-LID-MS/MS). RESULTS A detailed structural study of the whole lipid A obtained from S. flexneri variant X was carried out for the first time. Thus, we have shown that lipid A is a heterogeneous mixture having different numbers of acylated and phosphoethanolamine groups attached to the diglucosamine backbone. Furthermore, we found in the phenol phase an unusual hepta-acylated lipid A species, although the abundance was very low. CONCLUSIONS MALDI-TOF-MS allowed us to unravel the lipid A heterogeneity, which was not previously reported in Sf LPS. It is well known that slight variations of the chemical structure of lipid A may change its biological activity. Thus, the knowledge of the detailed chemical structure represents an essential step for further development of new preventive or therapeutically active compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana C Casabuono
- CIHIDECAR, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Cs Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pabellón II, Cdad. Universitaria, Bs. As., Argentina
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241
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Tomás JM. The main Aeromonas pathogenic factors. ISRN MICROBIOLOGY 2012; 2012:256261. [PMID: 23724321 PMCID: PMC3658858 DOI: 10.5402/2012/256261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The members of the Aeromonas genus are ubiquitous, water-borne bacteria. They have been isolated from marine waters, rivers, lakes, swamps, sediments, chlorine water, water distribution systems, drinking water and residual waters; different types of food, such as meat, fish, seafood, vegetables, and processed foods. Aeromonas strains are predominantly pathogenic to poikilothermic animals, and the mesophilic strains are emerging as important pathogens in humans, causing a variety of extraintestinal and systemic infections as well as gastrointestinal infections. The most commonly described disease caused by Aeromonas is the gastroenteritis; however, no adequate animal model is available to reproduce this illness caused by Aeromonas. The main pathogenic factors associated with Aeromonas are: surface polysaccharides (capsule, lipopolysaccharide, and glucan), S-layers, iron-binding systems, exotoxins and extracellular enzymes, secretion systems, fimbriae and other nonfilamentous adhesins, motility and flagella.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Tomás
- Departamento Microbiología, Universidad de Barcelona, Diagonal 643, 08071 Barcelona, Spain
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242
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Uzarski JR, Mello CM. Detection and Classification of Related Lipopolysaccharides via a Small Array of Immobilized Antimicrobial Peptides. Anal Chem 2012; 84:7359-66. [DOI: 10.1021/ac300987h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua R. Uzarski
- U.S. Army Natick Solider Research, Development, and Engineering Center, Natick, Massachusetts 01760,
United States
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, North Dartmouth,
Massachusetts 02747, United States
| | - Charlene M. Mello
- U.S. Army Natick Solider Research, Development, and Engineering Center, Natick, Massachusetts 01760,
United States
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, North Dartmouth,
Massachusetts 02747, United States
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243
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Maaetoft-Udsen K, Vynne N, Heegaard PM, Gram L, Frøkiær H. Pseudoalteromonas strains are potent immunomodulators owing to low-stimulatory LPS. Innate Immun 2012; 19:160-73. [PMID: 22890545 DOI: 10.1177/1753425912455208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Many species of marine bacteria elicit a weak immune response. In this study, the aim was to assess the immunomodulatory properties of Gram-negative Pseudoalteromonas strains compared with other marine Gram-negative bacteria and to identify the molecular cause of the immunomodulation. Using murine bone-marrow derived dendritic cells (DCs), it was found that Pseudoalteromonas strains induced low cytokine production and modest up-regulation of surface markers CD40 and CD86 compared with other marine bacteria and Escherichia coli LPS. Two strains, Ps. luteoviolacea and Ps. ruthenica, were further investigated with respect to their immunomodulatory properties in DCs. Both inhibited IL-12 and increased IL-10 production induced by E. coli LPS. LPS isolated from the two Pseudoalteromonas strains had characteristic lipid A bands in SDS-PAGE. Stimulation of HEK293 TLR4/MD2 cells with the isolated LPS confirmed the involvement of LPS and TLR4 and established Pseudoalteromonas LPS as TLR4 antagonists. The isolated LPS was active in the endotoxin limulus amoebocyte lysate assay and capable of inducing increased endocytosis in DCs. This study highlights that antagonistic LPS from Pseudoalteromonas strains has potential as a new candidate of therapeutic agent capable of modulating immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Maaetoft-Udsen
- 1Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Molecular Immunology, Faculty of Health, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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244
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Leclercq S, Cani PD, Neyrinck AM, Stärkel P, Jamar F, Mikolajczak M, Delzenne NM, de Timary P. Role of intestinal permeability and inflammation in the biological and behavioral control of alcohol-dependent subjects. Brain Behav Immun 2012; 26:911-8. [PMID: 22521198 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2012.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Revised: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Mood and cognition alterations play a role in the motivation for alcohol-drinking. Lipopolysaccharides are known to stimulate inflammation that was shown to induce mood and cognitive changes in rodents and humans. Enhanced intestinal permeability and elevated blood LPS characterize alcohol-dependent mice. However, no data have been published in non-cirrhotic humans. Our first goal was to test whether intestinal permeability, blood LPS and cytokines are increased in non-cirrhotic alcohol-dependent subjects before withdrawal and if they recover after withdrawal. Our second goal was to test correlations between these biochemical and the behavioral variables to explore the possibility of a role for a gut-brain interaction in the development of alcohol-dependence. METHODS Forty alcohol-dependent-subjects hospitalized for a 3-week detoxification program were tested at onset (T1) and end (T2) of withdrawal and compared for biological and behavioral markers with 16 healthy subjects. Participants were assessed for gut permeability, systemic inflammation (LPS, TNFα, IL-6, IL-10, hsCRP) and for depression, anxiety, alcohol-craving and selective attention. RESULTS Intestinal permeability and LPS were largely increased in alcohol-dependent subjects at T1 but recovered completely at T2. A low-grade inflammation was observed at T1 that partially decreased during withdrawal. At T1, pro-inflammatory cytokines were positively correlated with craving. At T2 however, the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 was negatively correlated with depression, anxiety and craving. CONCLUSION Leaky gut and inflammation were observed in non-cirrhotic alcohol-dependent subjects and inflammation was correlated to depression and alcohol-craving. This suggests that the gut-brain axis may play a role in the pathogenesis of alcohol-dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Leclercq
- Department of Adult Psychiatry and Institute of Neurosciences, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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245
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Ongkudon CM, Chew JH, Liu B, Danquah MK. Chromatographic Removal of Endotoxins: A Bioprocess Engineer's Perspective. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.5402/2012/649746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Gram-negative bacteria are widely used for the production of gene-based products such as DNA vaccines and bio-drugs, where endotoxin contamination can occur at any point within the process and its removal is of great concern. In this article, we review the structures of endotoxin and the effects that it causes in vivo. The endotoxin removal strategies are also discussed in the light of the different interaction mechanisms involved between endotoxins and bioproducts particularly plasmid DNA and proteins. For most cases, endotoxin removal is favoured at a highly ionic or acidic condition. Various removal methods particularly chromatography-based techniques are covered in this article according to the relevant applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarence M. Ongkudon
- Bio Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
- Biotechnology Research Institute, University Malaysia Sabah, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Jia Han Chew
- Bio Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Boyin Liu
- Bio Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Michael K. Danquah
- Bio Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
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246
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Alanärä T, Aittomäki S, Kuuliala K, Kuuliala A, Siitonen S, Leirisalo-Repo M, Repo H. Signalling profiles of circulating leucocytes in patients recovered from reactive arthritis. Scand J Rheumatol 2012; 41:267-74. [PMID: 22651550 DOI: 10.3109/03009742.2012.664649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Reactive arthritis (ReA) is a sterile joint inflammation triggered by a remote infection and associated with human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-B27. Its pathogenesis is unknown, but abnormal response to microbial structures or endogenous inflammatory mediators may be involved. We studied responses in leucocyte signalling profiles in patients with previous ReA after a full recovery. METHOD The study comprised 10 HLA-B27-positive healthy subjects with a history of Yersinia enterocolitica-triggered ReA (B27+ReA+) and 20 healthy reference subjects, of whom 10 carried HLA-B27 (B27+ReA-) and 10 did not (B27-ReA-). Phosphospecific fluorescent monoclonal antibodies and flow cytometry were used to determine activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs) 1, 3, 5, and 6, and two mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases, p38 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2, in monocytes, lymphocytes, lymphocyte subsets, and neutrophils. B27+ReA+ and B27-ReA- whole-blood samples were incubated with Yersinia with or without infliximab to study the role of tumour necrosis factor (TNF) in lymphocyte subset activation. Samples of the three subject groups were studied using soluble bacterial or endogenous stimuli. Fluorescence levels were determined as relative fluorescence units (RFU) and the proportion of positively fluorescing cells. RESULTS The intracellular activation of circulating leucocytes in response to soluble stimuli was consistently comparable in B27+ReA+, B27+ReA-, and B27-ReA- subjects. Infliximab inhibited Yersinia-induced lymphocyte NF-κB phosphorylation similarly in B27+ReA+ and B27-ReA- groups. CONCLUSIONS ReA susceptibility is not reflected in leucocyte signalling profiles elicited by phlogistic stimuli. However, the possibility remains that aberrations occur in response to combinations of stimuli, such as those associated with leucocyte adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Alanärä
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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247
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Gao Y, Liu B, Strum S, Schutzbach JS, Druzhinina TN, Utkina NS, Torgov VI, Danilov LL, Veselovsky VV, Vlahakis JZ, Szarek WA, Wang L, Brockhausen I. Biochemical characterization of WbdN, a β1,3-glucosyltransferase involved in O-antigen synthesis in enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157. Glycobiology 2012; 22:1092-102. [PMID: 22556057 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cws081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The enterohemorrhagic O157 strain of Escherichia coli, which is one of the most well-known bacterial pathogens, has an O-antigen repeating unit structure with the sequence [-2-d-Rha4NAcα1-3-l-Fucα1-4-d-Glcβ1-3-d-GalNAcα1-]. The O-antigen gene cluster of E. coli O157 contains the genes responsible for the assembly of this repeating unit and includes wbdN. In spite of cloning many O-antigen genes, biochemical characterization has been done on very few enzymes involved in O-antigen synthesis. In this work, we expressed the wbdN gene in E. coli BL21, and the His-tagged protein was purified. WbdN activity was characterized using the donor substrate UDP-[(14)C]Glc and the synthetic acceptor substrate GalNAcα-O-PO(3)-PO(3)-(CH(2))(11)-O-Ph. The enzyme product was isolated by high pressure liquid chromatography, and mass spectrometry showed that one Glc residue was transferred to the acceptor by WbdN. Nuclear magnetic resonance analysis of the product structure indicated that Glc was β1-3 linked to GalNAc. WbdN contains a conserved DxD motif and requires divalent metal ions for full activity. WbdN activity has an optimal pH between 7 and 8 and is highly specific for UDP-Glc as the donor substrate. GalNAcα derivatives lacking the diphosphate group were inactive as substrates, and the enzyme did not transfer Glc to GlcNAcα-O-PO(3)-PO(3)-(CH(2))(11)-O-Ph. Our results illustrate that WbdN is a specific UDP-Glc:GalNAcα-diphosphate-lipid β1,3-Glc-transferase. The enzyme is a target for the development of inhibitors to block O157-antigen synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Gao
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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248
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Zhan Q, Yuan M, Wang XH, Duan XM, Yang QD, Xia J. Association of lipopolysaccharide-binding protein gene polymorphisms with cerebral infarction in a Chinese population. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2012; 34:260-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s11239-012-0701-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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249
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Greenfield LK, Whitfield C. Synthesis of lipopolysaccharide O-antigens by ABC transporter-dependent pathways. Carbohydr Res 2012; 356:12-24. [PMID: 22475157 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2012.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Revised: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The O-polysaccharide (O-PS; O-antigen) of bacterial lipopolysaccharides is made up of repeating units of one or more sugar residues and displays remarkable structural diversity. Despite the structural variations, there are only three strategies for O-PS assembly. The ATP-binding cassette (ABC)-transporter-dependent mechanism of O-PS biosynthesis is widespread. The Escherichia coli O9a and Klebsiella pneumoniae O2a antigens provide prototypes, which are distinguished by the fine details that link glycan polymerization and chain termination at the cytoplasmic face of the inner membrane to its export via the ABC transporter. Here, we describe the current understanding of these processes. Since glycoconjugate assembly complexes that utilize an ABC transporter-dependent pathway are widespread among the bacterial kingdom, the models described here are expected to extend beyond O-PS biosynthesis systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura K Greenfield
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
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250
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Larsen JM, Steen-Jensen DB, Laursen JM, Søndergaard JN, Musavian HS, Butt TM, Brix S. Divergent pro-inflammatory profile of human dendritic cells in response to commensal and pathogenic bacteria associated with the airway microbiota. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31976. [PMID: 22363778 PMCID: PMC3283686 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies using culture-independent methods have characterized the human airway microbiota and report microbial communities distinct from other body sites. Changes in these airway bacterial communities appear to be associated with inflammatory lung disease, yet the pro-inflammatory properties of individual bacterial species are unknown. In this study, we compared the immune stimulatory capacity on human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs) of selected airway commensal and pathogenic bacteria predominantly associated with lungs of asthma or COPD patients (pathogenic Haemophillus spp. and Moraxella spp.), healthy lungs (commensal Prevotella spp.) or both (commensal Veillonella spp. and Actinomyces spp.). All bacteria were found to induce activation of DCs as demonstrated by similar induction of CD83, CD40 and CD86 surface expression. However, asthma and COPD-associated pathogenic bacteria provoked a 3-5 fold higher production of IL-23, IL-12p70 and IL-10 cytokines compared to the commensal bacteria. Based on the differential cytokine production profiles, the studied airway bacteria could be segregated into three groups (Haemophilus spp. and Moraxella spp. vs. Prevotella spp. and Veillonella spp. vs. Actinomyces spp.) reflecting their pro-inflammatory effects on DCs. Co-culture experiments found that Prevotella spp. were able to reduce Haemophillus influenzae-induced IL-12p70 in DCs, whereas no effect was observed on IL-23 and IL-10 production. This study demonstrates intrinsic differences in DC stimulating properties of bacteria associated with the airway microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeppe Madura Larsen
- Systems Biology of Immune Regulation, Department of Systems Biology, Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark.
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