201
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He Z, Xu Q, Newland B, Foley R, Lara-Sáez I, Curtin JF, Wang W. Reactive oxygen species (ROS): utilizing injectable antioxidative hydrogels and ROS-producing therapies to manage the double-edged sword. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:6326-6346. [PMID: 34304256 DOI: 10.1039/d1tb00728a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated in cellular metabolism and are essential for cellular signalling networks and physiological functions. However, the functions of ROS are 'double-edged swords' to living systems that have a fragile redox balance between ROS generation and elimination. A modest increase of ROS leads to enhanced cell proliferation, survival and benign immune responses, whereas ROS stress that overwhelms the cellular antioxidant capacity can damage nucleic acids, proteins and lipids, resulting in oncogenic mutations and cell death. ROS are therefore involved in many pathological conditions. On the other hand, ROS present selective toxicity and have been utilised against cancer and pathogens, thus also acting as a double-edged sword in the healthcare field. Injectable antioxidative hydrogels are gel precursors that form hydrogel constructs in situ upon delivery in vivo to maintain an antioxidative capacity. These hydrogels have been developed to counter ROS-induced pathological conditions, with significant advantages of biocompatibility, excellent moldability, and minimally invasive delivery. The intrinsic, readily controllable ROS-scavenging ability of the functionalised hydrogels overcomes many drawbacks of small molecule antioxidants. This review summarises the roles of ROS under pathological conditions and describes the state-of-the-art of injectable antioxidative hydrogels. A particular emphasis is also given to current ROS-producing therapeutic interventions, enabling potential application of injectable antioxidant hydrogels to prevent the adverse effects of many cancer and infection treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonglei He
- Charles Institute of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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202
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Glutathione S-transferase A2 promotes hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence after liver transplantation through modulating reactive oxygen species metabolism. Cell Death Discov 2021; 7:188. [PMID: 34290233 PMCID: PMC8295304 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-021-00569-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) recurrence after liver transplantation remains a significant clinical problem. Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) occurred inevitably at the early phase after liver transplantation (LT) spawns a significant risk of HCC recurrence. However, their linkage and IRI-derived risk factors for HCC recurrence remain exclusive. Understanding the mechanism of post-transplantation hepatic injury could provide new strategies to prevent the later event of HCC recurrence. We demonstrated that glutathione S-transferase A2 (GSTA2) expression was significantly associated with early phase hepatic and systemic injury and ROS level after liver transplantation. Early phase circulating GSTA2 (EPCGSTA2) protein was a significant predictor of HCC recurrence and survival. Heterogeneous single nucleotide polymorphism at G335C of GSTA2 was significantly associated with poor survival of HCC recipients. Enhancement of GSTA2 could protect HCC cells against H2O2-induced cell death by compensating for the elevated ROS stress. We also demonstrated that GSTA2 played crucial roles in regulating the ROS-associated JNK and AKT signaling pathways and ROS metabolism in HCCs in responding to a dynamic ROS environment. Functionally, endogenous or exogenous upregulation of GSTA2 could promote HCC growth and invasion through activating the epithelial–mesenchymal-transition process. Targeted inhibition of GSTA2 could suppress HCC growth and metastasis. In conclusion, GSTA2 could be a novel prognostic and therapeutic target to combat HCC recurrence after liver transplantation.
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203
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Nakatani K, Maehama T, Nishio M, Otani J, Yamaguchi K, Fukumoto M, Hikasa H, Hagiwara S, Nishina H, Mak TW, Honma T, Kondoh Y, Osada H, Yoshida M, Suzuki A. Alantolactone is a natural product that potently inhibits YAP1/TAZ through promotion of reactive oxygen species accumulation. Cancer Sci 2021; 112:4303-4316. [PMID: 34289205 PMCID: PMC8486196 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Yes‐associated protein 1 (YAP1) and its paralogue PDZ‐binding motif (TAZ) play pivotal roles in cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, and abnormal activation of these TEAD transcriptional coactivators is found in diverse cancers in humans and mice. Targeting YAP1/TAZ signaling is thus a promising therapeutic avenue but, to date, few selective YAP1/TAZ inhibitors have been effective against cancer cells either in vitro or in vivo. We screened chemical libraries for potent YAP1/TAZ inhibitors using a highly sensitive luciferase reporter system to monitor YAP1/TAZ‐TEAD transcriptional activity in cells. Among 29 049 low‐molecular‐weight compounds screened, we obtained nine hits, and the four of these that were the most effective shared a core structure with the natural product alantolactone (ALT). We also tested 16 other structural derivatives of ALT and found that natural ALT was the most efficient at increasing ROS‐induced LATS kinase activities and thus YAP1/TAZ phosphorylation. Phosphorylated YAP1/TAZ proteins were subject to nuclear exclusion and proteosomic degradation such that the growth of ALT‐treated tumor cells was inhibited both in vitro and in vivo. Our data show for the first time that ALT can be used to target the ROS‐YAP pathway driving tumor cell growth and so could be a potent anticancer drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Nakatani
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan.,Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Bio Science and Engineering Laboratory, Research and Development Management Headquarters, FujiFilm Corporation, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Maehama
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Miki Nishio
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Junji Otani
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Keiko Yamaguchi
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Miki Fukumoto
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hiroki Hikasa
- Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shinji Hagiwara
- Bio Science and Engineering Laboratory, Research and Development Management Headquarters, FujiFilm Corporation, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nishina
- Medical Research Institute, Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tak Wah Mak
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Departments of Immunology and Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Pathology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Teruki Honma
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yasumitsu Kondoh
- Chemical Biology Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Osada
- Chemical Biology Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Japan
| | - Minoru Yoshida
- Chemical Genomics Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Japan.,Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Suzuki
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan.,Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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204
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Zhang J, Sans M, DeHoog RJ, Garza KY, King ME, Feider CL, Bensussan A, Keating MF, Lin JQ, Povilaitis SC, Katta N, Milner TE, Yu W, Nagi C, Dhingra S, Pirko C, Brahmbhatt KA, Van Buren G, Carter S, Thompson A, Grogan RH, Suliburk J, Eberlin LS. Clinical Translation and Evaluation of a Handheld and Biocompatible Mass Spectrometry Probe for Surgical Use. Clin Chem 2021; 67:1271-1280. [PMID: 34263289 DOI: 10.1093/clinchem/hvab098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intraoperative tissue analysis and identification are critical to guide surgical procedures and improve patient outcomes. Here, we describe the clinical translation and evaluation of the MasSpec Pen technology for molecular analysis of in vivo and freshly excised tissues in the operating room (OR). METHODS An Orbitrap mass spectrometer equipped with a MasSpec Pen interface was installed in an OR. A "dual-path" MasSpec Pen interface was designed and programmed for the clinical studies with 2 parallel systems that facilitated the operation of the MasSpec Pen. The MasSpec Pen devices were autoclaved before each surgical procedure and were used by surgeons and surgical staff during 100 surgeries over a 12-month period. RESULTS Detection of mass spectral profiles from 715 in vivo and ex vivo analyses performed on thyroid, parathyroid, lymph node, breast, pancreatic, and bile duct tissues during parathyroidectomies, thyroidectomies, breast, and pancreatic neoplasia surgeries was achieved. The MasSpec Pen enabled gentle extraction and sensitive detection of various molecular species including small metabolites and lipids using a droplet of sterile water without causing apparent tissue damage. Notably, effective molecular analysis was achieved while no limitations to sequential histologic tissue analysis were identified and no device-related complications were reported for any of the patients. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that the MasSpec Pen system can be successfully incorporated into the OR, allowing direct detection of rich molecular profiles from tissues with a seconds-long turnaround time that could be used to inform surgical and clinical decisions without disrupting tissue analysis workflows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialing Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX
| | - Marta Sans
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX
| | - Rachel J DeHoog
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX
| | - Kyana Y Garza
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX
| | - Mary E King
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX
| | - Clara L Feider
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX
| | - Alena Bensussan
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX
| | - Michael F Keating
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX
| | - John Q Lin
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX
| | | | - Nitesh Katta
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX
| | - Thomas E Milner
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX
| | - Wendong Yu
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Chandandeep Nagi
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Sadhna Dhingra
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | | | | | | | - Stacey Carter
- Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | | | - Raymon H Grogan
- Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - James Suliburk
- Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Livia S Eberlin
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX
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205
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Wangpaichitr M, Theodoropoulos G, Nguyen DJM, Wu C, Spector SA, Feun LG, Savaraj N. Cisplatin Resistance and Redox-Metabolic Vulnerability: A Second Alteration. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147379. [PMID: 34298999 PMCID: PMC8304747 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of drug resistance in tumors is a major obstacle to effective cancer chemotherapy and represents one of the most significant complications to improving long-term patient outcomes. Despite early positive responsiveness to platinum-based chemotherapy, the majority of lung cancer patients develop resistance. The development of a new combination therapy targeting cisplatin-resistant (CR) tumors may mark a major improvement as salvage therapy in these patients. The recent resurgence in research into cellular metabolism has again confirmed that cancer cells utilize aerobic glycolysis ("the Warburg effect") to produce energy. Hence, this observation still remains a characteristic hallmark of altered metabolism in certain cancer cells. However, recent evidence promotes another concept wherein some tumors that acquire resistance to cisplatin undergo further metabolic alterations that increase tumor reliance on oxidative metabolism (OXMET) instead of glycolysis. Our review focuses on molecular changes that occur in tumors due to the relationship between metabolic demands and the importance of NAD+ in redox (ROS) metabolism and the crosstalk between PARP-1 (Poly (ADP ribose) polymerase-1) and SIRTs (sirtuins) in CR tumors. Finally, we discuss a role for the tumor metabolites of the kynurenine pathway (tryptophan catabolism) as effectors of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment during acquisition of resistance in CR cells. Understanding these concepts will form the basis for future targeting of CR cells by exploiting redox-metabolic changes and their consequences on immune cells in the tumor microenvironment as a new approach to improve overall therapeutic outcomes and survival in patients who fail cisplatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Medhi Wangpaichitr
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Miami VA Healthcare System, Research Service (151), Miami, FL 33125, USA; (G.T.); (D.J.M.N.); (C.W.); (S.A.S.)
- Department of Surgery, Cardiothoracic Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-305-575-7000 (ext. 14496); Fax: +1-305-575-7275
| | - George Theodoropoulos
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Miami VA Healthcare System, Research Service (151), Miami, FL 33125, USA; (G.T.); (D.J.M.N.); (C.W.); (S.A.S.)
| | - Dan J. M. Nguyen
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Miami VA Healthcare System, Research Service (151), Miami, FL 33125, USA; (G.T.); (D.J.M.N.); (C.W.); (S.A.S.)
| | - Chunjing Wu
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Miami VA Healthcare System, Research Service (151), Miami, FL 33125, USA; (G.T.); (D.J.M.N.); (C.W.); (S.A.S.)
| | - Sydney A. Spector
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Miami VA Healthcare System, Research Service (151), Miami, FL 33125, USA; (G.T.); (D.J.M.N.); (C.W.); (S.A.S.)
| | - Lynn G. Feun
- Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (L.G.F.); (N.S.)
| | - Niramol Savaraj
- Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (L.G.F.); (N.S.)
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Miami VA Healthcare System, Hematology/Oncology, 1201 NW 16 Street, Room D1010, Miami, FL 33125, USA
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206
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Programmed cell death, redox imbalance, and cancer therapeutics. Apoptosis 2021; 26:385-414. [PMID: 34236569 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-021-01682-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells are disordered by nature and thus featured by higher internal redox level than healthy cells. Redox imbalance could trigger programmed cell death if exceeded a certain threshold, rendering therapeutic strategies relying on redox control a possible cancer management solution. Yet, various programmed cell death events have been consecutively discovered, complicating our understandings on their associations with redox imbalance and clinical implications especially therapeutic design. Thus, it is imperative to understand differences and similarities among programmed cell death events regarding their associations with redox imbalance for improved control over these events in malignant cells as well as appropriate design on therapeutic approaches relying on redox control. This review addresses these issues and concludes by bringing affront cold atmospheric plasma as an emerging redox controller with translational potential in clinics.
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207
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Wang Y, Shang W, Xiong J, Liu Y, Luo T, Qi X, Niu M, Xu K. Activable Nanoparticle for Tumor Aggressiveness and Drug Resistance Prediction by Glutathione Heterogeneous Imaging. J Biomed Nanotechnol 2021; 17:1339-1348. [PMID: 34446137 DOI: 10.1166/jbn.2021.3124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Studies have shown that a higher GSH level is related to more drug-resistant and invasiveness of a tumor. However, it is a great challenge to accurately imaging the GSH level in vivo, for its imaging intensity will interfered by different accumulation of probes in the tumor. Thus, we hypothesized ratiometric photoacoustic imaging that can be used to predict the drug-resistant and invasiveness of tumors by accurate GSH level imaging. In this study, we synthesized MnO₂/Indocyanine Green (MnO₂/ICG). It can be used as ratiometric photoacoustic (PA) imaging probe, for its absorption at 780 nm (Ab780) can be decreased and 680 nm (Ab680) remain unchanged upon GSH reduction. And our results confirmed that a lower PA absorption ratio (Ab780/Ab680) corresponded to a higher GSH level of the tumor. Besides, the near-infrared fluorescence (FI) imaging was used as an assistant, for it can be quenched upon GSH. Therefore, MnO₂/ICG can predict the tumor invasiveness and drug resistance by imaging the GSH level. This study provides reference to predict the prognosis of tumors by imaging the metabolic biomarker of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqin Wang
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110000, China
| | - Wenting Shang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Jianping Xiong
- Department of Pancreatic and Gastric Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100000, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Ting Luo
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110000, China
| | - Xun Qi
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110000, China
| | - Meng Niu
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110000, China
| | - Ke Xu
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110000, China
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208
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Sang J, Li W, Diao HJ, Fan RZ, Huang JL, Gan L, Zou MF, Tang GH, Yin S. Jolkinolide B targets thioredoxin and glutathione systems to induce ROS-mediated paraptosis and apoptosis in bladder cancer cells. Cancer Lett 2021; 509:13-25. [PMID: 33836250 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Bladder cancer is a clinically heterogeneous disease with a poor prognosis. In the current study, anti-proliferation assay of a Euphorbiaceae diterpenoid library led to the identification of an anti-bladder cancer agent Jolkinolide B (JB). JB showed significant cytotoxicity against a panel of bladder cancer cell lines and suppressed the growth of cisplatin (CDDP)-resistant bladder cancer xenografts in single or combination treatments. Mechanistic study revealed that, besides inducing mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-related apoptosis, JB could trigger the paraptosis via activation of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway. The excessive production of ROS could be induced by JB via inhibition of thioredoxin reductase 1 (TrxR1) and depletion of glutathione (GSH). Collectively, JB that targets thioredoxin and GSH systems to induce two distinct cell death modes may serve as a promising candidate in future anti-bladder cancer drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Sang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China
| | - Wei Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China
| | - Hong-Juan Diao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China
| | - Run-Zhu Fan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China
| | - Jia-Luo Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China
| | - Lu Gan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China
| | - Ming-Feng Zou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China
| | - Gui-Hua Tang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China
| | - Sheng Yin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China.
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209
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Transforming Growth Factor- β and Oxidative Stress in Cancer: A Crosstalk in Driving Tumor Transformation. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13123093. [PMID: 34205678 PMCID: PMC8235010 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13123093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Metabolic changes in tumor microenvironment play a critical role in cancer, related to the accumulated alterations in signaling pathways that control cellular metabolism. Cancer metabolic deregulation is related to specific events such as the control of oxidative stress, and in particular the redox imbalance with aberrant oxidant production and/or a deregulation of the efficacy of the antioxidant systems. In cancer cells, different cytokines are involved in the development and/or progression of cancer; among these cytokines, the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) is central to tumorigenesis and cancer progression. In tumor cells, it has been demonstrated that there is a close correlation between oxidative stress and TGF-β; this crosstalk strongly contributes to tumorigenesis, both in tumor development and in mediating its invasiveness. This review is addressed to better understanding this crosstalk between TGF-β and oxidative stress in cancer cell metabolism, in an attempt to improve the pharmacological and therapeutic approach against cancer. Abstract Cancer metabolism involves different changes at a cellular level, and altered metabolic pathways have been demonstrated to be heavily involved in tumorigenesis and invasiveness. A crucial role for oxidative stress in cancer initiation and progression has been demonstrated; redox imbalance, due to aberrant reactive oxygen species (ROS) production or deregulated efficacy of antioxidant systems (superoxide dismutase, catalase, GSH), contributes to tumor initiation and progression of several types of cancer. ROS may modulate cancer cell metabolism by acting as secondary messengers in the signaling pathways (NF-kB, HIF-1α) involved in cellular proliferation and metastasis. It is known that ROS mediate many of the effects of transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), a key cytokine central in tumorigenesis and cancer progression, which in turn can modulate ROS production and the related antioxidant system activity. Thus, ROS synergize with TGF-β in cancer cell metabolism by increasing the redox imbalance in cancer cells and by inducing the epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT), a crucial event associated with tumor invasiveness and metastases. Taken as a whole, this review is addressed to better understanding this crosstalk between TGF-β and oxidative stress in cancer cell metabolism, in the attempt to improve the pharmacological and therapeutic approach against cancer.
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210
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Metallocenyl derivatives of ebselen are selective and competitive inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase. J Organomet Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2021.121822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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211
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Ushio-Fukai M, Ash D, Nagarkoti S, Belin de Chantemèle EJ, Fulton DJR, Fukai T. Interplay Between Reactive Oxygen/Reactive Nitrogen Species and Metabolism in Vascular Biology and Disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 34:1319-1354. [PMID: 33899493 PMCID: PMC8418449 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2020.8161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS; e.g., superoxide [O2•-] and hydrogen peroxide [H2O2]) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS; e.g., nitric oxide [NO•]) at the physiological level function as signaling molecules that mediate many biological responses, including cell proliferation, migration, differentiation, and gene expression. By contrast, excess ROS/RNS, a consequence of dysregulated redox homeostasis, is a hallmark of cardiovascular disease. Accumulating evidence suggests that both ROS and RNS regulate various metabolic pathways and enzymes. Recent studies indicate that cells have mechanisms that fine-tune ROS/RNS levels by tight regulation of metabolic pathways, such as glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation. The ROS/RNS-mediated inhibition of glycolytic pathways promotes metabolic reprogramming away from glycolytic flux toward the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway to generate nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) for antioxidant defense. This review summarizes our current knowledge of the mechanisms by which ROS/RNS regulate metabolic enzymes and cellular metabolism and how cellular metabolism influences redox homeostasis and the pathogenesis of disease. A full understanding of these mechanisms will be important for the development of new therapeutic strategies to treat diseases associated with dysregulated redox homeostasis and metabolism. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 34, 1319-1354.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masuko Ushio-Fukai
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Medicine (Cardiology) and Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Dipankar Ash
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Medicine (Cardiology) and Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sheela Nagarkoti
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Medicine (Cardiology) and Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Eric J Belin de Chantemèle
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Medicine (Cardiology) and Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - David J R Fulton
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Tohru Fukai
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA.,Charlie Norwood Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia, USA
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212
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Yasuda T, Ishimoto T, Baba H. Conflicting metabolic alterations in cancer stem cells and regulation by the stromal niche. Regen Ther 2021; 17:8-12. [PMID: 33598509 PMCID: PMC7851492 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2021.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have revealed that cancer stem cells (CSCs) undergo metabolic alterations that differentiate them from non-CSCs. Inhibition of specific metabolic pathways in CSCs has been conducted to eliminate the CSC population in many types of cancer. However, there is conflicting evidence about whether CSCs depend on glycolysis or mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) to maintain their stem cell properties. This review summarizes the latest knowledge regarding CSC-specific metabolic alterations and offers recent evidence that the surrounding microenvironments may play an important role in the maintenance of CSC properties.
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Key Words
- ALDH, aldehyde dehydrogenase
- ATP, adenosine triphosphate
- CD44v, CD44 variant isoform
- CSCs
- CSCs, cancer stem cells
- EMT, epithelial–mesenchymal transition
- EVs, extracellular vesicles
- FAO, fatty acid oxidation
- FBP1, fructose-1,6-biphosphatase 1
- GLUT1, glucose transporter 1
- GP6, glucose-6-phosphate
- Glycolysis
- HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma
- HIF1a, hypoxia inducible factor 1a
- IMP2, insulin-like growth factor 2
- IncRNAs, long noncoding RNAs
- LSCs, leukemia stem cells
- Mitochondrial OXPHOS
- NRF2, nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2
- OXPHOS, oxidative phosphorylation
- PDK1, pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1
- PPP, pentose phosphate pathway
- ROS
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SOD2, superoxide dismutase 2
- Stromal niche
- TCA, tricarboxylic acid
- TICs, tumor initiating stem-like cells
- mTORC1, mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadahito Yasuda
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- Gastrointestinal Cancer Biology, International Research Center for Medical Sciences (IRCMS), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Takatsugu Ishimoto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- Gastrointestinal Cancer Biology, International Research Center for Medical Sciences (IRCMS), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hideo Baba
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- Center for Metabolic Regulation of Healthy Aging, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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Pattarawat P, Hunt JT, Poloway J, Archibald CJ, Wang HCR. A triple combination gemcitabine + romidepsin + cisplatin to effectively control triple-negative breast cancer tumor development, recurrence, and metastasis. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2021; 88:415-425. [PMID: 34043046 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-021-04298-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive, lethal, heterogeneous type of breast cancer (BC). TNBC tends to have a lower response rate to chemotherapy and a lower 5-year survival rate than other types of BC due to recurrence and metastasis. Our previous study revealed that a combination of gemcitabine, romidepsin, and cisplatin was efficacious in controlling TNBC tumor development. In this study, we extended our investigation of gemcitabine + romidepsin + cisplatin in controlling TNBC tumor recurrence and metastasis. METHODS We investigated the ability of gemcitabine + romidepsin + cisplatin to control cell survival and invasiveness using cell viability, soft agar colony formation, and transwell invasion assays. We determined the efficacy of gemcitabine + romidepsin + cisplatin in controlling tumor recurrence and metastasis using cell-derived xenograft animal models. We used immunoblotting to study signaling modulators regulated by gemcitabine + romidepsin + cisplatin in TNBC cells and tumor tissues. RESULTS Treatment with gemcitabine + romidepsin + cisplatin reduced the TNBC MDA-MB231 and MDA-MB468 cell survival to ~ 50% and ~ 15%, as well as invasiveness to ~ 31% and ~ 13%, respectively. Gemcitabine + romidepsin + cisplatin suppressed modulators involved in epithelial-mesenchymal transition in an ROS-dependent manner. Controlling tumor recurrence, the Gem plus Rom + Cis regimen (~ 112%) was more efficacious than the Gem plus Cis regimen (~ 21%) in tumor growth inhibition. The Gem plus Rom + Cis regimen efficaciously reduced the development of metastatic nodules to 20% in animals. CONCLUSION The gemcitabine plus romidepsin + cisplatin regimen was highly efficacious in controlling TNBC tumor development, recurrence, and metastasis in animals. The combination regimen should be poised for efficient translation into clinical trials for controlling the recurrence and metastasis, ultimately contributing to reducing mortality and improving TNBC patients' quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawat Pattarawat
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, 2407 River Drive, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Jessica T Hunt
- Animal Resource Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, 2407 River Drive, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Jacob Poloway
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, 2407 River Drive, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Collin J Archibald
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, 2407 River Drive, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Hwa-Chain Robert Wang
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, 2407 River Drive, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA.
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214
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Hijacked Immune Cells in the Tumor Microenvironment: Molecular Mechanisms of Immunosuppression and Cues to Improve T Cell-Based Immunotherapy of Solid Tumors. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115736. [PMID: 34072260 PMCID: PMC8199456 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The understanding of the tumor microenvironment (TME) has been expanding in recent years in the context of interactions among different cell types, through direct cell–cell communication as well as through soluble factors. It has become evident that the development of a successful antitumor response depends on several TME factors. In this context, the number, type, and subsets of immune cells, as well as the functionality, memory, and exhaustion state of leukocytes are key factors of the TME. Both the presence and functionality of immune cells, in particular T cells, are regulated by cellular and soluble factors of the TME. In this regard, one fundamental reason for failure of antitumor responses is hijacked immune cells, which contribute to the immunosuppressive TME in multiple ways. Specifically, reactive oxygen species (ROS), metabolites, and anti-inflammatory cytokines have central roles in generating an immunosuppressive TME. In this review, we focused on recent developments in the immune cell constituents of the TME, and the micromilieu control of antitumor responses. Furthermore, we highlighted the current challenges of T cell-based immunotherapies and potential future strategies to consider for strengthening their effectiveness.
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215
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Raj Rai S, Bhattacharyya C, Sarkar A, Chakraborty S, Sircar E, Dutta S, Sengupta R. Glutathione: Role in Oxidative/Nitrosative Stress, Antioxidant Defense, and Treatments. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202100773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sristi Raj Rai
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology Amity University Kolkata 700135, W.B. India
| | | | - Anwita Sarkar
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology Amity University Kolkata 700135, W.B. India
| | - Surupa Chakraborty
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology Amity University Kolkata 700135, W.B. India
| | - Esha Sircar
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology Amity University Kolkata 700135, W.B. India
| | - Sreejita Dutta
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology Amity University Kolkata 700135, W.B. India
| | - Rajib Sengupta
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology Amity University Kolkata 700135, W.B. India
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216
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Zhang J, Duan D, Osama A, Fang J. Natural Molecules Targeting Thioredoxin System and Their Therapeutic Potential. Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 34:1083-1107. [PMID: 33115246 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2020.8213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Thioredoxin (Trx) and thioredoxin reductase are two core members of the Trx system. The system bridges the gap between the universal reducing equivalent NADPH and various biological molecules and plays an essential role in maintaining cellular redox homeostasis and regulating multiple cellular redox signaling pathways. Recent Advance: In recent years, the Trx system has been well documented as an important regulator of many diseases, especially tumorigenesis. Thus, the development of potential therapeutic molecules targeting the system is of great significance for disease treatment. Critical Issues: We herein first discuss the physiological functions of the Trx system and the role that the Trx system plays in various diseases. Then, we focus on the introduction of natural small molecules with potential therapeutic applications, especially the anticancer activity, and review their mechanisms of pharmacological actions via interfering with the Trx system. Finally, we further discuss several natural molecules that harbor therapeutic potential and have entered different clinical trials. Future Directions: Further studies on the functions of the Trx system in multiple diseases will not only improve our understanding of the pathogenesis of many human disorders but also help develop novel therapeutic strategies against these diseases. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 34, 1083-1107.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junmin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Baoji, China
| | - Dongzhu Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Baoji, China
| | - Alsiddig Osama
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Baoji, China
| | - Jianguo Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Baoji, China
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217
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Lai HL, Fan XX, Li RZ, Wang YW, Zhang J, Liu L, Neher E, Yao XJ, Leung ELH. Roles of Ion Fluxes, Metabolism, and Redox Balance in Cancer Therapy. Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 34:1108-1127. [PMID: 33115253 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2020.8125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Recent Advances: The 2019 Nobel Prize awarded to the mechanisms for oxygen sensing and adaptation according to oxygen availability, highlighting the fundamental importance of gaseous molecules. Gaseous molecules, including reactive oxygen species (ROS), can interact with different cations generated during metabolic and redox dysregulation in cancer cells. Cross talk between calcium signaling and metabolic/redox pathways leads to network-based dyregulation in cancer. Significance: Recent discovery on using small molecules targeting the ion channels, redox signaling, and protein modification on metabolic enzymes can effectively inhibit cancer growth. Several FDA-approved drugs and clinical trials are ongoing to target the calcium channels, such as TRPV6 and TRPM8. Multiple small molecules from natural products target metablic and redox enzymes to exert an anticancer effect. Critical Issues: Small molecules targeting key ion channels, metabolic enzymes that control key aspects of metabolism, and redox proteins are promising, but their action mechanisms of the target are needed to be elucidated with advanced-omic technologies, which can give network-based and highly dimensioal data. In addition, small molecules that can directly modify the protein residues have emerged as a novel anticancer strategy. Future Directions: Advanced technology accelerates the detection of ions and metabolic and redox changes in clinical samples for diagnosis and informs the decision of cancer treatment. The improvement of ROS detection, ROS target identification, and computational-aid drug discovery also improves clincal outcome.Overall, network-based or holistic regulations of cancer via ion therapy and metabolic and redox intervention are promising as new anticancer strategies. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 34, 1108-1127.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan-Ling Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute For Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau (SAR), China
| | - Xing-Xing Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute For Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau (SAR), China
| | - Run-Ze Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute For Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau (SAR), China
| | - Yu-Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute For Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau (SAR), China
| | - Junmin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute For Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau (SAR), China.,School of Pharmacy & State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Liang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute For Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau (SAR), China
| | - Erwin Neher
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute For Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau (SAR), China.,Membrane Biophysics Emeritus Group, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Xiao-Jun Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute For Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau (SAR), China
| | - Elaine Lai-Han Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute For Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau (SAR), China
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218
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Chakraborty S, Balan M, Sabarwal A, Choueiri TK, Pal S. Metabolic reprogramming in renal cancer: Events of a metabolic disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2021; 1876:188559. [PMID: 33965513 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2021.188559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have established that tumors can reprogram the pathways involved in nutrient uptake and metabolism to withstand the altered biosynthetic, bioenergetics and redox requirements of cancer cells. This phenomenon is called metabolic reprogramming, which is promoted by the loss of tumor suppressor genes and activation of oncogenes. Because of alterations and perturbations in multiple metabolic pathways, renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is sometimes termed as a "metabolic disease". The majority of metabolic reprogramming in renal cancer is caused by the inactivation of von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) gene and activation of the Ras-PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway. Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) and Myc are other important players in the metabolic reprogramming of RCC. All types of RCCs are associated with reprogramming of glucose and fatty acid metabolism and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Metabolism of glutamine, tryptophan and arginine is also reprogrammed in renal cancer to favor tumor growth and oncogenesis. Together, understanding these modifications or reprogramming of the metabolic pathways in detail offer ample opportunities for the development of new therapeutic targets and strategies, discovery of biomarkers and identification of effective tumor detection methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samik Chakraborty
- Division of Nephrology, Boston Children's Hospital, MA 02115, United States of America; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States of America
| | - Murugabaskar Balan
- Division of Nephrology, Boston Children's Hospital, MA 02115, United States of America; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States of America
| | - Akash Sabarwal
- Division of Nephrology, Boston Children's Hospital, MA 02115, United States of America; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States of America
| | - Toni K Choueiri
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, United States of America; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States of America
| | - Soumitro Pal
- Division of Nephrology, Boston Children's Hospital, MA 02115, United States of America; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States of America.
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219
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Metabolic Modulation of Immunity: A New Concept in Cancer Immunotherapy. Cell Rep 2021; 32:107848. [PMID: 32640218 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy shifted the paradigm of cancer treatment. The clinical approval of immune checkpoint blockade and adoptive cell transfer led to considerable success in several tumor types. However, for a significant number of patients, these therapies have proven ineffective. Growing evidence shows that the metabolic requirements of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME) greatly influence the success of immunotherapy. It is well established that the TME influences energy consumption and metabolic reprogramming of immune cells, often inducing them to become tolerogenic and inefficient in cancer cell eradication. Increasing nutrient availability using pharmacological modulators of metabolism or antibodies targeting specific immune receptors are strategies that support energetic rewiring of immune cells and boost their anti-tumor capacity. In this review, we describe the metabolic features of the diverse immune cell types in the context of the TME and discuss how these immunomodulatory strategies could synergize with immunotherapy to circumvent its current limitations.
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220
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Shcherbatykh AA, Chernov’yants MS. Study of Antithyroid and Antioxidant Properties of Cysteine, Glutathione, and Methionine by Spectrophotometry and High Performance Liquid Chromatography. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934821040109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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221
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Bebber CM, Thomas ES, Stroh J, Chen Z, Androulidaki A, Schmitt A, Höhne MN, Stüker L, de Pádua Alves C, Khonsari A, Dammert MA, Parmaksiz F, Tumbrink HL, Beleggia F, Sos ML, Riemer J, George J, Brodesser S, Thomas RK, Reinhardt HC, von Karstedt S. Ferroptosis response segregates small cell lung cancer (SCLC) neuroendocrine subtypes. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2048. [PMID: 33824345 PMCID: PMC8024350 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22336-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss of TP53 and RB1 in treatment-naïve small cell lung cancer (SCLC) suggests selective pressure to inactivate cell death pathways prior to therapy. Yet, which of these pathways remain available in treatment-naïve SCLC is unknown. Here, through systemic analysis of cell death pathway availability in treatment-naïve SCLC, we identify non-neuroendocrine (NE) SCLC to be vulnerable to ferroptosis through subtype-specific lipidome remodeling. While NE SCLC is ferroptosis resistant, it acquires selective addiction to the TRX anti-oxidant pathway. In experimental settings of non-NE/NE intratumoral heterogeneity, non-NE or NE populations are selectively depleted by ferroptosis or TRX pathway inhibition, respectively. Preventing subtype plasticity observed under single pathway targeting, combined treatment kills established non-NE and NE tumors in xenografts, genetically engineered mouse models of SCLC and patient-derived cells, and identifies a patient subset with drastically improved overall survival. These findings reveal cell death pathway mining as a means to identify rational combination therapies for SCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina M Bebber
- Department of Translational Genomics, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- CECAD Cluster of Excellence, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Clinic I for Internal Medicine, Medical Faculty, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Emily S Thomas
- Department of Translational Genomics, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- CECAD Cluster of Excellence, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Jenny Stroh
- Department of Translational Genomics, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- CECAD Cluster of Excellence, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Zhiyi Chen
- Department of Translational Genomics, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- CECAD Cluster of Excellence, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ariadne Androulidaki
- Department of Translational Genomics, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- CECAD Cluster of Excellence, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Anna Schmitt
- CECAD Cluster of Excellence, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Clinic I for Internal Medicine, Medical Faculty, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Michaela N Höhne
- CECAD Cluster of Excellence, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Department for Chemistry, Institute for Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Lukas Stüker
- Department of Translational Genomics, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- CECAD Cluster of Excellence, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Cleidson de Pádua Alves
- Department of Translational Genomics, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Armin Khonsari
- Department of Translational Genomics, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Medical Faculty, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Marcel A Dammert
- Department of Translational Genomics, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Medical Faculty, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Fatma Parmaksiz
- Department of Translational Genomics, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Medical Faculty, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Hannah L Tumbrink
- Department of Translational Genomics, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Medical Faculty, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Filippo Beleggia
- Clinic I for Internal Medicine, Medical Faculty, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Martin L Sos
- Department of Translational Genomics, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Medical Faculty, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jan Riemer
- CECAD Cluster of Excellence, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Department for Chemistry, Institute for Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Julie George
- Department of Translational Genomics, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Susanne Brodesser
- CECAD Cluster of Excellence, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Roman K Thomas
- Department of Translational Genomics, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- DKFZ, German Cancer Research Center, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - H Christian Reinhardt
- Department of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK partner site Essen), Essen, Germany
| | - Silvia von Karstedt
- Department of Translational Genomics, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
- CECAD Cluster of Excellence, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Medical Faculty, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
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Ludwig BS, Kessler H, Kossatz S, Reuning U. RGD-Binding Integrins Revisited: How Recently Discovered Functions and Novel Synthetic Ligands (Re-)Shape an Ever-Evolving Field. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13071711. [PMID: 33916607 PMCID: PMC8038522 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13071711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Integrins, a superfamily of cell adhesion receptors, were extensively investigated as therapeutic targets over the last decades, motivated by their multiple functions, e.g., in cancer (progression, metastasis, angiogenesis), sepsis, fibrosis, and viral infections. Although integrin-targeting clinical trials, especially in cancer, did not meet the high expectations yet, integrins remain highly interesting therapeutic targets. In this article, we analyze the state-of-the-art knowledge on the roles of a subfamily of integrins, which require binding of the tripeptide motif Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) for cell adhesion and signal transduction, in cancer, in tumor-associated exosomes, in fibrosis and SARS-CoV-2 infection. Furthermore, we outline the latest achievements in the design and development of synthetic ligands, which are highly selective and affine to single integrin subtypes, i.e., αvβ3, αvβ5, α5β1, αvβ6, αvβ8, and αvβ1. Lastly, we present the substantial progress in the field of nuclear and optical molecular imaging of integrins, including first-in-human and clinical studies. Abstract Integrins have been extensively investigated as therapeutic targets over the last decades, which has been inspired by their multiple functions in cancer progression, metastasis, and angiogenesis as well as a continuously expanding number of other diseases, e.g., sepsis, fibrosis, and viral infections, possibly also Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). Although integrin-targeted (cancer) therapy trials did not meet the high expectations yet, integrins are still valid and promising targets due to their elevated expression and surface accessibility on diseased cells. Thus, for the future successful clinical translation of integrin-targeted compounds, revisited and innovative treatment strategies have to be explored based on accumulated knowledge of integrin biology. For this, refined approaches are demanded aiming at alternative and improved preclinical models, optimized selectivity and pharmacological properties of integrin ligands, as well as more sophisticated treatment protocols considering dose fine-tuning of compounds. Moreover, integrin ligands exert high accuracy in disease monitoring as diagnostic molecular imaging tools, enabling patient selection for individualized integrin-targeted therapy. The present review comprehensively analyzes the state-of-the-art knowledge on the roles of RGD-binding integrin subtypes in cancer and non-cancerous diseases and outlines the latest achievements in the design and development of synthetic ligands and their application in biomedical, translational, and molecular imaging approaches. Indeed, substantial progress has already been made, including advanced ligand designs, numerous elaborated pre-clinical and first-in-human studies, while the discovery of novel applications for integrin ligands remains to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice S. Ludwig
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Klinikum Rechts der Isar and Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), Technical University Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany;
| | - Horst Kessler
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Study, Technical University Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany;
| | - Susanne Kossatz
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Klinikum Rechts der Isar and Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), Technical University Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany;
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Study, Technical University Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany;
- Correspondence: (S.K.); (U.R.); Tel.: +49-89-4140-9134 (S.K.); +49-89-4140-7407 (U.R.)
| | - Ute Reuning
- Clinical Research Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
- Correspondence: (S.K.); (U.R.); Tel.: +49-89-4140-9134 (S.K.); +49-89-4140-7407 (U.R.)
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223
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Asantewaa G, Harris IS. Glutathione and its precursors in cancer. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2021; 68:292-299. [PMID: 33819793 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2021.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Buffering oxidative stress is as a crucial requirement for tumorigenesis. Antioxidant is a term reserved for molecules that quench reactive oxygen species (ROS) and alleviate oxidative stress. The details regarding antioxidant synthesis, their utilization to eliminate ROS, and their ability to promote different stages of tumorigenesis are unclear. Here, we focus on glutathione (GSH), the most abundant antioxidant in the cell, and its precursor amino acids (cysteine, glutamate, and glycine). Even though GSH was discovered more than a century ago, continued research into this antioxidant has provided answers to longstanding questions while also posing new ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Asantewaa
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Rochester, NY 14642, United States; Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Rochester, NY 14642, United States
| | - Isaac S Harris
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Rochester, NY 14642, United States; Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Rochester, NY 14642, United States.
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Wang H, Cheng Y, Mao C, Liu S, Xiao D, Huang J, Tao Y. Emerging mechanisms and targeted therapy of ferroptosis in cancer. Mol Ther 2021; 29:2185-2208. [PMID: 33794363 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2021.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis is an iron- and lipid reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent form of programmed cell death that is distinct from other forms of regulatory cell death at the morphological, biological, and genetic levels. Emerging evidence suggests critical roles for ferroptosis in cell metabolism, the redox status, and various diseases, such as cancers, nervous system diseases, and ischemia-reperfusion injury, with ferroptosis-related proteins. Ferroptosis is inhibited in diverse cancer types and functions as a dynamic tumor suppressor in cancer development, indicating that the regulation of ferroptosis can be utilized as an interventional target for tumor treatment. Small molecules and nanomaterials that reprogram cancer cells to undergo ferroptosis are considered effective drugs for cancer therapy. Here, we systematically summarize the molecular basis of ferroptosis, the suppressive effect of ferroptosis on tumors, the effect of ferroptosis on cellular metabolism and the tumor microenvironment (TME), and ferroptosis-inducing agents for tumor therapeutics. An understanding of the latest progress in ferroptosis could provide references for proposing new potential targets for the treatment of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Central South University, Ministry of Education), Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan 410078, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Yan Cheng
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Chao Mao
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Central South University, Ministry of Education), Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan 410078, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Shuang Liu
- Department of Oncology, Institute of Medical Sciences, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China.
| | - Desheng Xiao
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China.
| | - Jun Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China.
| | - Yongguang Tao
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Central South University, Ministry of Education), Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan 410078, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Early Diagnosis and Precision Therapy, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China.
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225
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Tuy K, Rickenbacker L, Hjelmeland AB. Reactive oxygen species produced by altered tumor metabolism impacts cancer stem cell maintenance. Redox Biol 2021; 44:101953. [PMID: 34052208 PMCID: PMC8212140 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.101953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Controlling reactive oxygen species (ROS) at sustainable levels can drive multiple facets of tumor biology, including within the cancer stem cell (CSC) population. Tight regulation of ROS is one key component in CSCs that drives disease recurrence, cell signaling, and therapeutic resistance. While ROS are well-appreciated to need oxygen and are a product of oxidative phosphorylation, there are also important roles for ROS under hypoxia. As hypoxia promotes and sustains major stemness pathways, further consideration of ROS impacts on CSCs in the tumor microenvironment is important. Furthermore, glycolytic shifts that occur in cancer and may be promoted by hypoxia are associated with multiple mechanisms to mitigate oxidative stress. This altered metabolism provides survival advantages that sustain malignant features, such as proliferation and self-renewal, while producing the necessary antioxidants that reduce damage from oxidative stress. Finally, disease recurrence is believed to be attributed to therapy resistant CSCs which can be quiescent and have changes in redox status. Effective DNA damage response pathways and/or a slow-cycling state can protect CSCs from the genomic catastrophe induced by irradiation and genotoxic agents. This review will explore the delicate, yet complex, relationship between ROS and its pleiotropic role in modulating the CSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaysaw Tuy
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Lucas Rickenbacker
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Anita B Hjelmeland
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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226
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Yoshida GJ, Saya H. Molecular pathology underlying the robustness of cancer stem cells. Regen Ther 2021; 17:38-50. [PMID: 33869685 PMCID: PMC8024885 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2021.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Intratumoral heterogeneity is tightly associated with the failure of anticancer treatment modalities including conventional chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and molecularly targeted therapy. Such heterogeneity is generated in an evolutionary manner not only as a result of genetic alterations but also by the presence of cancer stem cells (CSCs). CSCs are proposed to exist at the top of a tumor cell hierarchy and are undifferentiated tumor cells that manifest enhanced tumorigenic and metastatic potential, self-renewal capacity, and therapeutic resistance. Properties that contribute to the robustness of CSCs include the abilities to withstand redox stress, to rapidly repair damaged DNA, to adapt to a hyperinflammatory or hyponutritious tumor microenvironment, and to expel anticancer drugs by the action of ATP-binding cassette transporters as well as plasticity with regard to the transition between dormant CSC and transit-amplifying progenitor cell phenotypes. In addition, CSCs manifest the phenomenon of metabolic reprogramming, which is essential for maintenance of their self-renewal potential and their ability to adapt to changes in the tumor microenvironment. Elucidation of the molecular underpinnings of these biological features of CSCs is key to the development of novel anticancer therapies. In this review, we highlight the pathological relevance of CSCs in terms of their hallmarks and identification, the properties of their niche—both in primary tumors and at potential sites of metastasis—and their resistance to oxidative stress dependent on system xc (−). Intratumoral heterogeneity driven by CSCs is responsible for therapeutic resistance. CTCs survive in the distant organs and achieve colonization, causing metastasis. E/M hybrid cancer cells due to partial EMT exhibit the highest metastatic potential. The CSC niche regulates stemness in metastatic disease as well as in primary tumor. Activation of system xc(-) by CD44 variant in CSCs is a promising therapeutic target.
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Key Words
- ABC, ATP-binding cassette
- ALDH, Aldehyde dehydrogenase
- BMP, Bone morphogenetic protein
- CAF, Cancer-associated fibroblast
- CD44 variant
- CD44v, CD44 variant
- CSC, Cancer stem cell
- CTC, Circulating tumor cell
- CagA, Cytotoxin-associated gene A
- Cancer stem cell
- DTC, Disseminated tumor cell
- E/M, Epithelial/mesenchymal
- ECM, Extracellular matrix
- EGF, Epidermal growth factor
- EMT, Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition
- EpCAM, Epithelial cell adhesion moleculeE
- Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT)
- GSC, Glioma stem cell
- GSH, reduced glutathione
- HGF, Hepatocyte growth factor
- HNSCC, Head and neck squamous cell cancer
- IL, Interleukin
- Intratumoral heterogeneity
- MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase
- MET, mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition
- NSCLC, non–small cell lung cancer
- Niche
- Nrf2, nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2
- OXPHOS, Oxidative phosphorylation
- Plasticity
- Prrx1, Paired-related homeodomain transcription factor 1
- ROS, Reactive oxygen species
- SRP1, Epithelial splicing regulatory protein 1
- TGF-β, Transforming growth factor–β
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Affiliation(s)
- Go J Yoshida
- Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research (IAMR), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Saya
- Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research (IAMR), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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227
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Zhan X, Li J, Zhou T. Targeting Nrf2-Mediated Oxidative Stress Response Signaling Pathways as New Therapeutic Strategy for Pituitary Adenomas. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:565748. [PMID: 33841137 PMCID: PMC8024532 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.565748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress and oxidative damage are the common pathophysiological characteristics in pituitary adenomas (PAs), which have been confirmed with many omics studies in PA tissues and cell/animal experimental studies. Nuclear factor erythroid 2 p45-related factor 2 (Nrf2), the core of oxidative stress response, is an oxidative stress sensor. Nrf2 is synthesized and regulated by multiple factors, including Keap1, ERK1/2, ERK5, JNK1/2, p38 MAPK, PKC, PI3K/AKT, and ER stress, in the cytoplasm. Under the oxidative stress status, Nrf2 quickly translocates from cytoplasm into the nucleus and binds to antioxidant response element /electrophile responsive element to initiate the expressions of antioxidant genes, phases I and II metabolizing enzymes, phase III detoxifying genes, chaperone/stress response genes, and ubiquitination/proteasomal degradation proteins. Many Nrf2 or Keap1 inhibitors have been reported as potential anticancer agents for different cancers. However, Nrf2 inhibitors have not been studied as potential anticancer agents for PAs. We recommend the emphasis on in-depth studies of Nrf2 signaling and potential therapeutic agents targeting Nrf2 signaling pathways as new therapeutic strategies for PAs. Also, the use of Nrf2 inhibitors targeting Nrf2 signaling in combination with ERK inhibitors plus p38 activators or JNK activators targeting MAPK signaling pathways, or drugs targeting mitochondrial dysfunction pathway might produce better anti-tumor effects on PAs. This perspective article reviews the advances in oxidative stress and Nrf2-mediated oxidative stress response signaling pathways in pituitary tumorigenesis, and the potential of targeting Nrf2 signaling pathways as a new therapeutic strategy for PAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianquan Zhan
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China.,Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China.,Department of Oncology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Jiajia Li
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Tian Zhou
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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228
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Freire Boullosa L, Van Loenhout J, Flieswasser T, De Waele J, Hermans C, Lambrechts H, Cuypers B, Laukens K, Bartholomeus E, Siozopoulou V, De Vos WH, Peeters M, Smits ELJ, Deben C. Auranofin reveals therapeutic anticancer potential by triggering distinct molecular cell death mechanisms and innate immunity in mutant p53 non-small cell lung cancer. Redox Biol 2021; 42:101949. [PMID: 33812801 PMCID: PMC8113045 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.101949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Auranofin (AF) is an FDA-approved antirheumatic drug with anticancer properties that acts as a thioredoxin reductase 1 (TrxR) inhibitor. The exact mechanisms through which AF targets cancer cells remain elusive. To shed light on the mode of action, this study provides an in-depth analysis on the molecular mechanisms and immunogenicity of AF-mediated cytotoxicity in the non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell line NCI–H1299 (p53 Null) and its two isogenic derivates with mutant p53 R175H or R273H accumulation. TrxR is highly expressed in a panel of 72 NSCLC patients, making it a valid druggable target in NSCLC for AF. The presence of mutant p53 overexpression was identified as an important sensitizer for AF in (isogenic) NSCLC cells as it was correlated with reduced thioredoxin (Trx) levels in vitro. Transcriptome analysis revealed dysregulation of genes involved in oxidative stress response, DNA damage, granzyme A (GZMA) signaling and ferroptosis. Although functionally AF appeared a potent inhibitor of GPX4 in all NCI–H1299 cell lines, the induction of lipid peroxidation and consequently ferroptosis was limited to the p53 R273H expressing cells. In the p53 R175H cells, AF mainly induced large-scale DNA damage and replication stress, leading to the induction of apoptotic cell death rather than ferroptosis. Importantly, all cell death types were immunogenic since the release of danger signals (ecto-calreticulin, ATP and HMGB1) and dendritic cell maturation occurred irrespective of (mutant) p53 expression. Finally, we show that AF sensitized cancer cells to caspase-independent natural killer cell-mediated killing by downregulation of several key targets of GZMA. Our data provides novel insights on AF as a potent, clinically available, off-patent cancer drug by targeting mutant p53 cancer cells through distinct cell death mechanisms (apoptosis and ferroptosis). In addition, AF improves the innate immune response at both cytostatic (natural killer cell-mediated killing) and cytotoxic concentrations (dendritic cell maturation).
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie Freire Boullosa
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Jinthe Van Loenhout
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Tal Flieswasser
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Jorrit De Waele
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Christophe Hermans
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium; Department of Pathology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Hilde Lambrechts
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Bart Cuypers
- Adrem Data Lab, Department of Computer Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Molecular Parasitology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Kris Laukens
- Adrem Data Lab, Department of Computer Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Esther Bartholomeus
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | | | - Winnok H De Vos
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Marc Peeters
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium; Department of Oncology, Multidisciplinary Oncological Center Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Evelien L J Smits
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium; Center for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Christophe Deben
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
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229
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Kundaktepe BP, Sozer V, Durmus S, Kocael PC, Kundaktepe FO, Papila C, Gelisgen R, Uzun H. The evaluation of oxidative stress parameters in breast and colon cancer. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e25104. [PMID: 33725987 PMCID: PMC7982186 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000025104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Our aim in this study was to investigate the relationship between serum ischemia modified albumin (IMA) levels with oxidative stress parameters [protein carbonyl (PCO), advanced protein oxidation products (AOPPs), malondialdehyde (MDA), total nitric oxide (NOx), prooxidant-antioxidant balance (PAB), and ferric reducing of antioxidant power (FRAP)] in breast cancer (BC) and colon cancer (CC).In total, 90 patients undergoing surgical treatment for BC (n = 45) or CC (n = 45) and 35 healthy controls were included in this cross-sectional study.The serum PCO, AOPPs, MDA, NOx, PAB, and IMA levels were all statistically significantly higher in the cancer patients than in the control group. MDA, NOx, and PAB levels were significantly lower in the BC group than in the CC group. FRAP values were statistically significantly lower in both the CC group and the BC group compared to the control. IMA showed a weak positive correlation with CA-19.9 (r = 0.423 P = .007) but a moderate positive correlation with tumor size in the CC group. IMA showed a positive correlation with metastasis, grade, and HER2 and a negative correlation with ER and PR in the BC group.Oxidative stress is a key player in the development of solid malignancies. Cancer development is a multistage process, and oxidative stress caused by the production of ROS/RNS in the breast and colon may predispose individuals to BC and CC. Patients with BC and CC had an impaired oxidative/antioxidant condition that favored oxidative stress. The ROC analysis indicated that IMA sensitivity above 80% could be used as a secondary biomarker in diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Volkan Sozer
- Department of Biochemistry, Yildiz Technical University
| | - Sinem Durmus
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Cerrahpasa Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa
| | - Pinar Cigdem Kocael
- Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Cerrahpasa Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa
| | | | - Cigdem Papila
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Oncology, Faculty of Cerrahpasa Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Remise Gelisgen
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Cerrahpasa Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa
| | - Hafize Uzun
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Cerrahpasa Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa
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230
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Patel NH, Bloukh S, Alwohosh E, Alhesa A, Saleh T, Gewirtz DA. Autophagy and senescence in cancer therapy. Adv Cancer Res 2021; 150:1-74. [PMID: 33858594 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2021.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Tumor cells can undergo diverse responses to cancer therapy. While apoptosis represents the most desirable outcome, tumor cells can alternatively undergo autophagy and senescence. Both autophagy and senescence have the potential to make complex contributions to tumor cell survival via both cell autonomous and cell non-autonomous pathways. The induction of autophagy and senescence in tumor cells, preclinically and clinically, either individually or concomitantly, has generated interest in the utilization of autophagy modulating and senolytic therapies to target autophagy and senescence, respectively. This chapter summarizes the current evidence for the promotion of autophagy and senescence as fundamental responses to cancer therapy and discusses the complexity of their functional contributions to cell survival and disease outcomes. We also highlight current modalities designed to exploit autophagy and senescence in efforts to improve the efficacy of cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nipa H Patel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States; Massey Cancer Center, Goodwin Research Laboratories, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Sarah Bloukh
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | - Enas Alwohosh
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | - Ahmad Alhesa
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | - Tareq Saleh
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | - David A Gewirtz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States; Massey Cancer Center, Goodwin Research Laboratories, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States.
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231
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Wu W, Li D, Feng X, Zhao F, Li C, Zheng S, Lyu J. A pan-cancer study of selenoprotein genes as promising targets for cancer therapy. BMC Med Genomics 2021; 14:78. [PMID: 33706760 PMCID: PMC7948377 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-021-00930-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The most important health benefit of selenium (Se) is in the prevention and control of cancer. Glutathione peroxidases (GPXs) and thioredoxin reductases (TXNRDs) are selenoenzymes that are thought to play a role in oxidative stress. The differential expression of genes of the TXNRD and GPX families is closely related to carcinogenesis and the occurrence of cancer. This study comprehensively analyzed the expression profiles of seven genes in the TXNRD and GPX families, in terms of their correlations with patient survival and immune-cell subtypes, tumor microenvironment, and drug sensitivity. Results The expression profiles of genes in the TXNRD and GPX families differ between different types of cancer, and also between and within individual cancer cases. The expression levels of the seven analyzed genes are related to the overall survival of patients. The TXNRD1 and TXNRD3 genes are mainly related to poor prognoses, while other genes are related to good or poor prognoses depending on the type of cancer. All of the genes were found to be correlated to varying degrees with immune-cell subtypes, level of mechanistic cell infiltration, and tumor cell stemness. The TXNRD1, GPX1, and GPX2 genes may exert dual effects in tumor mutagenesis and development, while the TXNRD1, GPX1, GPX2, and GPX3 genes were found to be related to drug sensitivity or the formation of drug resistance. Conclusions The results will greatly help in identifying the association between genes and tumorigenesis, especially in the immune response, tumor microenvironment, and drug resistance, and very important when attempting to identify new therapeutic targets. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12920-021-00930-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Wu
- Clinical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Department of Clinical Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, 613 Whampoa Avenue, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, China.,School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Daning Li
- Clinical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Department of Clinical Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, 613 Whampoa Avenue, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, China.,School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaojie Feng
- Clinical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Department of Clinical Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, 613 Whampoa Avenue, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, China.,School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fanfan Zhao
- Clinical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Department of Clinical Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, 613 Whampoa Avenue, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, China.,School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chengzhuo Li
- Clinical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Department of Clinical Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, 613 Whampoa Avenue, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, China.,School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shuai Zheng
- Clinical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Department of Clinical Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, 613 Whampoa Avenue, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Lyu
- Clinical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China. .,Department of Clinical Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, 613 Whampoa Avenue, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, China. .,School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
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232
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Selenite Inhibits Notch Signaling in Cells and Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052518. [PMID: 33802299 PMCID: PMC7959125 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Selenium is an essential micronutrient with a wide range of biological effects in mammals. The inorganic form of selenium, selenite, is supplemented to relieve individuals with selenium deficiency and to alleviate associated symptoms. Additionally, physiological and supranutritional selenite have shown selectively higher affinity and toxicity towards cancer cells, highlighting their potential to serve as chemotherapeutic agents or adjuvants. At varying doses, selenite extensively regulates cellular signaling and modulates many cellular processes. In this study, we report the identification of Delta–Notch signaling as a previously uncharacterized selenite inhibited target. Our transcriptomic results in selenite treated primary mouse hepatocytes revealed that the transcription of Notch1, Notch2, Hes1, Maml1, Furin and c-Myc were all decreased following selenite treatment. We further showed that selenite can inhibit Notch1 expression in cultured MCF7 breast adenocarcinoma cells and HEPG2 liver carcinoma cells. In mice acutely treated with 2.5 mg/kg selenite via intraperitoneal injection, we found that Notch1 expression was drastically lowered in liver and kidney tissues by 90% and 70%, respectively. Combined, these results support selenite as a novel inhibitor of Notch signaling, and a plausible mechanism of inhibition has been proposed. This discovery highlights the potential value of selenite applied in a pathological context where Notch is a key drug target in diseases such as cancer, fibrosis, and neurodegenerative disorders.
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233
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Kim JI, Noh MR, Yoon GE, Jang HS, Kong MJ, Park KM. IDH2 gene deficiency accelerates unilateral ureteral obstruction-induced kidney inflammation through oxidative stress and activation of macrophages. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2021; 25:139-146. [PMID: 33602884 PMCID: PMC7893493 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2021.25.2.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial NADP+-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (IDH2) produces NADPH, which is known to inhibit mitochondrial oxidative stress. Ureteral obstruction induces kidney inflammation and fibrosis via oxidative stress. Here, we investigated the role and underlying mechanism of IDH2 in unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO)-induced kidney inflammation using IDH2 gene deleted mice (IDH2-/-). Eight- to 10-week-old female IDH2-/- mice and wild type (IDH2+/+) littermates were subjected to UUO and kidneys were harvested 5 days after UUO. IDH2 was not detected in the kidneys of IDH2-/- mice, while UUO decreased IDH2 in IDH2+/+ mice. UUO increased the expressions of markers of oxidative stress in both IDH2+/+ and IDH2-/- mice, and these changes were greater in IDH2-/- mice compared to IDH2+/+ mice. Bone marrow-derived macrophages of IDH2-/- mice showed a more migrating phenotype with greater ruffle formation and Rac1 distribution than that of IDH2+/+ mice. Correspondently, UUO-induced infiltration of monocytes/macrophages was greater in IDH2-/- mice compared to IDH2+/+ mice. Taken together, these data demonstrate that IDH2 plays a protective role against UUO-induced inflammation through inhibition of oxidative stress and macrophage infiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jee In Kim
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Research Center, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu 42601, Korea
| | - Mi Ra Noh
- Department of Anatomy and BK21 Plus, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea
| | - Ga-Eun Yoon
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Research Center, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu 42601, Korea
| | - Hee-Seong Jang
- Department of Anatomy and BK21 Plus, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea
| | - Min Jung Kong
- Department of Anatomy and BK21 Plus, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea
| | - Kwon Moo Park
- Department of Anatomy and BK21 Plus, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea
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234
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Schofield JH, Schafer ZT. Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species and Mitophagy: A Complex and Nuanced Relationship. Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 34:517-530. [PMID: 32079408 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2020.8058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Significance: Mitochondria represent a major source of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. This is often a consequence of oxidative phosphorylation, which can produce ROS as a result of leakage from the electron transport chain. In addition, quality control mechanisms exist to protect cells from cytotoxic ROS production. One such mechanism is selective autophagic degradation of ROS-producing mitochondria, termed mitophagy, that ultimately results in elimination of mitochondria in the lysosome. Recent Advances: However, while the relationship between mitophagy and ROS production is clearly interwoven, it is yet to be fully untangled. In some circumstances, mitochondrial ROS (mtROS) are elevated as a consequence of mitophagy induction. Critical Issues: In this review, we discuss mtROS generation and their detrimental effects on cellular viability. In addition, we consider the cellular defense mechanisms that the eukaryotic cell uses to abrogate superfluous oxidative stress. In particular, we delve into the prominent mechanisms governing mitophagy induction that bear on oxidative stress. Future Directions: Finally, we examine the pathological conditions associated with defective mitophagy, where additional research may help to facilitate understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- James H Schofield
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Zachary T Schafer
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
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235
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Bonifácio VDB, Pereira SA, Serpa J, Vicente JB. Cysteine metabolic circuitries: druggable targets in cancer. Br J Cancer 2021; 124:862-879. [PMID: 33223534 PMCID: PMC7921671 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-020-01156-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
To enable survival in adverse conditions, cancer cells undergo global metabolic adaptations. The amino acid cysteine actively contributes to cancer metabolic remodelling on three different levels: first, in its free form, in redox control, as a component of the antioxidant glutathione or its involvement in protein s-cysteinylation, a reversible post-translational modification; second, as a substrate for the production of hydrogen sulphide (H2S), which feeds the mitochondrial electron transfer chain and mediates per-sulphidation of ATPase and glycolytic enzymes, thereby stimulating cellular bioenergetics; and, finally, as a carbon source for epigenetic regulation, biomass production and energy production. This review will provide a systematic portrayal of the role of cysteine in cancer biology as a source of carbon and sulphur atoms, the pivotal role of cysteine in different metabolic pathways and the importance of H2S as an energetic substrate and signalling molecule. The different pools of cysteine in the cell and within the body, and their putative use as prognostic cancer markers will be also addressed. Finally, we will discuss the pharmacological means and potential of targeting cysteine metabolism for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasco D B Bonifácio
- iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sofia A Pereira
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Jacinta Serpa
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056, Lisboa, Portugal.
- Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil (IPOLFG), Rua Prof Lima Basto, 1099-023, Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - João B Vicente
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier (ITQB NOVA), Avenida da República (EAN), 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
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236
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Esposito M, Ganesan S, Kang Y. Emerging strategies for treating metastasis. NATURE CANCER 2021; 2:258-270. [PMID: 33899000 PMCID: PMC8064405 DOI: 10.1038/s43018-021-00181-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The systemic spread of tumor cells is the ultimate cause of the majority of deaths from cancer, yet few successful therapeutic strategies have emerged to specifically target metastasis. Here we discuss recent advances in our understanding of tumor-intrinsic pathways driving metastatic colonization and therapeutic resistance, as well as immune activating strategies to target metastatic disease. We focus on therapeutically exploitable mechanisms, promising strategies in preclinical and clinical development, and emerging areas with potential to become innovative treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Esposito
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Shridar Ganesan
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Center for Systems and Computational Biology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Yibin Kang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
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237
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Aboelella NS, Brandle C, Kim T, Ding ZC, Zhou G. Oxidative Stress in the Tumor Microenvironment and Its Relevance to Cancer Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13050986. [PMID: 33673398 PMCID: PMC7956301 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13050986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Cancer cells are consistently under oxidative stress, as reflected by elevated basal level of reactive oxygen species (ROS), due to increased metabolism driven by aberrant cell growth. This feature has been exploited to develop therapeutic strategies that control tumor growth by modulating the oxidative stress in tumor cells. This review provides an overview of recent advances in cancer therapies targeting tumor oxidative stress, and highlights the emerging evidence implicating the effectiveness of cancer immunotherapies in intensifying tumor oxidative stress. The promises and challenges of combining ROS-inducing agents with cancer immunotherapy are also discussed. Abstract It has been well-established that cancer cells are under constant oxidative stress, as reflected by elevated basal level of reactive oxygen species (ROS), due to increased metabolism driven by aberrant cell growth. Cancer cells can adapt to maintain redox homeostasis through a variety of mechanisms. The prevalent perception about ROS is that they are one of the key drivers promoting tumor initiation, progression, metastasis, and drug resistance. Based on this notion, numerous antioxidants that aim to mitigate tumor oxidative stress have been tested for cancer prevention or treatment, although the effectiveness of this strategy has yet to be established. In recent years, it has been increasingly appreciated that ROS have a complex, multifaceted role in the tumor microenvironment (TME), and that tumor redox can be targeted to amplify oxidative stress inside the tumor to cause tumor destruction. Accumulating evidence indicates that cancer immunotherapies can alter tumor redox to intensify tumor oxidative stress, resulting in ROS-dependent tumor rejection. Herein we review the recent progresses regarding the impact of ROS on cancer cells and various immune cells in the TME, and discuss the emerging ROS-modulating strategies that can be used in combination with cancer immunotherapies to achieve enhanced antitumor effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada S. Aboelella
- Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (N.S.A.); (C.B.); (Z.-C.D.)
- The Graduate School, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Caitlin Brandle
- Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (N.S.A.); (C.B.); (Z.-C.D.)
| | - Timothy Kim
- The Center for Undergraduate Research and Scholarship, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA;
| | - Zhi-Chun Ding
- Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (N.S.A.); (C.B.); (Z.-C.D.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Gang Zhou
- Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (N.S.A.); (C.B.); (Z.-C.D.)
- The Graduate School, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-706-721-4472
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238
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Zhu L, Yang F, Wang L, Dong L, Huang Z, Wang G, Chen G, Li Q. Identification the ferroptosis-related gene signature in patients with esophageal adenocarcinoma. Cancer Cell Int 2021; 21:124. [PMID: 33602233 PMCID: PMC7891153 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-021-01821-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ferroptosis is a recently recognized non-apoptotic cell death that is distinct from the apoptosis, necroptosis and pyroptosis. Considerable studies have demonstrated ferroptosis is involved in the biological process of various cancers. However, the role of ferroptosis in esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) remains unclear. This study aims to explore the ferroptosis-related genes (FRG) expression profiles and their prognostic values in EAC. METHODS The FRG data and clinical information were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Univariate and multivariate cox regressions were used to identify the prognostic FRG, and the predictive ROC model was established using the independent risk factors. GO and KEGG enrichment analyses were performed to investigate the bioinformatics functions of significantly different genes (SDG) of ferroptosis. Additionally, the correlations of ferroptosis and immune cells were assessed through the single-sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA) and TIMER database. Finally, SDG were verified in clinical EAC specimens and normal esophageal mucosal tissues. RESULTS Twenty-eight significantly different FRG were screened from 78 EAC and 9 normal tissues. Enrichment analyses showed these SDG were mainly related to the iron-related pathways and metabolisms of ferroptosis. Gene network demonstrated the TP53, G6PD, NFE2L2 and PTGS2 were the hub genes in the biology of ferroptosis. Cox regression analyses demonstrated four FRG (CARS1, GCLM, GLS2 and EMC2) had prognostic values for overall survival (OS) (all P < 0.05). ROC curve showed better predictive ability using the risk score (AUC = 0.744). Immune cell enrichment analysis demonstrated that the types of immune cells and their expression levels in the high-risk group were significant different with those in the low-risk group (all P < 0.05). The experimental results confirmed the ALOX5, NOX1 were upregulated and the MT1G was downregulated in the EAC tissues compared with the normal esophageal mucosal tissues (all P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS We identified differently expressed ferroptosis-related genes that may involve in EAC. These genes have significant values in predicting the patients' OS and targeting ferroptosis may be an alternative for therapy. Further studies are necessary to verify these results of our study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China.,Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Fugui Yang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China.,Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Lingwei Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China.,Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Lin Dong
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China.,Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Zhiyuan Huang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China.,Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Guangxue Wang
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Guohan Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China.
| | - Qinchuan Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China. .,Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China.
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239
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Saha A, Zhao S, Chen Z, Georgiou G, Stone E, Kidane D, DiGiovanni J. Combinatorial Approaches to Enhance DNA Damage following Enzyme-Mediated Depletion of L-Cys for Treatment of Pancreatic Cancer. Mol Ther 2021; 29:775-787. [PMID: 33091613 PMCID: PMC7854304 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2020.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) represents one of the deadliest forms of cancer with very few available therapeutic options. We previously reported that an engineered human enzyme, cyst(e)inase, which degrades L-cysteine (L-Cys) and cystine, inhibits growth of multiple cancer cells, including PDAC both in vitro and in vivo. Here, we show that cyst(e)inase treatment leads to increased clustered oxidative DNA damage, DNA single-strand breaks, apurinic/apyrimidinic sites, and DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) in PDAC cells sensitive to intracellular depletion of L-Cys that is associated with reduced survival. BRCA2-deficient PDAC cells exhibited increased DSBs and enhanced sensitivity to cyst(e)inase. The blocking of a second antioxidant pathway (thioredoxin/thioredoxin reductase) using auranofin or inhibiting DNA repair using the poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor, olaparib, led to significant increases in DSBs following cyst(e)inase treatment in all PDAC cells examined. Cyst(e)inase plus olaparib also synergistically inhibited growth of sensitive and resistant PDAC cells in both xenograft and allograft tumor models. Collectively, these results demonstrate an important role for oxidative DNA damage and ultimately DNA DSBs in the anticancer action of cyst(e)inase. The data further show the potential for combining agents that target alternate antioxidant pathways or by targeting DNA repair pathways or genetic liabilities in DNA repair pathways to enhance the therapeutic action of cyst(e)inase for PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achinto Saha
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Dell Pediatric Research Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78723, USA
| | - Shengyuan Zhao
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Dell Pediatric Research Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78723, USA
| | - Zhao Chen
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Dell Pediatric Research Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78723, USA
| | - George Georgiou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Everett Stone
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Dawit Kidane
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Dell Pediatric Research Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78723, USA; Center for Molecular Carcinogenesis and Toxicology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
| | - John DiGiovanni
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Dell Pediatric Research Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78723, USA; Center for Molecular Carcinogenesis and Toxicology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Dell Medical School, LiveSTRONG Cancer Institutes, Austin, TX, USA.
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240
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Mota M, Metge BJ, Hinshaw DC, Alsheikh HA, Chen D, Samant RS, Shevde LA. Merlin deficiency alters the redox management program in breast cancer. Mol Oncol 2021; 15:942-956. [PMID: 33410252 PMCID: PMC8024723 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of Merlin tumor suppressor protein encoded by Neurofibromin 2 (NF2) gene is remarkably decreased in metastatic breast cancer tissues. In order to recapitulate clinical evidence, we generated a unique, conditional Nf2‐knockout (Nf2−/−) mouse mammary tumor model. Merlin‐deficient breast tumor cells and Nf2−/− mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) displayed a robustly invasive phenotype. Moreover, Nf2−/− MEFs presented with notable alterations in redox management networks, implicating a role for Merlin in redox homeostasis. This programmatic alteration resonated with pathways that emerged from breast tumor cells engineered for Merlin deficiency. Further investigations revealed that NF2‐silenced cells supported reduced activity of the Nuclear factor, erythroid 2 like 2 antioxidant transcription factor, concomitant with elevated expression of NADPH oxidase enzymes. Importantly, mammary‐specific Nf2−/− in an Mouse mammary tumor virus Neu + murine breast cancer model demonstrated accelerated mammary carcinogenesis in vivo. Tumor‐derived primary organoids and cell lines were characteristically invasive with evidence of a dysregulated cellular redox management system. As such, Merlin deficiency programmatically influences redox imbalance that orchestrates malignant attributes of mammary/breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateus Mota
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Brandon J Metge
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA
| | | | - Heba A Alsheikh
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Dongquan Chen
- Division of Preventive Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Rajeev S Samant
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA.,O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA.,Birmingham VA Medical Center, AL, USA
| | - Lalita A Shevde
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA.,O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA
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241
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Ju J, Song YN, Wang K. Mechanism of Ferroptosis: A Potential Target for Cardiovascular Diseases Treatment. Aging Dis 2021; 12:261-276. [PMID: 33532140 PMCID: PMC7801281 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2020.0323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a form of programmed cell death caused by production of reactive oxygen species and disequilibrium of iron homeostasis. Many chemical compounds and clinical drugs induce ferroptosis in normal and cancer cells, while peroxidation inhibitors, iron chelators, and antioxidants can block ferroptosis. Glutathione peroxidase 4, ferroptosis suppressor protein 1, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, and system Xc- are the negative regulators of ferroptosis, whereas nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase, p53, mitochondria voltage-dependent anion channel, and cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase function as positive regulators. Ferroptosis plays important roles in pathogen infection and tumor immunology. Recent studies suggest that ferroptosis plays a vital role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), which seriously threaten human health. Potential therapies designed around ferroptosis may alter the pathological progression of CVDs. Therefore, we redacted an overview of the discovery of ferroptosis, its regulatory mechanisms, and its potential impact on CVDs treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ju
- 1Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, China
| | - Ya-Nan Song
- 2Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Kun Wang
- 1Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, China
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242
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Kwon Y. Possible Beneficial Effects of N-Acetylcysteine for Treatment of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:169. [PMID: 33498875 PMCID: PMC7911701 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10020169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is a widely used antioxidant with therapeutic potential. However, the cancer-promoting effect of NAC observed in some preclinical studies has raised concerns regarding its clinical use. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) can mediate signaling that results in both cancer-promoting and cancer-suppressing effects. The beneficial effect of NAC may depend on whether the type of cancer relies on ROS signaling for its survival and metastasis. Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) has aggressive phenotypes and is currently treated with standard chemotherapy as the main systemic treatment option. Particularly, basal-like TNBC cells characterized by inactivated BRCA1 and mutated TP53 produce high ROS levels and rely on ROS signaling for their survival and malignant progression. In addition, the high ROS levels in TNBC cells can mediate the interplay between cancer cells and the tissue microenvironment (TME) to trigger the recruitment and conversion of stromal cells and induce hypoxic responses, thus leading to the creation of cancer-supportive TMEs and increased cancer aggressiveness. However, NAC treatment effectively reduces the ROS production and ROS-mediated signaling that contribute to cell survival, metastasis, and drug resistance in TNBC cells. Therefore, the inclusion of NAC in standard chemotherapy could probably provide additional benefits for TNBC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngjoo Kwon
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
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243
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Floros KV, Cai J, Jacob S, Kurupi R, Fairchild CK, Shende M, Coon CM, Powell KM, Belvin BR, Hu B, Puchalapalli M, Ramamoorthy S, Swift K, Lewis JP, Dozmorov MG, Glod J, Koblinski JE, Boikos SA, Faber AC. MYCN-Amplified Neuroblastoma Is Addicted to Iron and Vulnerable to Inhibition of the System Xc-/Glutathione Axis. Cancer Res 2021; 81:1896-1908. [PMID: 33483374 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-1641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
MYCN is amplified in 20% to 25% of neuroblastoma, and MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma contributes to a large percent of pediatric cancer-related deaths. Therapy improvements for this subtype of cancer are a high priority. Here we uncover a MYCN-dependent therapeutic vulnerability in neuroblastoma. Namely, amplified MYCN rewires the cell through expression of key receptors, ultimately enhancing iron influx through increased expression of the iron import transferrin receptor 1. Accumulating iron causes reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and MYCN-amplified neuroblastomas show enhanced reliance on the system Xc- cystine/glutamate antiporter for ROS detoxification through increased transcription of this receptor. This dependence creates a marked vulnerability to targeting the system Xc-/glutathione (GSH) pathway with ferroptosis inducers. This reliance can be exploited through therapy with FDA-approved rheumatoid arthritis drugs sulfasalazine (SAS) and auranofin: in MYCN-amplified, patient-derived xenograft models, both therapies blocked growth and induced ferroptosis. SAS and auranofin activity was largely mitigated by the ferroptosis inhibitor ferrostatin-1, antioxidants like N-acetyl-L-cysteine, or by the iron scavenger deferoxamine (DFO). DFO reduced auranofin-induced ROS, further linking increased iron capture in MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma to a therapeutic vulnerability to ROS-inducing drugs. These data uncover an oncogene vulnerability to ferroptosis caused by increased iron accumulation and subsequent reliance on the system Xc-/GSH pathway. SIGNIFICANCE: This study shows how MYCN increases intracellular iron levels and subsequent GSH pathway activity and demonstrates the antitumor activity of FDA-approved SAS and auranofin in patient-derived xenograft models of MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos V Floros
- School of Dentistry, VCU Philips Institute and Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, Virginia
| | - JinYang Cai
- School of Dentistry, VCU Philips Institute and Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Sheeba Jacob
- School of Dentistry, VCU Philips Institute and Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Richard Kurupi
- School of Dentistry, VCU Philips Institute and Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Carter K Fairchild
- School of Dentistry, VCU Philips Institute and Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Mayuri Shende
- Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University and Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Colin M Coon
- School of Dentistry, VCU Philips Institute and Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Krista M Powell
- School of Dentistry, VCU Philips Institute and Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Benjamin R Belvin
- School of Dentistry, VCU Philips Institute and Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, Virginia
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Bin Hu
- Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University and Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Madhavi Puchalapalli
- Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University and Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Sivapriya Ramamoorthy
- Discovery and Translational Sciences, Metabolon Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Kimberly Swift
- Discovery and Translational Sciences, Metabolon Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Janina P Lewis
- School of Dentistry, VCU Philips Institute and Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, Virginia
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Mikhail G Dozmorov
- Department of Biostatistics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - John Glod
- National Cancer Institute Pediatric Oncology Branch, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jennifer E Koblinski
- Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University and Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Sosipatros A Boikos
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Palliative Care, Virginia Commonwealth University and Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Anthony C Faber
- School of Dentistry, VCU Philips Institute and Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, Virginia.
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244
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Lewis JE, Forshaw TE, Boothman DA, Furdui CM, Kemp ML. Personalized Genome-Scale Metabolic Models Identify Targets of Redox Metabolism in Radiation-Resistant Tumors. Cell Syst 2021; 12:68-81.e11. [PMID: 33476554 PMCID: PMC7905848 DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2020.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Redox cofactor production is integral toward antioxidant generation, clearance of reactive oxygen species, and overall tumor response to ionizing radiation treatment. To identify systems-level alterations in redox metabolism that confer resistance to radiation therapy, we developed a bioinformatics pipeline for integrating multi-omics data into personalized genome-scale flux balance analysis models of 716 radiation-sensitive and 199 radiation-resistant tumors. These models collectively predicted that radiation-resistant tumors reroute metabolic flux to increase mitochondrial NADPH stores and reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging. Simulated genome-wide knockout screens agreed with experimental siRNA gene knockdowns in matched radiation-sensitive and radiation-resistant cancer cell lines, revealing gene targets involved in mitochondrial NADPH production, central carbon metabolism, and folate metabolism that allow for selective inhibition of glutathione production and H2O2 clearance in radiation-resistant cancers. This systems approach represents a significant advancement in developing quantitative genome-scale models of redox metabolism and identifying personalized metabolic targets for improving radiation sensitivity in individual cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua E. Lewis
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Tom E. Forshaw
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - David A. Boothman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Cristina M. Furdui
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Melissa L. Kemp
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA,Corresponding Author: Correspondence:
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245
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Comprehensive Review of Methodology to Detect Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in Mammalian Species and Establish Its Relationship with Antioxidants and Cancer. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10010128. [PMID: 33477494 PMCID: PMC7831054 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10010128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence suggests that reactive oxygen species (ROS) mediate tissue homeostasis, cellular signaling, differentiation, and survival. ROS and antioxidants exert both beneficial and harmful effects on cancer. ROS at different concentrations exhibit different functions. This creates necessity to understand the relation between ROS, antioxidants, and cancer, and methods for detection of ROS. This review highlights various sources and types of ROS, their tumorigenic and tumor prevention effects; types of antioxidants, their tumorigenic and tumor prevention effects; and abnormal ROS detoxification in cancer; and methods to measure ROS. We conclude that improving genetic screening methods and bringing higher clarity in determination of enzymatic pathways and scale-up in cancer models profiling, using omics technology, would support in-depth understanding of antioxidant pathways and ROS complexities. Although numerous methods for ROS detection are developing very rapidly, yet further modifications are required to minimize the limitations associated with currently available methods.
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246
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Beeraka NM, Bovilla VR, Doreswamy SH, Puttalingaiah S, Srinivasan A, Madhunapantula SV. The Taming of Nuclear Factor Erythroid-2-Related Factor-2 (Nrf2) Deglycation by Fructosamine-3-Kinase (FN3K)-Inhibitors-A Novel Strategy to Combat Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13020281. [PMID: 33466626 PMCID: PMC7828646 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13020281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Aim of this review is to provide an overview on (a) Fructosamine-3-Kinase (FN3K) and its role in regulating Nuclear Factor Erythorid-2-Related Factor-2 (Nrf2); (b) the role of glycation and deglycation mechanisms in modulating the functional properties of proteins, in particular, the Nrf2; (c) the dual role of Nrf2 in the prevention and treatment of cancers. Since controlling the glycation of Nrf2 is one of the key mechanisms determining the fate of a cell; whether to get transformed into a cancerous one or to stay as a normal one, it is important to regulate Nrf2 and deglycating FN3K using pharmacological agents. Inhibitors of FN3K are being explored currently to modulate Nrf2 activity thereby control the cancers. Abstract Glycated stress is mediated by the advanced glycation end products (AGE) and the binding of AGEs to the receptors for advanced glycation end products (RAGEs) in cancer cells. RAGEs are involved in mediating tumorigenesis of multiple cancers through the modulation of several downstream signaling cascades. Glycated stress modulates various signaling pathways that include p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK), nuclear factor kappa–B (NF-κB), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, etc., which further foster the uncontrolled proliferation, growth, metastasis, angiogenesis, drug resistance, and evasion of apoptosis in several cancers. In this review, a balanced overview on the role of glycation and deglycation in modulating several signaling cascades that are involved in the progression of cancers was discussed. Further, we have highlighted the functional role of deglycating enzyme fructosamine-3-kinase (FN3K) on Nrf2-driven cancers. The activity of FN3K is attributed to its ability to deglycate Nrf2, a master regulator of oxidative stress in cells. FN3K is a unique protein that mediates deglycation by phosphorylating basic amino acids lysine and arginine in various proteins such as Nrf2. Deglycated Nrf2 is stable and binds to small musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma (sMAF) proteins, thereby activating cellular antioxidant mechanisms to protect cells from oxidative stress. This cellular protection offered by Nrf2 activation, in one way, prevents the transformation of a normal cell into a cancer cell; however, in the other way, it helps a cancer cell not only to survive under hypoxic conditions but also, to stay protected from various chemo- and radio-therapeutic treatments. Therefore, the activation of Nrf2 is similar to a double-edged sword and, if not controlled properly, can lead to the development of many solid tumors. Hence, there is a need to develop novel small molecule modulators/phytochemicals that can regulate FN3K activity, thereby maintaining Nrf2 in a controlled activation state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narasimha M. Beeraka
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CEMR), Department of Biochemistry, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru, Karnataka 570015, India; (N.M.B.); (V.R.B.); (S.H.D.); (S.P.)
| | - Venugopal R. Bovilla
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CEMR), Department of Biochemistry, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru, Karnataka 570015, India; (N.M.B.); (V.R.B.); (S.H.D.); (S.P.)
- Public Health Research Institute of India (PHRII), Mysuru, Karnataka 570020, India
| | - Shalini H. Doreswamy
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CEMR), Department of Biochemistry, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru, Karnataka 570015, India; (N.M.B.); (V.R.B.); (S.H.D.); (S.P.)
| | - Sujatha Puttalingaiah
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CEMR), Department of Biochemistry, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru, Karnataka 570015, India; (N.M.B.); (V.R.B.); (S.H.D.); (S.P.)
| | - Asha Srinivasan
- Division of Nanoscience and Technology, Faculty of Life Sciences, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru, Karnataka 570015, India;
| | - SubbaRao V. Madhunapantula
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CEMR), Department of Biochemistry, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru, Karnataka 570015, India; (N.M.B.); (V.R.B.); (S.H.D.); (S.P.)
- Special Interest Group in Cancer Biology and Cancer Stem Cells, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru, Karnataka 570015, India
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +91-810-527-8621
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247
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Investigating the Thioredoxin and Glutathione Systems' Response in Lymphoma Cells after Treatment with [Au(d2pype)2]CL. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10010104. [PMID: 33451071 PMCID: PMC7828567 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10010104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphoma is a blood cancer comprising various subtypes. Although effective therapies are available, some patients fail to respond to treatment and can suffer from side effects. Antioxidant systems, especially the thioredoxin (Trx) and glutathione (GSH) systems, are known to enhance cancer cell survival, with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) recently reported as a potential anticancer target. Since the GSH system can compensate for some Trx system functions, we investigated its response in three lymphoma cell lines after inhibiting TrxR activity with [Au(d2pype)2]Cl, a known TrxR inhibitor. [Au(d2pype)2]Cl increased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and induced caspase-3 activity leading to cell apoptosis through inhibiting both TrxR and glutathione peroxidase (Gpx) activity. Expression of the tumour suppresser gene TXNIP increased, while GPX1 and GPX4 expression, which are related to poor prognosis of lymphoma patients, decreased. Unlike SUDHL2 and SUDHL4 cells, which exhibited a decreased GSH/GSSG ratio after treatment, in KMH2 cells the ratio remained unchanged, while glutathione reductase and glutaredoxin expression increased. Since KMH2 cells were less sensitive to treatment with [Au(d2pype)2]Cl, the GSH system may play a role in protecting cells from apoptosis after TrxR inhibition. Overall, our study demonstrates that inhibition of TrxR represents a valid therapeutic approach for lymphoma.
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248
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Grieco JP, Allen ME, Perry JB, Wang Y, Song Y, Rohani A, Compton SLE, Smyth JW, Swami NS, Brown DA, Schmelz EM. Progression-Mediated Changes in Mitochondrial Morphology Promotes Adaptation to Hypoxic Peritoneal Conditions in Serous Ovarian Cancer. Front Oncol 2021; 10:600113. [PMID: 33520711 PMCID: PMC7838066 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.600113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the deadliest gynecological cancer in women, with a survival rate of less than 30% when the cancer has spread throughout the peritoneal cavity. Aggregation of cancer cells increases their viability and metastatic potential; however, there are limited studies that correlate these functional changes to specific phenotypic alterations. In this study, we investigated changes in mitochondrial morphology and dynamics during malignant transition using our MOSE cell model for progressive serous ovarian cancer. Mitochondrial morphology was changed with increasing malignancy from a filamentous network to single, enlarged organelles due to an imbalance of mitochondrial dynamic proteins (fusion: MFN1/OPA1, fission: DRP1/FIS1). These phenotypic alterations aided the adaptation to hypoxia through the promotion of autophagy and were accompanied by changes in the mitochondrial ultrastructure, mitochondrial membrane potential, and the regulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. The tumor-initiating cells increased mitochondrial fragmentation after aggregation and exposure to hypoxia that correlated well with our previously observed reduced growth and respiration in spheroids, suggesting that these alterations promote viability in non-permissive conditions. Our identification of such mitochondrial phenotypic changes in malignancy provides a model in which to identify targets for interventions aimed at suppressing metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P Grieco
- Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Mitchell E Allen
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Justin B Perry
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Yao Wang
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Yipei Song
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Ali Rohani
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Stephanie L E Compton
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - James W Smyth
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carillion (VTC), Roanoke, VA, United States.,Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States.,Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA, United States
| | - Nathan S Swami
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - David A Brown
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Eva M Schmelz
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
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249
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Wang L, Zhang S, Wang X. The Metabolic Mechanisms of Breast Cancer Metastasis. Front Oncol 2021; 10:602416. [PMID: 33489906 PMCID: PMC7817624 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.602416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the most common malignancy among women worldwide. Metastasis is mainly responsible for treatment failure and is the cause of most breast cancer deaths. The role of metabolism in the progression and metastasis of breast cancer is gradually being emphasized. However, the regulatory mechanisms that conduce to cancer metastasis by metabolic reprogramming in breast cancer have not been expounded. Breast cancer cells exhibit different metabolic phenotypes depending on their molecular subtypes and metastatic sites. Both intrinsic factors, such as MYC amplification, PIK3CA, and TP53 mutations, and extrinsic factors, such as hypoxia, oxidative stress, and acidosis, contribute to different metabolic reprogramming phenotypes in metastatic breast cancers. Understanding the metabolic mechanisms underlying breast cancer metastasis will provide important clues to develop novel therapeutic approaches for treatment of metastatic breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Surgical Oncology and Cancer Institute, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shizhen Zhang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaochen Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, China
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250
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Cao J, Zhang X, Xu P, Wang H, Wang S, Zhang L, Li Z, Xie L, Sun G, Xia Y, Lv J, Yang J, Xu Z. Circular RNA circLMO7 acts as a microRNA-30a-3p sponge to promote gastric cancer progression via the WNT2/β-catenin pathway. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2021; 40:6. [PMID: 33397440 PMCID: PMC7784001 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-020-01791-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common malignant tumors worldwide. Currently, the overall survival rate of GC is still unsatisfactory despite progress in diagnosis and treatment. Therefore, studying the molecular mechanisms involved in GC is vital for diagnosis and treatment. CircRNAs, a type of noncoding RNA, have been proven to act as miRNA sponges that can widely regulate various cancers. By this mechanism, circRNA can regulate tumors at the genetic level by releasing miRNA from inhibiting its target genes. The WNT2/β-Catenin regulatory pathway is one of the canonical signaling pathways in tumors. It can not only promote the development of tumors but also provide energy for tumor growth through cell metabolism (such as glutamine metabolism). Methods Through RNA sequencing, we found that hsa_circ_0008259 (circLMO7) was highly expressed in GC tissues. After verifying the circular characteristics of circLMO7, we determined the downstream miRNA (miR-30a-3p) of circLMO7 by RNA pull-down and luciferase reporter assays. We verified the effect of circLMO7 and miR-30a-3p on GC cells through a series of functional experiments, including colony formation, 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine and Transwell assays. Through Western blot and immunofluorescence analyses, we found that WNT2 was the downstream target gene of miR-30a-3p and further confirmed that the circLMO7-miR-30a-3p-WNT2 axis could promote the development of GC. In addition, measurement of related metabolites confirmed that this axis could also provide energy for the growth of GC cells through glutamine metabolism. We found that circLMO7 could promote the growth and metastasis of GC in vivo by the establishment of nude mouse models. Finally, we also demonstrated that HNRNPL could bind to the flanking introns of the circLMO7 exons to promote circLMO7 cyclization. Results CircLMO7 acted as a miR-30a-3p sponge affecting the WNT2/β-Catenin pathway to promote the proliferation, migration and invasion of GC cells. Moreover, animal results also showed that circLMO7 could promote GC growth and metastasis in vivo. CircLMO7 could also affect the glutamine metabolism of GC cells through the WNT2/β-Catenin pathway to promote its malignant biological function. In addition, we proved that HNRNPL could promote the self-cyclization of circLMO7. Conclusions CircLMO7 promotes the development of GC by releasing the inhibitory effect of miR-30a-3p on its target gene WNT2. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13046-020-01791-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiacheng Cao
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xing Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Penghui Xu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Haixiao Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu Province, China.,Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Huaian No.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huaian, 223300, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Sen Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zheng Li
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Li Xie
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Guangli Sun
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yiwen Xia
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jialun Lv
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zekuan Xu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu Province, China. .,Collaborative Innovation Center For Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu Province, China.
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