201
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Amaro A, Chiara S, Pfeffer U. Molecular evolution of colorectal cancer: from multistep carcinogenesis to the big bang. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2016; 35:63-74. [PMID: 26947218 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-016-9606-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is characterized by exquisite genomic instability either in the form of microsatellite instability or chromosomal instability. Microsatellite instability is the result of mutation of mismatch repair genes or their silencing through promoter methylation as a consequence of the CpG island methylator phenotype. The molecular causes of chromosomal instability are less well characterized. Genomic instability and field cancerization lead to a high degree of intratumoral heterogeneity and determine the formation of cancer stem cells and epithelial-mesenchymal transition mediated by the TGF-β and APC pathways. Recent analyses using integrated genomics reveal different phases of colorectal cancer evolution. An initial phase of genomic instability that yields many clones with different mutations (big bang) is followed by an important, previously not detected phase of cancer evolution that consists in the stabilization of several clones and a relatively flat outgrowth. The big bang model can best explain the coexistence of several stable clones and is compatible with the fact that the analysis of the bulk of the primary tumor yields prognostic information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Amaro
- Molecular Pathology, IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST-Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Silvana Chiara
- Medical Oncology, IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST-Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Genoa, Italy
| | - Ulrich Pfeffer
- Molecular Pathology, IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST-Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132, Genoa, Italy.
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202
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Lee J, An YS, Kim MR, Kim YA, Lee JK, Hwang CS, Chung E, Park IC, Yi JY. Heat Shock Protein 90 Regulates Subcellular Localization of Smads in Mv1Lu Cells. J Cell Biochem 2016; 117:230-8. [PMID: 26104915 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) regulates the stability of various proteins and plays an essential role in cellular homeostasis. Many client proteins of HSP90 are involved in cell growth, survival, and migration; processes that are generally accepted as participants in tumorigenesis. HSP90 is also up-regulated in certain tumors. Indeed, the inhibition of HSP90 is known to be effective in cancer treatment. Recently, studies showed that HSP90 regulates transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1)-induced transcription by increasing the stability of the TGF-β receptor. TGF-β signaling also has been implicated in cancer, suggesting the possibility that TGF-β1 and HSP90 function cooperatively during the cancer cell progression. Here in this paper, we investigated the role of HSP90 in TGF-β1-stimulated Mv1Lu cells. Treatment of Mv1Lu cells with the HSP90 inhibitor, 17-allylamino-demethoxy-geldanamycin (17AAG), or transfection with truncated HSP90 (ΔHSP90) significantly reduced TGF-β1-induced cell migration. Pretreatment with 17AAG or transfection with ΔHSP90 also reduced the levels of phosphorylated Smad2 and Smad3. In addition, the HSP90 inhibition interfered the nuclear localization of Smads induced by constitutively active Smad2 (S2EE) or Smad3 (S3EE). We also found that the HSP90 inhibition decreased the protein level of importin-β1 which is known to regulate R-Smad nuclear translocation. These data clearly demonstrate a novel function of HSP90; HSP90 modulates TGF-β signaling by regulating Smads localization. Overall, our data could provide a detailed mechanism linking HSP90 and TGF-β signaling. The extension of our understanding of HSP90 would offer a better strategy for treating cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeeyong Lee
- Division of Radiation Effects, Korea Institute of Radiation and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - You Sun An
- Division of Radiation Effects, Korea Institute of Radiation and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mi-Ra Kim
- Division of Radiation Effects, Korea Institute of Radiation and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ye-Ah Kim
- Division of Radiation Effects, Korea Institute of Radiation and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin Kyung Lee
- Radiation Blood Specimen Biobank, Korea Institute of Radiation and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang Sun Hwang
- Human Resource Biobank, Cheil General Hospital, Catholic Kwandong University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eunkyung Chung
- Department of Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - In-Chul Park
- Division of Radiation Cancer Research, Korea Institute of Radiation and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Youn Yi
- Division of Radiation Effects, Korea Institute of Radiation and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
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203
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Raja E, Tzavlaki K, Vuilleumier R, Edlund K, Kahata K, Zieba A, Morén A, Watanabe Y, Voytyuk I, Botling J, Söderberg O, Micke P, Pyrowolakis G, Heldin CH, Moustakas A. The protein kinase LKB1 negatively regulates bone morphogenetic protein receptor signaling. Oncotarget 2016; 7:1120-43. [PMID: 26701726 PMCID: PMC4811448 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The protein kinase LKB1 regulates cell metabolism and growth and is implicated in intestinal and lung cancer. Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling regulates cell differentiation during development and tissue homeostasis. We demonstrate that LKB1 physically interacts with BMP type I receptors and requires Smad7 to promote downregulation of the receptor. Accordingly, LKB1 suppresses BMP-induced osteoblast differentiation and affects BMP signaling in Drosophila wing longitudinal vein morphogenesis. LKB1 protein expression and Smad1 phosphorylation analysis in a cohort of non-small cell lung cancer patients demonstrated a negative correlation predominantly in a subset enriched in adenocarcinomas. Lung cancer patient data analysis indicated strong correlation between LKB1 loss-of-function mutations and high BMP2 expression, and these two events further correlated with expression of a gene subset functionally linked to apoptosis and migration. This new mechanism of BMP receptor regulation by LKB1 has ramifications in physiological organogenesis and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erna Raja
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kalliopi Tzavlaki
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Robin Vuilleumier
- BIOSS, Centre for Biological Signaling Studies and Institute for Biology I, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Karolina Edlund
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kaoru Kahata
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Agata Zieba
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anita Morén
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Yukihide Watanabe
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Iryna Voytyuk
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan Botling
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ola Söderberg
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Patrick Micke
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - George Pyrowolakis
- BIOSS, Centre for Biological Signaling Studies and Institute for Biology I, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Carl-Henrik Heldin
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Aristidis Moustakas
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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204
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Kim S, Lee J, Jeon M, Lee JE, Nam SJ. Zerumbone suppresses the motility and tumorigenecity of triple negative breast cancer cells via the inhibition of TGF-β1 signaling pathway. Oncotarget 2016; 7:1544-58. [PMID: 26637807 PMCID: PMC4811479 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) plays an important role in the development of cancer such as tumor metastasis and invasion. TGF-β-responsive gene signature is highly activated in chemotherapy-treated triple negative breast cancer (TNBC). Here, we investigated the effect of zerumbone (ZER) on TGF-β1 signaling pathway and tumorigenecity of TNBC cells. Our results showed that the level of TGF-β1 mRNA expression and cell invasiveness were higher in TNBC cells than in non-TNBC cells. On the other hand, the cell motility of TNBC cells was completely suppressed by LY2109761, a novel selective TGF-β receptor type I/II (TβRI/II) dual inhibitor. In addition, FN and MMP-2 expression, which play an important role on cell motility in various cancer cells, were dose-dependently decreased by LY2109761. TGF-β1 increased FN, MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression in HCC1806 TNBC cells. TGF-β1-induced MMP-9 expression was decreased by both a MEK inhibitor, UO126, and a smad3 inhibitor, SIS3. Induction of FN and MMP-2 by TGF-β1 was just decreased by SIS3. Overexpression of smad3 significantly increased FN, MMP-2, and MMP-9 expression. Interestingly, ZER significantly suppressed TGF-β1-induced FN, MMP-2, and MMP-9 expression in HCC1806 cells. In addition, ZER completely decreased TGF-β1-induced the phosphorylation of smad3. Finally, we observed that ZER suppressed the tumorigenecity such as tumor volume, weight, Ki67 expression, and metastasis in TNBC cells xenograft models. Taken together, we demonstrated that ZER suppresses TGF-β1-induced FN, MMP-2, and MMP-9 expression through the inactivation of smad3 and inhibits the tumorigenecity of TNBC cells. Therefore, we suggest that ZER may act as a promising drug for treatment of TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangmin Kim
- Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jeongmin Lee
- Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Myeongjin Jeon
- Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jeong Eon Lee
- Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seok Jin Nam
- Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, South Korea
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205
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Bryson BL, Junk DJ, Cipriano R, Jackson MW. STAT3-mediated SMAD3 activation underlies Oncostatin M-induced Senescence. Cell Cycle 2016; 16:319-334. [PMID: 27892764 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2016.1259037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines in the developing tumor microenvironment (TME) can drive transformation and subsequent progression toward metastasis. Elevated levels of the Interleukin-6 (IL-6) family cytokine Oncostatin M (OSM) in the breast TME correlate with aggressive, metastatic cancers, increased tumor recurrence, and poor patient prognosis. Paradoxically, OSM engages a tumor-suppressive, Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 (STAT3)-dependent senescence response in normal and non-transformed human mammary epithelial cells (HMEC). Here, we identify a novel link between OSM-activated STAT3 signaling and the Transforming Growth Factor-β (TGF-β) signaling pathway that engages senescence in HMEC. Inhibition of functional TGF-β/SMAD signaling by expressing a dominant-negative TGF-β receptor, treating with a TGF-β receptor inhibitor, or suppressing SMAD3 expression using a SMAD3-shRNA prevented OSM-induced senescence. OSM promoted a protein complex involving activated-STAT3 and SMAD3, induced the nuclear localization of SMAD3, and enhanced SMAD3-mediated transcription responsible for senescence. In contrast, expression of MYC (c-MYC) from a constitutive promoter abrogated senescence and strikingly, cooperated with OSM to promote a transformed phenotype, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and invasiveness. Our findings suggest that a novel STAT3/SMAD3-signaling axis is required for OSM-mediated senescence that is coopted during the transformation process to confer aggressive cancer cell properties. Understanding how developing cancer cells bypass OSM/STAT3/SMAD3-mediated senescence may help identify novel targets for future "pro-senescence" therapies aiming to reengage this hidden tumor-suppressive response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin L Bryson
- a Department of Pathology , School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland , OH , USA
| | - Damian J Junk
- a Department of Pathology , School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland , OH , USA
| | - Rocky Cipriano
- a Department of Pathology , School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland , OH , USA
| | - Mark W Jackson
- a Department of Pathology , School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland , OH , USA.,b Case Comprehensive Cancer Center , Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland , OH , USA
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206
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Zhang X, Liu X, Luo J, Xiao W, Ye X, Chen M, Li Y, Zhang GJ. Notch3 inhibits epithelial-mesenchymal transition by activating Kibra-mediated Hippo/YAP signaling in breast cancer epithelial cells. Oncogenesis 2016; 5:e269. [PMID: 27841855 PMCID: PMC5141289 DOI: 10.1038/oncsis.2016.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Invasion, metastasis and chemoresistance are leading causes of death in breast cancer patients. A vital change of epithelial cells, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), is involved in these processes. Unfortunately, the molecular mechanisms controlling EMT remain to be elucidated. Our previous studies have shown that ectopic N3ICD expression inhibits EMT in MDA-MB-231, a triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) epithelial cell line. To decipher the mechanism, we performed in-depth studies. Specifically, we found that overexpressing N3ICD transcriptionally upregulated the expression of Kibra, an upstream member of the Hippo pathway. Correspondingly, we also observed that phosphorylated Hippo pathway core kinases, including Lats1/2 and MST1/2, were increased and decreased by overexpressing and knocking down Notch3, respectively. Furthermore, we found that the oncogenic transcriptional coactivator yes-associated protein (YAP), which is negatively regulated by the Hippo pathway, was inhibited by overexpressing N3ICD in breast cancer epithelial cells. The ability of Kibra to inhibit EMT has been previously reported. We thus speculated that Notch3 inhibition of EMT is mediated by upregulated Kibra. To verify this hypothesis, a rescue experiment was performed. Evidently, the ability of Notch3 to inhibit EMT can be countered by knocking down Kibra expression. These data suggest that Notch3 inhibits EMT by activating the Hippo/YAP pathway by upregulating Kibra in breast cancer epithelial cells, and Kibra may be a downstream effector of Notch3. These findings deepen our understanding of EMT in both development and disease, and will undoubtedly help to provide new therapeutic strategies for interfering with cancer invasion and metastasis, especially for TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Zhang
- Changjiang Scholar's Laboratory, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - X Liu
- Changjiang Scholar's Laboratory, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - J Luo
- Changjiang Scholar's Laboratory, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - W Xiao
- Changjiang Scholar's Laboratory, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - X Ye
- Changjiang Scholar's Laboratory, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - M Chen
- Changjiang Scholar's Laboratory, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Y Li
- Changjiang Scholar's Laboratory, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Changjiang Scholar's Laboratory, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, 7 Raoping Road, Shantou 515041, China. E-mail: or
| | - G-J Zhang
- Changjiang Scholar's Laboratory, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- The Breast Center, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Changjiang Scholar's Laboratory, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, 7 Raoping Road, Shantou 515041, China. E-mail: or
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207
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Song J, Mu Y, Li C, Bergh A, Miaczynska M, Heldin CH, Landström M. APPL proteins promote TGFβ-induced nuclear transport of the TGFβ type I receptor intracellular domain. Oncotarget 2016; 7:279-92. [PMID: 26583432 PMCID: PMC4807998 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The multifunctional cytokine transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) is produced by several types of cancers, including prostate cancer, and promote tumour progression in autocrine and paracrine manners. In response to ligand binding, the TGFβ type I receptor (TβRI) activates Smad and non-Smad signalling pathways. The ubiquitin-ligase tumour necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) was recently linked to regulate intramembrane proteolytic cleavage of the TβRI in cancer cells. Subsequently, the intracellular domain (ICD) of TβRI enters in an unknown manner into the nucleus, where it promotes the transcription of pro-invasive genes, such as MMP2 and MMP9. Here we show that the endocytic adaptor molecules APPL1 and APPL2 are required for TGFβ-induced nuclear translocation of TβRI-ICD and for cancer cell invasiveness of human prostate and breast cancer cell lines. Moreover, APPL proteins were found to be expressed at high levels in aggressive prostate cancer tissues, and to be associated with TβRI in a TRAF6-dependent manner. Our results suggest that the APPL–TβRI complex promotes prostate tumour progression, and may serve as a prognostic marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Song
- Medical Biosciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Yabing Mu
- Medical Biosciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Chunyan Li
- Implant Center, Stomatological Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Anders Bergh
- Medical Biosciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Marta Miaczynska
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Laboratory of Cell Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Carl-Henrik Heldin
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Ltd, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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208
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Woodby B, Scott M, Bodily J. The Interaction Between Human Papillomaviruses and the Stromal Microenvironment. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2016; 144:169-238. [PMID: 27865458 PMCID: PMC5727914 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are small, double-stranded DNA viruses that replicate in stratified squamous epithelia and cause a variety of malignancies. Current efforts in HPV biology are focused on understanding the virus-host interactions that enable HPV to persist for years or decades in the tissue. The importance of interactions between tumor cells and the stromal microenvironment has become increasingly apparent in recent years, but how stromal interactions impact the normal, benign life cycle of HPVs, or progression of lesions to cancer is less understood. Furthermore, how productively replicating HPV impacts cells in the stromal environment is also unclear. Here we bring together some of the relevant literature on keratinocyte-stromal interactions and their impacts on HPV biology, focusing on stromal fibroblasts, immune cells, and endothelial cells. We discuss how HPV oncogenes in infected cells manipulate other cells in their environment, and, conversely, how neighboring cells may impact the efficiency or course of HPV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Woodby
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - M Scott
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - J Bodily
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, United States.
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209
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Tooth agenesis and orofacial clefting: genetic brothers in arms? Hum Genet 2016; 135:1299-1327. [PMID: 27699475 PMCID: PMC5065589 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-016-1733-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Tooth agenesis and orofacial clefts represent the most common developmental anomalies and their co-occurrence is often reported in patients as well in animal models. The aim of the present systematic review is to thoroughly investigate the current literature (PubMed, EMBASE) to identify the genes and genomic loci contributing to syndromic or non-syndromic co-occurrence of tooth agenesis and orofacial clefts, to gain insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying their dual involvement in the development of teeth and facial primordia. Altogether, 84 articles including phenotype and genotype description provided 9 genomic loci and 26 gene candidates underlying the co-occurrence of the two congenital defects: MSX1, PAX9, IRF6, TP63, KMT2D, KDM6A, SATB2, TBX22, TGFα, TGFβ3, TGFβR1, TGFβR2, FGF8, FGFR1, KISS1R, WNT3, WNT5A, CDH1, CHD7, AXIN2, TWIST1, BCOR, OFD1, PTCH1, PITX2, and PVRL1. The molecular pathways, cellular functions, tissue-specific expression and disease association were investigated using publicly accessible databases (EntrezGene, UniProt, OMIM). The Gene Ontology terms of the biological processes mediated by the candidate genes were used to cluster them using the GOTermMapper (Lewis-Sigler Institute, Princeton University), speculating on six super-clusters: (a) anatomical development, (b) cell division, growth and motility, (c) cell metabolism and catabolism, (d) cell transport, (e) cell structure organization and (f) organ/system-specific processes. This review aims to increase the knowledge on the mechanisms underlying the co-occurrence of tooth agenesis and orofacial clefts, to pave the way for improving targeted (prenatal) molecular diagnosis and finally to reflect on therapeutic or ultimately preventive strategies for these disabling conditions in the future.
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210
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Sun X, Liu J, Zhuang C, Yang X, Han Y, Shao B, Song M, Li Y, Zhu Y. Aluminum trichloride induces bone impairment through TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway. Toxicology 2016; 371:49-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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211
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GDF-15 inhibits integrin activation and mouse neutrophil recruitment through the ALK-5/TGF-βRII heterodimer. Blood 2016; 128:529-41. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-01-696617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Key Points
A classical TGF-β receptor pair counteracts extravasation of myeloid cells by rapidly interfering with integrin activation. GDF-15 and TGF-β1 inhibit leukocyte integrin activation by targeting the Rap-1 GTPase exchange factor CalDAG-GEF1.
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212
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Zhou J, You W, Sun G, Li Y, Chen B, Ai J, Jiang H. The Marine-Derived Oligosaccharide Sulfate MS80, a Novel Transforming Growth Factor β1 Inhibitor, Reverses Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition Induced by Transforming Growth Factor-β1 and Suppresses Tumor Metastasis. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2016; 359:54-61. [PMID: 27432893 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.116.234799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis accounts for the majority of cancer-related deaths. Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) is believed to promote late-stage cancer progression and metastasis by inducing epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). We previously reported that MS80, a novel oligosaccharide sulfate, inhibits TGF-β1-induced pulmonary fibrosis by binding TGF-β1. In our study MS80 effectively inhibited TGF-β/Smad signaling in lung cancer cells, breast cancer cells, and model cell lines. In addition, MS80 inhibited TGF-β1-induced EMT, motility, and invasion in vitro. Moreover, MS80 significantly inhibited lung metastasis in orthotopic 4T1 xenografts. Notably, the MS80 treatment significantly increased the infiltration of CD8(+) T cells and decreased the infiltration of regulatory T cells in primary tumors and spleens in mice bearing 4T1 xenografts. Therefore, MS80 is a novel and promising candidate for treating metastatic malignancies by targeting TGF-β1-induced EMT and mediating immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Zhou
- Division of Anti-Tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (J.Z., G.S., Y.L., J.A.), and Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University (W.Y., B.C., H.J.), Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjie You
- Division of Anti-Tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (J.Z., G.S., Y.L., J.A.), and Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University (W.Y., B.C., H.J.), Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangqiang Sun
- Division of Anti-Tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (J.Z., G.S., Y.L., J.A.), and Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University (W.Y., B.C., H.J.), Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yixuan Li
- Division of Anti-Tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (J.Z., G.S., Y.L., J.A.), and Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University (W.Y., B.C., H.J.), Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Bi Chen
- Division of Anti-Tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (J.Z., G.S., Y.L., J.A.), and Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University (W.Y., B.C., H.J.), Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Ai
- Division of Anti-Tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (J.Z., G.S., Y.L., J.A.), and Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University (W.Y., B.C., H.J.), Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Handong Jiang
- Division of Anti-Tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (J.Z., G.S., Y.L., J.A.), and Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University (W.Y., B.C., H.J.), Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Liu X, Yun F, Shi L, Li ZH, Luo NR, Jia YF. Roles of Signaling Pathways in the Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Cancer. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2016; 16:6201-6. [PMID: 26434817 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.15.6201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a cellular process though which an epithelial phenotype can be converted into a phenotype of mesenchymal cells. Under physiological conditions EMT is important for embryogenesis, organ development, wound repair and tissue remodeling. However, EMT may also be activated under pathologic conditions, especially in carcinogenesis and metastatic progression. Major signaling pathways involved in EMT include transforming growth factor β(TGF-β), Wnt, Notch, Hedgehog and other signaling pathways. These pathways are related to several transcription factors, including Twist, Smads and zinc finger proteins snail and slug. These interact with each other to provide crosstalk between the relevant signaling pathways. This review lays emphasis on studying the relationship between EMT and signaling pathways in carcinogenesis and metastatic progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Liu
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Huhhot, China E-mail :
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Baek AR, Lee JM, Seo HJ, Park JS, Lee JH, Park SW, Jang AS, Kim DJ, Koh ES, Uh ST, Kim YH, Park CS. Apolipoprotein A1 Inhibits TGF-β1-Induced Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition of Alveolar Epithelial Cells. Tuberc Respir Dis (Seoul) 2016; 79:143-52. [PMID: 27433174 PMCID: PMC4943898 DOI: 10.4046/trd.2016.79.3.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive and lethal lung disease characterized by the accumulation of excessive fibroblasts and myofibroblasts in the extracellular matrix. The transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1)–induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is thought to be a possible source of fibroblasts/myofibroblasts in IPF lungs. We have previously reported that apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1) has anti-fibrotic activity in experimental lung fibrosis. In this study, we determine whether ApoA1 modulates TGF-β1–induced EMT in experimental lung fibrosis and clarify its mechanism of action. Methods The A549 alveolar epithelial cell line was treated with TGF-β1 with or without ApoA1. Morphological changes and expression of EMT-related markers, including E-cadherin, N-cadherin, and α-smooth muscle actin were evaluated. Expressions of Smad and non-Smad mediators and TGF-β1 receptor type 1 (TβRI) and type 2 (TβRII) were measured. The silica-induced lung fibrosis model was established using ApoA1 overexpressing transgenic mice. Results TGF-β1–treated A549 cells were changed to the mesenchymal morphology with less E-cadherin and more N-cadherin expression. The addition of ApoA1 inhibited the TGF-β1–induced change of the EMT phenotype. ApoA1 inhibited the TGF-β1–induced increase in the phosphorylation of Smad2 and 3 as well as that of ERK and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase mediators. In addition, ApoA1 reduced the TGF-β1–induced increase in TβRI and TβRII expression. In a mouse model of silica-induced lung fibrosis, ApoA1 overexpression reduced the silica-mediated effects, which were increased N-cadherin and decreased E-cadherin expression in the alveolar epithelium. Conclusion Our data demonstrate that ApoA1 inhibits TGF-β1–induced EMT in experimental lung fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ae Rin Baek
- Division of Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Ji Min Lee
- Division of Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Seo
- Division of Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Jong Sook Park
- Division of Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Korea
| | - June Hyuk Lee
- Division of Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Sung Woo Park
- Division of Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Korea
| | - An Soo Jang
- Division of Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Do Jin Kim
- Division of Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Eun Suk Koh
- Department of Pathology, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Soo Taek Uh
- Division of Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong Hoon Kim
- Division of Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Choon Sik Park
- Division of Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Korea
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Liu S, de Boeck M, van Dam H, ten Dijke P. Regulation of the TGF-β pathway by deubiquitinases in cancer. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 76:135-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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216
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Fessler E, Drost J, van Hooff SR, Linnekamp JF, Wang X, Jansen M, De Sousa E Melo F, Prasetyanti PR, IJspeert JE, Franitza M, Nürnberg P, van Noesel CJ, Dekker E, Vermeulen L, Clevers H, Medema JP. TGFβ signaling directs serrated adenomas to the mesenchymal colorectal cancer subtype. EMBO Mol Med 2016; 8:745-60. [PMID: 27221051 PMCID: PMC4931289 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201606184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The heterogeneous nature of colorectal cancer (CRC) complicates prognosis and is suggested to be a determining factor in the efficacy of adjuvant therapy for individual patients. Based on gene expression profiling, CRC is currently classified into four consensus molecular subtypes (CMSs), characterized by specific biological programs, thus suggesting the existence of unifying developmental drivers for each CMS. Using human organoid cultures, we investigated the role of such developmental drivers at the premalignant stage of distinct CRC subtypes and found that TGFβ plays an important role in the development of the mesenchymal CMS4, which is of special interest due to its association with dismal prognosis. We show that in tubular adenomas (TAs), which progress to classical CRCs, the dominating response to TGFβ is death by apoptosis. By contrast, induction of a mesenchymal phenotype upon TGFβ treatment prevails in a genetically engineered organoid culture carrying a BRAFV600E mutation, constituting a model system for sessile serrated adenomas (SSAs). Our data indicate that TGFβ signaling is already active in SSA precursor lesions and that TGFβ is a critical cue for directing SSAs to the mesenchymal, poor‐prognosis CMS4 of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Fessler
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology (LEXOR), Center for Experimental Molecular Medicine (CEMM), Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Cancer Genomics Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jarno Drost
- Cancer Genomics Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sander R van Hooff
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology (LEXOR), Center for Experimental Molecular Medicine (CEMM), Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Cancer Genomics Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Janneke F Linnekamp
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology (LEXOR), Center for Experimental Molecular Medicine (CEMM), Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Cancer Genomics Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Marnix Jansen
- Department of Pathology, AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Felipe De Sousa E Melo
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology (LEXOR), Center for Experimental Molecular Medicine (CEMM), Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Cancer Genomics Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pramudita R Prasetyanti
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology (LEXOR), Center for Experimental Molecular Medicine (CEMM), Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Cancer Genomics Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joep Eg IJspeert
- Department of Gastroenterology, AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marek Franitza
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Peter Nürnberg
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Carel Jm van Noesel
- Department of Pathology, AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Evelien Dekker
- Department of Gastroenterology, AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Louis Vermeulen
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology (LEXOR), Center for Experimental Molecular Medicine (CEMM), Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Clevers
- Cancer Genomics Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Paul Medema
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology (LEXOR), Center for Experimental Molecular Medicine (CEMM), Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Cancer Genomics Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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217
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Signalling by Transforming Growth Factor Beta Isoforms in Wound Healing and Tissue Regeneration. J Dev Biol 2016; 4:jdb4020021. [PMID: 29615587 PMCID: PMC5831781 DOI: 10.3390/jdb4020021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) signalling is essential for wound healing, including both non-specific scar formation and tissue-specific regeneration. Specific TGFβ isoforms and downstream mediators of canonical and non-canonical signalling play different roles in each of these processes. Here we review the role of TGFβ signalling during tissue repair, with a particular focus on the prototypic isoforms TGFβ1, TGFβ2, and TGFβ3. We begin by introducing TGFβ signalling and then discuss the role of these growth factors and their key downstream signalling mediators in determining the balance between scar formation and tissue regeneration. Next we discuss examples of the pleiotropic roles of TGFβ ligands during cutaneous wound healing and blastema-mediated regeneration, and how inhibition of the canonical signalling pathway (using small molecule inhibitors) blocks regeneration. Finally, we review various TGFβ-targeting therapeutic strategies that hold promise for enhancing tissue repair.
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218
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Horejs CM. Basement membrane fragments in the context of the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Eur J Cell Biol 2016; 95:427-440. [PMID: 27397693 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) enables cells of epithelial phenotype to become motile and change to a migratory mesenchymal phenotype. EMT is known to be a fundamental requisite for tissue morphogenesis, and EMT-related pathways have been described in cancer metastasis and tissue fibrosis. Epithelial structures are marked by the presence of a sheet-like extracellular matrix, the basement membrane, which is assembled from two major proteins, laminin and collagen type IV. This specialized matrix is essential for tissue function and integrity, and provides an important barrier to the potential pathogenic migration of cells. The profound phenotypic transition in EMT involves the epithelial cells disrupting the basement membrane. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are known to cleave components of basement membranes, but MMP-basement membrane crosstalk during EMT in vivo is poorly understood. However, MMPs have been reported to play a role in EMT-related processes and a variety of basement membrane fragments have been shown to be released by specific MMPs in vitro and in vivo exhibiting distinct biological activities. This review discusses general considerations regarding the basement membrane in the context of EMT, a possible role for specific MMPs in EMT and highlights biologically active basement membrane fragments liberated by MMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine-Maria Horejs
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Scheeles vaeg 2, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
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219
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Mansoori B, Mohammadi A, Shirjang S, Baradaran B. HMGI-C suppressing induces P53/caspase9 axis to regulate apoptosis in breast adenocarcinoma cells. Cell Cycle 2016; 15:2585-2592. [PMID: 27245202 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2016.1190892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The HMGI-C (high mobility group protein isoform I-C) protein is a member of the high-mobility group AT-hook (HMGA) family of small non-histone chromosomal proteins that can modulate transcription of an ample number of genes. Genome-wide studies reveal upregulation of the HMGI-C gene in many human cancers, which suggests that HMGI-C might play a critical role in the progression of various tumors. However, the exact role of HMGI-C in breast adenocarcinoma has not been made clear. METHODS HMGI-C mRNA expression in breast cancer samples and marginal normal tissues was characterized using qRT-PCR. The cytotoxic effects of HMGI-C siRNA on breast adenocarcinoma cells were determined using MTT assay. Relative HMGI-C mRNA and protein levels were measured by quantitative real-time PCR and western blotting, respectively. Apoptosis detection was done using TUNEL and Annexin-V/PI assays, P53, caspase 3, 9, 8 and Bcl2 proteins evaluated by protein gel blot and miR34a, Let-7a genes investigates by QRT-PCR assay. Cell cycle was analyzed by flow cytometry assay using propidium iodide DNA staining. RESULTS An overexpression of HMGA2 was revealed with highly statistically significant differences between breast cancer samples and marginal normal tissues (P < 0.0001). HMGI-C siRNA significantly reduced both mRNA and protein expression levels in a 48-hour period after transfection and in a dose-dependent manner. We observed that the knockdown of HMGI-C led to the significant induction of apoptosis via mitochondrial pathway by inducing miR34a and cell cycle arrest in MDA-MB-468 cells in vitro. CONCLUSIONS These results propose that HMGI-C might play a critical role in the progression of breast adenocarcinoma. Here we introduced HMGI-C as a potential therapeutic target for trigger apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in human breast adenocarcinoma. Therefore HMGI-C siRNA may be an effective adjuvant in human breast adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behzad Mansoori
- a Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran.,b Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran.,c Aras International Branch of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
| | - Ali Mohammadi
- a Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
| | - Solmaz Shirjang
- a Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- a Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
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Gudey SK, Landström M. The Role of Ubiquitination to Determine Non-Smad Signaling Responses. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1344:355-63. [PMID: 26520137 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2966-5_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquitination is a posttranslational modification of proteins which acts as a key regulator of their function as well as fate. We have recently reported transforming growth factor β (TGFβ)-induced activation of non-Smad signaling responses through a specific Lys63-linked polyubiquitination of TGFβ type I receptor and TGFβ-associated kinase 1 (TAK1) that are utilized to specify cellular responses in cancer cells. This chapter gives a brief introduction of the biological importance of ubiquitination of proteins, the methods we have used for detecting new partners in the TGFβ signaling pathway and for performing ubiquitination assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyam Kumar Gudey
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Umeå University, Pathology Building 6M, 2nd Floor, Umeå, 901 85, Sweden
| | - Marene Landström
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Umeå University, Pathology Building 6M, 2nd Floor, Umeå, 901 85, Sweden.
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Liu B, Shi Y, Peng W, Zhang Q, Liu J, Chen N, Zhu R. Diosmetin induces apoptosis by upregulating p53 via the TGF-β signal pathway in HepG2 hepatoma cells. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:159-64. [PMID: 27176768 PMCID: PMC4918616 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Diosmetin (Dio) is a major active component of flavonoid compounds. A previous study demonstrated that Dio exhibited anticancer activity and induced apoptosis in HepG2 human hepatoma cells via cytochrome P450, family 1-catalyzed metabolism. The present study observed that cell proliferation of HepG2 cells was inhibited by Dio treatment and tumor protein p53 was significantly increased following Dio treatment. Following addition of recombinant transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) protein to Dio-treated HepG2 cells, cell growth inhibition and cell apoptosis was partially reversed. These findings suggest a novel function for the TGF-β/TGF-β receptor signaling pathway and that it may be a key target of Dio-induced cell apoptosis in HepG2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Liu
- Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Guangdong Medical University; Zhanjiang Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, P.R. China
| | - Yufeng Shi
- Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Guangdong Medical University; Zhanjiang Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, P.R. China
| | - Wending Peng
- Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Guangdong Medical University; Zhanjiang Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, P.R. China
| | - Qingyu Zhang
- Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Guangdong Medical University; Zhanjiang Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, P.R. China
| | - Jie Liu
- Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Guangdong Medical University; Zhanjiang Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, P.R. China
| | - Nianping Chen
- Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Guangdong Medical University; Zhanjiang Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, P.R. China
| | - Runzhi Zhu
- Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Guangdong Medical University; Zhanjiang Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, P.R. China
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Komatsu Y, Ibi M, Chosa N, Kyakumoto S, Kamo M, Shibata T, Sugiyama Y, Ishisaki A. Zoledronic acid suppresses transforming growth factor-β-induced fibrogenesis by human gingival fibroblasts. Int J Mol Med 2016; 38:139-47. [PMID: 27176567 PMCID: PMC4899021 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2016.2582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bisphosphonates (BPs) are analogues of pyro-phosphate that are known to prevent bone resorption by inhibiting osteoclast activity. Nitrogen-containing BPs, such as zoledronic acid (ZA), are widely used in the treatment of osteoporosis and bone metastasis. However, despite having benefits, ZA has been reported to induce BP-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ) in cancer patients. The molecular pathological mechanisms responsible for the development of BRONJ, including necrotic bone exposure after tooth extraction, remain to be elucidated. In this study, we examined the effects of ZA on the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)-induced myofibroblast (MF) differentiation of human gingival fibroblasts (hGFs) and the migratory activity of hGFs, which are important for wound closure by fibrous tissue formation. The ZA maximum concentration in serum (Cmax) was found to be approximately 1.47 µM, which clinically, is found after the intravenous administration of 4 mg ZA, and ZA at this dose is considered appropriate for the treatment of cancer bone metastasis or bone diseases, such as Erdheim-Chester disease. At Cmax, ZA significantly suppressed i) the TGF-β-induced promotion of cell viability, ii) the TGF-β-induced expression of MF markers such as α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and type I collagen, iii) the TGF-β-induced migratory activity of hGFs and iv) the expression level of TGF-β type I receptor on the surfaces of hGFs, as well as the TGF-β-induced phosphorylation of Smad2/3. Thus, ZA suppresses TGF-β-induced fibrous tissue formation by hGFs, possibly through the inhibition of Smad-dependent signal transduction. Our findings partly elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying BRONJ and may prove to be beneficial to the identification of drug targets for the treatment of this symptom at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Komatsu
- Division of Cellular Biosignal Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Iwate Medical University, Iwate 028‑3694, Japan
| | - Miho Ibi
- Division of Cellular Biosignal Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Iwate Medical University, Iwate 028‑3694, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Chosa
- Division of Cellular Biosignal Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Iwate Medical University, Iwate 028‑3694, Japan
| | - Seiko Kyakumoto
- Division of Cellular Biosignal Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Iwate Medical University, Iwate 028‑3694, Japan
| | - Masaharu Kamo
- Division of Cellular Biosignal Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Iwate Medical University, Iwate 028‑3694, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Shibata
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Sugiyama
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Reconstructive Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Iwate Medical University, Iwate 020-8505, Japan
| | - Akira Ishisaki
- Division of Cellular Biosignal Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Iwate Medical University, Iwate 028‑3694, Japan
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Duan H, Ma L, Liu H, Zhang Y, Zhang Z, Yan X, Li X. Tanshinone IIA attenuates epithelial-mesenchymal transition to inhibit the tracheal narrowing. J Surg Res 2016; 206:252-262. [PMID: 27916370 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2016.04.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study examines the effects of tanshinone IIA (TIIA) on epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in tracheal transplantation and the ability of TIIA to inhibit tracheal narrowing after tracheal transplantation. Mechanisms that may be involved in this process are also explored. METHODS Human bronchial epithelial cells were treated in vitro with TGF-β1 for 72 h. The cells were pretreated with TIIA (40 μg/mL) or DMSO for 2 h before TGF-β1 stimulation. For the in vivo experiments, tracheas (5-6 rings) from Wistar rats were orthotopically transplanted into Sprague-Dawley rats. The experimental group received multiple infusions of sodium TIIA sulfonate (25 mg/kg, qd, intraperitoneally). The control group received infusions of the same volume of saline. Allografts were harvested at 3, 7, 10, 14, 35, and 90 d after transplantation and were examined for tracheal narrowing. Tracheal tissue samples and human bronchial epithelial cell were then subjected to further tests. RESULTS In the in vitro assay, epithelial cadherin expression was decreased after TGF-β1 stimulation, whereas α-smooth muscle actin and vimentin expression levels were increased. The expression levels of ZEB1 and Snail1 were also increased. These changes in expression were partially reversed by treatment with TIIA. In the in vivo assay, TIIA alleviated tracheal stenosis after tracheal allograft transplantation in rats and mitigated EMT by inhibiting the Smad signaling pathway and the expression of the transcription factors ZEB1 and Snail1. CONCLUSIONS Our research suggests that TIIA reduces tracheal narrowing after tracheal transplantation by suppressing TGF-β1-dependent EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongtao Duan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lijie Ma
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Honggang Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhipei Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaolong Yan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Xiaofei Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
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Proteins involved on TGF-β pathway are up-regulated during the acute phase of experimental Chagas disease. Immunobiology 2016; 221:587-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2016.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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225
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Takahashi M, Kizuka Y, Ohtsubo K, Gu J, Taniguchi N. Disease-associated glycans on cell surface proteins. Mol Aspects Med 2016; 51:56-70. [PMID: 27131428 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Most of membrane molecules including cell surface receptors and secreted proteins including ligands are glycoproteins and glycolipids. Therefore, identifying the functional significance of glycans is crucial for developing an understanding of cell signaling and subsequent physiological and pathological cellular events. In particular, the function of N-glycans associated with cell surface receptors has been extensively studied since they are directly involved in controlling cellular functions. In this review, we focus on the roles of glycosyltransferases that are involved in the modification of N-glycans and their target proteins such as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), ErbB3, transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) receptor, T-cell receptors (TCR), β-site APP cleaving enzyme (BACE1), glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2), E-cadherin, and α5β1 integrin in relation to diseases and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process. Above of those proteins are subjected to being modified by several glycosyltransferases such as N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase III (GnT-III), N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase IV (GnT-IV), N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase V (GnT-V), α2,6 sialyltransferase 1 (ST6GAL1), and α1,6 fucosyltransferase (Fut8), which are typical N-glycan branching enzymes and play pivotal roles in regulating the function of cell surface receptors in pathological cell signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoko Takahashi
- Department of Biochemistry, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South-1 West-17, Chuo-ku, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Kizuka
- Systems Glycobiology Research Group, RIKEN-Max Planck Joint Research Center, Global Research Cluster, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako 351-0198, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Ohtsubo
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 4-24-1 Kuhonji, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0976, Japan
| | - Jianguo Gu
- Division of Regulatory Glycobiology, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komatsusima, Aobaku, Sendai, Miyagi 981-8558, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Taniguchi
- Systems Glycobiology Research Group, RIKEN-Max Planck Joint Research Center, Global Research Cluster, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako 351-0198, Japan.
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226
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Ding MJ, Su KE, Cui GZ, Yang WH, Chen L, Yang M, Liu YQ, Dai DL. Association between transforming growth factor-β1 expression and the clinical features of triple negative breast cancer. Oncol Lett 2016; 11:4040-4044. [PMID: 27313737 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between the expression levels of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and the clinical pathological characteristics and prognosis of triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) through study of TNBC patient tissue samples. The biological effects of TGF-β1 on TNBC cells and the potential signal transduction pathway are additoinally investigated. Immunohistochemistry was utilized to investigate expression changes of the positive rate of TGF-β1 in the TNBC, compared with the non-TNBC group, to explain the association between TGF-β1 and clinical pathological characteristics and prognosis. MDA-MB-231 cells were treated with TGF-β1 and subsequently the invasion and migration abilities, and the expression of proteins in certain signaling pathways were assessed before and after the treatment. Positive expression of TGF-β1 was observed in 52.5% of TNBC tissue samples, which was higher than that observed in non-TNBC group (27.5%). High levels of TGF-β1 expression were not significantly associated age, menopausal status, family history of cancer or tumor size; however, tumor histological grade and axillary lymph node metastasis were significantly associated (P<0.05). In addition, when the TGF-β1 expression levels are higher, the 5-year disease-free survival rate is lower. TGF-β1 expression promoted the invasion and migration of MDA-MB-231 cells, and the expression of Smad2 protein and P38 protein was increased, indicating that Smad2 protein and the P38 signaling pathway may serve an important role in TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Jian Ding
- Department of Oncology, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei 061000, P.R. China
| | - K E Su
- Department of Nephrology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Guo-Zhong Cui
- Department of Oncology, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei 061000, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Hua Yang
- Department of Oncology, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei 061000, P.R. China
| | - Liang Chen
- Department of Oncology, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei 061000, P.R. China
| | - Meng Yang
- Department of Oncology, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei 061000, P.R. China
| | - Yan-Qing Liu
- Department of Oncology, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei 061000, P.R. China
| | - Dian-Lu Dai
- Department of Oncology, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei 061000, P.R. China
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227
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Watanabe Y, Papoutsoglou P, Maturi V, Tsubakihara Y, Hottiger MO, Heldin CH, Moustakas A. Regulation of Bone Morphogenetic Protein Signaling by ADP-ribosylation. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:12706-12723. [PMID: 27129221 PMCID: PMC4933475 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.729699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously established a mechanism of negative regulation of transforming growth factor β signaling mediated by the nuclear ADP-ribosylating enzyme poly-(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) and the deribosylating enzyme poly-(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG), which dynamically regulate ADP-ribosylation of Smad3 and Smad4, two central signaling proteins of the pathway. Here we demonstrate that the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) pathway can also be regulated by the opposing actions of PARP1 and PARG. PARG positively contributes to BMP signaling and forms physical complexes with Smad5 and Smad4. The positive role PARG plays during BMP signaling can be neutralized by PARP1, as demonstrated by experiments where PARG and PARP1 are simultaneously silenced. In contrast to PARG, ectopic expression of PARP1 suppresses BMP signaling, whereas silencing of endogenous PARP1 enhances signaling and BMP-induced differentiation. The two major Smad proteins of the BMP pathway, Smad1 and Smad5, interact with PARP1 and can be ADP-ribosylated in vitro, whereas PARG causes deribosylation. The overall outcome of this mode of regulation of BMP signal transduction provides a fine-tuning mechanism based on the two major enzymes that control cellular ADP-ribosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukihide Watanabe
- From Ludwig Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Panagiotis Papoutsoglou
- From Ludwig Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Varun Maturi
- From Ludwig Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Yutaro Tsubakihara
- From Ludwig Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Michael O Hottiger
- the Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland, and
| | - Carl-Henrik Heldin
- From Ludwig Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Aristidis Moustakas
- From Ludwig Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden,; the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden.
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228
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Howell JA, Khan SA. The role of miRNAs in cholangiocarcinoma. Hepat Oncol 2016; 3:167-180. [PMID: 30191036 PMCID: PMC6095304 DOI: 10.2217/hep-2015-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a devastating malignancy with high mortality, in part due to the combination of late presentation, significant diagnostic challenges and limited effective treatment options. Late presentation and diagnosis contribute to the high mortality in CCA and there is an urgent unmet need for diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers to facilitate early diagnosis and treatment stratification to improve clinical outcomes. MiRs are small ncRNA molecules that regulate gene expression and modulate both tumor suppressive and oncogenic pathways. They have a well-defined role in carcinogenesis, including CCA. In this review, we outline the evidence for MiRs in the pathogenesis of CCA and their potential utility as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers to guide clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Howell
- Department of Hepatology, Level 10 QEQM Building, St Mary's Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, Praed Street, London, W2 1NY, UK
- Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Victoria Pde, Fitzroy 3065, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shahid A Khan
- Department of Hepatology, Level 10 QEQM Building, St Mary's Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, Praed Street, London, W2 1NY, UK
- *Author for correspondence:
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229
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Gunaratne A, Chan E, El-Chabib TH, Carter D, Di Guglielmo GM. aPKC alters the TGFβ response in NSCLC cells through both Smad-dependent and Smad-independent pathways. J Cell Sci 2016; 128:487–98. [PMID: 25501807 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.155440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor b (TGFb) signaling controls many cellular responses including proliferation, epithelial to mesenchymal transition and apoptosis, through the activation of canonical (Smad) as well as non-canonical (e.g., Par6) pathways. Previous studies from our lab have demonstrated that aPKC inhibition regulates TGFb receptor trafficking and signaling. Here, we report that downstream TGFb-dependent transcriptional responses in aPKC-silenced NSCLC cells were reduced compared with those of control cells, despite a temporal extension of Smad2 phosphorylation. We assessed SARA–Smad2–Smad4 association and observed that knockdown of aPKC increased SARA (also known as ZFYVE9) levels and SARA–Smad2 complex formation, increased cytoplasmic retention of Smad2 and reduced Smad2–Smad4 complex formation, which correlated with reduced Smad2 nuclear translocation. Interestingly, we also detected an increase in p38 MAPK phosphorylation and apoptosis in aPKC-silenced cells, which were found to be TRAF6-dependent. Taken together, our results suggest that aPKC isoforms regulate Smad and non-Smad TGFb pathways and that aPKC inhibition sensitizes NSCLC cells to undergo TGFb dependent apoptosis.
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230
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Aykul S, Martinez-Hackert E. Transforming Growth Factor-β Family Ligands Can Function as Antagonists by Competing for Type II Receptor Binding. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:10792-804. [PMID: 26961869 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.713487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) family ligands are pleiotropic cytokines. Their physiological activities are not determined by a simple coupling of stimulus and response, but depend critically on context, i.e. the interplay of receptors, ligands, and regulators that form the TGF-β signal transduction system of a cell or tissue. How these different components combine to regulate signaling activities remains poorly understood. Here, we describe a ligand-mediated mechanism of signaling regulation. Based on the observation that the type II TGF-β family receptors ActRIIA, ActRIIB, and BMPRII interact with a large group of overlapping ligands at overlapping epitopes, we hypothesized high affinity ligands compete with low affinity ligands for receptor binding and signaling. We show activin A and other high affinity ligands directly inhibited signaling by the low affinity ligands BMP-2, BMP-7, and BMP-9. We demonstrate activin A functions as a competitive inhibitor that blocks the ligand binding epitope on type II receptors. We propose binding competition and signaling antagonism are integral functions of the TGF-β signal transduction system. These functions could help explain how activin A modulates physiological signaling during extraordinary cellular responses, such as injury and wound healing, and how activin A could elicit disease phenotypes such as cancer-related muscle wasting and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senem Aykul
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1319
| | - Erik Martinez-Hackert
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1319
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231
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Recouvreux MV, Camilletti MA, Rifkin DB, Díaz-Torga G. The pituitary TGFβ1 system as a novel target for the treatment of resistant prolactinomas. J Endocrinol 2016; 228:R73-83. [PMID: 26698564 PMCID: PMC4760866 DOI: 10.1530/joe-15-0451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Prolactinomas are the most frequently observed pituitary adenomas and most of them respond well to conventional treatment with dopamine agonists (DAs). However, a subset of prolactinomas fails to respond to such therapies and is considered as DA-resistant prolactinomas (DARPs). New therapeutic approaches are necessary for these tumors. Transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1) is a known inhibitor of lactotroph cell proliferation and prolactin secretion, and it partly mediates dopamine inhibitory action. TGFβ1 is secreted to the extracellular matrix as an inactive latent complex, and its bioavailability is tightly regulated by different components of the TGFβ1 system including latent binding proteins, local activators (thrombospondin-1, matrix metalloproteases, integrins, among others), and TGFβ receptors. Pituitary TGFβ1 activity and the expression of different components of the TGFβ1 system are regulated by dopamine and estradiol. Prolactinomas (animal models and humans) present reduced TGFβ1 activity as well as reduced expression of several components of the TGFβ1 system. Therefore, restoration of TGFβ1 inhibitory activity represents a novel therapeutic approach to bypass dopamine action in DARPs. The aim of this review is to summarize the large literature supporting TGFβ1 important role as a local modulator of pituitary lactotroph function and to provide recent evidence of the restoration of TGFβ1 activity as an effective treatment in experimental prolactinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Victoria Recouvreux
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina ExperimentalConsejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Vuelta de Obligado 2490, 1428 Buenos Aires, ArgentinaDepartment of MedicineCedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, USADepartment of Cell BiologyNew York University Medical Center, 550 First Avenue, New York, New York 10016, USA Instituto de Biología y Medicina ExperimentalConsejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Vuelta de Obligado 2490, 1428 Buenos Aires, ArgentinaDepartment of MedicineCedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, USADepartment of Cell BiologyNew York University Medical Center, 550 First Avenue, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - M Andrea Camilletti
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina ExperimentalConsejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Vuelta de Obligado 2490, 1428 Buenos Aires, ArgentinaDepartment of MedicineCedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, USADepartment of Cell BiologyNew York University Medical Center, 550 First Avenue, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Daniel B Rifkin
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina ExperimentalConsejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Vuelta de Obligado 2490, 1428 Buenos Aires, ArgentinaDepartment of MedicineCedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, USADepartment of Cell BiologyNew York University Medical Center, 550 First Avenue, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Graciela Díaz-Torga
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina ExperimentalConsejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Vuelta de Obligado 2490, 1428 Buenos Aires, ArgentinaDepartment of MedicineCedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, USADepartment of Cell BiologyNew York University Medical Center, 550 First Avenue, New York, New York 10016, USA
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232
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Guo D, Ye Y, Qi J, Xu L, Zhang L, Tan X, Tan Z, Yu X, Zhang Y, Ma Y, Li Y. MicroRNA-195a-5p inhibits mouse medullary thymic epithelial cells proliferation by directly targeting Smad7. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2016; 48:290-7. [PMID: 26837421 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmv136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
MiR-195 has been implicated in inhibiting cell proliferation in different types of tumors. Whether it contributes to the process of thymic epithelial cells (TECs) proliferation remains unclear. In this study, we found that miR-195a-5p was highly up-regulated in the TECs isolated from the aging mice. Further experiments showed that miR-195a-5p mimic transfection inhibited the proliferation of mouse medullary thymic epithelial cell line 1 (MTEC1), whereas the transfection of miR-195a-5p inhibitor in MTEC1 had the opposite effect. In addition, miR-195a-5p had no obvious effect on MTEC1 apoptosis. Furthermore, Smad7, a negative regulator of transforming growth factor β pathway, was confirmed as a direct target of miR-195a-5p by luciferase assays. Taken together, our results indicate that miR-195a-5p inhibits MTEC1 proliferation, at least in part, via down-regulation of Smad7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongguang Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yaqiong Ye
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Junjie Qi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Lifeng Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Lihua Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiaotong Tan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhigang Tan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiaofang Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yongjiang Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yugu Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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233
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R.S. R, K.H. S, Somasundaram V, S. SK, Nadhan R, Nair RS, Srinivas P. Plumbagin, a naphthaquinone derivative induces apoptosis in BRCA 1/2 defective castrate resistant prostate cancer cells as well as prostate cancer stem-like cells. Pharmacol Res 2016; 105:134-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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234
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Blokzijl A, Zieba A, Hust M, Schirrmann T, Helmsing S, Grannas K, Hertz E, Moren A, Chen L, Söderberg O, Moustakas A, Dübel S, Landegren U. Single Chain Antibodies as Tools to Study transforming growth factor-β-Regulated SMAD Proteins in Proximity Ligation-Based Pharmacological Screens. Mol Cell Proteomics 2016; 15:1848-56. [PMID: 26929218 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m115.055756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The cellular heterogeneity seen in tumors, with subpopulations of cells capable of resisting different treatments, renders single-treatment regimens generally ineffective. Accordingly, there is a great need to increase the repertoire of drug treatments from which combinations may be selected to efficiently target sets of pathological processes, while suppressing the emergence of resistance mutations. In this regard, members of the TGF-β signaling pathway may furnish new, valuable therapeutic targets. In the present work, we developed in situ proximity ligation assays (isPLA) to monitor the state of the TGF-β signaling pathway. Moreover, we extended the range of suitable affinity reagents for this analysis by developing a set of in-vitro-derived human antibody fragments (single chain fragment variable, scFv) that bind SMAD2 (Mothers against decapentaplegic 2), 3, 4, and 7 using phage display. These four proteins are all intracellular mediators of TGF-β signaling. We also developed an scFv specific for SMAD3 phosphorylated in the linker domain 3 (p179 SMAD3). This phosphorylation has been shown to inactivate the tumor suppressor function of SMAD3. The single chain affinity reagents developed in the study were fused tocrystallizable antibody fragments (Fc-portions) and expressed as dimeric IgG-like molecules having Fc domains (Yumabs), and we show that they represent valuable reagents for isPLA.Using these novel assays, we demonstrate that p179 SMAD3 forms a complex with SMAD4 at increased frequency during division and that pharmacological inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4)(1) reduces the levels of p179SMAD3 in tumor cells. We further show that the p179SMAD3-SMAD4 complex is bound for degradation by the proteasome. Finally, we developed a chemical screening strategy for compounds that reduce the levels of p179SMAD3 in tumor cells with isPLA as a read-out, using the p179SMAD3 scFv SH544-IIC4. The screen identified two kinase inhibitors, known inhibitors of the insulin receptor, which decreased levels of p179SMAD3/SMAD4 complexes, thereby demonstrating the suitability of the recombinant affinity reagents applied in isPLA in screening for inhibitors of cell signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andries Blokzijl
- From the ‡Dept. of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-751 85, Sweden; **YUMAB GmbH, Rebenring 33 Braunschweig 38106, Germany
| | - Agata Zieba
- From the ‡Dept. of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-751 85, Sweden;
| | - Michael Hust
- ‖Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institute of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Department of Biotechnology, Spielmannstr. 7, Braunschweig 38106, Germany
| | - Thomas Schirrmann
- ‖Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institute of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Department of Biotechnology, Spielmannstr. 7, Braunschweig 38106, Germany; **YUMAB GmbH, Rebenring 33 Braunschweig 38106, Germany
| | - Saskia Helmsing
- ‖Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institute of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Department of Biotechnology, Spielmannstr. 7, Braunschweig 38106, Germany
| | - Karin Grannas
- From the ‡Dept. of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-751 85, Sweden
| | - Ellen Hertz
- From the ‡Dept. of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-751 85, Sweden
| | - Anita Moren
- §Ludwig Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-751 24, Sweden
| | - Lei Chen
- From the ‡Dept. of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-751 85, Sweden
| | - Ola Söderberg
- From the ‡Dept. of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-751 85, Sweden
| | - Aristidis Moustakas
- §Ludwig Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-751 24, Sweden, ¶Dept. of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-751 23, Sweden
| | - Stefan Dübel
- ‖Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institute of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Department of Biotechnology, Spielmannstr. 7, Braunschweig 38106, Germany
| | - Ulf Landegren
- From the ‡Dept. of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-751 85, Sweden
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235
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Ahmad R, Dhawan P, Singh AB. Cancer Stem Cell and Gastrointestinal Cancer: Current Status, Targeted Therapy and Future Implications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 5. [PMID: 31656694 PMCID: PMC6814166 DOI: 10.4172/2167-0501.1000202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The cancer stem cells (CSCs) are biologically distinct subset of rare cancer cells with inherent ability of self-renewal, de-differentiation, and capacity to initiate and maintain malignant tumor growth. Studies have further reported that CSCs prime cancer recurrence and therapy resistance. Therefore, targeting CSCs to inhibit cancer progression has become an attractive anti-cancer therapeutical strategy. Recent technical advances have provided a greater appreciation of the multistep nature of the oncogenesis and also clarified that CSC concept is not universally applicable. Irrespective, the role of the CSCs in gastrointestinal (GI) cancers, responsible for the most cancer-associated death, has been widely accepted and appreciated. However, despite the tremendous progress made in the last decade in developing markers to identify CSCs, and assays to assess tumorigenic function of CSCs, it remains an area of active investigation. In current article, we review findings related to the role and identification of CSCs in GI-cancers and discuss the crucial pathways involved in regulating CSCs populations’ development and drug resistance, and use of the tumoroid culture to test novel CSCs-targeted cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rizwan Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, USA
| | - Punita Dhawan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, USA.,Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.,VA Nebraska- Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Amar B Singh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, USA.,Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.,VA Nebraska- Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE, USA
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236
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Abstract
Being a member of the early growth response (Egr) family of transcription factors, Egr-2 is expressed in a variety of cell types of the immune system. Recent findings imply that Egr-2 is important in the development and function of T helper (Th) 17 cell, regulatory T (Treg) cell, as well as dendritic cell (DC). Although these cells perform significantly in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, and systemic sclerosis, the roles of Egr-2 in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases can not be neglected. In this article, we will discuss recent findings about the important roles of Egr-2 in immune cells and the possible pathological roles of Egr-2 in autoimmune diseases.
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237
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Zhang C, Lu Y, Li Q, Mao J, Hou Z, Yu X, Fan S, Li J, Gao T, Yan B, Wang B, Song B, Li L. Salinomycin suppresses TGF-β1-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. Chem Biol Interact 2016; 248:74-81. [PMID: 26896736 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2015] [Revised: 11/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is the major cause of breast cancer to initiate invasion and metastasis. Salinomycin (Sal) has been found as an effective chemical compound to kill breast cancer stem cells. However, the effect of Sal on invasion and metastasis of breast cancer is unclear. In the present study, we showed that Sal reversed transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) induced invasion and metastasis accompanied with down-regulation of MMP-2 by experiments on human breast cancer cell line MCF-7. Sal was able to inhibit TGF-β1-induced EMT phenotypic transition and the activation of key signaling molecules involved in Smad (p-Smad2/3,Snail1) and non-Smad (β-catenin, p-p38 MAPK) signals which cooperatively regulate the induction of EMT. Importantly, in a series of breast cancer specimens, we found strong correlation among E-cadherin expression, β-catenin expression, and the lymph node metastatic potential of breast cancer. Our research suggests that Sal is promised to be a chemotherapeutic drug by suppressing the metastasis of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunying Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, PR China
| | - Ying Lu
- Department of Pathology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, PR China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Pathology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, PR China
| | - Jun Mao
- The Key Laboratory of Tumor Stem Cell Research of Liaoning Province, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, PR China
| | - Zhenhuan Hou
- Department of Pathology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, PR China
| | - Xiaotang Yu
- Department of Pathology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, PR China
| | - Shujun Fan
- Department of Pathology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, PR China
| | - Jiazhi Li
- Department of Pathology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, PR China
| | - Tong Gao
- Department of Pathology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, PR China
| | - Bing Yan
- Department of Pathology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, PR China
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Pathology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, PR China
| | - Bo Song
- Department of Pathology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, PR China
| | - Lianhong Li
- Department of Pathology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Tumor Stem Cell Research of Liaoning Province, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, PR China.
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Ahlfeld SK, Wang J, Gao Y, Snider P, Conway SJ. Initial Suppression of Transforming Growth Factor-β Signaling and Loss of TGFBI Causes Early Alveolar Structural Defects Resulting in Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2016; 186:777-93. [PMID: 26878215 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Septation of the gas-exchange saccules of the morphologically immature mouse lung requires regulated timing, spatial direction, and dosage of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β signaling. We found that neonatal hyperoxia acutely initially diminished saccular TGF-β signaling coincident with alveolar simplification. However, sustained hyperoxia resulted in a biphasic response and subsequent up-regulation of TGF-β signaling, ultimately resulting in bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Significantly, we found that the TGF-β-induced matricellular protein (TGFBI) was similarly biphasically altered in response to hyperoxia. Moreover, genetic ablation revealed that TGFBI was required for normal alveolar structure and function. Although the phenotype was not neonatal lethal, Tgfbi-deficient lungs were morphologically abnormal. Mutant septal tips were stunted, lacked elastin-positive tips, exhibited reduced proliferation, and contained abnormally persistent alveolar α-smooth muscle actin myofibroblasts. In addition, Tgfbi-deficient lungs misexpressed TGF-β-responsive follistatin and serpine 1, and transiently suppressed myofibroblast platelet-derived growth factor α differentiation marker. Finally, despite normal lung volume, Tgfbi-null lungs displayed diminished elastic recoil and gas exchange efficiency. Combined, these data demonstrate that initial suppression of the TGF-β signaling apparatus, as well as loss of key TGF-β effectors (like TGFBI), underlies early alveolar structural defects, as well as long-lasting functional deficits routinely observed in chronic lung disease of infancy patients. These studies underline the complex (and often contradictory) role of TGF-β and indicate a need to design studies to associate alterations with initial appearance of phenotypical changes suggestive of bronchopulmonary dysplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn K Ahlfeld
- HB Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Jian Wang
- HB Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Yong Gao
- HB Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Paige Snider
- HB Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Simon J Conway
- HB Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.
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Choi YJ, Baek GY, Park HR, Jo SK, Jung U. Smad2/3-Regulated Expression of DLX2 Is Associated with Radiation-Induced Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition and Radioresistance of A549 and MDA-MB-231 Human Cancer Cell Lines. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147343. [PMID: 26799321 PMCID: PMC4723265 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The control of radioresistance and metastatic potential of surviving cancer cells is important for improving cancer eradication by radiotheraphy. The distal-less homeobox2 (DLX2) gene encodes for a homeobox transcription factor involved in morphogenesis and its deregulation was found in human solid tumors and hematologic malignancies. Here we investigated the role of DLX2 in association with radiation-induced epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) and stem cell-like properties and its regulation by Smad2/3 signaling in irradiated A549 and MDA-MB-231 human cancer cell lines. In irradiated A549 and MDA-MB-231 cells, EMT was induced as demonstrated by EMT marker expression, phosphorylation of Smad2/3, and migratory and invasive ability. Also, irradiated A549 and MDA-MB-231 cells showed increased cancer stem cells (CSCs) marker. Interestingly, DLX2 was overexpressed upon irradiation. Therefore, we examined the role of DLX2 in radiation-induced EMT and radioresistance. The overexpression of DLX2 alone induced EMT, migration and invasion, and CSC marker expression. The reduced colony-forming ability in irradiated cells was partially restored by DLX2 overexpression. On the other hand, the depletion of DLX2 using si-RNA abolished radiation-induced EMT, CSC marker expression, and phosphorylation of Smad2/3 in irradiated A549 and MDA-MB-231 cells. Also, depletion of DLX2 increased the radiation sensitivity in both cell lines. Moreover, knockdown of Smad2/3, a key activator of TGF-β1 pathway, abrogated the radiation-induced DLX2 expression, indicating that radiation-induced DLX2 expression is dependent on Smad2/3 signaling. These results demonstrated that DLX2 plays a crucial role in radioresistance, radiation-induced EMT and CSC marker expression, and the expression of DLX2 is regulated by Smad2/3 signaling in A549 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeo-Jin Choi
- Radiation Biotechnology Research Division, Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI), Jeongeup, Republic of Korea
| | - Ga-Young Baek
- Radiation Biotechnology Research Division, Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI), Jeongeup, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Ran Park
- Radiation Biotechnology Research Division, Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI), Jeongeup, Republic of Korea
- Department of Radiation Biotechnology and Applied Radioisotope, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Kee Jo
- Radiation Biotechnology Research Division, Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI), Jeongeup, Republic of Korea
- Department of Radiation Biotechnology and Applied Radioisotope, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Uhee Jung
- Radiation Biotechnology Research Division, Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI), Jeongeup, Republic of Korea
- Department of Radiation Biotechnology and Applied Radioisotope, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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240
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Macrì S, Simula L, Pellarin I, Pegoraro S, Onorati M, Sgarra R, Manfioletti G, Vignali R. Hmga2 is required for neural crest cell specification in Xenopus laevis. Dev Biol 2016; 411:25-37. [PMID: 26806704 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
HMGA proteins are small nuclear proteins that bind DNA by conserved AT-hook motifs, modify chromatin architecture and assist in gene expression. Two HMGAs (HMGA1 and HMGA2), encoded by distinct genes, exist in mammals and are highly expressed during embryogenesis or reactivated in tumour progression. We here addressed the in vivo role of Xenopus hmga2 in the neural crest cells (NCCs). We show that hmga2 is required for normal NCC specification and development. hmga2 knockdown leads to severe disruption of major skeletal derivatives of anterior NCCs. We show that, within the NCC genetic network, hmga2 acts downstream of msx1, and is required for msx1, pax3 and snail2 activities, thus participating at different levels of the network. Because of hmga2 early effects in NCC specification, the subsequent epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and migration of NCCs towards the branchial pouches are also compromised. Strictly paralleling results on embryos, interfering with Hmga2 in a breast cancer cell model for EMT leads to molecular effects largely consistent with those observed on NCCs. These data indicate that Hmga2 is recruited in key molecular events that are shared by both NCCs and tumour cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Macrì
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Unità di Biologia Cellulare e dello Sviluppo, Università degli Studi di Pisa, SS12 Abetone e Brennero 4, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Luca Simula
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Unità di Biologia Cellulare e dello Sviluppo, Università degli Studi di Pisa, SS12 Abetone e Brennero 4, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Ilenia Pellarin
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Trieste, via Giorgieri 5, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Silvia Pegoraro
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Trieste, via Giorgieri 5, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Marco Onorati
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Unità di Biologia Cellulare e dello Sviluppo, Università degli Studi di Pisa, SS12 Abetone e Brennero 4, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Riccardo Sgarra
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Trieste, via Giorgieri 5, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Guidalberto Manfioletti
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Trieste, via Giorgieri 5, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Robert Vignali
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Unità di Biologia Cellulare e dello Sviluppo, Università degli Studi di Pisa, SS12 Abetone e Brennero 4, 56127 Pisa, Italy.
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Sawada S, Chosa N, Takizawa N, Yokota J, Igarashi Y, Tomoda K, Kondo H, Yaegashi T, Ishisaki A. Establishment of mesenchymal stem cell lines derived from the bone marrow of green fluorescent protein-transgenic mice exhibiting a diversity in intracellular transforming growth factor-β and bone morphogenetic protein signaling. Mol Med Rep 2016; 13:2023-31. [PMID: 26781600 PMCID: PMC4768972 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.4794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines and their intercellular signals regulate the multipotency of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). The present study established the MSC lines SG-2, -3, and -5 from the bone marrow of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-transgenic mice. These cell lines clearly expressed mouse MSC markers Sca-1 and CD44, and SG-2 and -5 cells retained the potential for osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation in the absence of members of the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β superfamily. By contrast, SG-3 cells only retained adipogenic differentiation potential. Analysis of cytokine and cytokine receptor expression in these SG cell lines showed that bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) receptor 1B was most highly expressed in the SG-3 cells, which underwent osteogenesis in response to BMP, while TGF-β receptor II was most highly expressed in SG-3 and -5 cells. However, it was unexpectedly noted that phosphorylation of Smad 2, a major transcription factor, was induced by TGF-β1 in SG-2 cells but not in SG-3 or -5 cells. Furthermore, TGF-β1 clearly induced the expression of Smad-interacting transcription factor CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-β in SG-2 but not in SG-3 or -5 cells. These results demonstrated the establishment of TGF-β-responsive SG-2 MSCs, BMP-responsive SG-3 MSCs and TGF-β/BMP-unresponsive SG-5 MSCs, each of which was able to be traced by GFP fluorescence after transplantation into in vivo experimental models. In conclusion, the present study suggested that these cell lines may be used to explore how the TGF-β superfamily affects the proliferation and differentiation status of MSCs in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Sawada
- Division of Cellular Biosignal Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba, Iwate 028‑3694, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Chosa
- Division of Cellular Biosignal Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba, Iwate 028‑3694, Japan
| | - Naoki Takizawa
- Division of Cellular Biosignal Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba, Iwate 028‑3694, Japan
| | - Jun Yokota
- Division of Cellular Biosignal Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba, Iwate 028‑3694, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Igarashi
- Division of Cellular Biosignal Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba, Iwate 028‑3694, Japan
| | - Koichi Tomoda
- Department of Otolaryngology, Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka 573‑1010, Japan
| | - Hisatomo Kondo
- Department of Prosthodontics and Oral Implantology, Iwate Medical University School of Dentistry, Morioka, Iwate 020‑8505, Japan
| | - Takashi Yaegashi
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Conservative Dentistry, Iwate Medical University School of Dentistry, Morioka, Iwate 020‑8505, Japan
| | - Akira Ishisaki
- Division of Cellular Biosignal Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba, Iwate 028‑3694, Japan
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242
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Xu SQ, Qin Y, Pan DB, Ye GX, Wu CJ, Wang S, Jiang JY, Fu J, Wang CJ. Inhibition of WWP2 suppresses proliferation, and induces G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in liver cancer cells. Mol Med Rep 2016; 13:2261-6. [PMID: 26783238 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.4771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary liver cancer is one of the most common and aggressive human malignancies worldwide. As numerous studies have revealed that WW domain containing E3 Ub‑protein ligase 2 (WWP2) exerts cancer‑specific functions, the present study assessed the role of WWP2 in liver cancer. WWP2 was revealed to be significantly overexpressed in liver cancer tissues compared with paired normal tissues at the mRNA as well as at the protein level. Furthermore, small interfering RNA-mediated WWP2 knockdown in liver cancer cell lines was demonstrated to inhibit cell proliferation, cause cell cycle arrested in G1 phase and to induce apoptosis as revealed by a Cell Counting Kit-8 assay and flow cytometric analysis. In addition, western blot analysis revealed that WWP2 knockdown significantly increased the expression of apoptosis-associated markers caspase‑7, caspase‑8 and B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2)-associated X in liver cancer cell lines, while Bcl‑2 was significantly decreased. In conclusion, the present study suggested that WWP2 may exert important functions in the over‑proliferation and evasion of apoptosis of liver cancer, likely through regulating the expression of apoptosis-associated markers. Furthermore, WWP2 may represent a novel diagnostic marker and molecular therapeutic target for liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Qian Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, People's Hospital of Lishui, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui, Zhejiang 323000, P.R. China
| | - Yong Qin
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, People's Hospital of Lishui, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui, Zhejiang 323000, P.R. China
| | - De-Biao Pan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, People's Hospital of Lishui, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui, Zhejiang 323000, P.R. China
| | - Guan-Xiong Ye
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, People's Hospital of Lishui, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui, Zhejiang 323000, P.R. China
| | - Cheng-Jun Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, People's Hospital of Lishui, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui, Zhejiang 323000, P.R. China
| | - Shi Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, People's Hospital of Lishui, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui, Zhejiang 323000, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Yan Jiang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, People's Hospital of Lishui, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui, Zhejiang 323000, P.R. China
| | - Jing Fu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, People's Hospital of Lishui, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui, Zhejiang 323000, P.R. China
| | - Chao-Jun Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, People's Hospital of Lishui, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui, Zhejiang 323000, P.R. China
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243
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Rashidian J, Luo K. Three-dimensional Mammary Epithelial Cell Morphogenesis Model for Analysis of TGFß Signaling. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1344:121-35. [PMID: 26520121 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2966-5_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Culturing mammary epithelial cells in laminin-rich extracellular matrices (three dimensional or 3D culture) offers significant advantages over that in the conventional two-dimensional (2D) tissue culture system in that it takes into considetation the impact of extracellular matrix (ECM) microenvironment on the proliferation, survival, and differentiation of mammary epithelial cells. When grown in the 3D culture, untransformed mammary epithelial cells undergo morphogenesis to form a multicellular and polarized acini-like structure that functionally mimics the differentiated alveoli in the pregnancy mammary gland. This process is subjected to regulation by many growth factors and cytokines. The transforming growth factor-ß (TGFß) is a multipotent cytokine that regulates multiple aspects of development and tumorigenesis. In addition to its effects on epithelial cell proliferation, survival, and differentiation, it is also a potent regulator of the cell-matrix interaction. Thus, the 3D culture model may recapitulate the complex in vivo epithelial cell microenvironment and allow us to fully evaluate the role of TGFß signaling in multiple aspects of normal and cancerous cell behavior. In this chapter we provide detailed protocols for growing mammary epithelial cells in the 3D Matrigel for analysis of signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliet Rashidian
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology (MCB), University of California, 16 Barker Hall # 3204, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3204, USA
| | - Kunxin Luo
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology (MCB), University of California, 16 Barker Hall # 3204, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3204, USA.
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244
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Podolski-Renić A, Milošević Z, Dinić J, Stanković T, Banković J, Pešić M. Mutual regulation and targeting of multidrug resistance and cancer stem phenotype. MEDCHEMCOMM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6md00391e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Targeting stemness mechanisms leads to the suppression of ABC transporter activity and elimination of CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Podolski-Renić
- Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”
- University of Belgrade
- 11060 Belgrade
- Serbia
| | - Zorica Milošević
- Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”
- University of Belgrade
- 11060 Belgrade
- Serbia
| | - Jelena Dinić
- Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”
- University of Belgrade
- 11060 Belgrade
- Serbia
| | - Tijana Stanković
- Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”
- University of Belgrade
- 11060 Belgrade
- Serbia
| | - Jasna Banković
- Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”
- University of Belgrade
- 11060 Belgrade
- Serbia
| | - Milica Pešić
- Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”
- University of Belgrade
- 11060 Belgrade
- Serbia
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245
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Sun X, Cao Z, Zhang Q, Li M, Han L, Li Y. Aluminum trichloride inhibits osteoblast mineralization via TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway. Chem Biol Interact 2016; 244:9-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2015.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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246
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Ehrlich M. Endocytosis and trafficking of BMP receptors: Regulatory mechanisms for fine-tuning the signaling response in different cellular contexts. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2015; 27:35-42. [PMID: 26776724 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2015.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Signaling by bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) receptors is regulated at multiple levels in order to ensure proper interpretation of BMP stimuli in different cellular settings. As with other signaling receptors, regulation of the amount of exposed and signaling-competent BMP receptors at the plasma-membrane is predicted to be a key mechanism in governing their signaling output. Currently, the endocytosis of BMP receptors is thought to resemble that of the structurally related transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) receptors, as BMP receptors are constitutively internalized (independently of ligand binding), with moderate kinetics, and mostly via clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Also similar to TGF-β receptors, BMP receptors are able to signal from the plasma membrane, while internalization to endosomes may have a signal modulating effect. When at the plasma membrane, BMP receptors localize to different membrane domains including cholesterol rich domains and caveolae, suggesting a complex interplay between membrane distribution and internalization. An additional layer of complexity stems from the putative regulatory influence on the signaling and trafficking of BMP receptors exerted by ligand traps and/or co-receptors. Furthermore, the trafficking and signaling of BMP receptors are subject to alterations in cellular context. For example, genetic diseases involving changes in the expression of auxiliary factors of endocytic pathways hamper retrograde BMP signals in neurons, and perturb the regulation of synapse formation. This review summarizes current understanding of the trafficking of BMP receptors and discusses the role of trafficking in regulation of BMP signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Ehrlich
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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247
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Differentially Expressed Genes and Signature Pathways of Human Prostate Cancer. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145322. [PMID: 26683658 PMCID: PMC4687717 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomic technologies including microarrays and next-generation sequencing have enabled the generation of molecular signatures of prostate cancer. Lists of differentially expressed genes between malignant and non-malignant states are thought to be fertile sources of putative prostate cancer biomarkers. However such lists of differentially expressed genes can be highly variable for multiple reasons. As such, looking at differential expression in the context of gene sets and pathways has been more robust. Using next-generation genome sequencing data from The Cancer Genome Atlas, differential gene expression between age- and stage- matched human prostate tumors and non-malignant samples was assessed and used to craft a pathway signature of prostate cancer. Up- and down-regulated genes were assigned to pathways composed of curated groups of related genes from multiple databases. The significance of these pathways was then evaluated according to the number of differentially expressed genes found in the pathway and their position within the pathway using Gene Set Enrichment Analysis and Signaling Pathway Impact Analysis. The “transforming growth factor-beta signaling” and “Ran regulation of mitotic spindle formation” pathways were strongly associated with prostate cancer. Several other significant pathways confirm reported findings from microarray data that suggest actin cytoskeleton regulation, cell cycle, mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling, and calcium signaling are also altered in prostate cancer. Thus we have demonstrated feasibility of pathway analysis and identified an underexplored area (Ran) for investigation in prostate cancer pathogenesis.
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248
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Hormonal manipulation with toremifene in sporadic desmoid-type fibromatosis. Eur J Cancer 2015; 51:2800-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2015.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Sundar R, Gudey SK, Heldin CH, Landström M. TRAF6 promotes TGFβ-induced invasion and cell-cycle regulation via Lys63-linked polyubiquitination of Lys178 in TGFβ type I receptor. Cell Cycle 2015; 14:554-65. [PMID: 25622187 PMCID: PMC4347693 DOI: 10.4161/15384101.2014.990302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) can act either as a tumor promoter or a tumor suppressor in a context-dependent manner. High levels of TGFβ are found in prostate cancer tissues and correlate with poor patient prognosis. We recently identified a novel TGFβ-regulated signaling cascade in which TGFβ type I receptor (TβRI) is activated by the E3 ligase TNF-receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) via the Lys63-linked polyubiquitination of TβRI. TRAF6 also contributes to activation of TNF-α-converting enzyme and presenilin-1, resulting in the proteolytic cleavage of TβRI and releasing the intracellular domain of TβRI, which is translocated to the nucleus to promote tumor invasiveness. In this report, we provide evidence that Lys178 of TβRI is polyubiquitinated by TRAF6. Moreover, our data suggest that TRAF6-mediated Lys63-linked ubiquitination of the TβRI intracellular domain is a prerequisite for TGFβ regulation of mRNA for cyclin D1 (CCND1), expression, as well as for the regulation of other genes controlling the cell cycle, differentiation, and invasiveness of prostate cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reshma Sundar
- a Medical Biosciences ; Umeå University ; Umeå , Sweden
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250
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Down-regulation of osteopontin mediates a novel mechanism underlying the cytostatic activity of TGF-β. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2015; 39:119-28. [PMID: 26584547 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-015-0257-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Loss of a cytostatic response to TGF-β has been implicated in multiple hyper-proliferative disorders, including cancer. Although several key genes involved in the cytostatic activity of TGF-β have in the past been identified, its exact mode of action is yet to be elucidated. A comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms underlying the cytostatic activity of TGF-β may open up new avenues for the development of therapeutic strategies. METHODS Quantitative real-time RT-PCR was used to assess osteopontin (OPN) gene expression in human hepatoma-derived Huh-7 and lung adenocarcinoma-derived A549 cells. Reporter assays using an OPN promoter-luciferase construct and its mutated counterparts were performed to assess its transcriptional activity. Binding of Smad4 to the OPN gene promoter was investigated using chromatin immunoprecipitation (CHIP). The putative role of Smad4 in OPN gene expression down-regulation was also assessed using a shRNA-mediated knockdown strategy. The anti-proliferative effect of TGF-β on different cancer-derived cell lines was determined using the cell proliferation reagent WST-1. RESULTS We found that the OPN expression levels dose-dependently decreased in TGF-β-treated Huh-7 and A549 cells. Our reporter assays indicated that this TGF-β-induced repression occurred at the transcriptional level, and could largely be abrogated by disruption of an element (TIE2) similar to the TGF-β inhibitory element found in other TGF-β-repressed genes. Our CHIP assay revealed that the Smad protein complex specifically binds to the OPN gene promoter, and that the TGF-β-mediated inhibition of OPN was lost upon shRNA-mediated knockdown of Smad4. Moreover, we found that the deregulation of OPN gene expression by TGF-β occurred concomitantly with loss of the TGF-β anti-proliferative response, whereas a neutralizing anti-OPN antibody partially restored this response. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that the OPN gene is a direct target of Smad-mediated TGF-β signaling, implying that OPN expression inhibition serves as a novel mechanism underlying the cytostatic activity of TGF-β.
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