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Song C, Li W, Cui Y, Li B, Chen Z, Snider P, Long Y, Liu A, Galea G. Correction: Do restaurants comply with reduced salt requests from consumers ordering on meal delivery apps? BMC Public Health 2024; 24:74. [PMID: 38172733 PMCID: PMC10763670 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-17453-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Song
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 100050, Beijing, China
| | - Wenyue Li
- School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Cui
- World Health Organization Representative Office in China, Beijing, China
| | - Beisi Li
- World Health Organization Representative Office in China, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongdan Chen
- World Health Organization Representative Office in China, Beijing, China
| | - Paige Snider
- World Health Organization Representative Office in China, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Long
- School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Ailing Liu
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 100050, Beijing, China.
| | - Gauden Galea
- World Health Organization Representative Office in China, Beijing, China.
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Song C, Li W, Cui Y, Li B, Chen Z, Snider P, Long Y, Liu A, Galea G. Do restaurants comply with reduced salt requests from consumers ordering on meal delivery apps? BMC Public Health 2023; 23:2000. [PMID: 37833710 PMCID: PMC10576264 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-16939-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chinese urban residents consume more salt from meals prepared outside home than in the past. The purpose of this study is to understand Chinese consumer demand for salt reduction as expressed through their orders on meal delivery apps (MDAs), restaurants' willingness to promote salt reduction, and the extent to which restaurants comply with reduced salt requests. METHODS We analyzed consumer comments extracted from 718 restaurants on a Chinese MDA called ELEME for orders made in the July-December 2020 timeframe. A self-designed questionnaire was distributed to the restaurant managers to assess restaurants' attitude towards salt reduction upon signing up for the study, and laboratory validation was conducted to test whether dishes ordered with reduced salt requests by consumers actually contained less salt. RESULTS A total of 25,982 (0.7%) orders out of 3,630,798 orders contained consumer comments. Of the consumer comments, 40.6% (10,549) were about requests for less salt in dishes. Totally 91.5% of 421 surveyed restaurants showed a willingness to respond to consumers' reduced salt requests. The median sodium content measured in the reduced-salt dishes by the laboratory was significantly lower than that in their regular salt counterparts (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS We observed substantial consumer demand for salt reduction while ordering meals on the MDA and that restaurants did, in response, reduce the sodium content in the meals they provided. As meals delivered via MDAs comprise an increasing proportion of outside foods consumed, there is an opportunity for public health experts and policy makers to work with MDAs and restaurants to promote healthier food selections. TRIAL REGISTRATION ChiCTR2100047729.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Song
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Wenyue Li
- School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Cui
- World Health Organization Representative Office in China, Beijing, China
| | - Beisi Li
- World Health Organization Representative Office in China, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongdan Chen
- World Health Organization Representative Office in China, Beijing, China
| | - Paige Snider
- World Health Organization Representative Office in China, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Long
- School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Ailing Liu
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Gauden Galea
- World Health Organization Representative Office in China, Beijing, China.
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Zhang W, Conway SJ, Liu Y, Snider P, Chen H, Gao H, Liu Y, Isidan K, Lopez KJ, Campana G, Li P, Ekser B, Francis H, Shou W, Kubal C. Heterogeneity of Hepatic Stellate Cells in Fibrogenesis of the Liver: Insights from Single-Cell Transcriptomic Analysis in Liver Injury. Cells 2021; 10:cells10082129. [PMID: 34440898 PMCID: PMC8391930 DOI: 10.3390/cells10082129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims: Liver fibrosis is a pathological healing process resulting from hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation and the generation of myofibroblasts from activated HSCs. The precise underlying mechanisms of liver fibrogenesis are still largely vague due to lack of understanding the functional heterogeneity of activated HSCs during liver injury. Approach and Results: In this study, to define the mechanism of HSC activation, we performed the transcriptomic analysis at single-cell resolution (scRNA-seq) on HSCs in mice treated with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). By employing LRAT-Cre:Rosa26mT/mG mice, we were able to isolate an activated GFP-positive HSC lineage derived cell population by fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS). A total of 8 HSC subpopulations were identified based on an unsupervised analysis. Each HSC cluster displayed a unique transcriptomic profile, despite all clusters expressing common mouse HSC marker genes. We demonstrated that one of the HSC subpopulations expressed high levels of mitosis regulatory genes, velocity, and monocle analysis indicated that these HSCs are at transitioning and proliferating phases at the beginning of HSCs activation and will eventually give rise to several other HSC subtypes. We also demonstrated cell clusters representing HSC-derived mature myofibroblast populations that express myofibroblasts hallmark genes with unique contractile properties. Most importantly, we found a novel HSC cluster that is likely to be critical in liver regeneration, immune reaction, and vascular remodeling, in which the unique profiles of genes such as Rgs5, Angptl6, and Meg3 are highly expressed. Lastly, we demonstrated that the heterogeneity of HSCs in the injured mouse livers is closely similar to that of cirrhotic human livers. Conclusions: Collectively, our scRNA-seq data provided insight into the landscape of activated HSC populations and the dynamic transitional pathway from HSC to myofibroblasts in response to liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Zhang
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Simon J Conway
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Paige Snider
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Hanying Chen
- Genome Editing Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Hongyu Gao
- The Center for Medical Genomics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Yunlong Liu
- The Center for Medical Genomics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Kadir Isidan
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Kevin J Lopez
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Gonzalo Campana
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Ping Li
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Burcin Ekser
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Heather Francis
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Weinian Shou
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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Liu M, Iosef C, Rao S, Domingo-Gonzalez R, Fu S, Snider P, Conway SJ, Umbach GS, Heilshorn SC, Dewi RE, Dahl MJ, Null DM, Albertine KH, Alvira CM. Transforming Growth Factor-induced Protein Promotes NF-κB-mediated Angiogenesis during Postnatal Lung Development. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2021; 64:318-330. [PMID: 33264084 PMCID: PMC7909333 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2020-0153oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary angiogenesis is a key driver of alveolarization. Our prior studies showed that NF-κB promotes pulmonary angiogenesis during early alveolarization. However, the mechanisms regulating temporal-specific NF-κB activation in the pulmonary vasculature are unknown. To identify mechanisms that activate proangiogenic NF-κB signaling in the developing pulmonary vasculature, proteomic analysis of the lung secretome was performed using two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis. NF-κB activation and angiogenic function was assessed in primary pulmonary endothelial cells (PECs) and TGFBI (transforming growth factor-β-induced protein)-regulated genes identified using RNA sequencing. Alveolarization and pulmonary angiogenesis was assessed in wild-type and Tgfbi null mice exposed to normoxia or hyperoxia. Lung TGFBI expression was determined in premature lambs supported by invasive and noninvasive respiratory support. Secreted factors from the early alveolar, but not the late alveolar or adult lung, promoted proliferation and migration in quiescent, adult PECs. Proteomic analysis identified TGFBI as one protein highly expressed by the early alveolar lung that promoted PEC migration by activating NF-κB via αvβ3 integrins. RNA sequencing identified Csf3 as a TGFBI-regulated gene that enhances nitric oxide production in PECs. Loss of TGFBI in mice exaggerated the impaired pulmonary angiogenesis induced by chronic hyperoxia, and TGFBI expression was disrupted in premature lambs with impaired alveolarization. Our studies identify TGFBI as a developmentally regulated protein that promotes NF-κB-mediated angiogenesis during early alveolarization by enhancing nitric oxide production. We speculate that dysregulation of TGFBI expression may contribute to diseases marked by impaired alveolar and vascular growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Excellence in Pulmonary Biology, and
| | - Cristiana Iosef
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Excellence in Pulmonary Biology, and
| | - Shailaja Rao
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Excellence in Pulmonary Biology, and
| | | | - Sha Fu
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Excellence in Pulmonary Biology, and
- Liuyang People's Hospital, Hunan, China
| | - Paige Snider
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Simon J Conway
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Gray S Umbach
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Excellence in Pulmonary Biology, and
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, Texas; and
| | - Sarah C Heilshorn
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Ruby E Dewi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Mar J Dahl
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Donald M Null
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Kurt H Albertine
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Cristina M Alvira
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Excellence in Pulmonary Biology, and
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Nikoloudaki G, Snider P, Simmons O, Conway SJ, Hamilton DW. Periostin and matrix stiffness combine to regulate myofibroblast differentiation and fibronectin synthesis during palatal healing. Matrix Biol 2020; 94:31-56. [PMID: 32777343 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2020.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Although the matricellular protein periostin is prominently upregulated in skin and gingival healing, it plays contrasting roles in myofibroblast differentiation and matrix synthesis respectively. Palatal healing is associated with scarring that can alter or restrict maxilla growth, but the expression pattern and contribution of periostin in palatal healing is unknown. Using periostin-knockout (Postn-/-) and wild-type (WT) mice, the contribution of periostin to palatal healing was investigated through 1.5 mm full-thickness excisional wounds in the hard palate. In WT mice, periostin was upregulated 6 days post-wounding, with mRNA levels peaking at day 12. Genetic deletion of periostin significantly reduced wound closure rates compared to WT mice. Absence of periostin reduced mRNA levels of pivotal genes in wound repair, including α-SMA/acta2, fibronectin and βigh3. Recruitment of fibroblasts and inflammatory cells, as visualized by immunofluorescent staining for fibroblast specific factor-1, vimentin, and macrophages markers Arginase-1 and iNOS was also impaired in Postn-/-, but not WT mice. Palatal fibroblasts isolated from the hard palate of mice were cultured on collagen gels and prefabricated silicon substrates with varying stiffness. Postn-/- fibroblasts showed a significantly reduced ability to contract a collagen gel, which was rescued by the exogenous addition of recombinant periostin. As the stiffness increased, Postn-/- fibroblasts increasingly differentiated into myofibroblasts, but not to the same degree as the WT. Pharmacological inhibition of Rac rescued the deficient myofibroblastic phenotype of Postn-/- cells. Low stiffness substrates (0.2 kPa) resulted in upregulation of fibronectin in WT cells, an effect which was significantly reduced in Postn-/- cells. Quantification of immunostaining for vinculin and integrinβ1 adhesions revealed that Periostin is required for the formation of focal and fibrillar adhesions in mPFBs. Our results suggest that periostin modulates myofibroblast differentiation and contraction via integrinβ1/RhoA pathway, and fibronectin synthesis in an ECM stiffness dependent manner in palatal healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Nikoloudaki
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada.
| | - Paige Snider
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1044 West Walnut, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Olga Simmons
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1044 West Walnut, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Simon J Conway
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1044 West Walnut, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Douglas W Hamilton
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada; Division of Oral Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada.
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Poulsen ET, Runager K, Nielsen NS, Lukassen MV, Thomsen K, Snider P, Simmons O, Vorum H, Conway SJ, Enghild JJ. Proteomic profiling of TGFBI-null mouse corneas reveals only minor changes in matrix composition supportive of TGFBI knockdown as therapy against TGFBI-linked corneal dystrophies. FEBS J 2017; 285:101-114. [PMID: 29117645 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
TGFBIp is a constituent of the extracellular matrix in many human tissues including the cornea, where it is one of the most abundant proteins expressed. TGFBIp interacts with Type I, II, IV, VI, and XII collagens as well as several members of the integrin family, suggesting it plays an important role in maintaining structural integrity and possibly corneal transparency as well. Significantly, more than 60 point mutations within the TGFBI gene have been reported to result in aberrant TGFBIp folding and aggregation in the cornea, resulting in severe visual impairment and blindness. Several studies have focused on targeting TGFBIp in the cornea as a therapeutic approach to treat TGFBI-linked corneal dystrophies, but the effect of this approach on corneal homeostasis and matrix integrity remained unknown. In the current study, we evaluated the histological and proteomic profiles of corneas from TGFBI-deficient mice as well as potential redundant functions of the paralogous protein POSTN. The absence of TGFBIp in mouse corneas did not grossly affect the collagen scaffold, and POSTN is unable to compensate for loss of TGFBIp. Proteomic comparison of wild-type and TGFBI-/- mice revealed 11 proteins were differentially regulated, including Type VI and XII collagens. However, as these alterations did not manifest at the macroscopic and behavioral levels, these data support partial or complete TGFBI knockdown as a potential therapy against TGFBI-linked corneal dystrophies. Lastly, in situ hybridization verified TGFBI mRNA in the epithelial cells but not in other cell types, supportive of a therapy directed specifically at this lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kasper Runager
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Nadia Sukusu Nielsen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Denmark.,Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Marie V Lukassen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Denmark.,Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Karen Thomsen
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Paige Snider
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Olga Simmons
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Henrik Vorum
- Department of Ophthalmology, Aalborg University Hospital, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark
| | - Simon J Conway
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jan J Enghild
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Denmark.,Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Aarhus University, Denmark
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Ahlfeld SK, Wang J, Gao Y, Snider P, Conway SJ. Initial Suppression of Transforming Growth Factor-β Signaling and Loss of TGFBI Causes Early Alveolar Structural Defects Resulting in Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia. Am J Pathol 2016; 186:777-93. [PMID: 26878215 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Septation of the gas-exchange saccules of the morphologically immature mouse lung requires regulated timing, spatial direction, and dosage of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β signaling. We found that neonatal hyperoxia acutely initially diminished saccular TGF-β signaling coincident with alveolar simplification. However, sustained hyperoxia resulted in a biphasic response and subsequent up-regulation of TGF-β signaling, ultimately resulting in bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Significantly, we found that the TGF-β-induced matricellular protein (TGFBI) was similarly biphasically altered in response to hyperoxia. Moreover, genetic ablation revealed that TGFBI was required for normal alveolar structure and function. Although the phenotype was not neonatal lethal, Tgfbi-deficient lungs were morphologically abnormal. Mutant septal tips were stunted, lacked elastin-positive tips, exhibited reduced proliferation, and contained abnormally persistent alveolar α-smooth muscle actin myofibroblasts. In addition, Tgfbi-deficient lungs misexpressed TGF-β-responsive follistatin and serpine 1, and transiently suppressed myofibroblast platelet-derived growth factor α differentiation marker. Finally, despite normal lung volume, Tgfbi-null lungs displayed diminished elastic recoil and gas exchange efficiency. Combined, these data demonstrate that initial suppression of the TGF-β signaling apparatus, as well as loss of key TGF-β effectors (like TGFBI), underlies early alveolar structural defects, as well as long-lasting functional deficits routinely observed in chronic lung disease of infancy patients. These studies underline the complex (and often contradictory) role of TGF-β and indicate a need to design studies to associate alterations with initial appearance of phenotypical changes suggestive of bronchopulmonary dysplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn K Ahlfeld
- HB Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Jian Wang
- HB Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Yong Gao
- HB Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Paige Snider
- HB Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Simon J Conway
- HB Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.
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Simmons O, Snider P, Wang J, Schwartz RJ, Chen Y, Conway SJ. Persistent Noggin arrests cardiomyocyte morphogenesis and results in early in utero lethality. Dev Dyn 2014; 244:457-67. [PMID: 25428115 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) genes are expressed in the developing heart from the initiation to late-differentiation stages, and play pivotal roles in cardiovascular development. In this study, we investigated the requirement of BMP activity in heart development by transgenic over-expression of extracellular BMP antagonist Noggin. RESULTS Using Nkx2.5-Cre to drive lineage-restricted Noggin within cardiomyocyte progenitors, we show persistent Noggin arrests cardiac development at the linear heart stage. This is coupled with a significantly reduced cell proliferation rate, subsequent cardiomyocyte programmed cell death and reduction of downstream intracellular pSMAD1/5/8 expression. Noggin mutants exhibit reduced heartbeat which likely results in subsequent fully penetrant in utero lethality. Significantly, confocal and electron micrographic examination revealed considerably fewer contractile elements, as well as a lack of maturation of actin-myosin microfilaments. Molecular analysis demonstrated that ectopic Noggin-expressing regions in the early heart's pacemaker region, failed to express the potassium/sodium hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channel 4 (Hcn4), resulting in an overall decrease in Hcn4 levels. CONCLUSIONS Combined, our results reveal a novel role for BMP signaling in the progression of heart development from the tubular heart stage to the looped stage by means of regulation of proliferation and promotion of maturation of the in utero heart's contractile apparatus and pacemaker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Simmons
- Developmental Biology and Neonatal Medicine Program, HB Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
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Snider P, Simmons O, Wang J, Hoang CQ, Conway SJ. Ectopic Noggin in a Population of Nfatc1 Lineage Endocardial Progenitors Induces Embryonic Lethality. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2014; 1:214-236. [PMID: 26090377 PMCID: PMC4469290 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd1030214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The initial heart is composed of a myocardial tube lined by endocardial cells. The TGFβ superfamily is known to play an important role, as BMPs from the myocardium signal to the overlying endocardium to create an environment for EMT. Subsequently, BMP and TGFβ signaling pathways synergize to form primitive valves and regulate myocardial growth. In this study, we investigated the requirement of BMP activity by transgenic over-expression of extracellular BMP antagonist Noggin. Using Nfatc1Cre to drive lineage-restricted Noggin within the endocardium, we show that ectopic Noggin arrests cardiac development in E10.5-11 embryos, resulting in small hearts which beat poorly and die by E12.5. This is coupled with hypoplastic endocardial cushions, reduced trabeculation and fewer mature contractile fibrils in mutant hearts. Moreover, Nfatc1Cre-mediated diphtheria toxin fragment-A expression in the endocardium resulted in genetic ablation and a more severe phenotype with lethality at E11 and abnormal linear hearts. Molecular analysis demonstrated that endocardial Noggin resulted in a specific alteration of TGFβ/BMP-mediated signal transduction, in that, both Endoglin and ALK1 were downregulated in mutant endocardium. Combined, these results demonstrate the cell-autonomous requirement of the endocardial lineage and function of unaltered BMP levels in facilitating endothelium-cardiomyocyte cross-talk and promoting endocardial cushion formation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Simon J. Conway
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +317-278-8781; Fax: +317-278-0138
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Furtado MB, Costa MW, Pranoto EA, Salimova E, Pinto AR, Lam NT, Park A, Snider P, Chandran A, Harvey RP, Boyd R, Conway SJ, Pearson J, Kaye DM, Rosenthal NA. Cardiogenic genes expressed in cardiac fibroblasts contribute to heart development and repair. Circ Res 2014; 114:1422-34. [PMID: 24650916 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.114.302530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Cardiac fibroblasts are critical to proper heart function through multiple interactions with the myocardial compartment, but appreciation of their contribution has suffered from incomplete characterization and lack of cell-specific markers. OBJECTIVE To generate an unbiased comparative gene expression profile of the cardiac fibroblast pool, identify and characterize the role of key genes in cardiac fibroblast function, and determine their contribution to myocardial development and regeneration. METHODS AND RESULTS High-throughput cell surface and intracellular profiling of cardiac and tail fibroblasts identified canonical mesenchymal stem cell and a surprising number of cardiogenic genes, some expressed at higher levels than in whole heart. While genetically marked fibroblasts contributed heterogeneously to interstitial but not cardiomyocyte compartments in infarcted hearts, fibroblast-restricted depletion of one highly expressed cardiogenic marker, T-box 20, caused marked myocardial dysmorphology and perturbations in scar formation on myocardial infarction. CONCLUSIONS The surprising transcriptional identity of cardiac fibroblasts, the adoption of cardiogenic gene programs, and direct contribution to cardiac development and repair provoke alternative interpretations for studies on more specialized cardiac progenitors, offering a novel perspective for reinterpreting cardiac regenerative therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena B Furtado
- From the Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute (M.B.F., M.W.C., E.A.P., E.S., A.R.P., A.C., N.A.R.), Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology (A.R.P., R.B.), and Monash Biomedical Imaging (J.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (N.T.L., D.M.K.); Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (P.S., S.J.C.); and Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia (R.P.H.)
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Chen H, Zhang W, Sun X, Yoshimoto M, Chen Z, Zhu W, Liu J, Shen Y, Yong W, Li D, Zhang J, Lin Y, Li B, VanDusen NJ, Snider P, Schwartz RJ, Conway SJ, Field LJ, Yoder MC, Firulli AB, Carlesso N, Towbin JA, Shou W. Fkbp1a controls ventricular myocardium trabeculation and compaction by regulating endocardial Notch1 activity. Development 2013; 140:1946-57. [PMID: 23571217 DOI: 10.1242/dev.089920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Trabeculation and compaction of the embryonic myocardium are morphogenetic events crucial for the formation and function of the ventricular walls. Fkbp1a (FKBP12) is a ubiquitously expressed cis-trans peptidyl-prolyl isomerase. Fkbp1a-deficient mice develop ventricular hypertrabeculation and noncompaction. To determine the physiological function of Fkbp1a in regulating the intercellular and intracellular signaling pathways involved in ventricular trabeculation and compaction, we generated a series of Fkbp1a conditional knockouts. Surprisingly, cardiomyocyte-restricted ablation of Fkbp1a did not give rise to the ventricular developmental defect, whereas endothelial cell-restricted ablation of Fkbp1a recapitulated the ventricular hypertrabeculation and noncompaction observed in Fkbp1a systemically deficient mice, suggesting an important contribution of Fkbp1a within the developing endocardia in regulating the morphogenesis of ventricular trabeculation and compaction. Further analysis demonstrated that Fkbp1a is a novel negative modulator of activated Notch1. Activated Notch1 (N1ICD) was significantly upregulated in Fkbp1a-ablated endothelial cells in vivo and in vitro. Overexpression of Fkbp1a significantly reduced the stability of N1ICD and direct inhibition of Notch signaling significantly reduced hypertrabeculation in Fkbp1a-deficient mice. Our findings suggest that Fkbp1a-mediated regulation of Notch1 plays an important role in intercellular communication between endocardium and myocardium, which is crucial in controlling the formation of the ventricular walls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanying Chen
- Riley Heart Research Center, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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12
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Olaopa M, Zhou HM, Snider P, Wang J, Schwartz RJ, Moon AM, Conway SJ. Pax3 is essential for normal cardiac neural crest morphogenesis but is not required during migration nor outflow tract septation. Dev Biol 2011; 356:308-22. [PMID: 21600894 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.05.583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Revised: 05/03/2011] [Accepted: 05/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Systemic loss-of-function studies have demonstrated that Pax3 transcription factor expression is essential for dorsal neural tube, early neural crest and muscle cell lineage morphogenesis. Cardiac neural crest cells participate in both remodeling of the pharyngeal arch arteries and outflow tract septation during heart development, but the lineage specific role of Pax3 in neural crest function has not yet been determined. To gain insight into the requirement of Pax3 within the neural crest, we conditionally deleted Pax3 in both the premigratory and migratory neural crest populations via Wnt1-Cre and Ap2α-Cre and via P0-Cre in only the migratory neural crest, and compared these phenotypes to the pulmonary atresia phenotype observed following the systemic loss of Pax3. Surprisingly, using Wnt1-Cre deletion there are no resultant heart defects despite the loss of Pax3 from the premigratory and migratory neural crest. In contrast, earlier premigratory and migratory Ap2α-Cre mediated deletion resulted in double outlet right ventricle alignment heart defects. In order to assess the tissue-specific contribution of neural crest to heart development, genetic ablation of neural crest lineage using a Wnt1-Cre-activated diphtheria toxin fragment-A cell-killing system was employed. Significantly, ablation of Wnt1-Cre-expressing neural crest cells resulted in fully penetrant persistent truncus arteriosus malformations. Combined, the data show that Pax3 is essential for early neural crest progenitor formation, but is not required for subsequent cardiac neural crest progeny morphogenesis involving their migration to the heart or septation of the outflow tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Olaopa
- Developmental Biology and Neonatal Medicine Program, HB Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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13
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Snider P, Simmons O, Rogers R, Young R, Gosnell M, Conway SJ. Notochordal and foregut abnormalities correlate with elevated neural crest apoptosis in Patch embryos. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 91:551-64. [PMID: 21557455 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.20802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2010] [Revised: 01/25/2011] [Accepted: 02/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Although Patch mutants show severe abnormalities in many neural crest-derived structures including the face and the heart, there is a paucity of information characterizing the mechanisms underlying these congenital defects. Via manipulating the genetic background to circumvent early embryonic lethality, our results revealed that Patch phenotypes are most likely due to a significant decrease in migratory neural crest lineage due to diminished neural crest survival and elevated apoptosis. Homozygous mutant neural crest precursors can undergo typical expansion within the neural tube, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transformation, and initiate normal neural crest emigration. Moreover, in vitro explant culture demonstrated that when isolated from the surrounding mesenchyme, Patch mutant neural crest cells (NCCs) can migrate appropriately. Additionally, Patch foregut, notochord and somitic morphogenesis, and Sonic hedgehog expression profiles were all perturbed. Significantly, the timing of lethality and extent of apoptosis correlated with the degree of severity of Patch mutant foregut, notochord, and somite dysfunction. Finally, analysis of Balb/c-enriched surviving Patch mutants revealed that not all the neural crest subpopulations are affected and that Patch mutant neural crest-derived sympathetic ganglia and dorsal root ganglia were unaffected. We hypothesize that loss of normal coordinated signaling from the notochord, foregut, and somites underlies the diminished survival of the neural crest lineage within Patch mutants resulting in subsequent neural crest-deficient phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige Snider
- Developmental Biology and Neonatal Medicine Program, HB Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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14
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Sehra S, Nguyen E, Snider P, Petrache I, Conway S, Kaplan M. A role for periostin in regulation of goblet cell metaplasia (55.1). The Journal of Immunology 2011. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.186.supp.55.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Periostin is a 90kD member of the fasciclin-containing family and functions as part of the extracellular matrix. Periostin is expressed in a variety of tissues and expression is increased in airway epithelial cells from asthmatic patients. Recent studies have implicated a role for periostin in allergic eosinophilic esophagitis. To further define a role for periostin in Th2-mediated inflammatory diseases such as asthma, we studied the development of allergic pulmonary inflammation in periostin-deficient mice. Sensitization and challenge of periostin-deficient mice with ovalbumin resulted in increased peripheral Th2 responses compared to control mice. In the lungs, periostin-deficiency resulted in increased airway resistance and significantly enhanced mucus production by goblet cells concomitant with increased expression of Gob5 and Muc5ac, compared to wild type littermates. Importantly, the physiological significance of the function of periostin is demonstrated by its ability to inhibit the expression of Gob5, a putative calcium-activated chloride channel involved in the regulation of mucus production, in primary murine airway epithelial cells. Our studies suggest that periostin may be part of a negative-feedback loop regulating allergic inflammation that could serve as a therapeutic target in the treatment of atopic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarita Sehra
- 1Department of Pediatrics, HB Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Evelyn Nguyen
- 1Department of Pediatrics, HB Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Paige Snider
- 1Department of Pediatrics, HB Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Irina Petrache
- 2Department of Medicine, Indiana University Sch. of Med., Indianapolis, IN
| | - Simon Conway
- 1Department of Pediatrics, HB Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Mark Kaplan
- 1Department of Pediatrics, HB Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indianapolis, IN
- 3Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University Sch. of Med., Indianapolis, IN
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15
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Sehra S, Yao W, Nguyen ET, Ahyi ANN, Tuana FMB, Ahlfeld SK, Snider P, Tepper RS, Petrache I, Conway SJ, Kaplan MH. Periostin regulates goblet cell metaplasia in a model of allergic airway inflammation. J Immunol 2011; 186:4959-66. [PMID: 21402898 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Periostin is a 90-kDa member of the fasciclin-containing family and functions as part of the extracellular matrix. Periostin is expressed in a variety of tissues and expression is increased in airway epithelial cells from asthmatic patients. Recent studies have implicated a role for periostin in allergic eosinophilic esophagitis. To further define a role for periostin in Th2-mediated inflammatory diseases such as asthma, we studied the development of allergic pulmonary inflammation in periostin-deficient mice. Sensitization and challenge of periostin-deficient mice with OVA resulted in increased peripheral Th2 responses compared with control mice. In the lungs, periostin deficiency resulted in increased airway resistance and significantly enhanced mucus production by goblet cells concomitant with increased expression of Gob5 and Muc5ac compared with wild type littermates. Periostin also inhibited the expression of Gob5, a putative calcium-activated chloride channel involved in the regulation of mucus production, in primary murine airway epithelial cells. Our studies suggest that periostin may be part of a negative-feedback loop regulating allergic inflammation that could be therapeutic in the treatment of atopic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarita Sehra
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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16
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Tallon M, Kendall G, Snider P. Mothers’ Knowledge and Understanding of Their Children's Care at the Time of Cardiac Surgery. Heart Lung Circ 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2011.05.568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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17
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Tang S, Snider P, Firulli AB, Conway SJ. Trigenic neural crest-restricted Smad7 over-expression results in congenital craniofacial and cardiovascular defects. Dev Biol 2010; 344:233-47. [PMID: 20457144 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2010.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2010] [Revised: 04/30/2010] [Accepted: 05/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Smad7 is a negative regulator of TGFbeta superfamily signaling. Using a three-component triple transgenic system, expression of the inhibitory Smad7 was induced via doxycycline within the NCC lineages at pre- and post-migratory stages. Consistent with its role in negatively regulating both TGFbeta and BMP signaling in vitro, induction of Smad7 within the NCC significantly suppressed phosphorylation levels of both Smad1/5/8 and Smad2/3 in vivo, resulting in subsequent loss of NCC-derived craniofacial, pharyngeal and cardiac OFT cushion cells. At the cellular level, increased cell death was observed in pharyngeal arches. However, cell proliferation and NCC-derived smooth muscle differentiation were unaltered. NCC lineage mapping demonstrated that cardiac NCC emigration and initial migration were not affected, but subsequent colonization of the OFT was significantly reduced. Induction of Smad7 in post-migratory NCC resulted in interventricular septal chamber septation defects, suggesting that TGFbeta superfamily signaling is also essential for cardiac NCC at post-migratory stages to govern normal cardiac development. Taken together, the data illustrate that tightly regulated TGFbeta superfamily signaling plays an essential role during craniofacial and cardiac NCC colonization and cell survival in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunyong Tang
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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18
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Takeda N, Manabe I, Uchino Y, Eguchi K, Matsumoto S, Nishimura S, Shindo T, Sano M, Otsu K, Snider P, Conway SJ, Nagai R. Cardiac fibroblasts are essential for the adaptive response of the murine heart to pressure overload. J Clin Invest 2009; 120:254-65. [PMID: 20038803 DOI: 10.1172/jci40295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2009] [Accepted: 10/21/2009] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblasts, which are the most numerous cell type in the heart, interact with cardiomyocytes in vitro and affect their function; however, they are considered to play a secondary role in cardiac hypertrophy and failure. Here we have shown that cardiac fibroblasts are essential for the protective and hypertrophic myocardial responses to pressure overload in vivo in mice. Haploinsufficiency of the transcription factor-encoding gene Krüppel-like factor 5 (Klf5) suppressed cardiac fibrosis and hypertrophy elicited by moderate-intensity pressure overload, whereas cardiomyocyte-specific Klf5 deletion did not alter the hypertrophic responses. By contrast, cardiac fibroblast-specific Klf5 deletion ameliorated cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis, indicating that KLF5 in fibroblasts is important for the response to pressure overload and that cardiac fibroblasts are required for cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. High-intensity pressure overload caused severe heart failure and early death in mice with Klf5-null fibroblasts. KLF5 transactivated Igf1 in cardiac fibroblasts, and IGF-1 subsequently acted in a paracrine fashion to induce hypertrophic responses in cardiomyocytes. Igf1 induction was essential for cardioprotective responses, as administration of a peptide inhibitor of IGF-1 severely exacerbated heart failure induced by high-intensity pressure overload. Thus, cardiac fibroblasts play a pivotal role in the myocardial adaptive response to pressure overload, and this role is partly controlled by KLF5. Modulation of cardiac fibroblast function may provide a novel strategy for treating heart failure, with KLF5 serving as an attractive target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norifumi Takeda
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Abstract
Cardiac fibroblasts are the most populous nonmyocyte cell type within the mature heart and are required for extracellular matrix synthesis and deposition, generation of the cardiac skeleton, and to electrically insulate the atria from the ventricles. Significantly, cardiac fibroblasts have also been shown to play an important role in cardiomyocyte growth and expansion of the ventricular chambers during heart development. Although there are currently no cardiac fibroblast-restricted molecular markers, it is generally envisaged that the majority of the cardiac fibroblasts are derived from the proepicardium via epithelial-to-mesenchymal transformation. However, still relatively little is known about when and where the cardiac fibroblasts cells are generated, the lineage of each cell, and how cardiac fibroblasts move to reside in their final position throughout all four cardiac chambers. In this review, we summarize the present understanding regarding the function of Periostin, a useful marker of the noncardiomyocyte lineages, and its role during cardiac morphogenesis. Characterization of the cardiac fibroblast lineage and identification of the signals that maintain, expand and regulate their differentiation will be required to improve our understanding of cardiac function in both normal and pathophysiological states.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mohamad Azhar
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724
| | | | - Simon J. Conway
- Address for correspondence: Simon J. Conway, 1044 West Walnut Street, Room R4 W379, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA. phone: (317) 278-8781; fax: (317) 278-5413;
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20
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Xu L, Kappler CS, Mani SK, Shepherd NR, Renaud L, Snider P, Conway SJ, Menick DR. Chronic administration of KB-R7943 induces up-regulation of cardiac NCX1. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:27265-72. [PMID: 19661061 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.022855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The NCX1 (sodium-calcium exchanger) is up-regulated in human heart failure and in many animal models of heart failure. The potential benefits and risks of therapeutically blocking NCX1 in heart failure and during ischemia-reperfusion are being actively investigated. In this study, we demonstrate that prolonged administration of the NCX1 inhibitor KB-R7943 resulted in the up-regulation of Ncx1 gene expression in both isolated adult cardiomyocytes and intact mouse hearts. Ncx1 up-regulation is mediated by the activation of p38. Importantly, p38 is not activated by KB-R7943 treatment in heart tubes from Ncx1(-/-) mice at 9.5 days postcoitum but is activated in heart tubes from Ncx1(+/+) mice. p38 activation does not appear to be in response to changes in cytosolic calcium concentration, [Ca(2+)](i). Interestingly, chronic KB-R7943 treatment in mice leads to the formation of an NCX1-p38 complex. Our study demonstrates for the first time that the electrogenic sarcolemma membrane cardiac NCX1 can act as a regulator of "activity-dependent signal transduction" leading to changes in gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Xu
- Department of Medicine, Gazes Cardiac Research Institute, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA
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Snider P, Tang S, Lin G, Wang J, Conway SJ. Generation of Smad7(-Cre) recombinase mice: A useful tool for the study of epithelial-mesenchymal transformation within the embryonic heart. Genesis 2009; 47:469-75. [PMID: 19415626 PMCID: PMC2761032 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.20524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Smad7 can be induced by various transforming growth factor-beta superfamily ligands and negatively modulates their signaling, thus acting in a negative, autocrine feedback manner. Previous analyses have demonstrated that although Smad7 is widely expressed, it is predominantly found in the vascular endothelium. Because of the restricted spatiotemporal reporter expression driven via a novel 4.3 kb Smad7 promoter in endocardial cells overlying the hearts atrioventricular (AV) cushions; we hypothesized that a transgenic Cre line would prove useful for the analysis of endocardial cushion and valve formation. Here we describe a mouse line, Smad7(Cre), where Cre is robustly expressed within both cardiac outflow and AV endocardial cushions. Additionally, as endocardial cells are thought to contribute at least in part to the formation of the endocardial cushion mesenchyme, we crossed the Smad7(Cre) mice to the ROSA26(eGFP-DTA) diphtheria toxin A-expressing mice in order to genetically ablate Smad7(Cre) expressing cells. Ablation of Smad7(Cre) cells resulted in embryonic lethality by E11.5 and largely acellular endocardial cushions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige Snider
- Riley Heart Research Center, HB Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Sunyong Tang
- Riley Heart Research Center, HB Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Goldie Lin
- Riley Heart Research Center, HB Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Jian Wang
- Riley Heart Research Center, HB Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Simon J. Conway
- Riley Heart Research Center, HB Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
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22
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Conway SJ, Snider P. Lineage mapping and genetic cell ablation of post-migratory cardiac neural crest cells. Dev Biol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2008.05.256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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23
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Snider P, Fix JL, Rogers R, Peabody-Dowling G, Ingram D, Lilly B, Conway SJ. Generation and characterization of Csrp1enhancer-driven tissue-restricted Cre-recombinase mice. Genesis 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/dvg.20492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Snider P, Fix JL, Rogers R, Peabody-Dowling G, Ingram D, Lilly B, Conway SJ. Generation and characterization of Csrp1 enhancer-driven tissue-restricted Cre-recombinase mice. Genesis 2008; 46:167-76. [PMID: 18327771 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.20379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Cell type-specific genetic modification using the LoxP/Cre system is a powerful tool for genetic analysis of distinct cell lineages. Because of the unique arterial smooth muscle-restricted expression of a 5.0 kb cysteine-rich protein (Csrp1) enhancer (Lilly et al.,2001, Dev Biol 240:531-547), we hypothesized that a transgenic Cre line would prove useful for the smooth muscle lineage-specific genetic manipulation. Here we describe a transgenic mouse line, ECsrp1(Cre), where Cre is initially specifically expressed in arterial smooth muscle cells. Use of the ROSA26R reporter allele confirmed that Cre-mediated recombination in vascular smooth muscle cells began at approximately E10.0 and was highly proficient. Subsequently, Cre is expressed in restricted skeletal and nonvascular smooth muscle lineages. This lineage tracing data is important for future conditional knockout studies to understand where and when Cre-mediated deletion occurs and where Cre-expressing daughter cells finally localize. Additionally, we crossed the ECsrp1(Cre) mice to the ROSA26(-eGFP-DTA) diphtheria toxin A-expressing mice to genetically ablate ECsrp1(Cre) expressing cells. This ECsrp1(Cre) transgenic line should thus prove useful for genetic analysis of diverse aspects of cardiovascular morphogenesis and as a general smooth muscle lineage deletor line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige Snider
- Cardiovascular Development Group, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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Conway SJ, Snider P, Wang J. Role of Periostin in Maturation of the Mesenchymal Outflow Tract Septum. FASEB J 2008. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.22.1_supplement.384.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Paige Snider
- PediatricsIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIN
| | - Jian Wang
- PediatricsIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIN
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26
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Snider P, Hinton RB, Moreno-Rodriguez RA, Wang J, Rogers R, Lindsley A, Li F, Ingram DA, Menick D, Field L, Firulli AB, Molkentin JD, Markwald R, Conway SJ. Periostin is required for maturation and extracellular matrix stabilization of noncardiomyocyte lineages of the heart. Circ Res 2008; 102:752-60. [PMID: 18296617 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.107.159517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The secreted periostin protein, which marks mesenchymal cells in endocardial cushions following epithelial-mesenchymal transformation and in mature valves following remodeling, is a putative valvulogenesis target molecule. Indeed, periostin is expressed throughout cardiovascular morphogenesis and in all 4 adult mice valves (annulus and leaflets). Additionally, periostin is expressed throughout the fibrous cardiac skeleton and endocardial cushions in the developing heart but is absent from both normal and/or pathological mouse cardiomyocytes. Periostin (peri(lacZ)) knockout mice exhibit viable valve disease, with neonatal lethality in a minority and latent disease with leaflet abnormalities in the viable majority. Surviving peri(lacZ)-null leaflets are truncated, contain ectopic cardiomyocytes and smooth muscle, misexpress the cartilage proteoglycan aggrecan, demonstrate disorganized matrix stratification, and exhibit reduced transforming growth factor-beta signaling. Neonatal peri(lacZ) nulls that die (14%) display additional defects, including leaflet discontinuities, delamination defects, and deposition of acellular extracellular matrix. Assessment of collagen production, 3D lattice formation ability, and transforming growth factor-beta responsiveness indicate periostin-deficient fibroblasts are unable to support normal valvular remodeling and establishment of a mature cardiac skeleton. Furthermore, pediatric stenotic bicuspid aortic valves that have lost normal extracellular matrix trilaminar stratification have greatly reduced periostin. This suggests that loss of periostin results in inappropriate differentiation of mesenchymal cushion cells and valvular abnormalities via a transforming growth factor-beta-dependent pathway during establishment of the mature heart. Thus, peri(lacZ) knockouts provide a new model of viable latent valve disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige Snider
- Cardiovascular Development Group, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, USA
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27
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Joseph NM, Mosher JT, Buchstaller J, Snider P, McKeever PE, Lim M, Conway SJ, Parada LF, Zhu Y, Morrison SJ. The loss of Nf1 transiently promotes self-renewal but not tumorigenesis by neural crest stem cells. Cancer Cell 2008; 13:129-40. [PMID: 18242513 PMCID: PMC2566828 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2008.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2007] [Revised: 11/15/2007] [Accepted: 01/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Neurofibromatosis is caused by the loss of neurofibromin (Nf1), leading to peripheral nervous system (PNS) tumors, including neurofibromas and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs). A long-standing question has been whether these tumors arise from neural crest stem cells (NCSCs) or differentiated glia. Germline or conditional Nf1 deficiency caused a transient increase in NCSC frequency and self-renewal in most regions of the fetal PNS. However, Nf1-deficient NCSCs did not persist postnatally in regions of the PNS that developed tumors and could not form tumors upon transplantation into adult nerves. Adult P0a-Cre+Nf1(fl/-) mice developed neurofibromas, and Nf1(+/-)Ink4a/Arf(-/-) and Nf1/p53(+/-) mice developed MPNSTs, but NCSCs did not persist postnatally in affected locations in these mice. Tumors appeared to arise from differentiated glia, not NCSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy M. Joseph
- Center for Stem Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109−2216
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Departments of Internal Medicine and Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109−2216
| | - Jack T. Mosher
- Center for Stem Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109−2216
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Departments of Internal Medicine and Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109−2216
| | - Johanna Buchstaller
- Center for Stem Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109−2216
| | - Paige Snider
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | - Paul E. McKeever
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109−2216
| | - Megan Lim
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109−2216
| | - Simon J. Conway
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | - Luis F. Parada
- Center for Developmental Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75235−9133
| | - Yuan Zhu
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Departments of Internal Medicine and Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109−2216
| | - Sean J. Morrison
- Center for Stem Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109−2216
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Departments of Internal Medicine and Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109−2216
- Correspondence: 5435 Life Sciences Institute, 210 Washtenaw Ave., Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109−2216; phone 734−647−6261; fax 734−615−8133; email
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Abstract
Although it is well established that transgenic manipulation of mammalian neural crest-related gene expression and microsurgical removal of premigratory chicken and Xenopus embryonic cardiac neural crest progenitors results in a wide spectrum of both structural and functional congenital heart defects, the actual functional mechanism of the cardiac neural crest cells within the heart is poorly understood. Neural crest cell migration and appropriate colonization of the pharyngeal arches and outflow tract septum is thought to be highly dependent on genes that regulate cell-autonomous polarized movement (i.e., gap junctions, cadherins, and noncanonical Wnt1 pathway regulators). Once the migratory cardiac neural crest subpopulation finally reaches the heart, they have traditionally been thought to participate in septation of the common outflow tract into separate aortic and pulmonary arteries. However, several studies have suggested these colonizing neural crest cells may also play additional unexpected roles during cardiovascular development and may even contribute to a crest-derived stem cell population. Studies in both mice and chick suggest they can also enter the heart from the venous inflow as well as the usual arterial outflow region, and may contribute to the adult semilunar and atrioventricular valves as well as part of the cardiac conduction system. Furthermore, although they are not usually thought to give rise to the cardiomyocyte lineage, neural crest cells in the zebrafish (Danio rerio) can contribute to the myocardium and may have different functions in a species-dependent context. Intriguingly, both ablation of chick and Xenopus premigratory neural crest cells, and a transgenic deletion of mouse neural crest cell migration or disruption of the normal mammalian neural crest gene expression profiles, disrupts ventral myocardial function and/or cardiomyocyte proliferation. Combined, this suggests that either the cardiac neural crest secrete factor/s that regulate myocardial proliferation, can signal to the epicardium to subsequently secrete a growth factor/s, or may even contribute directly to the heart. Although there are species differences between mouse, chick, and Xenopus during cardiac neural crest cell morphogenesis, recent data suggest mouse and chick are more similar to each other than to the zebrafish neural crest cell lineage. Several groups have used the genetically defined Pax3 (splotch) mutant mice model to address the role of the cardiac neural crest lineage. Here we review the current literature, the neural crest-related role of the Pax3 transcription factor, and discuss potential function/s of cardiac neural crest-derived cells during cardiovascular developmental remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige Snider
- Cardiovascular Development Group,
Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research,
Indiana University School of Medicine,
Indianapolis, IN 46202,
USA
| | - Michael Olaopa
- Cardiovascular Development Group,
Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research,
Indiana University School of Medicine,
Indianapolis, IN 46202,
USA
| | - Anthony B. Firulli
- Cardiovascular Development Group,
Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research,
Indiana University School of Medicine,
Indianapolis, IN 46202,
USA
| | - Simon J. Conway
- Cardiovascular Development Group,
Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research,
Indiana University School of Medicine,
Indianapolis, IN 46202,
USA
- *Simon J. Conway:
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31
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Lindsley A, Snider P, Zhou H, Rogers R, Wang J, Olaopa M, Kruzynska-Frejtag A, Koushik SV, Lilly B, Burch JB, Firulli AB, Conway. SJ. Identification and characterization of a novel Schwann and outflow tract endocardial cushion lineage-restricted periostin enhancer. Dev Biol 2007; 307:340-55. [PMID: 17540359 PMCID: PMC1995123 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2007.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2006] [Revised: 04/17/2007] [Accepted: 04/30/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Periostin is a fasciclin-containing adhesive glycoprotein that facilitates the migration and differentiation of cells that have undergone epithelial-mesenchymal transformation during embryogenesis and in pathological conditions. Despite the importance of post-transformational differentiation as a general developmental mechanism, little is known how periostin's embryonic expression is regulated. To help resolve this deficiency, a 3.9-kb periostin proximal promoter was isolated and shown to drive tissue-specific expression in the neural crest-derived Schwann cell lineage and in a subpopulation of periostin-expressing cells in the cardiac outflow tract endocardial cushions. In order to identify the enhancer and associated DNA binding factor(s) responsible, in vitro promoter dissection was undertaken in a Schwannoma line. Ultimately a 304-bp(peri) enhancer was identified and shown to be capable of recapitulating 3.9 kb(peri-lacZ)in vivo spatiotemporal patterns. Further mutational and EMSA analysis helped identify a minimal 37-bp region that is bound by the YY1 transcription factor. The 37-bp enhancer was subsequently shown to be essential for in vivo 3.9 kb(peri-lacZ) promoter activity. Taken together, these studies identify an evolutionary-conserved YY1-binding 37-bp region within a 304-bp periostin core enhancer that is capable of regulating simultaneous novel tissue-specific periostin expression in the cardiac outflow-tract cushion mesenchyme and Schwann cell lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Lindsley
- Cardiovascular Development Group, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Paige Snider
- Cardiovascular Development Group, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Hongming Zhou
- Cardiovascular Development Group, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Rhonda Rogers
- Cardiovascular Development Group, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Jian Wang
- Cardiovascular Development Group, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Michael Olaopa
- Cardiovascular Development Group, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | | | | | - Brenda Lilly
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia, GA 30912
| | - John B.E. Burch
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111
| | - Anthony B. Firulli
- Cardiovascular Development Group, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Simon J. Conway.
- Cardiovascular Development Group, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
- Address correspondence to: Simon J. Conway, Riley Hospital for Children, 1044 West Walnut Street, Room R4 W379, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA. phone: (317) 278-8780; fax: (317) 278-5413; e-mail:
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32
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Snider P, Miller M. Action stat! Self-extubation. Nursing 1989; 19:33. [PMID: 2771221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Capar SG, Gajan RJ, Madzsar E, Albert RH, Sanders M, Zyren J, Baetz R, Beavin P, Davis PH, Faul K, Gardner WT, Hansen C, Hopefl R, Hostetter JO, Klopp T, Loges MD, Moffitt R, Newton CB, Newton RT, Paillard G, Panaro K, Satzger RD, Schwartz D, Snider P, Suddendorf RF, Tepedino N, Williams J. Determination of Lead and Cadmium in Foods by Anodic Stripping Voltammetry: II. Collaborative Study. J AOAC Int 1982. [DOI: 10.1093/jaoac/65.4.978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
A dry ash anodic stripping voltammetric method for determining lead and cadmium in foods was collaboratively studied by 20 laboratories. The food commodities studied were strained green beans, beef (baby food), fish (mackerel), infant formula (milk base), apple juice, and cereal (wheat farina). Each collaborator analyzed 3 commodities, each consisting of 2 duplicate lead and cadmium fortification levels, for a total of 4 samples for each commodity. The low fortification levels ranged from 0.03 to 0.08 ppm for cadmium and from 0.05 to 0.15 ppm for lead. The high fortification levels ranged from 0.12 to 0.28 ppm for cadmium and from 0.24 to 0.45 ppm for lead. Each commodity was analyzed by 10 collaborators. The average overall reproducibilities of the low level fortifications were 247c for lead and 21% for cadmium; for the high level fortifications, average overall reproducibilities were 18% for lead and 16% for cadmium. The average accuracies of the collaborative results as measured by comparison to reference values were 96 and 97% for cadmium and lead, respectively. This method has been adopted official first action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen G Capar
- Food and Drug Administration, Division of Chemical Technology, Washington, DC 20204
| | - Raymond J Gajan
- Food and Drug Administration, Division of Chemical Technology, Washington, DC 20204
| | - Elizabeth Madzsar
- Food and Drug Administration, Division of Chemical Technology, Washington, DC 20204
| | - Richard H Albert
- Food and Drug Administration, Division of Chemical Technology, Washington, DC 20204
| | - Marion Sanders
- Food and Drug Administration, Division of Chemical Technology, Washington, DC 20204
| | - John Zyren
- Food and Drug Administration, Division of Chemical Technology, Washington, DC 20204
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