1
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Kalaidopoulou Nteak S, Völlmy F, Lukassen MV, van den Toorn H, den Boer MA, Bondt A, van der Lans SPA, Haas PJ, van Zuilen AD, Rooijakkers SHM, Heck AJR. Longitudinal Fluctuations in Protein Concentrations and Higher-Order Structures in the Plasma Proteome of Kidney Failure Patients Subjected to a Kidney Transplant. J Proteome Res 2024. [PMID: 38701233 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.4c00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Using proteomics and complexome profiling, we evaluated in a year-long study longitudinal variations in the plasma proteome of kidney failure patients, prior to and after a kidney transplantation. The post-transplant period was complicated by bacterial infections, resulting in dramatic changes in the proteome, attributed to an acute phase response (APR). As positive acute phase proteins (APPs), being elevated upon inflammation, we observed the well-described C-reactive protein and Serum Amyloid A (SAA), but also Fibrinogen, Haptoglobin, Leucine-rich alpha-2-glycoprotein, Lipopolysaccharide-binding protein, Alpha-1-antitrypsin, Alpha-1-antichymotrypsin, S100, and CD14. As negative APPs, being downregulated upon inflammation, we identified the well-documented Serotransferrin and Transthyretin, but added Kallistatin, Heparin cofactor 2, and interalpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain H1 and H2 (ITIH1, ITIH2). For the patient with the most severe APR, we performed plasma complexome profiling by SEC-LC-MS on all longitudinal samples. We observed that several plasma proteins displaying alike concentration patterns coelute and form macromolecular complexes. By complexome profiling, we expose how SAA1 and SAA2 become incorporated into high-density lipid particles, replacing largely Apolipoprotein (APO)A1 and APOA4. Overall, our data highlight that the combination of in-depth longitudinal plasma proteome and complexome profiling can shed further light on correlated variations in the abundance of several plasma proteins upon inflammatory events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Kalaidopoulou Nteak
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, Utrecht 3584 CH, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomics Center, Utrecht 3584 CH, The Netherlands
| | - Franziska Völlmy
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, Utrecht 3584 CH, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomics Center, Utrecht 3584 CH, The Netherlands
| | - Marie V Lukassen
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, Utrecht 3584 CH, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomics Center, Utrecht 3584 CH, The Netherlands
| | - Henk van den Toorn
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, Utrecht 3584 CH, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomics Center, Utrecht 3584 CH, The Netherlands
| | - Maurits A den Boer
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, Utrecht 3584 CH, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomics Center, Utrecht 3584 CH, The Netherlands
| | - Albert Bondt
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, Utrecht 3584 CH, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomics Center, Utrecht 3584 CH, The Netherlands
| | - Sjors P A van der Lans
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3584 CH, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter-Jan Haas
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3584 CH, The Netherlands
| | - Arjan D van Zuilen
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CH, The Netherlands
| | - Suzan H M Rooijakkers
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3584 CH, The Netherlands
| | - Albert J R Heck
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, Utrecht 3584 CH, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomics Center, Utrecht 3584 CH, The Netherlands
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2
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Oskam N, den Boer MA, Lukassen MV, Ooijevaar-de Heer P, Veth TS, van Mierlo G, Lai SH, Derksen NIL, Yin V, Streutker M, Franc V, Šiborová M, Damen MJA, Kos D, Barendregt A, Bondt A, van Goudoever JB, de Haas CJC, Aerts PC, Muts RM, Rooijakkers SHM, Vidarsson G, Rispens T, Heck AJR. CD5L is a canonical component of circulatory IgM. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2311265120. [PMID: 38055740 PMCID: PMC10723121 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2311265120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin M (IgM) is an evolutionary conserved key component of humoral immunity, and the first antibody isotype to emerge during an immune response. IgM is a large (1 MDa), multimeric protein, for which both hexameric and pentameric structures have been described, the latter additionally containing a joining (J) chain. Using a combination of single-particle mass spectrometry and mass photometry, proteomics, and immunochemical assays, we here demonstrate that circulatory (serum) IgM exclusively exists as a complex of J-chain-containing pentamers covalently bound to the small (36 kDa) protein CD5 antigen-like (CD5L, also called apoptosis inhibitor of macrophage). In sharp contrast, secretory IgM in saliva and milk is principally devoid of CD5L. Unlike IgM itself, CD5L is not produced by B cells, implying that it associates with IgM in the extracellular space. We demonstrate that CD5L integration has functional implications, i.e., it diminishes IgM binding to two of its receptors, the FcαµR and the polymeric Immunoglobulin receptor. On the other hand, binding to FcµR as well as complement activation via C1q seem unaffected by CD5L integration. Taken together, we redefine the composition of circulatory IgM as a J-chain containing pentamer, always in complex with CD5L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nienke Oskam
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department of Immunopathology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam1066 CX, the Netherlands
| | - Maurits A. den Boer
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht3584 CH, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomics Center, Utrecht3584 CH, the Netherlands
| | - Marie V. Lukassen
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht3584 CH, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomics Center, Utrecht3584 CH, the Netherlands
| | - Pleuni Ooijevaar-de Heer
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department of Immunopathology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam1066 CX, the Netherlands
| | - Tim S. Veth
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht3584 CH, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomics Center, Utrecht3584 CH, the Netherlands
| | - Gerard van Mierlo
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department of Immunopathology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam1066 CX, the Netherlands
| | - Szu-Hsueh Lai
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht3584 CH, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomics Center, Utrecht3584 CH, the Netherlands
| | - Ninotska I. L. Derksen
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department of Immunopathology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam1066 CX, the Netherlands
| | - Victor Yin
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht3584 CH, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomics Center, Utrecht3584 CH, the Netherlands
| | - Marij Streutker
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department of Immunopathology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam1066 CX, the Netherlands
| | - Vojtech Franc
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht3584 CH, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomics Center, Utrecht3584 CH, the Netherlands
| | - Marta Šiborová
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht3584 CH, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomics Center, Utrecht3584 CH, the Netherlands
| | - Mirjam J. A. Damen
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht3584 CH, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomics Center, Utrecht3584 CH, the Netherlands
| | - Dorien Kos
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department of Immunopathology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam1066 CX, the Netherlands
| | - Arjan Barendregt
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht3584 CH, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomics Center, Utrecht3584 CH, the Netherlands
| | - Albert Bondt
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht3584 CH, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomics Center, Utrecht3584 CH, the Netherlands
| | - Johannes B. van Goudoever
- Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit, University of Amsterdam, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam1105 AZ, the Netherlands
| | - Carla J. C. de Haas
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht3584 CX, the Netherlands
| | - Piet C. Aerts
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht3584 CX, the Netherlands
| | - Remy M. Muts
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht3584 CX, the Netherlands
| | - Suzan H. M. Rooijakkers
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht3584 CX, the Netherlands
| | - Gestur Vidarsson
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht3584 CH, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomics Center, Utrecht3584 CH, the Netherlands
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam1066 CX, the Netherlands
| | - Theo Rispens
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department of Immunopathology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam1066 CX, the Netherlands
| | - Albert J. R. Heck
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht3584 CH, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomics Center, Utrecht3584 CH, the Netherlands
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3
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Kristensen SS, Lukassen MV, Siebenhaar S, Diep DB, Morth JP, Mathiesen G. Lactiplantibacillus plantarum as a novel platform for production and purification of integral membrane proteins using RseP as the benchmark. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14361. [PMID: 37658186 PMCID: PMC10474122 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41559-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study describes a detailed procedure for expressing and purifying the integral membrane protein RseP using the pSIP system and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum as an expression host. RseP is a membrane-bound site-2-protease and a known antibacterial target in multiple human pathogens. In the present study, we screened five RseP orthologs from Gram-positive bacteria and found RseP from Enterococcus faecium (EfmRseP) to yield the highest protein levels. The production conditions were optimized and EfmRseP was purified by immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography followed by size-exclusion chromatography. The purification resulted in an overall yield of approximately 1 mg of pure protein per 3 g of wet-weight cell pellet. The structural integrity of the purified protein was confirmed using circular dichroism. We further assessed the expression and purification of RseP from E. faecium in the Gram-negative Escherichia coli. Detection of soluble protein failed in two of the three E. coli strains tested. Purification of EfmRseP expressed in E. coli C43(DE3) resulted in a protein with lower purity compared to EfmRseP expressed in L. plantarum. To our knowledge, this is the first time L. plantarum and the pSIP expression system have been applied for the production of membrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie S Kristensen
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway.
| | - Marie V Lukassen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Suzana Siebenhaar
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Dzung B Diep
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - J Preben Morth
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Geir Mathiesen
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway.
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Doorduijn DJ, Lukassen MV, van 't Wout MFL, Franc V, Ruyken M, Bardoel BW, Heck AJR, Rooijakkers SHM. Soluble MAC is primarily released from MAC-resistant bacteria that potently convert complement component C5. eLife 2022; 11:77503. [PMID: 35947526 PMCID: PMC9402229 DOI: 10.7554/elife.77503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The membrane attack complex (MAC or C5b-9) is an important effector of the immune system to kill invading microbes. MAC formation is initiated when complement enzymes on the bacterial surface convert complement component C5 into C5b. Although the MAC is a membrane-inserted complex, soluble forms of MAC (sMAC), or terminal complement complex (TCC), are often detected in sera of patients suffering from infections. Consequently, sMAC has been proposed as a biomarker, but it remains unclear when and how it is formed during infections. Here, we studied mechanisms of MAC formation on different Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria and found that sMAC is primarily formed in human serum by bacteria resistant to MAC-dependent killing. Surprisingly, C5 was converted into C5b more potently by MAC-resistant compared to MAC-sensitive Escherichia coli strains. In addition, we found that MAC precursors are released from the surface of MAC-resistant bacteria during MAC assembly. Although release of MAC precursors from bacteria induced lysis of bystander human erythrocytes, serum regulators vitronectin (Vn) and clusterin (Clu) can prevent this. Combining size exclusion chromatography with mass spectrometry profiling, we show that sMAC released from bacteria in serum is a heterogeneous mixture of complexes composed of C5b-8, up to three copies of C9 and multiple copies of Vn and Clu. Altogether, our data provide molecular insight into how sMAC is generated during bacterial infections. This fundamental knowledge could form the basis for exploring the use of sMAC as biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis J Doorduijn
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Marie V Lukassen
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Marije F L van 't Wout
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Vojtech Franc
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Maartje Ruyken
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Bart W Bardoel
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Albert J R Heck
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Suzan H M Rooijakkers
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
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5
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Lukassen MV, Franc V, Hevler JF, Heck AJR. Similarities and differences in the structures and proteoform profiles of the complement proteins C6 and C7. Proteomics 2021; 21:e2000310. [PMID: 34241972 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.202000310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The human complement system provides a first line of defence against pathogens. It requires a well-orchestrated sequential assembly of an array of terminal complement components (C5, C6, C7, C8, and C9), ultimately forming the membrane attack complex (MAC). Although much information about MAC assembly is available, the structure of the soluble C7 has remained elusive. The complement proteins C7 and C6 share very high sequence homology and exhibit several conserved domains, disulphide bridges, and C-mannosylation sites. Here, we used an integrative structural MS-based approach combining native MS, glycopeptide-centric MS, in-gel cross-linking MS (IGX-MS) and structural modelling to describe structural features, including glycosylation, of human serum soluble C7. We compare this data with structural and glycosylation data for human serum C6. The new structural model for C7 shows that it adopts a compact conformation in solution. Although C6 and C7 share many similarities, our data reveals distinct O-, and N-linked glycosylation patterns in terms of location and glycan composition. Cumulatively, our data provide valuable new insight into the structure and proteoforms of C7, solving an essential piece of the puzzle in our understanding of MAC assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie V Lukassen
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Netherlands Proteomics Center, The Netherlands
| | - Vojtech Franc
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Netherlands Proteomics Center, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes F Hevler
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Netherlands Proteomics Center, The Netherlands
| | - Albert J R Heck
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Netherlands Proteomics Center, The Netherlands
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6
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Hevler JF, Lukassen MV, Cabrera-Orefice A, Arnold S, Pronker MF, Franc V, Heck AJR. Selective cross-linking of coinciding protein assemblies by in-gel cross-linking mass spectrometry. EMBO J 2021; 40:e106174. [PMID: 33459420 PMCID: PMC7883291 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020106174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cross-linking mass spectrometry has developed into an important method to study protein structures and interactions. The in-solution cross-linking workflows involve time and sample consuming steps and do not provide sensible solutions for differentiating cross-links obtained from co-occurring protein oligomers, complexes, or conformers. Here we developed a cross-linking workflow combining blue native PAGE with in-gel cross-linking mass spectrometry (IGX-MS). This workflow circumvents steps, such as buffer exchange and cross-linker concentration optimization. Additionally, IGX-MS enables the parallel analysis of co-occurring protein complexes using only small amounts of sample. Another benefit of IGX-MS, demonstrated by experiments on GroEL and purified bovine heart mitochondria, is the substantial reduction of undesired over-length cross-links compared to in-solution cross-linking. We next used IGX-MS to investigate the complement components C5, C6, and their hetero-dimeric C5b6 complex. The obtained cross-links were used to generate a refined structural model of the complement component C6, resembling C6 in its inactivated state. This finding shows that IGX-MS can provide new insights into the initial stages of the terminal complement pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes F Hevler
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Netherlands Proteomics Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marie V Lukassen
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Netherlands Proteomics Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Alfredo Cabrera-Orefice
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Susanne Arnold
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Matti F Pronker
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Netherlands Proteomics Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Vojtech Franc
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Netherlands Proteomics Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Albert J R Heck
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Netherlands Proteomics Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Nielsen NS, Poulsen ET, Lukassen MV, Chao Shern C, Mogensen EH, Weberskov CE, DeDionisio L, Schauser L, Moore TC, Otzen DE, Hjortdal J, Enghild JJ. Biochemical mechanisms of aggregation in TGFBI-linked corneal dystrophies. Prog Retin Eye Res 2020; 77:100843. [DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2020.100843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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8
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Lukassen MV, Poulsen ET, Donaghy J, Mogensen EH, Christie KA, Roshanravan H, DeDioniso L, Nesbit MA, Moore T, Enghild JJ. Protein Analysis of the TGFBI R124H Mouse Model Gives Insight into Phenotype Development of Granular Corneal Dystrophy. Proteomics Clin Appl 2020; 14:e1900072. [PMID: 32558206 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201900072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Mutations in the transforming growth factor β-induced protein (TGFBIp) are associated with TGFBI-linked corneal dystrophies, which manifests as protein deposits in the cornea. A total of 70 different disease-causing mutations have been reported so far including the common R124H substitution, which is associated with granular corneal dystrophy type 2 (GCD2). The disease mechanism of GCD2 is not known and the current treatments only offer temporary relief due to the reoccurrence of deposits. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The corneal protein profiles of the three genotypes (wild-type (WT), heterozygotes, and homozygotes) of a GCD2 mouse model are compared using label-free quantitative LC-MS/MS. RESULTS The mice do not display corneal protein deposits and the global protein expression between the three genotypes is highly similar. However, the expression of mutated TGFBIp is 41% of that of the WT protein. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE It is proposed that the lowered expression level of mutant TGFBIp protein relative to WT protein is the direct cause of the missing development of corneal deposits in the mouse. The overall protein profiles of the corneas are not impacted by the reduced amount of TGFBIp. Altogether, this supports a partial reduction in mutated TGFBIp as a potential treatment strategy for GCD2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie V Lukassen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, 8000, Denmark.,Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Aarhus University, Aarhus, 8000, Denmark
| | - Ebbe T Poulsen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, 8000, Denmark
| | - Jack Donaghy
- Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, BT52 1SA, UK
| | - Emilie H Mogensen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, 8000, Denmark
| | - Kathleen A Christie
- Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, BT52 1SA, UK
| | | | - Larry DeDioniso
- Avellino Labs USA, Menlo Park, San Francisco, CA, 94025, USA
| | - M Andrew Nesbit
- Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, BT52 1SA, UK
| | - Tara Moore
- Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, BT52 1SA, UK.,Avellino Labs USA, Menlo Park, San Francisco, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Jan J Enghild
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, 8000, Denmark.,Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Aarhus University, Aarhus, 8000, Denmark
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9
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Poulsen ET, Nielsen NS, Scavenius C, Mogensen EH, Risør MW, Runager K, Lukassen MV, Rasmussen CB, Christiansen G, Richner M, Vorum H, Enghild JJ. The serine protease HtrA1 cleaves misfolded transforming growth factor β-induced protein (TGFBIp) and induces amyloid formation. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:11817-11828. [PMID: 31197037 PMCID: PMC6682723 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.009050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The serine protease high-temperature requirement protein A1 (HtrA1) is associated with protein-misfolding disorders such as Alzheimer's disease and transforming growth factor β-induced protein (TGFBIp)-linked corneal dystrophy. In this study, using several biochemical and biophysical approaches, including recombinant protein expression, LC-MS/MS and 2DE analyses, and thioflavin T (ThT) fluorescence assays for amyloid fibril detection, and FTIR assays, we investigated the role of HtrA1 both in normal TGFBIp turnover and in corneal amyloid formation. We show that HtrA1 can cleave WT TGFBIp but prefers amyloidogenic variants. Corneal TGFBIp is extensively processed in healthy people, resulting in C-terminal degradation products spanning the FAS1-4 domain of TGFBIp. We show here that HtrA1 cleaves the WT FAS1-4 domain only inefficiently, whereas the amyloidogenic FAS1-4 mutations transform this domain into a considerably better HTRA1 substrate. Moreover, HtrA1 cleavage of the mutant FAS1-4 domains generated peptides capable of forming in vitro amyloid aggregates. Significantly, these peptides have been previously identified in amyloid deposits in vivo, supporting the idea that HtrA1 is a causative agent for TGFBIp-associated amyloidosis in corneal dystrophy. In summary, our results indicate that TGFBIp is an HtrA1 substrate and that some mutations in the gene encoding TGFBIp cause aberrant HtrA1-mediated processing that results in amyloidogenesis in corneal dystrophies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nadia Sukusu Nielsen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Carsten Scavenius
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Emilie Hage Mogensen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Michael W Risør
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kasper Runager
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Marie V Lukassen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Casper B Rasmussen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Mette Richner
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Henrik Vorum
- Department of Ophthalmology, Aalborg University Hospital, 9000 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Jan J Enghild
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
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10
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Nielsen NS, Juhl DW, Poulsen ET, Lukassen MV, Poulsen EC, Risør MW, Scavenius C, Enghild JJ. Mutation-Induced Deamidation of Corneal Dystrophy-Related Transforming Growth Factor β-Induced Protein. Biochemistry 2017; 56:6470-6480. [PMID: 29140698 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b00668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in the transforming growth factor β-induced protein (TGFBIp) cause phenotypically diverse corneal dystrophies, where protein aggregation in the cornea leads to severe visual impairment. Previous studies have shown a relationship between mutant-specific corneal dystrophy phenotypes and the thermodynamic stability of TGFBIp. Using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), we investigated correlations between the structural integrity of disease-related mutants of the fourth FAS1 domain (FAS1-4) and deamidation of TGFBIp residue Asn622. We observed a high rate of Asn622 deamidation in the A546D and A546D/P551Q FAS1-4 mutants that were both largely unstructured as determined by NMR. Conversely, the more structurally organized A546T and V624M FAS1-4 mutants had reduced deamidation rates, suggesting that a folded and stable FAS1-4 domain precludes Asn622 deamidation. Wild-type, R555Q, and R555W FAS1-4 mutants displayed very slow deamidation, which agrees with their similar and ordered NMR structures, where Asn622 is in a locked conformation. We confirmed the FAS1-4 mutational effect on deamidation rates in full-length TGFBIp mutants and found a similar ranking compared to that of the FAS1-4 domain alone. Consequently, the deamidation rate of Asn622 can be used to predict the structural effect of the many destabilizing and/or stabilizing mutations reported for TGFBIp. In addition, the deamidation of Asn622 may influence the pathophysiology of TGFBIp-induced corneal dystrophies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Sukusu Nielsen
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) and Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University , DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Dennis Wilkens Juhl
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) and Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University , DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ebbe Toftgaard Poulsen
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) and Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University , DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Marie V Lukassen
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) and Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University , DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Emil Christian Poulsen
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) and Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University , DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Michael W Risør
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) and Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University , DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Carsten Scavenius
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) and Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University , DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jan J Enghild
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) and Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University , DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
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11
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Poulsen ET, Runager K, Nielsen NS, Lukassen MV, Thomsen K, Snider P, Simmons O, Vorum H, Conway SJ, Enghild JJ. Proteomic profiling of TGFBI-null mouse corneas reveals only minor changes in matrix composition supportive of TGFBI knockdown as therapy against TGFBI-linked corneal dystrophies. FEBS J 2017; 285:101-114. [PMID: 29117645 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
TGFBIp is a constituent of the extracellular matrix in many human tissues including the cornea, where it is one of the most abundant proteins expressed. TGFBIp interacts with Type I, II, IV, VI, and XII collagens as well as several members of the integrin family, suggesting it plays an important role in maintaining structural integrity and possibly corneal transparency as well. Significantly, more than 60 point mutations within the TGFBI gene have been reported to result in aberrant TGFBIp folding and aggregation in the cornea, resulting in severe visual impairment and blindness. Several studies have focused on targeting TGFBIp in the cornea as a therapeutic approach to treat TGFBI-linked corneal dystrophies, but the effect of this approach on corneal homeostasis and matrix integrity remained unknown. In the current study, we evaluated the histological and proteomic profiles of corneas from TGFBI-deficient mice as well as potential redundant functions of the paralogous protein POSTN. The absence of TGFBIp in mouse corneas did not grossly affect the collagen scaffold, and POSTN is unable to compensate for loss of TGFBIp. Proteomic comparison of wild-type and TGFBI-/- mice revealed 11 proteins were differentially regulated, including Type VI and XII collagens. However, as these alterations did not manifest at the macroscopic and behavioral levels, these data support partial or complete TGFBI knockdown as a potential therapy against TGFBI-linked corneal dystrophies. Lastly, in situ hybridization verified TGFBI mRNA in the epithelial cells but not in other cell types, supportive of a therapy directed specifically at this lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kasper Runager
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Nadia Sukusu Nielsen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Denmark.,Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Marie V Lukassen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Denmark.,Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Karen Thomsen
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Paige Snider
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Olga Simmons
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Henrik Vorum
- Department of Ophthalmology, Aalborg University Hospital, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark
| | - Simon J Conway
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jan J Enghild
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Denmark.,Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Aarhus University, Denmark
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12
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García-Castellanos R, Nielsen NS, Runager K, Thøgersen IB, Lukassen MV, Poulsen ET, Goulas T, Enghild JJ, Gomis-Rüth FX. Structural and Functional Implications of Human Transforming Growth Factor β-Induced Protein, TGFBIp, in Corneal Dystrophies. Structure 2017; 25:1740-1750.e2. [PMID: 28988748 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A major cause of visual impairment, corneal dystrophies result from accumulation of protein deposits in the cornea. One of the proteins involved is transforming growth factor β-induced protein (TGFBIp), an extracellular matrix component that interacts with integrins but also produces corneal deposits when mutated. Human TGFBIp is a multi-domain 683-residue protein, which contains one CROPT domain and four FAS1 domains. Its structure spans ∼120 Å and reveals that vicinal domains FAS1-1/FAS1-2 and FAS1-3/FAS1-4 tightly interact in an equivalent manner. The FAS1 domains are sandwiches of two orthogonal four-stranded β sheets decorated with two three-helix insertions. The N-terminal FAS1 dimer forms a compact moiety with the structurally novel CROPT domain, which is a five-stranded all-β cysteine-knot solely found in TGFBIp and periostin. The overall TGFBIp architecture discloses regions for integrin binding and that most dystrophic mutations cluster at both molecule ends, within domains FAS1-1 and FAS1-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel García-Castellanos
- Proteolysis Laboratory, Structural Biology Unit ("María-de-Maeztu" Unit of Excellence), Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona (CSIC), Barcelona Science Park, c/Baldiri Reixac 15-21, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Nadia Sukusu Nielsen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej, 10, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Kasper Runager
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej, 10, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Ida B Thøgersen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej, 10, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Marie V Lukassen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej, 10, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Ebbe T Poulsen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej, 10, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Theodoros Goulas
- Proteolysis Laboratory, Structural Biology Unit ("María-de-Maeztu" Unit of Excellence), Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona (CSIC), Barcelona Science Park, c/Baldiri Reixac 15-21, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jan J Enghild
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej, 10, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - F Xavier Gomis-Rüth
- Proteolysis Laboratory, Structural Biology Unit ("María-de-Maeztu" Unit of Excellence), Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona (CSIC), Barcelona Science Park, c/Baldiri Reixac 15-21, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
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13
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Abstract
Transforming growth factor β-induced protein (TGFBIp) is an extracellular matrix protein composed of an NH2-terminal cysteine-rich domain (CRD) annotated as an emilin (EMI) domain and four fasciclin-1 (FAS1-1-FAS1-4) domains. Mutations in the gene cause corneal dystrophies, a group of debilitating protein misfolding diseases that lead to severe visual impairment. Previous studies have shown that TGFBIp in the cornea is cross-linked to type XII collagen through a reducible bond. TGFBIp contains 11 cysteine residues and is thus able to form five intramolecule disulfide bonds, leaving a single cysteine residue available for the collagen cross-link. The structures of TGFBIp and its homologues are unknown. We here present the disulfide bridge pattern of TGFBIp, which was determined by generating specific peptides. These were separated by ion exchange followed by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and analyzed by mass spectrometry and Edman degradation. The NH2-terminal CRD contains six cysteine residues, and one of these (Cys65) was identified as the candidate for the reducible cross-link between TGFBIp and type XII collagen. In addition, the CRD contained two intradomain disulfide bridges (Cys49-Cys85 and Cys84-Cys97) and one interdomain disulfide bridge to FAS1-2 (Cys74-Cys339). Significantly, this arrangement violates the predicted disulfide bridge pattern of an EMI domain. The cysteine residues in FAS1-3 (Cys473 and Cys478) were shown to form an intradomain disulfide bridge. Finally, an interdomain disulfide bridge between FAS1-1 and FAS1-2 (Cys214-Cys317) was identified. The interdomain disulfide bonds indicate that the NH2 terminus of TGFBIp (CRD, FAS1-1, and FAS1-2) adopts a compact globular fold, leaving FAS1-3 and FAS1-4 exposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie V Lukassen
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) and ‡Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University , DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Carsten Scavenius
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) and ‡Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University , DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ida B Thøgersen
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) and ‡Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University , DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jan J Enghild
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) and ‡Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University , DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
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14
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Risør MW, Thomsen LR, Sanggaard KW, Nielsen TA, Thøgersen IB, Lukassen MV, Rossen L, Garcia-Ferrer I, Guevara T, Scavenius C, Meinjohanns E, Gomis-Rüth FX, Enghild JJ. Enzymatic and Structural Characterization of the Major Endopeptidase in the Venus Flytrap Digestion Fluid. J Biol Chem 2015; 291:2271-87. [PMID: 26627834 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.672550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Carnivorous plants primarily use aspartic proteases during digestion of captured prey. In contrast, the major endopeptidases in the digestive fluid of the Venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipula) are cysteine proteases (dionain-1 to -4). Here, we present the crystal structure of mature dionain-1 in covalent complex with inhibitor E-64 at 1.5 Å resolution. The enzyme exhibits an overall protein fold reminiscent of other plant cysteine proteases. The inactive glycosylated pro-form undergoes autoprocessing and self-activation, optimally at the physiologically relevant pH value of 3.6, at which the protective effect of the pro-domain is lost. The mature enzyme was able to efficiently degrade a Drosophila fly protein extract at pH 4 showing high activity against the abundant Lys- and Arg-rich protein, myosin. The substrate specificity of dionain-1 was largely similar to that of papain with a preference for hydrophobic and aliphatic residues in subsite S2 and for positively charged residues in S1. A tentative structure of the pro-domain was obtained by homology modeling and suggested that a pro-peptide Lys residue intrudes into the S2 pocket, which is more spacious than in papain. This study provides the first analysis of a cysteine protease from the digestive fluid of a carnivorous plant and confirms the close relationship between carnivorous action and plant defense mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Risør
- From the Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark, the Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Line R Thomsen
- From the Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark, the Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kristian W Sanggaard
- From the Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark, the Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Tania A Nielsen
- the Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ida B Thøgersen
- From the Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Marie V Lukassen
- From the Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Litten Rossen
- From the Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Irene Garcia-Ferrer
- the Proteolysis Laboratory, Department of Structural Biology ("María de Maeztu" Unit of Excellence), Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Barcelona Science Park, c/Baldiri Reixac 15-21, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain, and
| | - Tibisay Guevara
- the Proteolysis Laboratory, Department of Structural Biology ("María de Maeztu" Unit of Excellence), Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Barcelona Science Park, c/Baldiri Reixac 15-21, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain, and
| | - Carsten Scavenius
- From the Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - F Xavier Gomis-Rüth
- the Proteolysis Laboratory, Department of Structural Biology ("María de Maeztu" Unit of Excellence), Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Barcelona Science Park, c/Baldiri Reixac 15-21, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain, and
| | - Jan J Enghild
- From the Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark, the Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark,
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