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Karimi K, Lindgren TH, Koch CA, Brodell RT. Obesity as a risk factor for malignant melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2016; 17:389-403. [PMID: 27832418 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-016-9393-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The dramatic increases in incidence of both obesity and many cancers including skin cancer emphasize the need to better understand the pathophysiology of both conditions and their connections. Melanoma is considered the fastest growing cancer and rates of non-melanoma skin cancer have also increased over the last decade. The molecular mechanisms underlying the association between obesity and skin cancer are not clearly understood but emerging evidence points to changes in the tumor microenvironment including aberrant cell signaling and genomic instability in the chronic inflammatory state many obese individuals experience. This article reviews the literature linking obesity to melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Karimi
- School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - T H Lindgren
- School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - C A Koch
- Division of Endocrinology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
- Cancer Institute, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
- G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Robert T Brodell
- Department of Dermatology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA.
- Department of Pathology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA.
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA.
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202
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Li X, Miao X, Wang H, Xu Z, Li B. The tissue dependent interactions between p53 and Bcl-2 in vivo. Oncotarget 2016; 6:35699-709. [PMID: 26452131 PMCID: PMC4742135 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
To further investigate the role of p53 in apoptosis in vivo and the interaction between p53 and Bcl-2 in the regulation of cellular apoptosis in vivo, we depleted p53 in Bcl-2-null mice. We found that the interaction between p53 and Bcl-2 are tissue dependent. Specifically, loss of p53 in Bcl-2−/− mice inhibits apoptotic induction in spleen and subsequently inhibits the Bcl-2-null-induced spleen atrophy. Furthermore, p53 deficiency overcomes loss of melanocyte stem cell (MSC)-induced apoptosis and subsequently prevents hair graying in Bcl-2- null mice. In addition, p53 deletion partly inhibits apoptosis in hair follicle keratinocytes, leading to the alleviation of hair growth delay in Bcl-2-null mice. However, p53 absence in Bcl-2-null mice cannot restore other defects in Bcl-2-null mice, including retardation of growth, short ears and polycystic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Department of Dermatology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China, 200437
| | - Xiao Miao
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China, 201203
| | - Hongshen Wang
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China, 201203
| | - Zhixiang Xu
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Dermatology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China, 200437
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203
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Zhou J, Ling J, Wang Y, Shang J, Ping F. Cross-talk between interferon-gamma and interleukin-18 in melanogenesis. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2016; 163:133-43. [PMID: 27567084 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2016.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 08/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Skin is the largest organ in our body and strategically placed to provide a metabolically active biological barrier against a range of noxious stressors. A lot of inflammatory cytokines, which are increased after ultraviolet (UV) irradiation produced by keratinocytes or other immunocytes, are closely related to pigmentary changes, including interleukin-18 (IL-18) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ). In this study, the effect of cross-talk between IL-18 and IFN-γ on melanogenesis was investigated. Treatment with IL-18 resulted in a dose-dependent increase of melanogenesis, while IFN-γ made an opposite effect. This influence of IL-18 and IFN-γ was mediated by regulations of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) and its downstream enzymatic cascade expressions. Furthermore, IFN-γ inhibited basal and IL-18-induced melanogenesis. IFN-γ increased signal transducer and activator of transcription-1 (STAT-1) phosphorylation to play its position in regulating melanin pigmentation, and its inhibitory effect could be prevented by Janus Kinase 1 (JAK 1) inhibitor. IFN-γ could inhibit melanogenesis by decreasing melanocyte dendrite formation. In addition, IFN-γ inhibited the expressions of Rab Pases to suppress the mature and transport of melanosomes. IL-18 could rapidly induce Akt and PTEN phosphorylation and p65 expression in B16F10 cells. When treatment with IL-18 and IFN-γ together, the phosphorylation level of Protein Kinase B (Akt) and phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten (PTEN) and expression of p65 NF-κB were inhibited, compared with treated with IL-18 only. Our studies indicated that IFN-γ could directly induce B16F10 cells apoptosis in vitro. Furthermore, we demonstrated that IFN-γ markedly up-regulated IL-18 binding protein (BP) production in normal human foreskin-derived epidermal keratinocytes in dose-dependent manner. UVB irradiation induced protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) expression in NHEK, IFN-γ could inhibit this enhancement in a dose-dependent manner. These data suggest that IFN-γ plays a role in regulating inflammation- or UV-induced pigmentary changes, in direct/indirect manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, PR China; School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Jingjing Ling
- Wuxi People's Hospital affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi 214023, PR China
| | - Yong Wang
- Wuxi People's Hospital affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi 214023, PR China
| | - Jing Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, PR China
| | - Fengfeng Ping
- Wuxi People's Hospital affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi 214023, PR China.
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204
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Fajuyigbe D, Young AR. The impact of skin colour on human photobiological responses. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2016; 29:607-618. [PMID: 27454804 PMCID: PMC5132026 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Terrestrial solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exerts both beneficial and adverse effects on human skin. Epidemiological studies show a lower incidence of skin cancer in people with pigmented skins compared to fair skins. This is attributed to photoprotection by epidermal melanin, as is the poorer vitamin D status of those with darker skins. We summarize a wide range of photobiological responses across different skin colours including DNA damage and immunosuppression. Some studies show the generally modest photoprotective properties of melanin, but others show little or no effect. DNA photodamage initiates non‐melanoma skin cancer and is reduced by a factor of about 3 in pigmented skin compared with white skin. This suggests that if such a modest reduction in DNA damage can result in the significantly lower skin cancer incidence in black skin, the use of sunscreen protection might be extremely beneficial for susceptible population. Many contradictory results may be explained by protocol differences, including differences in UVR spectra and exposure protocols. We recommend that skin type comparisons be done with solar‐simulated radiation and standard erythema doses or physical doses (J/m2) rather than those based solely on clinical endpoints such as minimal erythema dose (MED).
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Affiliation(s)
- Damilola Fajuyigbe
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, St John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Antony R Young
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, St John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, London, UK
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205
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Kazantseva J, Sadam H, Neuman T, Palm K. Targeted alternative splicing of TAF4: a new strategy for cell reprogramming. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30852. [PMID: 27499390 PMCID: PMC4976350 DOI: 10.1038/srep30852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Reprogramming of somatic cells has become a versatile tool for biomedical research and for regenerative medicine. In the current study, we show that manipulating alternative splicing (AS) is a highly potent strategy to produce cells for therapeutic applications. We demonstrate that silencing of hTAF4-TAFH activity of TAF4 converts human facial dermal fibroblasts to melanocyte-like (iMel) cells. iMel cells produce melanin and express microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) and its target genes at levels comparable to normal melanocytes. Reprogramming of melanoma cells by manipulation with hTAF4-TAFH activity upon TAFH RNAi enforces cell differentiation towards chondrogenic pathway, whereas ectoptic expression of TAF4 results in enhanced multipotency and neural crest-like features in melanoma cells. In both cell states, iMels and cancer cells, hTAF4-TAFH activity controls migration by supporting E- to N-cadherin switches. From our data, we conclude that targeted splicing of hTAF4-TAFH coordinates AS of other TFIID subunits, underscoring the role of TAF4 in synchronised changes of Pol II complex composition essential for efficient cellular reprogramming. Taken together, targeted AS of TAF4 provides a unique strategy for generation of iMels and recapitulating stages of melanoma progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Helle Sadam
- Protobios LLC, Tallinn, Estonia.,The Department of Gene Technology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | | | - Kaia Palm
- Protobios LLC, Tallinn, Estonia.,The Department of Gene Technology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
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206
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Al-Massadi O, Porteiro B, Kuhlow D, Köhler M, Gonzalez-Rellan MJ, Garcia-Lavandeira M, Díaz-Rodríguez E, Quiñones M, Senra A, Alvarez CV, López M, Diéguez C, Schulz TJ, Nogueiras R. Pharmacological and Genetic Manipulation of p53 in Brown Fat at Adult But Not Embryonic Stages Regulates Thermogenesis and Body Weight in Male Mice. Endocrinology 2016; 157:2735-49. [PMID: 27183316 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
p53 is a well-known tumor suppressor that plays multiple biological roles, including the capacity to modulate metabolism at different levels. However, its metabolic role in brown adipose tissue (BAT) remains largely unknown. Herein we sought to investigate the physiological role of endogenous p53 in BAT and its implication on BAT thermogenic activity and energy balance. To this end, we generated and characterized global p53-null mice and mice lacking p53 specifically in BAT. Additionally we performed gain-and-loss-of-function experiments in the BAT of adult mice using virogenetic and pharmacological approaches. BAT was collected and analyzed by immunohistochemistry, thermography, real-time PCR, and Western blot. p53-deficient mice were resistant to diet-induced obesity due to increased energy expenditure and BAT activity. However, the deletion of p53 in BAT using a Myf5-Cre driven p53 knockout did not show any changes in body weight or the expression of thermogenic markers. The acute inhibition of p53 in the BAT of adult mice slightly increased body weight and inhibited BAT thermogenesis, whereas its overexpression in the BAT of diet-induced obese mice reduced body weight and increased thermogenesis. On the other hand, pharmacological activation of p53 improves body weight gain due to increased BAT thermogenesis by sympathetic nervous system in obese adult wild-type mice but not in p53(-/-) animals. These results reveal that p53 regulates BAT metabolism by coordinating body weight and thermogenesis, but these metabolic actions are tissue specific and also dependent on the developmental stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Al-Massadi
- Department of Physiology (O.A.-M., B.P., M.J.G.-R., M.G.-L., E.D.R., M.Q., A.S., C.V.A., M.L., C.D., R.N.), Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (O.A.-M., B.P., M.J.G.-R., M.Q., M.L., C.D., R.N.), Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain; Department of Adipocyte Development and Nutrition (D.K., M.K., T.J.S.), German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; and German Center for Diabetes Research (T.J.S.), München-Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Begoña Porteiro
- Department of Physiology (O.A.-M., B.P., M.J.G.-R., M.G.-L., E.D.R., M.Q., A.S., C.V.A., M.L., C.D., R.N.), Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (O.A.-M., B.P., M.J.G.-R., M.Q., M.L., C.D., R.N.), Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain; Department of Adipocyte Development and Nutrition (D.K., M.K., T.J.S.), German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; and German Center for Diabetes Research (T.J.S.), München-Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Doreen Kuhlow
- Department of Physiology (O.A.-M., B.P., M.J.G.-R., M.G.-L., E.D.R., M.Q., A.S., C.V.A., M.L., C.D., R.N.), Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (O.A.-M., B.P., M.J.G.-R., M.Q., M.L., C.D., R.N.), Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain; Department of Adipocyte Development and Nutrition (D.K., M.K., T.J.S.), German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; and German Center for Diabetes Research (T.J.S.), München-Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Markus Köhler
- Department of Physiology (O.A.-M., B.P., M.J.G.-R., M.G.-L., E.D.R., M.Q., A.S., C.V.A., M.L., C.D., R.N.), Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (O.A.-M., B.P., M.J.G.-R., M.Q., M.L., C.D., R.N.), Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain; Department of Adipocyte Development and Nutrition (D.K., M.K., T.J.S.), German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; and German Center for Diabetes Research (T.J.S.), München-Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - María J Gonzalez-Rellan
- Department of Physiology (O.A.-M., B.P., M.J.G.-R., M.G.-L., E.D.R., M.Q., A.S., C.V.A., M.L., C.D., R.N.), Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (O.A.-M., B.P., M.J.G.-R., M.Q., M.L., C.D., R.N.), Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain; Department of Adipocyte Development and Nutrition (D.K., M.K., T.J.S.), German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; and German Center for Diabetes Research (T.J.S.), München-Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Montserrat Garcia-Lavandeira
- Department of Physiology (O.A.-M., B.P., M.J.G.-R., M.G.-L., E.D.R., M.Q., A.S., C.V.A., M.L., C.D., R.N.), Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (O.A.-M., B.P., M.J.G.-R., M.Q., M.L., C.D., R.N.), Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain; Department of Adipocyte Development and Nutrition (D.K., M.K., T.J.S.), German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; and German Center for Diabetes Research (T.J.S.), München-Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Esther Díaz-Rodríguez
- Department of Physiology (O.A.-M., B.P., M.J.G.-R., M.G.-L., E.D.R., M.Q., A.S., C.V.A., M.L., C.D., R.N.), Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (O.A.-M., B.P., M.J.G.-R., M.Q., M.L., C.D., R.N.), Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain; Department of Adipocyte Development and Nutrition (D.K., M.K., T.J.S.), German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; and German Center for Diabetes Research (T.J.S.), München-Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Mar Quiñones
- Department of Physiology (O.A.-M., B.P., M.J.G.-R., M.G.-L., E.D.R., M.Q., A.S., C.V.A., M.L., C.D., R.N.), Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (O.A.-M., B.P., M.J.G.-R., M.Q., M.L., C.D., R.N.), Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain; Department of Adipocyte Development and Nutrition (D.K., M.K., T.J.S.), German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; and German Center for Diabetes Research (T.J.S.), München-Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Ana Senra
- Department of Physiology (O.A.-M., B.P., M.J.G.-R., M.G.-L., E.D.R., M.Q., A.S., C.V.A., M.L., C.D., R.N.), Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (O.A.-M., B.P., M.J.G.-R., M.Q., M.L., C.D., R.N.), Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain; Department of Adipocyte Development and Nutrition (D.K., M.K., T.J.S.), German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; and German Center for Diabetes Research (T.J.S.), München-Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Clara V Alvarez
- Department of Physiology (O.A.-M., B.P., M.J.G.-R., M.G.-L., E.D.R., M.Q., A.S., C.V.A., M.L., C.D., R.N.), Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (O.A.-M., B.P., M.J.G.-R., M.Q., M.L., C.D., R.N.), Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain; Department of Adipocyte Development and Nutrition (D.K., M.K., T.J.S.), German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; and German Center for Diabetes Research (T.J.S.), München-Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Miguel López
- Department of Physiology (O.A.-M., B.P., M.J.G.-R., M.G.-L., E.D.R., M.Q., A.S., C.V.A., M.L., C.D., R.N.), Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (O.A.-M., B.P., M.J.G.-R., M.Q., M.L., C.D., R.N.), Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain; Department of Adipocyte Development and Nutrition (D.K., M.K., T.J.S.), German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; and German Center for Diabetes Research (T.J.S.), München-Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Carlos Diéguez
- Department of Physiology (O.A.-M., B.P., M.J.G.-R., M.G.-L., E.D.R., M.Q., A.S., C.V.A., M.L., C.D., R.N.), Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (O.A.-M., B.P., M.J.G.-R., M.Q., M.L., C.D., R.N.), Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain; Department of Adipocyte Development and Nutrition (D.K., M.K., T.J.S.), German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; and German Center for Diabetes Research (T.J.S.), München-Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Tim J Schulz
- Department of Physiology (O.A.-M., B.P., M.J.G.-R., M.G.-L., E.D.R., M.Q., A.S., C.V.A., M.L., C.D., R.N.), Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (O.A.-M., B.P., M.J.G.-R., M.Q., M.L., C.D., R.N.), Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain; Department of Adipocyte Development and Nutrition (D.K., M.K., T.J.S.), German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; and German Center for Diabetes Research (T.J.S.), München-Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Rubén Nogueiras
- Department of Physiology (O.A.-M., B.P., M.J.G.-R., M.G.-L., E.D.R., M.Q., A.S., C.V.A., M.L., C.D., R.N.), Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (O.A.-M., B.P., M.J.G.-R., M.Q., M.L., C.D., R.N.), Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain; Department of Adipocyte Development and Nutrition (D.K., M.K., T.J.S.), German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; and German Center for Diabetes Research (T.J.S.), München-Neuherberg 85764, Germany
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207
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Abstract
Melanomas on sun-exposed skin are heterogeneous tumours, which can be subtyped on the basis of their cumulative levels of exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation. A melanocytic neoplasm can also be staged by how far it has progressed, ranging from a benign neoplasm, such as a naevus, to a malignant neoplasm, such as a metastatic melanoma. Each subtype of melanoma can evolve through distinct evolutionary trajectories, passing through (or sometimes skipping over) various stages of transformation. This Review delineates several of the more common progression trajectories that occur in the patient setting and proposes models for tumour evolution that integrate genetic, histopathological, clinical and biological insights from the melanoma literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hunter Shain
- University of California, San Francisco, Departments of Dermatology and Pathology and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, Box 3111, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Boris C Bastian
- University of California, San Francisco, Departments of Dermatology and Pathology and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, Box 3111, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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208
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Wolf Horrell EM, Boulanger MC, D’Orazio JA. Melanocortin 1 Receptor: Structure, Function, and Regulation. Front Genet 2016; 7:95. [PMID: 27303435 PMCID: PMC4885833 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2016.00095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) is a melanocytic Gs protein coupled receptor that regulates skin pigmentation, UV responses, and melanoma risk. It is a highly polymorphic gene, and loss of function correlates with a fair, UV-sensitive, and melanoma-prone phenotype due to defective epidermal melanization and sub-optimal DNA repair. MC1R signaling, achieved through adenylyl cyclase activation and generation of the second messenger cAMP, is hormonally controlled by the positive agonist melanocortin, the negative agonist agouti signaling protein, and the neutral antagonist β-defensin 3. Activation of cAMP signaling up-regulates melanin production and deposition in the epidermis which functions to limit UV penetration into the skin and enhances nucleotide excision repair (NER), the genomic stability pathway responsible for clearing UV photolesions from DNA to avoid mutagenesis. Herein we review MC1R structure and function and summarize our laboratory's findings on the molecular mechanisms by which MC1R signaling impacts NER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M. Wolf Horrell
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky College of MedicineLexington, KY, USA
| | - Mary C. Boulanger
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky College of MedicineLexington, KY, USA
| | - John A. D’Orazio
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky College of MedicineLexington, KY, USA
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky College of MedicineLexington, KY, USA
- Departments of Pediatrics, Toxicology and Cancer Biology, Physiology, and Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of MedicineLexington, KY, USA
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209
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Aubert PM, Seibyl JP, Price JL, Harris TS, Filbey FM, Jacobe H, Devous MD, Adinoff B. Dopamine efflux in response to ultraviolet radiation in addicted sunbed users. Psychiatry Res 2016; 251:7-14. [PMID: 27085608 PMCID: PMC5241090 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 04/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Compulsive tanning despite awareness of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) carcinogenicity may represent an "addictive" behavior. Many addictive disorders are associated with alterations in dopamine (D2/D3) receptor binding and dopamine reactivity in the brain's reward pathway. To determine if compulsive tanners exhibited neurobiologic responses similar to other addictive disorders, this study assessed basal striatal D2/D3 binding and UVR-induced striatal dopamine efflux in ten addicted and ten infrequent tanners. In a double-blind crossover trial, UVR or sham UVR was administered in separate sessions during brain imaging with single photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT). Basal D2/D3 receptor density and UVR-induced dopamine efflux in the caudate were assessed using (123)I-iodobenzamide ((123)I-IBZM) binding potential non-displaceable (BPnd). Basal BPnd did not significantly differ between addicted and infrequent tanners. Whereas neither UVR nor sham UVR induced significant changes in bilateral caudate BPnd in either group, post-hoc analyses revealed left caudate BPnd significantly decreased (reflecting increased dopamine efflux) in the addicted tanners - but not the infrequent tanners - during the UVR session only. Bilateral ∆BPnd correlated with tanning severity only in the addicted tanners. These preliminary findings are consistent with a stronger neural rewarding response to UVR in addicted tanners, supporting a cutaneous-neural connection driving excessive sunbed use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela M Aubert
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - John P Seibyl
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Molecular Neuroimaging, LLC, and Yale University, New Haven, MA, USA
| | - Julianne L Price
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Thomas S Harris
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX, USA
| | | | - Heidi Jacobe
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Michael D Devous
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX, USA; Avid Radiopharmaceuticals, Inc, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Bryon Adinoff
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX, USA; VA North Texas Health Care System, Dallas, TX, USA.
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210
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Bastonini E, Kovacs D, Picardo M. Skin Pigmentation and Pigmentary Disorders: Focus on Epidermal/Dermal Cross-Talk. Ann Dermatol 2016; 28:279-89. [PMID: 27274625 PMCID: PMC4884703 DOI: 10.5021/ad.2016.28.3.279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Variation in human skin and hair color is the most notable aspect of human variability and several studies in evolution, genetics and developmental biology contributed to explain the mechanisms underlying human skin pigmentation, which is responsible for differences in skin color across the world's populations. Despite skin pigmentation is primarily related to melanocytes functionality, the surrounding keratinocytes and extracellular matrix proteins and fibroblasts in the underlying dermal compartment actively contribute to cutaneous homeostasis. Many autocrine/paracrine secreted factors and cell adhesion mechanisms involving both epidermal and dermal constituents determine constitutive skin pigmentation and, whenever deregulated, the occurrence of pigmentary disorders. In particular, an increased expression of such mediators and their specific receptors frequently lead to hyperpigmentary conditions, such as in melasma and in solar lentigo, whereas a defect in their expression/release is related to hypopigmented disorders, as seen in vitiligo. All these interactions underline the relevant role of pigmentation on human evolution and biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Bastonini
- Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Center of Metabolomics Research, San Gallicano Dermatologic Institute, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Kovacs
- Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Center of Metabolomics Research, San Gallicano Dermatologic Institute, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Picardo
- Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Center of Metabolomics Research, San Gallicano Dermatologic Institute, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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211
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Natale CA, Duperret EK, Zhang J, Sadeghi R, Dahal A, O'Brien KT, Cookson R, Winkler JD, Ridky TW. Sex steroids regulate skin pigmentation through nonclassical membrane-bound receptors. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27115344 PMCID: PMC4863824 DOI: 10.7554/elife.15104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The association between pregnancy and altered cutaneous pigmentation has been documented for over two millennia, suggesting that sex hormones play a role in regulating epidermal melanocyte (MC) homeostasis. Here we show that physiologic estrogen (17β-estradiol) and progesterone reciprocally regulate melanin synthesis. This is intriguing given that we also show that normal primary human MCs lack classical estrogen or progesterone receptors (ER or PR). Utilizing both genetic and pharmacologic approaches, we establish that sex steroid effects on human pigment synthesis are mediated by the membrane-bound, steroid hormone receptors G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER), and progestin and adipoQ receptor 7 (PAQR7). Activity of these receptors was activated or inhibited by synthetic estrogen or progesterone analogs that do not bind to ER or PR. As safe and effective treatment options for skin pigmentation disorders are limited, these specific GPER and PAQR7 ligands may represent a novel class of therapeutics. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.15104.001 Factors controlling pigment production in skin are complex and poorly understood. Cells called melanocytes produce a pigment called melanin, which makes the skin darker. It has been known for a long time that skin color often changes during pregnancy, which suggests that sex hormones may be involved. However, the specific hormones and signaling mechanisms responsible for the changes have remained largely undefined. Estrogen and progesterone are two of the main female sex hormones. Natale et al. now show that estrogen increases pigment production in human melanocytes, and progesterone decreases it. For hormones to signal to cells, they must bind to and activate particular receptor proteins. Further investigation by Natale et al. revealed that estrogen and progesterone regulate pigment production by binding to receptors that belong to a family called G protein-coupled receptors. These receptors can signal rapidly once activated by sex hormones, and may serve as therapeutic targets for treating pigmentation disorders. Skin diseases that cause inflammation often also cause changes in skin color. Natale et al. noticed several other G protein-coupled receptors that are likely to control pigmentation through similar mechanisms. Future analyses of the roles that these other receptors perform in melanocytes may therefore reveal how inflammation-based pigmentation changes occur. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.15104.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Natale
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Elizabeth K Duperret
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Junqian Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Rochelle Sadeghi
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Ankit Dahal
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Kevin Tyler O'Brien
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Rosa Cookson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Jeffrey D Winkler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Todd W Ridky
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
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212
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Haluza D, Simic S, Moshammer H. Sunbed Use Prevalence and Associated Skin Health Habits: Results of a Representative, Population-Based Survey among Austrian Residents. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:231. [PMID: 26907308 PMCID: PMC4772251 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13020231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Recreational sunbed use accounts for the main non-solar source of exposure to ultraviolet radiation in fair-skinned Western populations. Indoor tanning is associated with increased risks for acute and chronic dermatological diseases. The current community-based study assessed the one-year prevalence of sunbed use and associated skin health habits among a representative, gender-balanced sample of 1500 Austrian citizens. Overall one-year prevalence of sunbed use was 8.9% (95% confidence interval (CI) 7.5%-10.4%), with slightly higher prevalence in females (9.2%, 95% CI 7.3%-11.2%) compared to males (8.6%, 95% CI 6.7%-10.6%). Factors predicting sunbed use were younger age (by trend decreasing with older age), place of living, smoking, skin type (by trend increasing with darker skin), sun exposure, motives to tan, and use of UV-free tanning products. Despite media campaigns on the harmful effects of excessive sunlight and sunbed exposure, we found a high prevalence of self-reported sunbed use among Austrian citizens. From a Public (Skin) Health perspective, the current research extends the understanding of prevailing leisure time skin health habits in adding data on prevalence of sunbed use in the general Austrian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Haluza
- Institute of Environmental Health, Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15, Vienna A-1090, Austria.
| | - Stana Simic
- Institute of Meteorology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Peter-Jordan-Straße 82, Vienna A-1190, Austria.
| | - Hanns Moshammer
- Institute of Environmental Health, Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15, Vienna A-1090, Austria.
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213
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Making the invisible visible. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 52:58-65. [PMID: 26877141 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In this review, I will discuss how careful scrutiny of genetic skin disorders could help us to understand human biology. Like other organs, the skin and its appendages, such as hairs and teeth, experience fundamental biological processes ranging from lipid metabolism to vesicular transport and cellular migration. However, in contrast to other organ systems, they are accessible and can be studied with relative ease. By visually revealing the functional consequences of single gene defects, genetic skin diseases offer a unique opportunity to study human biology. Here, I will illustrate this concept by discussing how human genetic disorders of skin pigmentation reflect the mechanisms underlying this complex and vital process.
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214
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Prichard I, Dobbinson S, Wilson C, Hutchinson AD, Rayner J, Makin J. Perceptions of the solarium ban in Australia: 'Fake it, don't bake it'. Health Promot J Austr 2016; 26:154-158. [PMID: 26169388 DOI: 10.1071/he15002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
ISSUE ADDRESSED The causal link between ultraviolet radiation from solarium use and skin cancer is well established. In 2012 and 2013, state governments across Australia announced plans to ban commercial solarium use from 31 December 2014. The present study examined the responses of solarium and non-solarium users to the ban on commercial solariums in Australia. METHODS Participants (n = 488; 388 females, 100 males; mean age = 26.02, s.d. = 9.95) completed an online questionnaire during the summer prior to the ban relating to solarium usage and their opinions about the ban. RESULTS Overall, 49% (n = 237) of participants were aware of the impending ban; 17% (n = 83) had used a solarium at some point in their life. The response to the solarium ban was positive; however, some current solarium users intended post-ban to use privately owned sunbeds and or spend a greater amount of time sun-tanning. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate a high level of public support for the solarium ban, which has removed a risky source of ultraviolet radiation in Australia. SO WHAT? Further steps are now needed to monitor the tanning behaviours of previous solarium users post-ban and their access to private sunbed use and other potentially dangerous methods of tanning (e.g. tanning injections).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivanka Prichard
- School of Health Sciences, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Suzanne Dobbinson
- Cancer Council Victoria, 615St Kilda Road, Melbourne, Vic. 3004, Australia
| | - Carlene Wilson
- Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, School of Medicine, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Amanda D Hutchinson
- School of Psychology, Social Work and Social Policy, University of South Australia, Magill Campus, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Joanne Rayner
- Cancer Council SA, 202 Greenhill Road, Eastwood, SA 5063, Australia
| | - Jen Makin
- University of Tasmania, Menzies Institute for Medical Research, 17 Liverpool St, Hobart, Tas. 7000, Australia
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215
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Narrow-band ultraviolet B radiation induces the expression of β-endorphin in human skin in vivo. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2016; 155:104-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2016.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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216
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Functional Characterization of MC1R-TUBB3 Intergenic Splice Variants of the Human Melanocortin 1 Receptor. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144757. [PMID: 26657157 PMCID: PMC4676704 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The melanocortin 1 receptor gene (MC1R) expressed in melanocytes is a major determinant of skin pigmentation. It encodes a Gs protein-coupled receptor activated by α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (αMSH). Human MC1R has an inefficient poly(A) site allowing intergenic splicing with its downstream neighbour Tubulin-β-III (TUBB3). Intergenic splicing produces two MC1R isoforms, designated Iso1 and Iso2, bearing the complete seven transmembrane helices from MC1R fused to TUBB3-derived C-terminal extensions, in-frame for Iso1 and out-of-frame for Iso2. It has been reported that exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) might promote an isoform switch from canonical MC1R (MC1R-001) to the MC1R-TUBB3 chimeras, which might lead to novel phenotypes required for tanning. We expressed the Flag epitope-tagged intergenic isoforms in heterologous HEK293T cells and human melanoma cells, for functional characterization. Iso1 was expressed with the expected size. Iso2 yielded a doublet of Mr significantly lower than predicted, and impaired intracellular stability. Although Iso1- and Iso2 bound radiolabelled agonist with the same affinity as MC1R-001, their plasma membrane expression was strongly reduced. Decreased surface expression mostly resulted from aberrant forward trafficking, rather than high rates of endocytosis. Functional coupling of both isoforms to cAMP was lower than wild-type, but ERK activation upon binding of αMSH was unimpaired, suggesting imbalanced signaling from the splice variants. Heterodimerization of differentially labelled MC1R-001 with the splicing isoforms analyzed by co-immunoprecipitation was efficient and caused decreased surface expression of binding sites. Thus, UVR-induced MC1R isoforms might contribute to fine-tune the tanning response by modulating MC1R-001 availability and functional parameters.
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217
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Li WQ, Gao X, Tworoger SS, Qureshi AA, Han J. Natural hair color and questionnaire-reported pain among women in the United States. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2015; 29:239-42. [PMID: 26603013 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Qing Li
- Department of Dermatology, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Xiang Gao
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Health and Human Development, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shelley S Tworoger
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Abrar A Qureshi
- Department of Dermatology, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jiali Han
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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218
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Abstract
p53 has been studied intensively as a major tumour suppressor that detects oncogenic events in cancer cells and eliminates them through senescence (a permanent non-proliferative state) or apoptosis. Consistent with this role, p53 activity is compromised in a high proportion of all cancer types, either through mutation of the TP53 gene (encoding p53) or changes in the status of p53 modulators. p53 has additional roles, which may overlap with its tumour-suppressive capacity, in processes including the DNA damage response, metabolism, aging, stem cell differentiation and fertility. Moreover, many mutant p53 proteins, termed 'gain-of-function' (GOF), acquire new activities that help drive cancer aggression. p53 is regulated mainly through protein turnover and operates within a negative-feedback loop with its transcriptional target, MDM2 (murine double minute 2), an E3 ubiquitin ligase which mediates the ubiquitylation and proteasomal degradation of p53. Induction of p53 is achieved largely through uncoupling the p53-MDM2 interaction, leading to elevated p53 levels. Various stress stimuli acting on p53 (such as hyperproliferation and DNA damage) use different, but overlapping, mechanisms to achieve this. Additionally, p53 activity is regulated through critical context-specific or fine-tuning events, mediated primarily through post-translational mechanisms, particularly multi-site phosphorylation and acetylation. In the present review, I broadly examine these events, highlighting their regulatory contributions, their ability to integrate signals from cellular events towards providing most appropriate response to stress conditions and their importance for tumour suppression. These are fascinating aspects of molecular oncology that hold the key to understanding the molecular pathology of cancer and the routes by which it may be tackled therapeutically.
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219
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Haluza D, Schwab M, Simic S, Cervinka R, Moshammer H. Perceived Relevance of Educative Information on Public (Skin) Health: Results of a Representative, Population-Based Telephone Survey. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:14260-74. [PMID: 26569274 PMCID: PMC4661645 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph121114260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Individual skin health attitudes are influenced by various factors, including public education campaigns, mass media, family, and friends. Evidence-based, educative information materials assist communication and decision-making in doctor-patient interactions. The present study aims at assessing the prevailing use of skin health information material and sources and their impact on skin health knowledge, motives to tan, and sun protection. We conducted a questionnaire survey among a representative sample of Austrian residents. Print media and television were perceived as the two most relevant sources for skin health information, whereas the source physician was ranked third. Picking the information source physician increased participants' skin health knowledge (p = 0.025) and sun-protective behavior (p < 0.001). The study results highlight the demand for targeted health messages to attain lifestyle changes towards photo-protective habits. Providing resources that encourage pro-active counseling in every-day doctor-patient communication could increase skin health knowledge and sun-protective behavior, and thus, curb the rise in skin cancer incidence rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Haluza
- Institute of Environmental Health, Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Markus Schwab
- Institute of Environmental Health, Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Stana Simic
- Institute of Meteorology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Peter-Jordan-Straße 82, A-1190 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Renate Cervinka
- Institute of Environmental Health, Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Hanns Moshammer
- Institute of Environmental Health, Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
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220
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Park J, Chung H, Bang SH, Han AR, Seo EK, Chang SE, Kang DH, Oh ES. (E)-4-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)but-3-en-1-ol Enhances Melanogenesis through Increasing Upstream Stimulating Factor-1-Mediated Tyrosinase Expression. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141988. [PMID: 26535571 PMCID: PMC4633108 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the potential melanogenic effect of compounds from Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. Our data revealed that chloroform-soluble extract of Z. cassumunar enhanced melanin synthesis in B16F10 melanoma cells. Among the components of the chloroform extract, (E)-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)but-3-en-1-ol (DMPB) increased melanogenesis in both B16F10 cells and human primary melanocytes. In B16F10 cells, DMPB enhanced the activation of ERK and p38, and the level of tyrosinase. Although the level of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor was unchanged in DMPB-treated B16F10 cells, DMPB increased levels and nuclear localization of upstream stimulating factor-1 (USF1). Consistently, DMPB-mediated melanin synthesis was diminished in USF1-knockdown cells. Furthermore, DMPB induced hyperpigmentation in brown guinea pigs in vivo. Together, these data suggest that DMPB may promote melanin synthesis via USF1 dependent fashion and could be used as a clinical therapeutic agent against hypopigmentation-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisu Park
- Department of Life Sciences, the Research Center for Cellular Homeostasis, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Heesung Chung
- Department of Life Sciences, the Research Center for Cellular Homeostasis, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Bang
- Department of Dermatology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ah-Reum Han
- The Global Top5 Research Program, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun-Kyoung Seo
- The Global Top5 Research Program, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Eun Chang
- Department of Dermatology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Duk-Hee Kang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ewha Medical Research Center, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eok-Soo Oh
- Department of Life Sciences, the Research Center for Cellular Homeostasis, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
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221
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Lobikin M, Lobo D, Blackiston DJ, Martyniuk CJ, Tkachenko E, Levin M. Serotonergic regulation of melanocyte conversion: A bioelectrically regulated network for stochastic all-or-none hyperpigmentation. Sci Signal 2015; 8:ra99. [PMID: 26443706 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aac6609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Experimentally induced depolarization of resting membrane potential in "instructor cells" in Xenopus laevis embryos causes hyperpigmentation in an all-or-none fashion in some tadpoles due to excess proliferation and migration of melanocytes. We showed that this stochastic process involved serotonin signaling, adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP), and the transcription factors cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB), Sox10, and Slug. Transcriptional microarray analysis of embryos taken at stage 15 (early neurula) and stage 45 (free-swimming tadpole) revealed changes in the abundance of 45 and 517 transcripts, respectively, between control embryos and embryos exposed to the instructor cell-depolarizing agent ivermectin. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that the human homologs of some of the differentially regulated genes were associated with cancer, consistent with the induced arborization and invasive behavior of converted melanocytes. We identified a physiological circuit that uses serotonergic signaling between instructor cells, melanotrope cells of the pituitary, and melanocytes to control the proliferation, cell shape, and migration properties of the pigment cell pool. To understand the stochasticity and properties of this multiscale signaling system, we applied a computational machine-learning method that iteratively explored network models to reverse-engineer a stochastic dynamic model that recapitulated the frequency of the all-or-none hyperpigmentation phenotype produced in response to various pharmacological and molecular genetic manipulations. This computational approach may provide insight into stochastic cellular decision-making that occurs during normal development and pathological conditions, such as cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Lobikin
- Biology Department and Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Daniel Lobo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Douglas J Blackiston
- Biology Department and Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Christopher J Martyniuk
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology and Department of Physiological Sciences, UF Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Elizabeth Tkachenko
- Biology Department and Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Michael Levin
- Biology Department and Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA.
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222
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Gomez GVB, de Oliveira C, Rinck-Junior JA, de Moraes AM, Lourenço GJ, Lima CSP. XPC (A2920C), XPF (T30028C), TP53 (Arg72Pro), and GSTP1 (Ile105Val) polymorphisms in prognosis of cutaneous melanoma. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:3163-71. [PMID: 26427666 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4123-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate whether XPC A2920C, XPF T30028C, TP53 Arg72Pro, and GSTP1 Ile105Val polymorphisms alter outcomes of cutaneous melanoma (CM) patients. DNA from 237 CM patients seen at the University of Campinas Teaching Hospital from April 2000 to February 2014 was analyzed by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism assays. The prognostic impact of genotypes of polymorphisms on progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) of CM patients were examined using the Kaplan-Meier probability estimates and univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses. At 60 months of follow-up, shorter PFS and OS were seen in patients with XPF CC genotype (48.9 vs. 66.7 %, P = 0.002; 77.9 vs. 83.5 %, P = 0.006, respectively) and XPF CC + TP53 ArgArg (43.6 vs. 65.9 %, P = 0.007; 71.6 vs. 84.8 %, P = 0.006, respectively) compared with those with remaining genotypes (Kaplan-Meier estimates). Patients with XPF CC (hazard ratio (HR) 2.45, P = 0.002; HR 3.77, P = 0.005) and XPF CC + TP53 ArgArg (HR 2.67, P = 0.009; HR 4.04, P = 0.03) genotypes had more chance to present tumor progression in univariate and multivariate analyses, whereas patients with XPF CC (HR 2.78, P = 0.009) and XPF CC + TP53 ArgArg (HR 3.84, P = 0.01) genotypes were under greater risk of progressing to death in univariate analysis, compared with those with the remaining genotypes. The data suggest, for the first time, that inherited abnormalities in DNA repair pathway related to XPF 30028C and TP53 Arg72Pro polymorphisms act as prognostic factors for PFS and OS of CM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Vilas Bôas Gomez
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Rua Alexander Fleming, 181, Barão Geraldo, São Paulo, 13083-970, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Cristiane de Oliveira
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Rua Alexander Fleming, 181, Barão Geraldo, São Paulo, 13083-970, Campinas, Brazil
| | - José Augusto Rinck-Junior
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Rua Alexander Fleming, 181, Barão Geraldo, São Paulo, 13083-970, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Aparecida Machado de Moraes
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Rua Alexander Fleming, 181, Barão Geraldo, São Paulo, 13083-970, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Jacob Lourenço
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Rua Alexander Fleming, 181, Barão Geraldo, São Paulo, 13083-970, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Carmen Silvia Passos Lima
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Rua Alexander Fleming, 181, Barão Geraldo, São Paulo, 13083-970, Campinas, Brazil.
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Friedman B, English JC, Ferris LK. Indoor Tanning, Skin Cancer and the Young Female Patient: A Review of the Literature. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2015; 28:275-83. [PMID: 26119073 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpag.2014.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Young, non-Hispanic white females represent the population most likely to use indoor tanning facilities. This population may be at increased risk of skin cancer as recent meta-analyses support a strong association between cutaneous malignancy and indoor tanning. Public perception of the purported health benefits of indoor tanning may be partially to blame for the popularity of tanning salons as a desire to prepare skin prior to sun exposure is among the most commonly cited motivations for indoor tanning. Improving education and counseling to address misconceptions regarding tanning safety will require the participation of healthcare providers for both physical and psychological screenings as well as for information dissemination. This review presents the association between tanning bed use and skin cancer, biological effects of UV radiation exposure, UV burden associated with tanning devices, public perception of tanning, demographic and psychological profile of indoor tanners, and current legislation regulating tanning bed use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blake Friedman
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Joseph C English
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA.
| | - Laura K Ferris
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
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Association between MDM2 SNP309 and skin cancer: A meta-analysis of case–control studies. J Dermatol Sci 2015; 79:171-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2015.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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225
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Exosomes released by keratinocytes modulate melanocyte pigmentation. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7506. [PMID: 26103923 PMCID: PMC4491833 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells secrete extracellular vesicles (EVs), exosomes and microvesicles, which transfer proteins, lipids and RNAs to regulate recipient cell functions. Skin pigmentation relies on a tight dialogue between keratinocytes and melanocytes in the epidermis. Here we report that exosomes secreted by keratinocytes enhance melanin synthesis by increasing both the expression and activity of melanosomal proteins. Furthermore, we show that the function of keratinocyte-derived exosomes is phototype-dependent and is modulated by ultraviolet B. In sum, this study uncovers an important physiological function for exosomes in human pigmentation and opens new avenues in our understanding of how pigmentation is regulated by intercellular communication in both healthy and diseased states. The activity of melanocytes determines skin pigmentation, and is regulated by a tight dialogue with keratinocytes. Here, the authors show that exosomes released by keratinocytes have a direct effect on melanocyte function, and exosome content is dependent on skin phototype and is modulated by ultraviolet B radiation.
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226
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Kim J, Liu Y, Qiu M, Xu Y. Pluripotency factor Nanog is tumorigenic by deregulating DNA damage response in somatic cells. Oncogene 2015; 35:1334-40. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Wilson JW, Degan S, Gainey CS, Mitropoulos T, Simpson MJ, Zhang JY, Warren WS. Comparing in vivo pump-probe and multiphoton fluorescence microscopy of melanoma and pigmented lesions. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2015; 20:051012. [PMID: 25415567 PMCID: PMC4409034 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.20.5.051012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a multimodal approach that combines a pump-probe with confocal reflectance and multiphoton autofluorescence microscopy. Pump-probe microscopy has been proven to be of great value in analyzing thin tissue sections of pigmented lesions, as it produces molecular contrast which is inaccessible by other means. However, the higher optical intensity required to overcome scattering in thick tissue leads to higher-order nonlinearities in the optical response of melanin (e.g., two-photon pump and one-photon probe) that present additional challenges for interpreting the data. We show that analysis of pigment composition in vivo must carefully account for signal terms that are nonlinear with respect to the pump and probe intensities. We find that pump-probe imaging gives useful contrast for pigmented structures over a large range of spatial scales (100 μm to 1 cm), making it a potentially useful tool for tracking the progression of pigmented lesions without the need to introduce exogenous contrast agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse W. Wilson
- Duke University, Department of Chemistry, Box 90354, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0354, United States
| | - Simone Degan
- Duke University, Department of Chemistry, Box 90354, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0354, United States
- Duke University Medical Center, Department of Radiology, Box 3808, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Christina S. Gainey
- Duke University, Department of Chemistry, Box 90354, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0354, United States
| | - Tanya Mitropoulos
- Duke University, Department of Chemistry, Box 90354, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0354, United States
| | - Mary Jane Simpson
- Duke University, Department of Chemistry, Box 90354, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0354, United States
| | - Jennifer Y. Zhang
- Duke University Medical Center, Department of Dermatology, DUMC 3135, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Warren S. Warren
- Duke University, Department of Chemistry, Box 90354, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0354, United States
- Duke University Medical Center, Department of Radiology, Box 3808, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
- Duke University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Box 90281, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
- Address all correspondence to: Warren S. Warren, E-mail:
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228
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Maresca V, Flori E, Picardo M. Skin phototype: a new perspective. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2015; 28:378-89. [DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vittoria Maresca
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Centre of Metabolomics Research; San Gallicano Dermatologic Institute; Rome Italy
| | - Enrica Flori
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Centre of Metabolomics Research; San Gallicano Dermatologic Institute; Rome Italy
| | - Mauro Picardo
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Centre of Metabolomics Research; San Gallicano Dermatologic Institute; Rome Italy
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Yin K, Sturm RA, Smith AG. MC1R and NR4A receptors in cellular stress and DNA repair: implications for UVR protection. Exp Dermatol 2015; 23:449-52. [PMID: 24758341 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is the most common mutagen that melanocytes are exposed to. UVR causes a diverse range of DNA photolesions contributing to genome instability and promotes melanoma and non-melanoma development. Melanocytes are pigment-producing cells that synthesise the photoprotective melanins when the melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) is activated. MC1R is a G-protein-coupled receptor expressed predominantly in melanocytes. Its signalling pathway has been directly linked to melanogenesis, enhanced cytoprotection against UV damage and augmented DNA repair response. Interestingly, previous studies have revealed that MC1R signalling induces the transcription of the NR4A subfamily of orphan nuclear receptors in response to UV. In line with this, studies have also observed that NR4A receptors are recruited to distinct nuclear foci in response to cellular stress, independent of their transcriptional roles. Here, we review the regulated expression of NR4A2 and its potential roles upon cellular stress conditions. Current work in developing synthetic NR4A2 agonists further provides exciting avenues for exploring the potential role of NR4A2 as an antiskin cancer drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelvin Yin
- School of Biomedical Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
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López S, Alonso S, García de Galdeano A, Smith-Zubiaga I. Melanocytes from dark and light skin respond differently after ultraviolet B irradiation: effect of keratinocyte-conditioned medium. PHOTODERMATOLOGY PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2015; 31:149-58. [PMID: 25740555 DOI: 10.1111/phpp.12169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE The response to the damage provoked by exposure to UV radiation is mediated by melanocytes and a network of paracrine factors produced by keratinocytes, and it varies among individuals of different geographical origin and skin colour. The mechanisms underlying this differential response, however, have not been completely elucidated. METHODS We characterized the differential behaviour of melanocytes (proliferation and differentiation/melanogenesis) from both dark- and light-skinned individuals in response to ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation, cultured with and without keratinocyte-conditioned medium (KCM). ELISA assays and real-time quantitative PCR were used to assess the production of keratinocyte-derived factors. RESULTS After UVB irradiation, dark melanocytes showed a decreased proliferation consistent with the highly differentiated state inferred by the increased dendricity of the cells and higher levels of melanogenic genes expression, whereas light melanocytes showed an increase in proliferation in accord with a less differentiated state and decreased melanogenesis levels. KCM induced melanogenesis in dark melanocytes after UVB irradiation, but not in light-pigmented melanocytes. CONCLUSION Proliferation and differentiation are coordinated in response to UVB. A lower proliferative rate and a higher differentiation state in dark melanocytes could account for more effective photoprotective mechanisms that would prevent from cell damage against UVB irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saioa López
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
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232
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Mangino M, Christiansen L, Stone R, Hunt SC, Horvath K, Eisenberg DTA, Kimura M, Petersen I, Kark JD, Herbig U, Reiner AP, Benetos A, Codd V, Nyholt DR, Sinnreich R, Christensen K, Nassar H, Hwang SJ, Levy D, Bataille V, Fitzpatrick AL, Chen W, Berenson GS, Samani NJ, Martin NG, Tishkoff S, Schork NJ, Kyvik KO, Dalgård C, Spector TD, Aviv A. DCAF4, a novel gene associated with leucocyte telomere length. J Med Genet 2015; 52:157-62. [PMID: 25624462 PMCID: PMC4345921 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2014-102681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leucocyte telomere length (LTL), which is fashioned by multiple genes, has been linked to a host of human diseases, including sporadic melanoma. A number of genes associated with LTL have already been identified through genome-wide association studies. The main aim of this study was to establish whether DCAF4 (DDB1 and CUL4-associated factor 4) is associated with LTL. In addition, using ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA), we examined whether LTL-associated genes in the general population might partially explain the inherently longer LTL in patients with sporadic melanoma, the risk for which is increased with ultraviolet radiation (UVR). RESULTS Genome-wide association (GWA) meta-analysis and de novo genotyping of 20 022 individuals revealed a novel association (p=6.4×10(-10)) between LTL and rs2535913, which lies within DCAF4. Notably, eQTL analysis showed that rs2535913 is associated with decline in DCAF4 expressions in both lymphoblastoid cells and sun-exposed skin (p=4.1×10(-3) and 2×10(-3), respectively). Moreover, IPA revealed that LTL-associated genes, derived from GWA meta-analysis (N=9190), are over-represented among genes engaged in melanoma pathways. Meeting increasingly stringent p value thresholds (p<0.05, <0.01, <0.005, <0.001) in the LTL-GWA meta-analysis, these genes were jointly over-represented for melanoma at p values ranging from 1.97×10(-169) to 3.42×10(-24). CONCLUSIONS We uncovered a new locus associated with LTL in the general population. We also provided preliminary findings that suggest a link of LTL through genetic mechanisms with UVR and melanoma in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Mangino
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas' Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Lene Christiansen
- Epidemiology Unit, The Danish Aging Research Center and The Danish Twin Registry, Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark Department of Clinical Genetics, and Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Rivka Stone
- Center of Human Development and Aging, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Steven C Hunt
- Cardiovascular Genetics Division, Department of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Kent Horvath
- Center of Human Development and Aging, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Dan T A Eisenberg
- Department of Anthropology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA Center for Studies in Demography and Ecology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Masayuki Kimura
- Center of Human Development and Aging, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Inge Petersen
- Epidemiology Unit, The Danish Aging Research Center and The Danish Twin Registry, Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jeremy D Kark
- Epidemiology Unit, Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Utz Herbig
- Center of Human Development and Aging, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Alex P Reiner
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Athanase Benetos
- Department of Geriatrics, Universite de Lorraine INSERM U961, Nancy, France
| | - Veryan Codd
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
| | - Dale R Nyholt
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Ronit Sinnreich
- Epidemiology Unit, Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Kaare Christensen
- Epidemiology Unit, The Danish Aging Research Center and The Danish Twin Registry, Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark Department of Clinical Genetics, and Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Hisham Nassar
- Department of Cardiology, Hadassah University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Shih-Jen Hwang
- Population Sciences Branch of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Daniel Levy
- Population Sciences Branch of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Veronique Bataille
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK Department of Dermatology, West Herts NHS Trust, Herts, UK
| | | | - Wei Chen
- Center for Cardiovascular Health, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Gerald S Berenson
- Center for Cardiovascular Health, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Nilesh J Samani
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
| | | | - Sarah Tishkoff
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nicholas J Schork
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Kirsten Ohm Kyvik
- Epidemiology Unit, The Danish Aging Research Center and The Danish Twin Registry, Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark Institute of Regional Health Services Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark Odense Patient data Explorative Network (OPEN), Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Christine Dalgård
- Institute of Public Health, Environmental Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Timothy D Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Abraham Aviv
- Center of Human Development and Aging, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
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Czarny P, Pawlowska E, Bialkowska-Warzecha J, Kaarniranta K, Blasiak J. Autophagy in DNA damage response. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:2641-62. [PMID: 25625517 PMCID: PMC4346856 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16022641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA damage response (DDR) involves DNA repair, cell cycle regulation and apoptosis, but autophagy is also suggested to play a role in DDR. Autophagy can be activated in response to DNA-damaging agents, but the exact mechanism underlying this activation is not fully understood, although it is suggested that it involves the inhibition of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). mTORC1 represses autophagy via phosphorylation of the ULK1/2-Atg13-FIP200 complex thus preventing maturation of pre-autophagosomal structures. When DNA damage occurs, it is recognized by some proteins or their complexes, such as poly(ADP)ribose polymerase 1 (PARP-1), Mre11-Rad50-Nbs1 (MRN) complex or FOXO3, which activate repressors of mTORC1. SQSTM1/p62 is one of the proteins whose levels are regulated via autophagic degradation. Inhibition of autophagy by knockout of FIP200 results in upregulation of SQSTM1/p62, enhanced DNA damage and less efficient damage repair. Mitophagy, one form of autophagy involved in the selective degradation of mitochondria, may also play role in DDR. It degrades abnormal mitochondria and can either repress or activate apoptosis, but the exact mechanism remains unknown. There is a need to clarify the role of autophagy in DDR, as this process may possess several important biomedical applications, involving also cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Czarny
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Elzbieta Pawlowska
- Department of Orthodontics, Medical University of Lodz, Pomorska 251, 92-216 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Jolanta Bialkowska-Warzecha
- Department of Infectious and Liver Diseases, Medical University of Lodz, Kniaziewicza 1/5, 92-347 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Kai Kaarniranta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio FI-70211, Finland.
| | - Janusz Blasiak
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland.
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Yun CY, You ST, Kim JH, Chung JH, Han SB, Shin EY, Kim EG. p21-activated kinase 4 critically regulates melanogenesis via activation of the CREB/MITF and β-catenin/MITF pathways. J Invest Dermatol 2015; 135:1385-1394. [PMID: 25560280 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2014.548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
p21-activated kinase 4 (PAK4) regulates a wide range of cellular events, including cytoskeletal remodeling, cell growth, and survival. Our previous study identified PAK4 as a key regulator of cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB) that acts upstream of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), a master transcription factor in melanogenesis. We therefore investigated the role of PAK4 in melanogenesis. Melanocytes express both PAK2 and PAK4 isoforms, but only RNA interference knockdown of PAK4 significantly influenced α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH)-induced melanogenesis in B16 melanoma cells. Consistent with this result, PAK4 inhibition by PF3758309, a potent ATP-competitive inhibitor of PAKs, suppressed not only α-MSH-induced melanogenesis in B16 melanoma and human epithelial melanocyte cells but also UVB-induced melanogenesis in the skin of melanin-possessing hairless mice (HRM-2) in a dose-dependent manner. Inhibition of PAK4 over several days markedly decreased the levels of CREB, MITF, and tyrosinase in both HRM-2 mice and B16 melanoma cells. Moreover, PAK4 knockdown and inhibition suppressed α-MSH-stimulated β-catenin phosphorylation at serine 675 (S675) but enhanced phosphorylation at S33/37, an indicator for ubiquitination-dependent proteolysis. Together, our results provide evidence that PAK4 promotes α-MSH/UVB-induced melanogenesis via the CREB and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways and suggest that PAK4 may be a potential therapeutic target in pigmentation disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheong-Yong Yun
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Research Center, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Soon-Tae You
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Research Center, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Jin-Hwa Kim
- R&D Center, Hanbul Cosmetics Co. Ltd, Chungbuk, Korea.
| | - Jin H Chung
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang-Bae Han
- College of Pharmacy and CBITRC, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Young Shin
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Research Center, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea.
| | - Eung-Gook Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Research Center, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
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Di Cesare A, Fargnoli MC, Marinucci A, Peris K. Rationale for the Development of Speckled Hyperpigmentation in the Areas of Psoriatic Plaques after Treatment with Biologic Agents. J Invest Dermatol 2015; 135:318-320. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2014.297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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236
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Cabines de bronzage : étude des motivations et croyances des utilisateurs et non-utilisateurs dans la population lilloise. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2015; 142:10-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annder.2014.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Revised: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Vitamin D: Photobiological and Ecological Aspects. PHOTOBIOLOGY 2015. [PMCID: PMC7121328 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1468-5_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D was discovered as a result of its ability to cure rickets, but recently a wide range of other functions for it in the human body has been suggested. Vitamin D is not a vitamin in the strict sense as it can be synthesised in the human body following exposure of the skin to ultraviolet radiation. Provitamin D (7-dehydrocholesterol) is converted to previtamin D which is further modified by a series of reactions to the active form, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. This Chapter summarises the discovery of vitamin D and reviews the chemistry and photochemistry of its precursors, transformations and metabolites. The production of vitamin D in various human populations is described, and how to assess vitamin D status. The skeletal and non-skeletal effects of vitamin D are discussed, particularly its role in immunomodulation with consequences for protection against a variety of human diseases. The Chapter concludes with evolutionary aspects, the occurrence and role of vitamin D in the plant kingdom, biogeographical considerations, and the nonphotochemical production of vitamin D in certain plants.
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238
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Ernst A, Grimm A, Lim HW. Tanning lamps: Health effects and reclassification by the Food and Drug Administration. J Am Acad Dermatol 2015; 72:175-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2014.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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239
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Minder EI, Schneider-Yin X. Afamelanotide (CUV1647) in dermal phototoxicity of erythropoietic protoporphyria. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2014; 8:43-53. [DOI: 10.1586/17512433.2014.956089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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240
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Poon F, Kang S, Chien AL. Mechanisms and treatments of photoaging. PHOTODERMATOLOGY PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2014; 31:65-74. [PMID: 25351668 DOI: 10.1111/phpp.12145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Photoaging is frequently encountered in a dermatologic practice. This systematic literature review aims to explore the etiology of photoaging and address the evidence behind its current management. A comprehensive search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, UpToDate, and the Cochrane Library was conducted. Articles were limited to those relating to photoaging. There are two major approaches in the current management of photoaging. This includes strategies to prevent against ultraviolet damage (e.g. sunscreen) and medications that attempt to reverse existing skin damage (topical retinoids and 5-fluorouracil). There has been a large growth in the variety of treatment options in recent years. While it is important for such growth to continue, prevention via sensible photoprotection methods still remains the best current management option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flora Poon
- Department of Dermatology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
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241
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Abstract
In order to determine the effect of UV radiation on β-defensin 3 (BD3) expression in human skin, freshly-isolated UV-naïve skin was obtained from newborn male infants undergoing planned circumcision. Skin explants sustained ex vivo dermis side down on RPMI media were exposed to 0.5 kJ/m
2 UVB, and biopsies were taken from the explant through 72 hours after radiation. mRNA expression was measured by qRTPCR and normalized to TATA-binding protein. BD3 expression at each time point was compared with an untreated control taken at time 0 within each skin sample. Extensive variability in both the timing and magnitude of BD3 induction across individuals was noted and was not predicted by skin pigment phenotype, suggesting that BD3 induction was not influenced by epidermal melanization. However, a mock-irradiated time course demonstrated UV-independent BD3 mRNA increases across multiple donors which was not further augmented by treatment with UV radiation, suggesting that factors other than UV damage promoted increased BD3 expression in the skin explants. We conclude that BD3 expression is induced in a UV-independent manner in human skin explants processed and maintained in standard culture conditions, and that neonatal skin explants are an inappropriate model with which to study the effects of UV on BD3 induction in whole human skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Wolf Horrell
- The Markey Cancer Center and the Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - John D'Orazio
- The Markey Cancer Center and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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242
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Abstract
Melanoma, the deadliest form of skin cancer, is an aggressive disease that is rising in incidence. Although melanoma is a historically treatment-resistant malignancy, in recent years unprecedented breakthroughs in targeted therapies and immunotherapies have revolutionized the standard of care for patients with advanced disease. Here, we provide an overview of recent developments in our understanding of melanoma risk factors, genomics, and molecular pathogenesis and how these insights have driven advances in melanoma treatment. In addition, we review benefits and limitations of current therapies and look ahead to continued progress in melanoma prevention and therapy. Remarkable achievements in the field have already produced a paradigm shift in melanoma treatment: Metastatic melanoma, once considered incurable, can now be treated with potentially curative rather than palliative intent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Lo
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology and MGH Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - David E Fisher
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology and MGH Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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243
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Haluza D, Moshammer H, Kundi M, Cervinka R. Public (Skin) Health perspectives of gender differences in tanning habits and sun protective behaviour: a cross-sectional questionnaire survey. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2014; 127:124-31. [DOI: 10.1007/s00508-014-0643-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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244
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245
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246
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Binstock M, Hafeez F, Metchnikoff C, Arron S. Single‐nucleotide polymorphisms in pigment genes and nonmelanoma skin cancer predisposition: a systematic review. Br J Dermatol 2014; 171:713-21. [DOI: 10.1111/bjd.13283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Binstock
- Department of Dermatology University of California San Francisco San Francisco CA 94115 U.S.A
| | - F. Hafeez
- Department of Dermatology University of California San Francisco San Francisco CA 94115 U.S.A
| | - C. Metchnikoff
- Department of Dermatology University of California San Francisco San Francisco CA 94115 U.S.A
| | - S.T. Arron
- Department of Dermatology University of California San Francisco San Francisco CA 94115 U.S.A
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247
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Luo LF, Shi Y, Zhou Q, Xu SZ, Lei TC. Insufficient expression of the melanocortin-1 receptor by human dermal fibroblasts contributes to excess collagen synthesis in keloid scars. Exp Dermatol 2014; 22:764-6. [PMID: 24433185 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (αMSH)/melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) signalling pathway exerts antagonistic actions on cutaneous inflammatory and fibrogenic responses in addition to promoting pigment production. Herein, the expression of MC1R by keloid-derived fibroblasts and keloid scar tissue was investigated using a range of techniques. MC1R mRNA expression levels in five different keloid fibroblast cell lines were significantly reduced to less than half compared with five normal fibroblast cell lines (P < 0.05). Immunohistological analysis of tissue samples indicated that MCR1 immunoreactivity in both epidermal and dermal compartments of five keloid tissue samples was dramatically decreased compared with normal skin (P < 0.05). Insufficient expression of MC1R on human dermal fibroblasts might abolish the αMSH-mediated suppression of collagen production and myofibroblast transformation elicited by the profibrotic cytokine-transforming growth factor-β1. Restoration of reduced MC1R by dermal fibroblasts may lead to novel scar-reducing therapeutic approaches for treating this refractory fibrotic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long-Fei Luo
- Department of Dermatology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
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248
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Wolkow N, Li Y, Maminishkis A, Song Y, Alekseev O, Iacovelli J, Song D, Lee JC, Dunaief JL. Iron upregulates melanogenesis in cultured retinal pigment epithelial cells. Exp Eye Res 2014; 128:92-101. [PMID: 25277027 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2014.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of our studies was to examine the relationship between iron and melanogenesis in retinal pigment epithelial cells, as prior observations had suggested that iron may promote melanogenesis. This relationship has potential clinical importance, as both iron overload and hyperpigmentation are associated with age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Human fetal retinal pigment epithelial cells and ARPE-19 cells were treated with iron in the form of ferric ammonium citrate, after which quantitative RT-PCR and electron microscopy were performed. Melanogenesis genes tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related protein 1, Hermansky-Pudlak Syndrome 3, premelanosome protein and dopachrome tautomerase were upregulated, as was the melanogenesis-controlling transcription factor, microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF). Iron-treated cells had increased pigmentation and melanosome number. Multiple transcription factors upstream of MITF were upregulated by iron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Wolkow
- F.M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 305 Stellar-Chance Laboratories, 422 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Yafeng Li
- F.M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 305 Stellar-Chance Laboratories, 422 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Arvydas Maminishkis
- Section of Epithelial and Retinal Physiology and Disease, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bldg. 10, Rm. 10B04, MSC 1861, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ying Song
- F.M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 305 Stellar-Chance Laboratories, 422 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Oleg Alekseev
- F.M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 305 Stellar-Chance Laboratories, 422 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jared Iacovelli
- F.M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 305 Stellar-Chance Laboratories, 422 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Delu Song
- F.M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 305 Stellar-Chance Laboratories, 422 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jennifer C Lee
- F.M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 305 Stellar-Chance Laboratories, 422 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Joshua L Dunaief
- F.M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 305 Stellar-Chance Laboratories, 422 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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249
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Lee JH, Chen H, Kolev V, Aull KH, Jung I, Wang J, Miyamoto S, Hosoi J, Mandinova A, Fisher DE. High-throughput, high-content screening for novel pigmentation regulators using a keratinocyte/melanocyte co-culture system. Exp Dermatol 2014; 23:125-9. [PMID: 24438532 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Skin pigmentation is a complex process including melanogenesis within melanocytes and melanin transfer to the keratinocytes. To develop a comprehensive screening method for novel pigmentation regulators, we used immortalized melanocytes and keratinocytes in co-culture to screen large numbers of compounds. High-throughput screening plates were subjected to digital automated microscopy to quantify the pigmentation via brightfield microscopy. Compounds with pigment suppression were secondarily tested for their effects on expression of microphthalmia transcription factor (MITF) and several pigment regulatory genes, and further validated in terms of non-toxicity to keratinocytes/melanocytes and dose-dependent activity. The results demonstrate a high-throughput, high-content screening approach, which is applicable to the analysis of large chemical libraries using a co-culture system. We identified candidate pigmentation inhibitors from 4000 screened compounds including zoxazolamine, 3-methoxycatechol and alpha-mangostin, which were also shown to modulate expression of MITF and several key pigmentation factors and are worthy of further evaluation for potential translation to clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Hee Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Dermatology, Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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250
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Berwick M, Pestak C, Thomas N. Solar ultraviolet exposure and mortality from skin tumors. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 810:342-58. [PMID: 25207375 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0437-2_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Solar UV radiation (UVR) exposure is clearly associated with increased mortality from nonmelanoma skin cancer--usually squamous cell carcinoma. However, the association with cutaneous melanoma is unclear from the evidence in ecologic studies and several analytic studies have conflicting results regarding the effect of high levels of intermittent UV exposure prior to diagnosis on mortality. Understanding this conundrum is critical to present coherent public health messages and to improve the mortality rates from melanoma.
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