201
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The multiple functions of RNA helicases as drivers and regulators of gene expression. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2016; 17:426-38. [PMID: 27251421 DOI: 10.1038/nrm.2016.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
RNA helicases comprise the largest family of enzymes involved in the metabolism of mRNAs, the processing and fate of which rely on their packaging into messenger ribonucleoprotein particles (mRNPs). In this Review, we describe how the capacity of some RNA helicases to either remodel or lock the composition of mRNP complexes underlies their pleiotropic functions at different steps of the gene expression process. We illustrate the roles of RNA helicases in coordinating gene expression steps and programmes, and propose that RNA helicases function as molecular drivers and guides of the progression of their mRNA substrates from one RNA-processing factory to another, to a productive mRNA pool that leads to protein synthesis or to unproductive mRNA pools that are stored or degraded.
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202
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Abstract
The Hippo pathway is a signalling cascade conserved from Drosophila melanogaster to mammals. The mammalian core kinase components comprise MST1 and MST2, SAV1, LATS1 and LATS2 and MOB1A and MOB1B. The transcriptional co-activators YAP1 and TAZ are the downstream effectors of the Hippo pathway and regulate target gene expression. Hippo signalling has crucial roles in the control of organ size, tissue homeostasis and regeneration, and dysregulation of the Hippo pathway can lead to uncontrolled cell growth and malignant transformation. Mammalian intestine consists of a stem cell compartment as well as differentiated cells, and its ability to regenerate rapidly after injury makes it an excellent model system to study tissue homeostasis, regeneration and tumorigenesis. Several studies have established the important role of the Hippo pathway in these processes. In addition, crosstalk between Hippo and other signalling pathways provides tight, yet versatile, regulation of tissue homeostasis. In this Review, we summarize studies on the role of the Hippo pathway in the intestine on these physiological processes and the underlying mechanisms responsible, and discuss future research directions and potential therapeutic strategies targeting Hippo signalling in intestinal disease.
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203
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Guerrant W, Kota S, Troutman S, Mandati V, Fallahi M, Stemmer-Rachamimov A, Kissil JL. YAP Mediates Tumorigenesis in Neurofibromatosis Type 2 by Promoting Cell Survival and Proliferation through a COX-2-EGFR Signaling Axis. Cancer Res 2016; 76:3507-19. [PMID: 27216189 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-1144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The Hippo-YAP pathway has emerged as a major driver of tumorigenesis in many human cancers. YAP is a transcriptional coactivator and while details of YAP regulation are quickly emerging, it remains unknown what downstream targets are critical for the oncogenic functions of YAP. To determine the mechanisms involved and to identify disease-relevant targets, we examined the role of YAP in neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) using cell and animal models. We found that YAP function is required for NF2-null Schwann cell survival, proliferation, and tumor growth in vivo Moreover, YAP promotes transcription of several targets including PTGS2, which codes for COX-2, a key enzyme in prostaglandin biosynthesis, and AREG, which codes for the EGFR ligand, amphiregulin. Both AREG and prostaglandin E2 converge to activate signaling through EGFR. Importantly, treatment with the COX-2 inhibitor celecoxib significantly inhibited the growth of NF2-null Schwann cells and tumor growth in a mouse model of NF2. Cancer Res; 76(12); 3507-19. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Guerrant
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida
| | - Smitha Kota
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida
| | - Scott Troutman
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida
| | - Vinay Mandati
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida
| | - Mohammad Fallahi
- Informatics Core, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida
| | | | - Joseph L Kissil
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida.
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204
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Roden C, Mastriano S, Wang N, Lu J. microRNA Expression Profiling: Technologies, Insights, and Prospects. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 888:409-21. [PMID: 26663195 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-22671-2_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Since the early days of microRNA (miRNA) research, miRNA expression profiling technologies have provided important tools toward both better understanding of the biological functions of miRNAs and using miRNA expression as potential diagnostics. Multiple technologies, such as microarrays, next-generation sequencing, bead-based detection system, single-molecule measurements, and quantitative RT-PCR, have enabled accurate quantification of miRNAs and the subsequent derivation of key insights into diverse biological processes. As a class of ~22 nt long small noncoding RNAs, miRNAs present unique challenges in expression profiling that require careful experimental design and data analyses. We will particularly discuss how normalization and the presence of miRNA isoforms can impact data interpretation. We will present one example in which the consideration in data normalization has provided insights that helped to establish the global miRNA expression as a tumor suppressor. Finally, we discuss two future prospects of using miRNA profiling technologies to understand single cell variability and derive new rules for the functions of miRNA isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Roden
- Department of Genetics, Yale Stem Cell Center and Yale Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, 10 Amistad Street, Rm 237C, New Haven, CT, 06520-8005, USA
| | - Stephen Mastriano
- Department of Genetics, Yale Stem Cell Center and Yale Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, 10 Amistad Street, Rm 237C, New Haven, CT, 06520-8005, USA
| | - Nayi Wang
- The Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Jun Lu
- Department of Genetics, Yale Stem Cell Center and Yale Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, 10 Amistad Street, Rm 237C, New Haven, CT, 06520-8005, USA. .,Yale Center for RNA Science and Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
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205
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Barr I, Weitz SH, Atkin T, Hsu P, Karayiorgou M, Gogos JA, Weiss S, Guo F. Cobalt(III) Protoporphyrin Activates the DGCR8 Protein and Can Compensate microRNA Processing Deficiency. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 22:793-802. [PMID: 26091172 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2015.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Revised: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Processing of microRNA primary transcripts (pri-miRNAs) is highly regulated and defects in the processing machinery play a key role in many human diseases. In 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS), heterozygous deletion of DiGeorge critical region gene 8 (DGCR8) causes a processing deficiency, which contributes to abnormal brain development. The DGCR8 protein is the RNA-binding partner of Drosha RNase, both essential for processing canonical pri-miRNAs. To identify an agent that can compensate reduced DGCR8 expression, we screened for metalloporphyrins that can mimic the natural DGCR8 heme cofactor. We found that Co(III) protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) stably binds DGCR8 and activates it for pri-miRNA processing in vitro and in HeLa cells. Importantly, treating cultured Dgcr8(+/-) mouse neurons with Co(III)PPIX can compensate the pri-miRNA processing defects. Co(III)PPIX is effective at concentrations as low as 0.2 μM and is not degraded by heme degradation enzymes, making it useful as a research tool and a potential therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Barr
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Sara H Weitz
- Interdepartmental Program in Molecular, Cellular, and Integrative Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Talia Atkin
- Department of Physiology & Cellular Biophysics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - PeiKen Hsu
- Department of Physiology & Cellular Biophysics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Maria Karayiorgou
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Joseph A Gogos
- Department of Physiology & Cellular Biophysics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Neuroscience, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - Shimon Weiss
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Feng Guo
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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206
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Howell JA, Khan SA. The role of miRNAs in cholangiocarcinoma. Hepat Oncol 2016; 3:167-180. [PMID: 30191036 PMCID: PMC6095304 DOI: 10.2217/hep-2015-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a devastating malignancy with high mortality, in part due to the combination of late presentation, significant diagnostic challenges and limited effective treatment options. Late presentation and diagnosis contribute to the high mortality in CCA and there is an urgent unmet need for diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers to facilitate early diagnosis and treatment stratification to improve clinical outcomes. MiRs are small ncRNA molecules that regulate gene expression and modulate both tumor suppressive and oncogenic pathways. They have a well-defined role in carcinogenesis, including CCA. In this review, we outline the evidence for MiRs in the pathogenesis of CCA and their potential utility as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers to guide clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Howell
- Department of Hepatology, Level 10 QEQM Building, St Mary's Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, Praed Street, London, W2 1NY, UK
- Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Victoria Pde, Fitzroy 3065, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shahid A Khan
- Department of Hepatology, Level 10 QEQM Building, St Mary's Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, Praed Street, London, W2 1NY, UK
- *Author for correspondence:
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207
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Cheng J, Roden CA, Pan W, Zhu S, Baccei A, Pan X, Jiang T, Kluger Y, Weissman SM, Guo S, Flavell RA, Ding Y, Lu J. A Molecular Chipper technology for CRISPR sgRNA library generation and functional mapping of noncoding regions. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11178. [PMID: 27025950 PMCID: PMC4820989 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Clustered regularly-interspaced palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-based genetic screens using single-guide-RNA (sgRNA) libraries have proven powerful to identify genetic regulators. Applying CRISPR screens to interrogate functional elements in noncoding regions requires generating sgRNA libraries that are densely covering, and ideally inexpensive, easy to implement and flexible for customization. Here we present a Molecular Chipper technology for generating dense sgRNA libraries for genomic regions of interest, and a proof-of-principle screen that identifies novel cis-regulatory domains for miR-142 biogenesis. The Molecular Chipper approach utilizes a combination of random fragmentation and a type III restriction enzyme to derive a densely covering sgRNA library from input DNA. Applying this approach to 17 microRNAs and their flanking regions and with a reporter for miR-142 activity, we identify both the pre-miR-142 region and two previously unrecognized cis-domains important for miR-142 biogenesis, with the latter regulating miR-142 processing. This strategy will be useful for identifying functional noncoding elements in mammalian genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jijun Cheng
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
- Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Christine A. Roden
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
- Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
- Graduate Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
| | - Wen Pan
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
- Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Shu Zhu
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Anna Baccei
- Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Xinghua Pan
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
| | - Tingting Jiang
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
- Interdepartmental Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
| | - Yuval Kluger
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
- Interdepartmental Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
| | - Sherman M. Weissman
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
| | - Shangqin Guo
- Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Richard A. Flavell
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Ye Ding
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York 12208, USA
| | - Jun Lu
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
- Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
- Interdepartmental Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
- Yale Center for RNA Science and Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
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208
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Garibaldi F, Falcone E, Trisciuoglio D, Colombo T, Lisek K, Walerych D, Del Sal G, Paci P, Bossi G, Piaggio G, Gurtner A. Mutant p53 inhibits miRNA biogenesis by interfering with the microprocessor complex. Oncogene 2016; 35:3760-70. [PMID: 26996669 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Downregulation of microRNAs (miRNAs) is commonly observed in cancers and promotes tumorigenesis suggesting that miRNAs may function as tumor suppressors. However, the mechanism through which miRNAs are regulated in cancer, and the connection between oncogenes and miRNA biogenesis remain poorly understood. The TP53 tumor-suppressor gene is mutated in half of human cancers resulting in an oncogene with gain-of-function activities. Here we demonstrate that mutant p53 (mutp53) oncoproteins modulate the biogenesis of a subset of miRNAs in cancer cells inhibiting their post-transcriptional maturation. Interestingly, among these miRNAs several are also downregulated in human tumors. By confocal, co-immunoprecipitation and RNA-chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments, we show that endogenous mutp53 binds and sequesters RNA helicases p72/82 from the microprocessor complex, interfering with Drosha-pri-miRNAs association. In agreement with this, the overexpression of p72 leads to an increase of mature miRNAs levels. Moreover, functional experiments demonstrate the oncosuppressive role of mutp53-dependent miRNAs (miR-517a, -519a, -218, -105). Our study highlights a previously undescribed mechanism by which mutp53 interferes with Drosha-p72/82 association leading, at least in part, to miRNA deregulation observed in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Garibaldi
- Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostics, and Technological Innovation, Translational Research Area, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - E Falcone
- Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostics, and Technological Innovation, Translational Research Area, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - D Trisciuoglio
- Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostics, and Technological Innovation, Translational Research Area, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - T Colombo
- Institute for System Analysis and Computer Science "Antonio Ruberti", National Research Council, Rome, Italy.,SysBio Centre for Systems Biology, Rome, Italy
| | - K Lisek
- Laboratorio Nazionale CIB, Area Science Park Padriciano, Trieste, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita-Università degli Studi di Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - D Walerych
- Laboratorio Nazionale CIB, Area Science Park Padriciano, Trieste, Italy
| | - G Del Sal
- Laboratorio Nazionale CIB, Area Science Park Padriciano, Trieste, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita-Università degli Studi di Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - P Paci
- Institute for System Analysis and Computer Science "Antonio Ruberti", National Research Council, Rome, Italy.,SysBio Centre for Systems Biology, Rome, Italy
| | - G Bossi
- Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostics, and Technological Innovation, Translational Research Area, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy.,Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostics, and Technological Innovation, Laboratory of Medical Physics and Expert Systems, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - G Piaggio
- Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostics, and Technological Innovation, Translational Research Area, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - A Gurtner
- Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostics, and Technological Innovation, Translational Research Area, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
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209
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Hikasa H, Sekido Y, Suzuki A. Merlin/NF2-Lin28B-let-7 Is a Tumor-Suppressive Pathway that Is Cell-Density Dependent and Hippo Independent. Cell Rep 2016; 14:2950-61. [PMID: 26997273 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.02.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 12/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Contact inhibition of proliferation is critical for tissue organization, and its dysregulation contributes to tumorigenesis. Merlin/NF2 is a tumor suppressor that governs contact inhibition. Although Merlin/NF2 inhibits YAP1 and TAZ, which are paralogous Hippo pathway transcriptional co-activators and oncoproteins, it is not fully understood how Merlin/NF2-mediated signal transduction triggered by cell-cell contact exerts tumor suppression. Here, we identify Lin28B, an inhibitor of let-7 microRNAs (miRNAs), as an important downstream target of Merlin/NF2. Functional studies revealed that, at low cell density, Merlin/NF2 is phosphorylated and does not bind to Lin28B, allowing Lin28B to enter the nucleus, bind to pri-let-7 miRNAs, and inhibit their maturation in a YAP1/TAZ-independent manner. This inhibition of pri-let-7 maturation then promotes cell growth. However, cell-cell contact triggers Merlin/NF2 dephosphorylation, which sequesters Lin28B in the cytoplasm and permits pri-let-7 maturation. Our results reveal that Merlin/NF2-mediated signaling drives a tumor-suppressive pathway that is cell-density dependent and Hippo independent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Hikasa
- Division of Cancer Genetics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Sekido
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya 464-8681, Japan
| | - Akira Suzuki
- Division of Cancer Genetics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
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210
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Gurtner A, Falcone E, Garibaldi F, Piaggio G. Dysregulation of microRNA biogenesis in cancer: the impact of mutant p53 on Drosha complex activity. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2016; 35:45. [PMID: 26971015 PMCID: PMC4789259 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-016-0319-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A widespread decrease of mature microRNAs is often observed in human malignancies giving them potential to act as tumor suppressors. Thus, microRNAs may be potential targets for cancer therapy. The global miRNA deregulation is often the result of defects in the miRNA biogenesis pathway, such as genomic mutation or aberrant expression/localization of enzymes and cofactors responsible of miRNA maturation. Alterations in the miRNA biogenesis machinery impact on the establishment and development of cancer programs. Accumulation of pri-microRNAs and corresponding depletion of mature microRNAs occurs in human cancers compared to normal tissues, strongly indicating an impairment of crucial steps in microRNA biogenesis. In agreement, inhibition of microRNA biogenesis, by depletion of Dicer1 and Drosha, tends to enhance tumorigenesis in vivo. The p53 tumor suppressor gene, TP53, is mutated in half of human tumors resulting in an oncogene with Gain-Of-Function activities. In this review we discuss recent studies that have underlined a role of mutant p53 (mutp53) on the global regulation of miRNA biogenesis in cancer. In particular we describe how a new transcriptionally independent function of mutant p53 in miRNA maturation, through a mechanism by which this oncogene is able to interfere with the Drosha processing machinery, generally inhibits miRNA processing in cancer and consequently impacts on carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aymone Gurtner
- Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostics, and Technological Innovation, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144, Rome, Italy
| | - Emmanuela Falcone
- Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostics, and Technological Innovation, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Garibaldi
- Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostics, and Technological Innovation, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144, Rome, Italy.
| | - Giulia Piaggio
- Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostics, and Technological Innovation, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144, Rome, Italy
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211
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Gabriel BM, Hamilton DL, Tremblay AM, Wackerhage H. The Hippo signal transduction network for exercise physiologists. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2016; 120:1105-17. [PMID: 26940657 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01076.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitous transcriptional coactivators Yap (gene symbol Yap1) and Taz (gene symbol Wwtr1) regulate gene expression mainly by coactivating the Tead transcription factors. Being at the center of the Hippo signaling network, Yap and Taz are regulated by the Hippo kinase cassette and additionally by a plethora of exercise-associated signals and signaling modules. These include mechanotransduction, the AKT-mTORC1 network, the SMAD transcription factors, hypoxia, glucose homeostasis, AMPK, adrenaline/epinephrine and angiotensin II through G protein-coupled receptors, and IL-6. Consequently, exercise should alter Hippo signaling in several organs to mediate at least some aspects of the organ-specific adaptations to exercise. Indeed, Tead1 overexpression in muscle fibers has been shown to promote a fast-to-slow fiber type switch, whereas Yap in muscle fibers and cardiomyocytes promotes skeletal muscle hypertrophy and cardiomyocyte adaptations, respectively. Finally, genome-wide association studies in humans have linked the Hippo pathway members LATS2, TEAD1, YAP1, VGLL2, VGLL3, and VGLL4 to body height, which is a key factor in sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan M Gabriel
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Scotland, UK; The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section for Integrative Physiology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; and Integrative physiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Annie M Tremblay
- Stem Cell Program, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Henning Wackerhage
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Scotland, UK; Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Technical University Munich, Germany;
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212
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Cushing L, Jiang Z, Kuang P, Lü J. The roles of microRNAs and protein components of the microRNA pathway in lung development and diseases. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2016; 52:397-408. [PMID: 25211015 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2014-0232rt] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Decades of studies have shown evolutionarily conserved molecular networks consisting of transcriptional factors, diffusing growth factors, and signaling pathways that regulate proper lung development. Recently, microRNAs (miRNAs), small, noncoding regulatory RNAs, have been integrated into these networks. Significant advances have been made in characterizing the developmental stage- or cell type-specific miRNAs during lung development by using approaches such as genome-wide profiling and in situ hybridization. Results from gain- or loss-of-function studies revealed pivotal roles of protein components of the miRNA pathway and individual miRNAs in regulating proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation, and morphogenesis during lung development. Aberrant expression or functions of these components have been associated with pulmonary disorders, suggesting their involvement in pathogenesis of these diseases. Moreover, genetically modified mice generated in these studies have become useful models of human lung diseases. Challenges in this field include characterization of collective function and responsible targets of miRNAs specifically expressed during lung development, and translation of these basic findings into clinically relevant information for better understanding of human diseases. The goal of this review is to discuss the recent progress on the understanding of how the miRNA pathway regulates lung development, how dysregulation of miRNA activities contributes to pathogenesis of related pulmonary diseases, and to identify relevant questions and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Cushing
- Columbia Center for Human Development, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, New York
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213
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Yu FX, Zhao B, Guan KL. Hippo Pathway in Organ Size Control, Tissue Homeostasis, and Cancer. Cell 2016; 163:811-28. [PMID: 26544935 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1559] [Impact Index Per Article: 194.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Two decades of studies in multiple model organisms have established the Hippo pathway as a key regulator of organ size and tissue homeostasis. By inhibiting YAP and TAZ transcription co-activators, the Hippo pathway regulates cell proliferation, apoptosis, and stemness in response to a wide range of extracellular and intracellular signals, including cell-cell contact, cell polarity, mechanical cues, ligands of G-protein-coupled receptors, and cellular energy status. Dysregulation of the Hippo pathway exerts a significant impact on cancer development. Further investigation of the functions and regulatory mechanisms of this pathway will help uncovering the mystery of organ size control and identify new targets for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fa-Xing Yu
- Children's Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Bin Zhao
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Kun-Liang Guan
- Department of Pharmacology and Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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214
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Chung H, Lee BK, Uprety N, Shen W, Lee J, Kim J. Yap1 is dispensable for self-renewal but required for proper differentiation of mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells. EMBO Rep 2016; 17:519-29. [PMID: 26917425 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201540933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Yap1 is a transcriptional co-activator of the Hippo pathway. The importance of Yap1 in early cell fate decision during embryogenesis has been well established, though its role in embryonic stem (ES) cells remains elusive. Here, we report that Yap1 plays crucial roles in normal differentiation rather than self-renewal of ES cells. Yap1-depleted ES cells maintain undifferentiated state with a typical colony morphology as well as robust alkaline phosphatase activity. These cells also retain comparable levels of the core pluripotent factors, such as Pou5f1 and Sox2, to the levels in wild-type ES cells without significant alteration of lineage-specific marker genes. Conversely, overexpression of Yap1 in ES cells promotes nuclear translocation of Yap1, resulting in disruption of self-renewal and triggering differentiation by up-regulating lineage-specific genes. Moreover, Yap1-deficient ES cells show impaired induction of lineage markers during differentiation. Collectively, our data demonstrate that Yap1 is a required factor for proper differentiation of mouse ES cells, while remaining dispensable for self-renewal.
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Affiliation(s)
- HaeWon Chung
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Bum-Kyu Lee
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Nadima Uprety
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Wenwen Shen
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Jiwoon Lee
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Jonghwan Kim
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
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215
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Precision multidimensional assay for high-throughput microRNA drug discovery. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10709. [PMID: 26880188 PMCID: PMC4757758 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of drug discovery assays that combine high content with throughput is challenging. Information-processing gene networks can address this challenge by integrating multiple potential targets of drug candidates' activities into a small number of informative readouts, reporting simultaneously on specific and non-specific effects. Here we show a family of networks implementing this concept in a cell-based drug discovery assay for miRNA drug targets. The networks comprise multiple modules reporting on specific effects towards an intended miRNA target, together with non-specific effects on gene expression, off-target miRNAs and RNA interference pathway. We validate the assays using known perturbations of on- and off-target miRNAs, and evaluate an ∼700 compound library in an automated screen with a follow-up on specific and non-specific hits. We further customize and validate assays for additional drug targets and non-specific inputs. Our study offers a novel framework for precision drug discovery assays applicable to diverse target families. Progress in drug discovery can be hampered by a limited exploration of chemical space and the difficulty in assessing the full range of drug candidates' effects on living cells. Here the authors describe a cell-based assay to distinguish between off-target and specific effects of candidate compounds targeting micro RNAs.
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216
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Noncoding RNAs in Tumor Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:2732705. [PMID: 26989421 PMCID: PMC4773551 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2732705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-derived tumor cells acquire the capacity for epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), which enables them to invade adjacent tissues and/or metastasize to distant organs. Cancer metastasis is the main cause of cancer-related death. Molecular mechanisms involved in the switch from an epithelial phenotype to mesenchymal status are complicated and are controlled by a variety of signaling pathways. Recently, a set of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), including miRNAs and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), were found to modulate gene expressions at either transcriptional or posttranscriptional levels. These ncRNAs are involved in EMT through their interplay with EMT-related transcription factors (EMT-TFs) and EMT-associated signaling. Reciprocal regulatory interactions between lncRNAs and miRNAs further increase the complexity of the regulation of gene expression and protein translation. In this review, we discuss recent findings regarding EMT-regulating ncRNAs and their associated signaling pathways involved in cancer progression.
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217
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Rupaimoole R, Calin GA, Lopez-Berestein G, Sood AK. miRNA Deregulation in Cancer Cells and the Tumor Microenvironment. Cancer Discov 2016; 6:235-46. [PMID: 26865249 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-15-0893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 489] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED miRNAs are a key component of the noncoding RNA family. The underlying mechanisms involved in the interplay between the tumor microenvironment and cancer cells involve highly dynamic factors such as hypoxia and cell types such as cancer-associated fibroblasts and macrophages. Although miRNA levels are known to be altered in cancer cells, recent evidence suggests a critical role for the tumor microenvironment in regulating miRNA biogenesis, methylation, and transcriptional changes. Here, we discuss the complex protumorigenic symbiotic role between tumor cells, the tumor microenvironment, and miRNA deregulation. SIGNIFICANCE miRNAs play a central role in cell signaling and homeostasis. In this article, we provide insights into the regulatory mechanisms involved in the deregulation of miRNAs in cancer cells and the tumor microenvironment and discuss therapeutic intervention strategies to overcome this deregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesha Rupaimoole
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - George A Calin
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Gabriel Lopez-Berestein
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Anil K Sood
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
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218
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Marzi MJ, Ghini F, Cerruti B, de Pretis S, Bonetti P, Giacomelli C, Gorski MM, Kress T, Pelizzola M, Muller H, Amati B, Nicassio F. Degradation dynamics of microRNAs revealed by a novel pulse-chase approach. Genome Res 2016; 26:554-65. [PMID: 26821571 PMCID: PMC4817778 DOI: 10.1101/gr.198788.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The regulation of miRNAs is critical to the definition of cell identity and behavior in normal physiology and disease. To date, the dynamics of miRNA degradation and the mechanisms involved in remain largely obscure, in particular, in higher organisms. Here, we developed a pulse-chase approach based on metabolic RNA labeling to calculate miRNA decay rates at genome-wide scale in mammalian cells. Our analysis revealed heterogeneous miRNA half-lives, with many species behaving as stable molecules (T1/2 > 24 h), while others, including passenger miRNAs and a number (25/129) of guide miRNAs, are quickly turned over (T1/2 = 4–14 h). Decay rates were coupled with other features, including genomic organization, transcription rates, structural heterogeneity (isomiRs), and target abundance, measured through quantitative experimental approaches. This comprehensive analysis highlighted functional mechanisms that mediate miRNA degradation, as well as the importance of decay dynamics in the regulation of the miRNA pool under both steady-state conditions and during cell transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo J Marzi
- Center for Genomic Science of IIT@SEMM, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Ghini
- Center for Genomic Science of IIT@SEMM, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Benedetta Cerruti
- Center for Genomic Science of IIT@SEMM, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano de Pretis
- Center for Genomic Science of IIT@SEMM, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Bonetti
- Center for Genomic Science of IIT@SEMM, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Giacomelli
- Center for Genomic Science of IIT@SEMM, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Marcin M Gorski
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology (IEO), 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Theresia Kress
- Center for Genomic Science of IIT@SEMM, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), 20139 Milan, Italy; Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology (IEO), 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Mattia Pelizzola
- Center for Genomic Science of IIT@SEMM, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Heiko Muller
- Center for Genomic Science of IIT@SEMM, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Bruno Amati
- Center for Genomic Science of IIT@SEMM, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), 20139 Milan, Italy; Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology (IEO), 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Nicassio
- Center for Genomic Science of IIT@SEMM, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), 20139 Milan, Italy
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219
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Hu J, Sun T, Wang H, Chen Z, Wang S, Yuan L, Liu T, Li HR, Wang P, Feng Y, Wang Q, McLendon RE, Friedman AH, Keir ST, Bigner DD, Rathmell J, Fu XD, Li QJ, Wang H, Wang XF. MiR-215 Is Induced Post-transcriptionally via HIF-Drosha Complex and Mediates Glioma-Initiating Cell Adaptation to Hypoxia by Targeting KDM1B. Cancer Cell 2016; 29:49-60. [PMID: 26766590 PMCID: PMC4871949 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The hypoxic tumor microenvironment serves as a niche for maintaining the glioma-initiating cells (GICs) that are critical for glioblastoma (GBM) occurrence and recurrence. Here, we report that hypoxia-induced miR-215 is vital for reprograming GICs to fit the hypoxic microenvironment via suppressing the expression of an epigenetic regulator KDM1B and modulating activities of multiple pathways. Interestingly, biogenesis of miR-215 and several miRNAs is accelerated post-transcriptionally by hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) through HIF-Drosha interaction. Moreover, miR-215 expression correlates inversely with KDM1B while correlating positively with HIF1α and GBM progression in patients. These findings reveal a direct role of HIF in regulating miRNA biogenesis and consequently activating the miR-215-KDM1B-mediated signaling required for GIC adaptation to hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Hu
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Tao Sun
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Zhengxin Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210029, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210029, China
| | - Lifeng Yuan
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Tingyu Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Hai-Ri Li
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Pingping Wang
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Yukuan Feng
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Anatomy, Mudanjiang Medical College, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang Province 157011, China
| | - Qinhong Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Roger E McLendon
- The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Allan H Friedman
- The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Stephen T Keir
- The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Darell D Bigner
- The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jeff Rathmell
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Xiang-Dong Fu
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Qi-Jing Li
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Huibo Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210029, China
| | - Xiao-Fan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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220
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A novel function for the DEAD-box RNA helicase DDX-23 in primary microRNA processing in Caenorhabditis elegans. Dev Biol 2016; 409:459-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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221
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Hu J, Markowitz GJ, Wang X. Noncoding RNAs Regulating Cancer Signaling Network. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 927:297-315. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-1498-7_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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222
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Chen X, Fan S, Song E. Noncoding RNAs: New Players in Cancers. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 927:1-47. [PMID: 27376730 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-1498-7_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The world of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) has gained widespread attention in recent years due to their novel and crucial potency of biological regulation. Noncoding RNAs play essential regulatory roles in a broad range of developmental processes and diseases, notably human cancers. Regulatory ncRNAs represent multiple levels of structurally and functionally distinct RNAs, including the best-known microRNAs (miRNAs), the complicated long ncRNAs (lncRNAs), and the newly identified circular RNAs (circRNAs). However, the mechanisms by which they act remain elusive. In this chapter, we will review the current knowledge of the ncRNA field, discussing the genomic context, biological functions, and mechanisms of action of miRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs. We also highlight the implications of the biogenesis and gene expression dysregulation of different ncRNA subtypes in the initiation and development of human malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueman Chen
- Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 107 Yanjiang West Road, Guangzhou, China
| | - Siting Fan
- Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 107 Yanjiang West Road, Guangzhou, China
| | - Erwei Song
- Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 107 Yanjiang West Road, Guangzhou, China.
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223
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Sukumaran SK, Blau-Wasser R, Rohlfs M, Gallinger C, Schleicher M, Noegel AA. The centrosomal component CEP161 of Dictyostelium discoideum interacts with the Hippo signaling pathway. Cell Cycle 2015; 14:1024-35. [PMID: 25607232 PMCID: PMC4614953 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1007015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
CEP161 is a novel component of the Dictyostelium discoideum centrosome which was identified as binding partner of the pericentriolar component CP250. Here we show that the amino acids 1-763 of the 1381 amino acids CEP161 are sufficient for CP250 binding, centrosomal targeting and centrosome association. Analysis of AX2 cells over-expressing truncated and full length CEP161 proteins revealed defects in growth and development. By immunoprecipitation experiments we identified the Hippo related kinase SvkA (Hrk-svk) as binding partner for CEP161. Both proteins colocalize at the centrosome. In in vitro kinase assays the N-terminal domain of CEP161 (residues 1-763) inhibited the kinase activity of Hrk-svk. A comparison of D. discoideum Hippo kinase mutants with mutants overexpressing CEP161 polypeptides revealed similar defects. We propose that the centrosomal component CEP161 is a novel player in the Hippo signaling pathway and affects various cellular properties through this interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salil K Sukumaran
- a Institute of Biochemistry I; Medical Faculty University of Cologne ; Köln , Germany
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224
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RNA Binding Proteins in the miRNA Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 17:ijms17010031. [PMID: 26712751 PMCID: PMC4730277 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17010031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 12/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
microRNAs (miRNAs) are short ~22 nucleotides (nt) ribonucleic acids which post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression. miRNAs are key regulators of all cellular processes, and the correct expression of miRNAs in an organism is crucial for proper development and cellular function. As a result, the miRNA biogenesis pathway is highly regulated. In this review, we outline the basic steps of miRNA biogenesis and miRNA mediated gene regulation focusing on the role of RNA binding proteins (RBPs). We also describe multiple mechanisms that regulate the canonical miRNA pathway, which depends on a wide range of RBPs. Moreover, we hypothesise that the interaction between miRNA regulation and RBPs is potentially more widespread based on the analysis of available high-throughput datasets.
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225
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Klinge CM. miRNAs regulated by estrogens, tamoxifen, and endocrine disruptors and their downstream gene targets. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 418 Pt 3:273-97. [PMID: 25659536 PMCID: PMC4523495 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short (22 nucleotides), single-stranded, non-coding RNAs that form complimentary base-pairs with the 3' untranslated region of target mRNAs within the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) and block translation and/or stimulate mRNA transcript degradation. The non-coding miRBase (release 21, June 2014) reports that human genome contains ∼ 2588 mature miRNAs which regulate ∼ 60% of human protein-coding mRNAs. Dysregulation of miRNA expression has been implicated in estrogen-related diseases including breast cancer and endometrial cancer. The mechanism for estrogen regulation of miRNA expression and the role of estrogen-regulated miRNAs in normal homeostasis, reproduction, lactation, and in cancer is an area of great research and clinical interest. Estrogens regulate miRNA transcription through estrogen receptors α and β in a tissue-specific and cell-dependent manner. This review focuses primarily on the regulation of miRNA expression by ligand-activated ERs and their bona fide gene targets and includes miRNA regulation by tamoxifen and endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in breast cancer and cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn M Klinge
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Center for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40292, USA.
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226
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Turato C, Cannito S, Simonato D, Villano G, Morello E, Terrin L, Quarta S, Biasiolo A, Ruvoletto M, Martini A, Fasolato S, Zanus G, Cillo U, Gatta A, Parola M, Pontisso P. SerpinB3 and Yap Interplay Increases Myc Oncogenic Activity. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17701. [PMID: 26634820 PMCID: PMC4669520 DOI: 10.1038/srep17701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
SerpinB3 has been recently described as an early marker of liver carcinogenesis, but the potential mechanistic role of this serpin in tumor development is still poorly understood. Overexpression of Myc often correlates with more aggressive tumour forms, supporting its involvement in carcinogenesis. Yes-associated protein (Yap), the main effector of the Hippo pathway, is a central regulator of proliferation and it has been found up-regulated in hepatocellular carcinomas. The study has been designed to investigate and characterize the interplay and functional modulation of Myc by SerpinB3 in liver cancer. Results from this study indicate that Myc was up-regulated by SerpinB3 through calpain and Hippo-dependent molecular mechanisms in transgenic mice and hepatoma cells overexpressing human SerpinB3, and also in human hepatocellular carcinomas. Human recombinant SerpinB3 was capable to inhibit the activity of Calpain in vitro, likely reducing its ability to cleave Myc in its non oncogenic Myc-nick cytoplasmic form. SerpinB3 indirectly increased the transcription of Myc through the induction of Yap pathway. These findings provide for the first time evidence that SerpinB3 can improve the production of Myc through direct and indirect mechanisms that include the inhibition of generation of its cytoplasmic form and the activation of Yap pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefania Cannito
- Dept. of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Unit of Experimental Medicine and Interuniversity Center for Liver Pathophysiology, University of Torino, Italy
| | | | | | - Elisabetta Morello
- Dept. of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Unit of Experimental Medicine and Interuniversity Center for Liver Pathophysiology, University of Torino, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Giacomo Zanus
- Unit of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Umberto Cillo
- Unit of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, University of Padova, Italy
| | | | - Maurizio Parola
- Dept. of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Unit of Experimental Medicine and Interuniversity Center for Liver Pathophysiology, University of Torino, Italy
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227
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Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are integral to the gene regulatory network. A single miRNA is capable of controlling the expression of hundreds of protein coding genes and modulate a wide spectrum of biological functions, such as proliferation, differentiation, stress responses, DNA repair, cell adhesion, motility, inflammation, cell survival, senescence and apoptosis, all of which are fundamental to tumorigenesis. Overexpression, genetic amplification, and gain-of-function mutation of oncogenic miRNAs ("onco-miRs") as well as genetic deletion and loss-of-function mutation of tumor suppressor miRNAs ("suppressor-miRs") are linked to human cancer. In addition to the dysregulation of a specific onco-miR or suppressor-miRs, changes in global miRNA levels resulting from a defective miRNA biogenesis pathway play a role in tumorigenesis. The function of individual onco-miRs and suppressor-miRs and their target genes in cancer has been described in many different articles elsewhere. In this review, we primarily focus on the recent development regarding the dysregulation of the miRNA biogenesis pathway and its contribution to cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Hata
- a Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California , San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Risa Kashima
- a Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California , San Francisco , CA , USA
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228
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Fowler DK, Williams C, Gerritsen AT, Washbourne P. Improved knockdown from artificial microRNAs in an enhanced miR-155 backbone: a designer's guide to potent multi-target RNAi. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 44:e48. [PMID: 26582923 PMCID: PMC4797272 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv1246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Artificial microRNA (amiRNA) sequences embedded in natural microRNA (miRNA) backbones have proven to be useful tools for RNA interference (RNAi). amiRNAs have reduced off-target and toxic effects compared to other RNAi-based methods such as short-hairpin RNAs (shRNA). amiRNAs are often less effective for knockdown, however, compared to their shRNA counterparts. We screened a large empirically-designed amiRNA set in the synthetic inhibitory BIC/miR-155 RNA (SIBR) scaffold and show common structural and sequence-specific features associated with effective amiRNAs. We then introduced exogenous motifs into the basal stem region which increase amiRNA biogenesis and knockdown potency. We call this modified backbone the enhanced SIBR (eSIBR) scaffold. Using chained amiRNAs for multi-gene knockdown, we show that concatenation of miRNAs targeting different genes is itself sufficient for increased knockdown efficacy. Further, we show that eSIBR outperforms wild-type SIBR (wtSIBR) when amiRNAs are chained. Finally, we use a lentiviral expression system in cultured neurons, where we again find that eSIBR amiRNAs are more potent for multi-target knockdown of endogenous genes. eSIBR will be a valuable tool for RNAi approaches, especially for studies where knockdown of multiple targets is desired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel K Fowler
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Carly Williams
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Alida T Gerritsen
- Institute for Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Studies, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA
| | - Philip Washbourne
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
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229
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Zhang LF, Lou JT, Lu MH, Gao C, Zhao S, Li B, Liang S, Li Y, Li D, Liu MF. Suppression of miR-199a maturation by HuR is crucial for hypoxia-induced glycolytic switch in hepatocellular carcinoma. EMBO J 2015; 34:2671-85. [PMID: 26346275 PMCID: PMC4641532 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201591803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucose metabolic reprogramming is a hallmark of cancer. Cancer cells rapidly adjust their energy source from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolytic metabolism in order to efficiently proliferate in a hypoxic environment, but the mechanism underlying this switch is still incompletely understood. Here, we report that hypoxia potently induces the RNA-binding protein HuR to specifically bind primary miR-199a transcript to block miR-199a maturation in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. We demonstrate that this hypoxia-suppressed miR-199a plays a decisive role in limiting glycolysis in HCC cells by targeting hexokinase-2 (Hk2) and pyruvate kinase-M2 (Pkm2). Furthermore, systemically delivered cholesterol-modified agomiR-199a inhibits [(18)F]-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake and attenuates tumor growth in HCC tumor-bearing mice. These data reveal a novel mechanism of reprogramming of cancer energy metabolism in which HuR suppresses miR-199a maturation to link hypoxia to the Warburg effect and suggest a promising therapeutic strategy that targets miR-199a to interrupt cancerous aerobic glycolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Fei Zhang
- Center for RNA Research, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology-University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia-Tao Lou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming-Hua Lu
- Center for RNA Research, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology-University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunfang Gao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgical Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuang Zhao
- Center for RNA Research, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology-University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Biao Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Micro PET Center, Rui Jin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Sheng Liang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Dangsheng Li
- Shanghai Information Center for Life Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Mo-Fang Liu
- Center for RNA Research, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology-University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Zhang K, Qi HX, Hu ZM, Chang YN, Shi ZM, Han XH, Han YW, Zhang RX, Zhang Z, Chen T, Hong W. YAP and TAZ Take Center Stage in Cancer. Biochemistry 2015; 54:6555-66. [PMID: 26465056 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b01014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The Hippo pathway was originally identified and named through screening for mutations in Drosophila, and the core components of the Hippo pathway are highly conserved in mammals. In the Hippo pathway, MST1/2 and LATS1/2 regulate downstream transcription coactivators YAP and TAZ, which mainly interact with TEAD family transcription factors to promote tissue proliferation, self-renewal of normal and cancer stem cells, migration, and carcinogenesis. The Hippo pathway was initially thought to be quite straightforward; however, recent studies have revealed that YAP/TAZ is an integral part and a nexus of a network composed of multiple signaling pathways. Therefore, in this review, we will summarize the latest findings on events upstream and downstream of YAP/TAZ and the ways of regulation of YAP/TAZ. In addition, we also focus on the crosstalk between the Hippo pathway and other tumor-related pathways and discuss their potential as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University , 300070 Tianjin, China
| | - Hai-Xia Qi
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital , 300052 Tianjin, China
| | - Zhi-Mei Hu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University , 300070 Tianjin, China
| | - Ya-Nan Chang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University , 300070 Tianjin, China
| | - Zhe-Min Shi
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University , 300070 Tianjin, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Han
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University , 300070 Tianjin, China
| | - Ya-Wei Han
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University , 300070 Tianjin, China
| | - Rui-Xue Zhang
- Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , 300020 Tianjin, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University , 300070 Tianjin, China
| | - Ting Chen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University , 300070 Tianjin, China
| | - Wei Hong
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University , 300070 Tianjin, China
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Sebio A, Matsusaka S, Zhang W, Yang D, Ning Y, Stremitzer S, Stintzing S, Sunakawa Y, Yamauchi S, Fujimoto Y, Ueno M, Lenz HJ. Germline polymorphisms in genes involved in the Hippo pathway as recurrence biomarkers in stages II/III colon cancer. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2015; 16:312-9. [PMID: 26370619 PMCID: PMC4792794 DOI: 10.1038/tpj.2015.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The Hippo pathway regulates tissue growth and cell fate. In colon cancer, Hippo pathway deregulation promotes cellular quiescence and resistance to 5-Fluorouracil (5-Fu). In this study, 14 polymorphisms in 8 genes involved in the Hippo pathway (MST1, MST2, LATS1, LATS2, YAP, TAZ, FAT4 and RASSF1A) were evaluated as recurrence predictors in 194 patients with stages II/III colon cancer treated with 5-Fu-based adjuvant chemotherapy. Patients with a RASSF1A rs2236947 AA genotype had higher 3-year recurrence rate than patients with CA/CC genotypes (56 vs 33%, hazard ratio (HR): 1.87; P=0.017). Patients with TAZ rs3811715 CT or TT genotypes had lower 3-year recurrence rate than patients with a CC genotype (28 vs 40%; HR: 0.66; P=0.07). In left-sided tumors, this association was stronger (HR: 0.29; P=0.011) and a similar trend was found in an independent Japanese cohort. These promising results reveal polymorphisms in the Hippo pathway as biomarkers for stages II and III colon cancer.The Pharmacogenomics Journal advance online publication, 15 September 2015; doi:10.1038/tpj.2015.64.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sebio
- Sharon A. Carpenter Laboratory, Division of Medical Oncology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Medical Oncology Department, Santa Creu i Sant Pau Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - S Matsusaka
- Sharon A. Carpenter Laboratory, Division of Medical Oncology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - W Zhang
- Sharon A. Carpenter Laboratory, Division of Medical Oncology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - D Yang
- Sharon A. Carpenter Laboratory, Division of Medical Oncology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Y Ning
- Sharon A. Carpenter Laboratory, Division of Medical Oncology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - S Stremitzer
- Sharon A. Carpenter Laboratory, Division of Medical Oncology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - S Stintzing
- Sharon A. Carpenter Laboratory, Division of Medical Oncology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Hematology and Oncology, Klinikum der Universitat, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Y Sunakawa
- Sharon A. Carpenter Laboratory, Division of Medical Oncology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - S Yamauchi
- Sharon A. Carpenter Laboratory, Division of Medical Oncology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Y Fujimoto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - M Ueno
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - H-J Lenz
- Sharon A. Carpenter Laboratory, Division of Medical Oncology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Preventive Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Yang Y, Del Re DP, Nakano N, Sciarretta S, Zhai P, Park J, Sayed D, Shirakabe A, Matsushima S, Park Y, Tian B, Abdellatif M, Sadoshima J. miR-206 Mediates YAP-Induced Cardiac Hypertrophy and Survival. Circ Res 2015; 117:891-904. [PMID: 26333362 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.115.306624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE In Drosophila, the Hippo signaling pathway negatively regulates organ size by suppressing cell proliferation and survival through the inhibition of Yorkie, a transcriptional cofactor. Yes-associated protein (YAP), the mammalian homolog of Yorkie, promotes cardiomyocyte growth and survival in postnatal hearts. However, the underlying mechanism responsible for the beneficial effect of YAP in cardiomyocytes remains unclear. OBJECTIVES We investigated whether miR-206, a microRNA known to promote hypertrophy in skeletal muscle, mediates the effect of YAP on promotion of survival and hypertrophy in cardiomyocytes. METHODS AND RESULTS Microarray analysis indicated that YAP increased miR-206 expression in cardiomyocytes. Increased miR-206 expression induced cardiac hypertrophy and inhibited cell death in cultured cardiomyocytes, similar to that of YAP. Downregulation of endogenous miR-206 in cardiomyocytes attenuated YAP-induced cardiac hypertrophy and survival, suggesting that miR-206 plays a critical role in mediating YAP function. Cardiac-specific overexpression of miR-206 in mice induced hypertrophy and protected the heart from ischemia/reperfusion injury, whereas suppression of miR-206 exacerbated ischemia/reperfusion injury and prevented pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy. miR-206 negatively regulates Forkhead box protein P1 expression in cardiomyocytes and overexpression of Forkhead box protein P1 attenuated miR-206-induced cardiac hypertrophy and survival, suggesting that Forkhead box protein P1 is a functional target of miR-206. CONCLUSIONS YAP increases the abundance of miR-206, which in turn plays an essential role in mediating hypertrophy and survival by silencing Forkhead box protein P1 in cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfei Yang
- From the Cardiovascular Research Institute and the Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine (Y.Y., D.P.D.R., N.N., P.Z., D.S., A.S., S.M., Y.P., M.A., J.S.), and Department of Biochemistry (J.P., B.T.), Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, Newark; and the Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of Rome "Sapienza", Latina and IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Italy (S.S.)
| | - Dominic P Del Re
- From the Cardiovascular Research Institute and the Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine (Y.Y., D.P.D.R., N.N., P.Z., D.S., A.S., S.M., Y.P., M.A., J.S.), and Department of Biochemistry (J.P., B.T.), Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, Newark; and the Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of Rome "Sapienza", Latina and IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Italy (S.S.)
| | - Noritsugu Nakano
- From the Cardiovascular Research Institute and the Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine (Y.Y., D.P.D.R., N.N., P.Z., D.S., A.S., S.M., Y.P., M.A., J.S.), and Department of Biochemistry (J.P., B.T.), Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, Newark; and the Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of Rome "Sapienza", Latina and IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Italy (S.S.)
| | - Sebastiano Sciarretta
- From the Cardiovascular Research Institute and the Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine (Y.Y., D.P.D.R., N.N., P.Z., D.S., A.S., S.M., Y.P., M.A., J.S.), and Department of Biochemistry (J.P., B.T.), Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, Newark; and the Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of Rome "Sapienza", Latina and IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Italy (S.S.)
| | - Peiyong Zhai
- From the Cardiovascular Research Institute and the Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine (Y.Y., D.P.D.R., N.N., P.Z., D.S., A.S., S.M., Y.P., M.A., J.S.), and Department of Biochemistry (J.P., B.T.), Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, Newark; and the Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of Rome "Sapienza", Latina and IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Italy (S.S.)
| | - Jiyeon Park
- From the Cardiovascular Research Institute and the Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine (Y.Y., D.P.D.R., N.N., P.Z., D.S., A.S., S.M., Y.P., M.A., J.S.), and Department of Biochemistry (J.P., B.T.), Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, Newark; and the Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of Rome "Sapienza", Latina and IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Italy (S.S.)
| | - Danish Sayed
- From the Cardiovascular Research Institute and the Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine (Y.Y., D.P.D.R., N.N., P.Z., D.S., A.S., S.M., Y.P., M.A., J.S.), and Department of Biochemistry (J.P., B.T.), Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, Newark; and the Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of Rome "Sapienza", Latina and IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Italy (S.S.)
| | - Akihiro Shirakabe
- From the Cardiovascular Research Institute and the Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine (Y.Y., D.P.D.R., N.N., P.Z., D.S., A.S., S.M., Y.P., M.A., J.S.), and Department of Biochemistry (J.P., B.T.), Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, Newark; and the Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of Rome "Sapienza", Latina and IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Italy (S.S.)
| | - Shoji Matsushima
- From the Cardiovascular Research Institute and the Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine (Y.Y., D.P.D.R., N.N., P.Z., D.S., A.S., S.M., Y.P., M.A., J.S.), and Department of Biochemistry (J.P., B.T.), Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, Newark; and the Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of Rome "Sapienza", Latina and IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Italy (S.S.)
| | - Yongkyu Park
- From the Cardiovascular Research Institute and the Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine (Y.Y., D.P.D.R., N.N., P.Z., D.S., A.S., S.M., Y.P., M.A., J.S.), and Department of Biochemistry (J.P., B.T.), Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, Newark; and the Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of Rome "Sapienza", Latina and IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Italy (S.S.)
| | - Bin Tian
- From the Cardiovascular Research Institute and the Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine (Y.Y., D.P.D.R., N.N., P.Z., D.S., A.S., S.M., Y.P., M.A., J.S.), and Department of Biochemistry (J.P., B.T.), Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, Newark; and the Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of Rome "Sapienza", Latina and IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Italy (S.S.)
| | - Maha Abdellatif
- From the Cardiovascular Research Institute and the Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine (Y.Y., D.P.D.R., N.N., P.Z., D.S., A.S., S.M., Y.P., M.A., J.S.), and Department of Biochemistry (J.P., B.T.), Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, Newark; and the Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of Rome "Sapienza", Latina and IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Italy (S.S.)
| | - Junichi Sadoshima
- From the Cardiovascular Research Institute and the Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine (Y.Y., D.P.D.R., N.N., P.Z., D.S., A.S., S.M., Y.P., M.A., J.S.), and Department of Biochemistry (J.P., B.T.), Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, Newark; and the Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of Rome "Sapienza", Latina and IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Italy (S.S.)
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Du P, Wang L, Sliz P, Gregory RI. A Biogenesis Step Upstream of Microprocessor Controls miR-17∼92 Expression. Cell 2015; 162:885-99. [PMID: 26255770 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The precise control of miR-17∼92 microRNA (miRNA) is essential for normal development, and overexpression of certain miRNAs from this cluster is oncogenic. Here, we find that the relative expression of the six miRNAs processed from the primary (pri-miR-17∼92) transcript is dynamically regulated during embryonic stem cell (ESC) differentiation. Pri-miR-17∼92 is processed to a biogenesis intermediate, termed "progenitor-miRNA" (pro-miRNA). Pro-miRNA is an efficient substrate for Microprocessor and is required to selectively license production of pre-miR-17, pre-miR-18a, pre-miR-19a, pre-miR-20a, and pre-miR-19b from this cluster. Two complementary cis-regulatory repression domains within pri-miR-17∼92 are required for the blockade of miRNA processing through the formation of an autoinhibitory RNA conformation. The endonuclease CPSF3 (CPSF73) and the spliceosome-associated ISY1 are responsible for pro-miRNA biogenesis and expression of all miRNAs within the cluster except miR-92. Thus, developmentally regulated pro-miRNA processing is a key step controlling miRNA expression and explains the posttranscriptional control of miR-17∼92 expression in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Du
- Stem Cell Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Longfei Wang
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Piotr Sliz
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Richard I Gregory
- Stem Cell Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Stahel R, Weder W, Felley-Bosco E, Petrausch U, Curioni-Fontecedro A, Schmitt-Opitz I, Peters S. Searching for targets for the systemic therapy of mesothelioma. Ann Oncol 2015; 26:1649-60. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdv101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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235
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Li H, Li T, Fan J, Li T, Fan L, Wang S, Weng X, Han Q, Zhao RC. miR-216a rescues dexamethasone suppression of osteogenesis, promotes osteoblast differentiation and enhances bone formation, by regulating c-Cbl-mediated PI3K/AKT pathway. Cell Death Differ 2015. [PMID: 26206089 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2015.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a disease marked by reduced bone mass, leading to an increased risk of fractures or broken bones. Bone formation is mediated by recruiting mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Elucidation of the molecular mechanisms that regulate MSC differentiation into osteoblasts is of great importance for the development of anabolic therapies for osteoporosis and other bone metabolism-related diseases. microRNAs (miRNAs) have been reported to have crucial roles in bone development, osteogenic differentiation and osteoporosis pathophysiology. However, to date, only a few miRNAs have been reported to enhance osteogenesis and regulate the suppressive effect of glucocorticoids on osteogenic differentiation. In this study, we discovered that miR-216a, a pancreatic-specific miRNA, was significantly upregulated during osteogenic differentiation in human adipose-derived MSCs (hAMSCs). The expression of miR-216a was positively correlated with the expression of bone formation marker genes in clinical osteoporosis samples. Functional analysis demonstrated that miR-216a can markedly promote osteogenic differentiation of hAMSCs, rescue the suppressive effect of dexamethasone (DEX) on osteogenic differentiation in vitro and enhance bone formation in vivo. c-Cbl, a gene that encodes a RING finger E3 ubiquitin ligase, was identified as a direct target of miR-216a. Downregulation of c-Cbl by short hairpin RNAs can mimic the promotion effects of miR-216a and significantly rescue the suppressive effects of DEX on osteogenesis. Pathway analysis indicated that miR-216a regulation of osteogenic differentiation occurs via the c-Cbl-mediated phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathway. The recovery effects of miR-216a on the inhibition of osteogenesis by DEX were attenuated after blocking the PI3K pathway. Thus, our findings suggest that miR-216a may serve as a novel therapeutic agent for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis and other bone metabolism-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Li
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Center of Excellence in Tissue Engineering Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - T Li
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Center of Excellence in Tissue Engineering Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - J Fan
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Center of Excellence in Tissue Engineering Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - T Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - L Fan
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Center of Excellence in Tissue Engineering Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - S Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Center of Excellence in Tissue Engineering Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - X Weng
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Q Han
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Center of Excellence in Tissue Engineering Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - R C Zhao
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Center of Excellence in Tissue Engineering Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Zhu C, Chen C, Huang J, Zhang H, Zhao X, Deng R, Dou J, Jin H, Chen R, Xu M, Chen Q, Wang Y, Yu J. SUMOylation at K707 of DGCR8 controls direct function of primary microRNA. Nucleic Acids Res 2015. [PMID: 26202964 PMCID: PMC4652762 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
DGCR8 (DiGeorge syndrome critical region gene 8) is essential for primary microRNA (pri-miRNA) processing in the cell nucleus. It specifically combines with Drosha, a nuclear RNase III enzyme, to form the Microprocessor complex (MC) that cleaves pri-miRNA to precursor miRNA (pre-miRNA), which is further processed to mature miRNA by Dicer, a cytoplasmic RNase III enzyme. Increasing evidences suggest that pri-/pre-miRNAs have direct functions in regulation of gene expression, however the underlying mechanism how it is fine-tuned remains unclear. Here we find that DGCR8 is modified by SUMO1 at the major site K707, which can be promoted by its ERK-activated phosphorylation. SUMOylation of DGCR8 enhances the protein stability by preventing the degradation via the ubiquitin proteasome pathway. More importantly, SUMOylation of DGCR8 does not alter its association with Drosha, the MC activity and miRNA biogenesis, but rather influences its affinity with pri-miRNAs. This altered affinity of DGCR8 with pri-miRNAs seems to control the direct functions of pri-miRNAs in recognition and repression of the target mRNAs, which is evidently linked to the DGCR8 function in regulation of tumorigenesis and cell migration. Collectively, our data suggest a novel mechanism that SUMOylation of DGCR8 controls direct functions of pri-miRNAs in gene silencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhong Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jian Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Hailong Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xian Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Rong Deng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jinzhuo Dou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Hui Jin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Ran Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Ming Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Qin Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yanli Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jianxiu Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
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Asada K, Canestrari E, Fu X, Li Z, Makowski E, Wu YC, Mito JK, Kirsch DG, Baraban J, Paroo Z. Rescuing dicer defects via inhibition of an anti-dicing nuclease. Cell Rep 2015; 9:1471-81. [PMID: 25457613 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic defects in the microRNA (miRNA) generating enzyme, dicer, are increasingly linked to disease. Loss of miRNA in dicer deficiency is thought to be due to loss of miRNA-generating activity. Here, we demonstrate a catabolic mechanism driving miRNA depletion in dicer deficiency. We developed a Dicer-antagonist assay revealing a pre-miRNA degrading enzyme that competes with pre-miRNA processing. We purified this pre-miRNA degrading activity using an unbiased chromatographic procedure and identified the ribonuclease complex Translin/Trax (TN/TX). In wild-type dicer backgrounds, pre-miRNA processing was dominant. However, in dicer-deficient contexts, TN/TX broadly suppressed miRNA. These findings indicate that miRNA depletion in dicer deficiency is due to the combined loss of miRNA-generating activity and catabolic function of TN/TX. Importantly, inhibition of TN/TX mitigated loss of both miRNA and tumor suppression with dicer haploinsufficiency. These studies reveal a potentially druggable target for restoring miRNA function in cancers and emerging dicer deficiencies.
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238
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Down-regulated miR-28-5p in human hepatocellular carcinoma correlated with tumor proliferation and migration by targeting insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). Mol Cell Biochem 2015; 408:283-93. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-015-2506-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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239
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Yang Y, Cheng HW, Qiu Y, Dupee D, Noonan M, Lin YD, Fisch S, Unno K, Sereti KI, Liao R. MicroRNA-34a Plays a Key Role in Cardiac Repair and Regeneration Following Myocardial Infarction. Circ Res 2015; 117:450-9. [PMID: 26082557 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.117.305962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE In response to injury, the rodent heart is capable of virtually full regeneration via cardiomyocyte proliferation early in life. This regenerative capacity, however, is diminished as early as 1 week postnatal and remains lost in adulthood. The mechanisms that dictate postinjury cardiomyocyte proliferation early in life remain unclear. OBJECTIVE To delineate the role of miR-34a, a regulator of age-associated physiology, in regulating cardiac regeneration secondary to myocardial infarction (MI) in neonatal and adult mouse hearts. METHODS AND RESULTS Cardiac injury was induced in neonatal and adult hearts through experimental MI via coronary ligation. Adult hearts demonstrated overt cardiac structural and functional remodeling, whereas neonatal hearts maintained full regenerative capacity and cardiomyocyte proliferation and recovered to normal levels within 1-week time. As early as 1 week postnatal, miR-34a expression was found to have increased and was maintained at high levels throughout the lifespan. Intriguingly, 7 days after MI, miR-34a levels further increased in the adult but not neonatal hearts. Delivery of a miR-34a mimic to neonatal hearts prohibited both cardiomyocyte proliferation and subsequent cardiac recovery post MI. Conversely, locked nucleic acid-based anti-miR-34a treatment diminished post-MI miR-34a upregulation in adult hearts and significantly improved post-MI remodeling. In isolated cardiomyocytes, we found that miR-34a directly regulated cell cycle activity and death via modulation of its targets, including Bcl2, Cyclin D1, and Sirt1. CONCLUSIONS miR-34a is a critical regulator of cardiac repair and regeneration post MI in neonatal hearts. Modulation of miR-34a may be harnessed for cardiac repair in adult myocardium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfei Yang
- From the Divisions of Genetics and Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (Y.Y., H.-W.C., Y.Q., D.D., M.N., Y.-D.L., S.F., K.U., K.-I.S., R.L.)
| | - Hui-Wen Cheng
- From the Divisions of Genetics and Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (Y.Y., H.-W.C., Y.Q., D.D., M.N., Y.-D.L., S.F., K.U., K.-I.S., R.L.)
| | - Yiling Qiu
- From the Divisions of Genetics and Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (Y.Y., H.-W.C., Y.Q., D.D., M.N., Y.-D.L., S.F., K.U., K.-I.S., R.L.)
| | - David Dupee
- From the Divisions of Genetics and Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (Y.Y., H.-W.C., Y.Q., D.D., M.N., Y.-D.L., S.F., K.U., K.-I.S., R.L.)
| | - Madyson Noonan
- From the Divisions of Genetics and Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (Y.Y., H.-W.C., Y.Q., D.D., M.N., Y.-D.L., S.F., K.U., K.-I.S., R.L.)
| | - Yi-Dong Lin
- From the Divisions of Genetics and Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (Y.Y., H.-W.C., Y.Q., D.D., M.N., Y.-D.L., S.F., K.U., K.-I.S., R.L.)
| | - Sudeshna Fisch
- From the Divisions of Genetics and Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (Y.Y., H.-W.C., Y.Q., D.D., M.N., Y.-D.L., S.F., K.U., K.-I.S., R.L.)
| | - Kazumasa Unno
- From the Divisions of Genetics and Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (Y.Y., H.-W.C., Y.Q., D.D., M.N., Y.-D.L., S.F., K.U., K.-I.S., R.L.)
| | - Konstantina-Ioanna Sereti
- From the Divisions of Genetics and Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (Y.Y., H.-W.C., Y.Q., D.D., M.N., Y.-D.L., S.F., K.U., K.-I.S., R.L.)
| | - Ronglih Liao
- From the Divisions of Genetics and Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (Y.Y., H.-W.C., Y.Q., D.D., M.N., Y.-D.L., S.F., K.U., K.-I.S., R.L.).
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240
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Suzuki HI, Katsura A, Matsuyama H, Miyazono K. MicroRNA regulons in tumor microenvironment. Oncogene 2015; 34:3085-94. [PMID: 25132266 PMCID: PMC4761641 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cancer initiation and progression are defined by the behavior of cancer cells per se and the development of tumor tissues, both of which are modulated by crosstalk between cancer cells and the surrounding microenvironment. Advances in cancer research have highlighted the significance of constant evolution of the tumor microenvironment, leading to tumor formation, metastasis and refractoriness to therapy. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that function as major players of posttranscriptional gene regulation in diverse biological processes. They function as both tumor suppressors and promoters in many aspects of the autonomous behavior of cancer cells. Theoretically, dysfunction in the gene regulatory networks of cancer cells is one of the major driving forces for alterations of ostensibly normal surrounding cells. In this context, the core targets of miRNAs, termed miRNA regulons, are currently being expanded to include various modulators of the tumor microenvironment. Recent advances have highlighted two important roles played by miRNAs in the evolution of tumor microenvironments: miRNAs in tumor cells transform the microenvironment via non-cell-autonomous mechanisms, and miRNAs in neighboring cells stabilize cancer hallmark traits. These observations epitomize the distal and proximal functions of miRNAs in tumor microenvironments, respectively. Such regulation by miRNAs affects tumor angiogenesis, immune invasion and tumor-stromal interactions. This review summarizes recent findings on the mechanisms of miRNA-mediated regulation of tumor microenvironments, with a perspective on the design of therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- H I Suzuki
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - A Katsura
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - H Matsuyama
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Miyazono
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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241
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Abstract
The heart is the first organ formed during mammalian development. A properly sized and functional heart is vital throughout the entire lifespan. Loss of cardiomyocytes because of injury or diseases leads to heart failure, which is a major cause of human morbidity and mortality. Unfortunately, regenerative potential of the adult heart is limited. The Hippo pathway is a recently identified signaling cascade that plays an evolutionarily conserved role in organ size control by inhibiting cell proliferation, promoting apoptosis, regulating fates of stem/progenitor cells, and in some circumstances, limiting cell size. Interestingly, research indicates a key role of this pathway in regulation of cardiomyocyte proliferation and heart size. Inactivation of the Hippo pathway or activation of its downstream effector, the Yes-associated protein transcription coactivator, improves cardiac regeneration. Several known upstream signals of the Hippo pathway such as mechanical stress, G-protein-coupled receptor signaling, and oxidative stress are known to play critical roles in cardiac physiology. In addition, Yes-associated protein has been shown to regulate cardiomyocyte fate through multiple transcriptional mechanisms. In this review, we summarize and discuss current findings on the roles and mechanisms of the Hippo pathway in heart development, injury, and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhou
- From the Life Sciences Institute, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (Q.Z., B.Z.); Institute of Aging Research, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (L.L.); and Department of Pharmacology and Moores Cancer Center, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla (K.-L.G.)
| | - Li Li
- From the Life Sciences Institute, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (Q.Z., B.Z.); Institute of Aging Research, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (L.L.); and Department of Pharmacology and Moores Cancer Center, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla (K.-L.G.)
| | - Bin Zhao
- From the Life Sciences Institute, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (Q.Z., B.Z.); Institute of Aging Research, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (L.L.); and Department of Pharmacology and Moores Cancer Center, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla (K.-L.G.).
| | - Kun-Liang Guan
- From the Life Sciences Institute, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (Q.Z., B.Z.); Institute of Aging Research, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (L.L.); and Department of Pharmacology and Moores Cancer Center, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla (K.-L.G.).
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242
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Pasqualini L, Bu H, Puhr M, Narisu N, Rainer J, Schlick B, Schäfer G, Angelova M, Trajanoski Z, Börno ST, Schweiger MR, Fuchsberger C, Klocker H. miR-22 and miR-29a Are Members of the Androgen Receptor Cistrome Modulating LAMC1 and Mcl-1 in Prostate Cancer. Mol Endocrinol 2015; 29:1037-54. [PMID: 26052614 DOI: 10.1210/me.2014-1358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The normal prostate as well as early stages and advanced prostate cancer (PCa) require a functional androgen receptor (AR) for growth and survival. The recent discovery of microRNAs (miRNAs) as novel effector molecules of AR disclosed the existence of an intricate network between AR, miRNAs and downstream target genes. In this study DUCaP cells, characterized by high content of wild-type AR and robust AR transcriptional activity, were chosen as the main experimental model. By integrative analysis of chromatin immunoprecipitation-sequencing (ChIP-seq) and microarray expression profiling data, miRNAs putatively bound and significantly regulated by AR were identified. A direct AR regulation of miR-22, miR-29a, and miR-17-92 cluster along with their host genes was confirmed. Interestingly, endogenous levels of miR-22 and miR-29a were found to be reduced in PCa cells expressing AR. In primary tumor samples, miR-22 and miR-29a were less abundant in the cancerous tissue compared with the benign counterpart. This specific expression pattern was associated with a differential DNA methylation of the genomic AR binding sites. The identification of laminin gamma 1 (LAMC1) and myeloid cell leukemia 1 (MCL1) as direct targets of miR-22 and miR-29a, respectively, suggested a tumor-suppressive role of these miRNAs. Indeed, transfection of miRNA mimics in PCa cells induced apoptosis and diminished cell migration and viability. Collectively, these data provide additional information regarding the complex regulatory machinery that guides miRNAs activity in PCa, highlighting an important contribution of miRNAs in the AR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenza Pasqualini
- Department of Urology (L.P., H.B., M.P., B.S., G.S., H.K.), Division of Experimental Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Research Institute for Biomedical Aging Research (H.B.), University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch (N.N.), National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; Biocenter Innsbruck (J.R.), Section for Molecular Pathophysiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Center for Biomedicine (J.R., C.F.), EURAC Bolzano, 39100 Bolzano, Italy; Oncotyrol (B.S.), Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Pathology (G.S.), Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Biocenter Innsbruck (M.A., Z.T.), Division of Bioinformatics, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics (S.T.B., M.R.S.), 14195 Berlin, Germany; Cologne Center for Genomics (M.R.S.), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; and Department of Biostatistic (C.F.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Huajie Bu
- Department of Urology (L.P., H.B., M.P., B.S., G.S., H.K.), Division of Experimental Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Research Institute for Biomedical Aging Research (H.B.), University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch (N.N.), National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; Biocenter Innsbruck (J.R.), Section for Molecular Pathophysiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Center for Biomedicine (J.R., C.F.), EURAC Bolzano, 39100 Bolzano, Italy; Oncotyrol (B.S.), Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Pathology (G.S.), Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Biocenter Innsbruck (M.A., Z.T.), Division of Bioinformatics, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics (S.T.B., M.R.S.), 14195 Berlin, Germany; Cologne Center for Genomics (M.R.S.), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; and Department of Biostatistic (C.F.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Martin Puhr
- Department of Urology (L.P., H.B., M.P., B.S., G.S., H.K.), Division of Experimental Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Research Institute for Biomedical Aging Research (H.B.), University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch (N.N.), National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; Biocenter Innsbruck (J.R.), Section for Molecular Pathophysiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Center for Biomedicine (J.R., C.F.), EURAC Bolzano, 39100 Bolzano, Italy; Oncotyrol (B.S.), Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Pathology (G.S.), Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Biocenter Innsbruck (M.A., Z.T.), Division of Bioinformatics, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics (S.T.B., M.R.S.), 14195 Berlin, Germany; Cologne Center for Genomics (M.R.S.), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; and Department of Biostatistic (C.F.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Narisu Narisu
- Department of Urology (L.P., H.B., M.P., B.S., G.S., H.K.), Division of Experimental Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Research Institute for Biomedical Aging Research (H.B.), University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch (N.N.), National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; Biocenter Innsbruck (J.R.), Section for Molecular Pathophysiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Center for Biomedicine (J.R., C.F.), EURAC Bolzano, 39100 Bolzano, Italy; Oncotyrol (B.S.), Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Pathology (G.S.), Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Biocenter Innsbruck (M.A., Z.T.), Division of Bioinformatics, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics (S.T.B., M.R.S.), 14195 Berlin, Germany; Cologne Center for Genomics (M.R.S.), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; and Department of Biostatistic (C.F.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Johannes Rainer
- Department of Urology (L.P., H.B., M.P., B.S., G.S., H.K.), Division of Experimental Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Research Institute for Biomedical Aging Research (H.B.), University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch (N.N.), National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; Biocenter Innsbruck (J.R.), Section for Molecular Pathophysiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Center for Biomedicine (J.R., C.F.), EURAC Bolzano, 39100 Bolzano, Italy; Oncotyrol (B.S.), Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Pathology (G.S.), Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Biocenter Innsbruck (M.A., Z.T.), Division of Bioinformatics, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics (S.T.B., M.R.S.), 14195 Berlin, Germany; Cologne Center for Genomics (M.R.S.), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; and Department of Biostatistic (C.F.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Bettina Schlick
- Department of Urology (L.P., H.B., M.P., B.S., G.S., H.K.), Division of Experimental Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Research Institute for Biomedical Aging Research (H.B.), University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch (N.N.), National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; Biocenter Innsbruck (J.R.), Section for Molecular Pathophysiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Center for Biomedicine (J.R., C.F.), EURAC Bolzano, 39100 Bolzano, Italy; Oncotyrol (B.S.), Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Pathology (G.S.), Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Biocenter Innsbruck (M.A., Z.T.), Division of Bioinformatics, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics (S.T.B., M.R.S.), 14195 Berlin, Germany; Cologne Center for Genomics (M.R.S.), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; and Department of Biostatistic (C.F.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Georg Schäfer
- Department of Urology (L.P., H.B., M.P., B.S., G.S., H.K.), Division of Experimental Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Research Institute for Biomedical Aging Research (H.B.), University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch (N.N.), National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; Biocenter Innsbruck (J.R.), Section for Molecular Pathophysiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Center for Biomedicine (J.R., C.F.), EURAC Bolzano, 39100 Bolzano, Italy; Oncotyrol (B.S.), Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Pathology (G.S.), Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Biocenter Innsbruck (M.A., Z.T.), Division of Bioinformatics, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics (S.T.B., M.R.S.), 14195 Berlin, Germany; Cologne Center for Genomics (M.R.S.), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; and Department of Biostatistic (C.F.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Mihaela Angelova
- Department of Urology (L.P., H.B., M.P., B.S., G.S., H.K.), Division of Experimental Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Research Institute for Biomedical Aging Research (H.B.), University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch (N.N.), National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; Biocenter Innsbruck (J.R.), Section for Molecular Pathophysiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Center for Biomedicine (J.R., C.F.), EURAC Bolzano, 39100 Bolzano, Italy; Oncotyrol (B.S.), Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Pathology (G.S.), Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Biocenter Innsbruck (M.A., Z.T.), Division of Bioinformatics, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics (S.T.B., M.R.S.), 14195 Berlin, Germany; Cologne Center for Genomics (M.R.S.), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; and Department of Biostatistic (C.F.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Zlatko Trajanoski
- Department of Urology (L.P., H.B., M.P., B.S., G.S., H.K.), Division of Experimental Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Research Institute for Biomedical Aging Research (H.B.), University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch (N.N.), National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; Biocenter Innsbruck (J.R.), Section for Molecular Pathophysiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Center for Biomedicine (J.R., C.F.), EURAC Bolzano, 39100 Bolzano, Italy; Oncotyrol (B.S.), Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Pathology (G.S.), Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Biocenter Innsbruck (M.A., Z.T.), Division of Bioinformatics, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics (S.T.B., M.R.S.), 14195 Berlin, Germany; Cologne Center for Genomics (M.R.S.), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; and Department of Biostatistic (C.F.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Stefan T Börno
- Department of Urology (L.P., H.B., M.P., B.S., G.S., H.K.), Division of Experimental Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Research Institute for Biomedical Aging Research (H.B.), University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch (N.N.), National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; Biocenter Innsbruck (J.R.), Section for Molecular Pathophysiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Center for Biomedicine (J.R., C.F.), EURAC Bolzano, 39100 Bolzano, Italy; Oncotyrol (B.S.), Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Pathology (G.S.), Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Biocenter Innsbruck (M.A., Z.T.), Division of Bioinformatics, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics (S.T.B., M.R.S.), 14195 Berlin, Germany; Cologne Center for Genomics (M.R.S.), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; and Department of Biostatistic (C.F.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Michal R Schweiger
- Department of Urology (L.P., H.B., M.P., B.S., G.S., H.K.), Division of Experimental Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Research Institute for Biomedical Aging Research (H.B.), University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch (N.N.), National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; Biocenter Innsbruck (J.R.), Section for Molecular Pathophysiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Center for Biomedicine (J.R., C.F.), EURAC Bolzano, 39100 Bolzano, Italy; Oncotyrol (B.S.), Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Pathology (G.S.), Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Biocenter Innsbruck (M.A., Z.T.), Division of Bioinformatics, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics (S.T.B., M.R.S.), 14195 Berlin, Germany; Cologne Center for Genomics (M.R.S.), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; and Department of Biostatistic (C.F.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Christian Fuchsberger
- Department of Urology (L.P., H.B., M.P., B.S., G.S., H.K.), Division of Experimental Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Research Institute for Biomedical Aging Research (H.B.), University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch (N.N.), National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; Biocenter Innsbruck (J.R.), Section for Molecular Pathophysiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Center for Biomedicine (J.R., C.F.), EURAC Bolzano, 39100 Bolzano, Italy; Oncotyrol (B.S.), Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Pathology (G.S.), Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Biocenter Innsbruck (M.A., Z.T.), Division of Bioinformatics, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics (S.T.B., M.R.S.), 14195 Berlin, Germany; Cologne Center for Genomics (M.R.S.), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; and Department of Biostatistic (C.F.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Helmut Klocker
- Department of Urology (L.P., H.B., M.P., B.S., G.S., H.K.), Division of Experimental Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Research Institute for Biomedical Aging Research (H.B.), University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch (N.N.), National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; Biocenter Innsbruck (J.R.), Section for Molecular Pathophysiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Center for Biomedicine (J.R., C.F.), EURAC Bolzano, 39100 Bolzano, Italy; Oncotyrol (B.S.), Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Pathology (G.S.), Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Biocenter Innsbruck (M.A., Z.T.), Division of Bioinformatics, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics (S.T.B., M.R.S.), 14195 Berlin, Germany; Cologne Center for Genomics (M.R.S.), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; and Department of Biostatistic (C.F.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
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243
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Hansen CG, Moroishi T, Guan KL. YAP and TAZ: a nexus for Hippo signaling and beyond. Trends Cell Biol 2015; 25:499-513. [PMID: 26045258 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 412] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2014] [Revised: 05/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The Hippo pathway is a potent regulator of cellular proliferation, differentiation, and tissue homeostasis. Here we review the regulatory mechanisms of the Hippo pathway and discuss the function of Yes-associated protein (YAP)/transcriptional coactivator with a PDZ-binding domain (TAZ), the prime mediators of the Hippo pathway, in stem cell biology and tissue regeneration. We highlight their activities in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm and discuss their role as a signaling nexus and integrator of several other prominent signaling pathways such as the Wnt, G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), epidermal growth factor (EGF), bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)/transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ), and Notch pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Gram Hansen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.,Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Toshiro Moroishi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.,Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Kun-Liang Guan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.,Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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244
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An electrochemical microRNAs biosensor with the signal amplification of alkaline phosphatase and electrochemical–chemical–chemical redox cycling. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 878:95-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are critical regulators of gene expression. Amplification and overexpression of individual 'oncomiRs' or genetic loss of tumour suppressor miRNAs are associated with human cancer and are sufficient to drive tumorigenesis in mouse models. Furthermore, global miRNA depletion caused by genetic and epigenetic alterations in components of the miRNA biogenesis machinery is oncogenic. This, together with the recent identification of novel miRNA regulatory factors and pathways, highlights the importance of miRNA dysregulation in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuibin Lin
- 1] Stem Cell Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. [2] Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Richard I Gregory
- 1] Stem Cell Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. [2] Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. [3] Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. [4] Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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246
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan H Moy
- a Department of Microbiology; Penn Genome Frontiers Institute ; Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania ; Philadelphia , PA USA
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248
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Olive V, Minella AC, He L. Outside the coding genome, mammalian microRNAs confer structural and functional complexity. Sci Signal 2015; 8:re2. [PMID: 25783159 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2005813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) comprise a class of small, regulatory noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) with pivotal roles in posttranscriptional gene regulation. Since their initial discovery in 1993, numerous miRNAs have been identified in mammalian genomes, many of which play important roles in diverse cellular processes in development and disease. These small ncRNAs regulate the expression of many protein-coding genes posttranscriptionally, thus adding a substantial complexity to the molecular networks underlying physiological development and disease. In part, this complexity arises from the distinct gene structures, the extensive genomic redundancy, and the complex regulation of the expression and biogenesis of miRNAs. These characteristics contribute to the functional robustness and versatility of miRNAs and provide important clues to the functional significance of these small ncRNAs. The unique structure and function of miRNAs will continue to inspire many to explore the vast noncoding genome and to elucidate the molecular basis for the functional complexity of mammalian genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Olive
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94705, USA
| | - Alex C Minella
- Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Lin He
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94705, USA.
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249
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Tordonato C, Di Fiore PP, Nicassio F. The role of non-coding RNAs in the regulation of stem cells and progenitors in the normal mammary gland and in breast tumors. Front Genet 2015; 6:72. [PMID: 25774169 PMCID: PMC4343025 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2015.00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The outlook on stem cell (SC) biology is shifting from a rigid hierarchical to a more flexible model in which the identity and the behavior of adult SCs, far from being fixed, are determined by the dynamic integration of cell autonomous and non-autonomous mechanisms. Within this framework, the recent discovery of thousands of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) with regulatory function is redefining the landscape of transcriptome regulation, highlighting the interplay of epigenetic, transcriptional, and post-transcriptional mechanisms in the specification of cell fate and in the regulation of developmental processes. Furthermore, the expression of ncRNAs is often tissue- or even cell type-specific, emphasizing their involvement in defining space, time and developmental stages in gene regulation. Such a role of ncRNAs has been investigated in embryonic and induced pluripotent SCs, and in numerous types of adult SCs and progenitors, including those of the breast, which will be the topic of this review. We will focus on ncRNAs with an important role in breast cancer, in particular in mammary cancer SCs and progenitors, and highlight the ncRNA-based circuitries whose subversion alters a number of the epigenetic, transcriptional, and post-transcriptional events that control “stemness” in the physiological setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Tordonato
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan Italy
| | - Pier Paolo Di Fiore
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan Italy ; Fondazione Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare, Milan Italy ; Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan Italy
| | - Francesco Nicassio
- Center for Genomic Science of IIT@SEMM, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Milan Italy
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250
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Zheng F, Liao YJ, Cai MY, Liu TH, Chen SP, Wu PH, Wu L, Bian XW, Guan XY, Zeng YX, Yuan YF, Kung HF, Xie D. Systemic delivery of microRNA-101 potently inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma in vivo by repressing multiple targets. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1004873. [PMID: 25693145 PMCID: PMC4334495 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted therapy based on adjustment of microRNA (miRNA)s activity takes great promise due to the ability of these small RNAs to modulate cellular behavior. However, the efficacy of miR-101 replacement therapy to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains unclear. In the current study, we first observed that plasma levels of miR-101 were significantly lower in distant metastatic HCC patients than in HCCs without distant metastasis, and down-regulation of plasma miR-101 predicted a worse disease-free survival (DFS, P<0.05). In an animal model of HCC, we demonstrated that systemic delivery of lentivirus-mediated miR-101 abrogated HCC growth in the liver, intrahepatic metastasis and distant metastasis to the lung and to the mediastinum, resulting in a dramatic suppression of HCC development and metastasis in mice without toxicity and extending life expectancy. Furthermore, enforced overexpression of miR-101 in HCC cells not only decreased EZH2, COX2 and STMN1, but also directly down-regulated a novel target ROCK2, inhibited Rho/Rac GTPase activation, and blocked HCC cells epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and angiogenesis, inducing a strong abrogation of HCC tumorigenesis and aggressiveness both in vitro and in vivo. These results provide proof-of-concept support for systemic delivery of lentivirus-mediated miR-101 as a powerful anti-HCC therapeutic modality by repressing multiple molecular targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Zheng
- The State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Ji Liao
- The State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mu-Yan Cai
- The State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tian-Hao Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shu-Peng Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pei-Hong Wu
- The State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Tumor Interventional Therapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
- Hepatobiliary Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Long Wu
- Department of Clinical Oncology, People’s Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiu-Wu Bian
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin-Yuan Guan
- The State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Clinical Oncology, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yi-Xin Zeng
- The State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yun-Fei Yuan
- The State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Hepatobiliary Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hsiang-Fu Kung
- The State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Dan Xie
- The State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail:
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