201
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Roberts AJ. Emerging mechanisms of dynein transport in the cytoplasm versus the cilium. Biochem Soc Trans 2018; 46:967-982. [PMID: 30065109 PMCID: PMC6103457 DOI: 10.1042/bst20170568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Two classes of dynein power long-distance cargo transport in different cellular contexts. Cytoplasmic dynein-1 is responsible for the majority of transport toward microtubule minus ends in the cell interior. Dynein-2, also known as intraflagellar transport dynein, moves cargoes along the axoneme of eukaryotic cilia and flagella. Both dyneins operate as large ATP-driven motor complexes, whose dysfunction is associated with a group of human disorders. But how similar are their mechanisms of action and regulation? To examine this question, this review focuses on recent advances in dynein-1 and -2 research, and probes to what extent the emerging principles of dynein-1 transport could apply to or differ from those of the less well-understood dynein-2 mechanoenzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Roberts
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet Street, London, U.K.
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202
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Abstract
Although tumours initiate from oncogenic changes in a cancer cell, subsequent tumour progression and therapeutic response depend on interactions between the cancer cells and the tumour microenvironment (TME). The primary monocilium, or cilium, provides a spatially localized platform for signalling by Hedgehog, Notch, WNT and some receptor tyrosine kinase pathways and mechanosensation. Changes in ciliation of cancer cells and/or cells of the TME during tumour development enforce asymmetric intercellular signalling in the TME. Growing evidence indicates that some oncogenic signalling pathways as well as some targeted anticancer therapies induce ciliation, while others repress it. The links between the genomic profile of cancer cells, drug treatment and ciliary signalling in the TME likely affect tumour growth and therapeutic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanqing Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Anna A Kiseleva
- Program in Molecular Therapeutics, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Erica A Golemis
- Program in Molecular Therapeutics, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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203
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Cilium structure, assembly, and disassembly regulated by the cytoskeleton. Biochem J 2018; 475:2329-2353. [PMID: 30064990 PMCID: PMC6068341 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20170453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The cilium, once considered a vestigial structure, is a conserved, microtubule-based organelle critical for transducing extracellular chemical and mechanical signals that control cell polarity, differentiation, and proliferation. The cilium undergoes cycles of assembly and disassembly that are controlled by complex inter-relationships with the cytoskeleton. Microtubules form the core of the cilium, the axoneme, and are regulated by post-translational modifications, associated proteins, and microtubule dynamics. Although actin and septin cytoskeletons are not major components of the axoneme, they also regulate cilium organization and assembly state. Here, we discuss recent advances on how these different cytoskeletal systems affect cilium function, structure, and organization.
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204
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Morthorst SK, Christensen ST, Pedersen LB. Regulation of ciliary membrane protein trafficking and signalling by kinesin motor proteins. FEBS J 2018; 285:4535-4564. [PMID: 29894023 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Primary cilia are antenna-like sensory organelles that regulate a substantial number of cellular signalling pathways in vertebrates, both during embryonic development as well as in adulthood, and mutations in genes coding for ciliary proteins are causative of an expanding group of pleiotropic diseases known as ciliopathies. Cilia consist of a microtubule-based axoneme core, which is subtended by a basal body and covered by a bilayer lipid membrane of unique protein and lipid composition. Cilia are dynamic organelles, and the ability of cells to regulate ciliary protein and lipid content in response to specific cellular and environmental cues is crucial for balancing ciliary signalling output. Here we discuss mechanisms involved in regulation of ciliary membrane protein trafficking and signalling, with main focus on kinesin-2 and kinesin-3 family members.
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205
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Lee S, Tan HY, Geneva II, Kruglov A, Calvert PD. Actin filaments partition primary cilia membranes into distinct fluid corrals. J Cell Biol 2018; 217:2831-2849. [PMID: 29945903 PMCID: PMC6080922 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201711104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Lee et al. examine the dynamics of membrane proteins within the ciliary membrane using quantum dots and 2P Super FRAP. They show that ciliary membrane proteins diffuse rapidly within highly fluid local membrane domains delimited by actin filaments. Physical properties of primary cilia membranes in living cells were examined using two independent, high-spatiotemporal-resolution approaches: fast tracking of single quantum dot–labeled G protein–coupled receptors and a novel two-photon super-resolution fluorescence recovery after photobleaching of protein ensemble. Both approaches demonstrated the cilium membrane to be partitioned into corralled domains spanning 274 ± 20 nm, within which the receptors are transiently confined for 0.71 ± 0.09 s. The mean membrane diffusion coefficient within the corrals, Dm1 = 2.9 ± 0.41 µm2/s, showed that the ciliary membranes were among the most fluid encountered. At longer times, the apparent membrane diffusion coefficient, Dm2 = 0.23 ± 0.05 µm2/s, showed that corral boundaries impeded receptor diffusion 13-fold. Mathematical simulations predict the probability of G protein–coupled receptors crossing corral boundaries to be 1 in 472. Remarkably, latrunculin A, cytochalasin D, and jasplakinolide treatments altered the corral permeability. Ciliary membranes are thus partitioned into highly fluid membrane nanodomains that are delimited by filamentous actin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungsu Lee
- Center for Vision Research and Department of Ophthalmology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY.,Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY
| | - Han Yen Tan
- Center for Vision Research and Department of Ophthalmology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY
| | - Ivayla I Geneva
- Center for Vision Research and Department of Ophthalmology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY
| | - Aleksandr Kruglov
- Center for Vision Research and Department of Ophthalmology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY
| | - Peter D Calvert
- Center for Vision Research and Department of Ophthalmology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY.,Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY
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206
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Cell-cell communication via ciliary extracellular vesicles: clues from model systems. Essays Biochem 2018; 62:205-213. [PMID: 29717060 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20170085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In this short review, we will focus on the uniqueness of ciliary extracellular vesicles (EVs). In particular, we will review what has been learned regarding EVs produced by cilia of model organisms. Model systems including Chlamydomonas, Caenorhabditis elegans, and mouse revealed the fundamental biology of cilia and flagella and provide a paradigm to understand the roles of cilia and flagella in human development, health, and disease. Likewise, we propose that general principles learned from model systems regarding ciliary EV biogenesis and functions may provide a framework to explore the roles of ciliary EVs in human development, health, and disease.
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207
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Copeland SJ, McRae A, Guarguaglini G, Trinkle-Mulcahy L, Copeland JW. Actin-dependent regulation of cilia length by the inverted formin FHDC1. Mol Biol Cell 2018; 29:1611-1627. [PMID: 29742020 PMCID: PMC6080654 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e18-02-0088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A primary cilium is found on most mammalian cells, where it acts as a cellular antenna for the reception of both mechanical and chemical signals. A variety of diseases are associated with defective ciliogenesis, reflecting the ubiquity of the function of cilia and the number of proteins required for their assembly. Proper cilia length is necessary for cilia signaling and is regulated through a poorly understood balance of assembly and disassembly rates. FHDC1 is a unique member of the formin family of cytoskeletal regulatory proteins. Overexpression of FHDC1 induces F-actin accumulation and microtubule stabilization and acetylation. We find that overexpression of FHDC1 also has profound effects on ciliogenesis; in most cells FHDC1 overexpression blocks cilia assembly, but the cilia that are present are immensely elongated. FHDC1-induced cilia growth requires the FHDC1 FH2 and microtubule-binding domain and results from F-actin-dependent inhibition of cilia disassembly. FHDC1 depletion, or treatment with a pan-formin inhibitor, inhibits cilia assembly and induces cilia resorption. Endogenous FHDC1 protein localizes to cytoplasmic microtubules converging on the base of the cilia, and we identify the subdistal appendage protein Cep170 as an FHDC1 interacting protein. Our results suggest that FHDC1 plays a role in coordinating cytoskeletal dynamics during normal cilia assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Copeland
- Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Andrea McRae
- Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Giulia Guarguaglini
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Trinkle-Mulcahy
- Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - John W Copeland
- Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
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208
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Stevenson NL, Bergen DJM, Xu A, Wyatt E, Henry F, McCaughey J, Vuolo L, Hammond CL, Stephens DJ. Regulator of calcineurin-2 is a centriolar protein with a role in cilia length control. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs.212258. [PMID: 29643119 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.212258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Almost every cell in the human body extends a primary cilium. Defective cilia function leads to a set of disorders known as ciliopathies, which are characterised by debilitating developmental defects that affect many tissues. Here, we report a new role for regulator of calcineurin 2 (RCAN2) in primary cilia function. It localises to centrioles and the basal body and is required to maintain normal cilia length. RCAN2 was identified as the most strongly upregulated gene from a comparative RNAseq analysis of cells in which expression of the Golgi matrix protein giantin had been abolished by gene editing. In contrast to previous work where we showed that depletion of giantin by RNAi results in defects in ciliogenesis and in cilia length control, giantin knockout cells generate normal cilia after serum withdrawal. Furthermore, giantin knockout zebrafish show increased expression of RCAN2. Importantly, suppression of RCAN2 expression in giantin knockout cells results in the same defects in the control of cilia length that are seen upon RNAi of giantin itself. Together, these data define RCAN2 as a regulator of cilia function that can compensate for the loss of giantin function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola L Stevenson
- Cell Biology Laboratories, School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol, UK, BS8 1TD
| | - Dylan J M Bergen
- Cell Biology Laboratories, School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol, UK, BS8 1TD
| | - Amadeus Xu
- Cell Biology Laboratories, School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol, UK, BS8 1TD
| | - Emily Wyatt
- Cell Biology Laboratories, School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol, UK, BS8 1TD
| | - Freya Henry
- Cell Biology Laboratories, School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol, UK, BS8 1TD
| | - Janine McCaughey
- Cell Biology Laboratories, School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol, UK, BS8 1TD
| | - Laura Vuolo
- Cell Biology Laboratories, School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol, UK, BS8 1TD
| | - Chrissy L Hammond
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol, UK, BS8 1TD
| | - David J Stephens
- Cell Biology Laboratories, School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol, UK, BS8 1TD
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209
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Hong SR, Wang CL, Huang YS, Chang YC, Chang YC, Pusapati GV, Lin CY, Hsu N, Cheng HC, Chiang YC, Huang WE, Shaner NC, Rohatgi R, Inoue T, Lin YC. Spatiotemporal manipulation of ciliary glutamylation reveals its roles in intraciliary trafficking and Hedgehog signaling. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1732. [PMID: 29712905 PMCID: PMC5928066 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03952-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tubulin post-translational modifications (PTMs) occur spatiotemporally throughout cells and are suggested to be involved in a wide range of cellular activities. However, the complexity and dynamic distribution of tubulin PTMs within cells have hindered the understanding of their physiological roles in specific subcellular compartments. Here, we develop a method to rapidly deplete tubulin glutamylation inside the primary cilia, a microtubule-based sensory organelle protruding on the cell surface, by targeting an engineered deglutamylase to the cilia in minutes. This rapid deglutamylation quickly leads to altered ciliary functions such as kinesin-2-mediated anterograde intraflagellar transport and Hedgehog signaling, along with no apparent crosstalk to other PTMs such as acetylation and detyrosination. Our study offers a feasible approach to spatiotemporally manipulate tubulin PTMs in living cells. Future expansion of the repertoire of actuators that regulate PTMs may facilitate a comprehensive understanding of how diverse tubulin PTMs encode ciliary as well as cellular functions. Tubulin post-translational modifications (PTMs) occur spatiotemporally throughout cells, therefore assessing the physiological roles in specific subcellular compartments has been challenging. Here the authors develop a method to rapidly deplete tubulin glutamylation inside the primary cilia by targeting an engineered deglutamylase to the axoneme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Rong Hong
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Cuei-Ling Wang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Shen Huang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chen Chang
- Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Chu Chang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Ganesh V Pusapati
- Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, 94305, CA, USA
| | - Chun-Yu Lin
- Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Ning Hsu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Chi Cheng
- Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Yueh-Chen Chiang
- Interdisciplinary Program of Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Wei-En Huang
- Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Nathan C Shaner
- Department of Photobiology and Bioimaging, The Scintillon Institute, San Diego, 92121, CA, USA
| | - Rajat Rohatgi
- Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, 94305, CA, USA
| | - Takanari Inoue
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Cell Dynamics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, 21205, MD, USA.
| | - Yu-Chun Lin
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan. .,Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan.
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210
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Garcia G, Raleigh DR, Reiter JF. How the Ciliary Membrane Is Organized Inside-Out to Communicate Outside-In. Curr Biol 2018; 28:R421-R434. [PMID: 29689227 PMCID: PMC6434934 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cilia, organelles that move to execute functions like fertilization and signal to execute functions like photoreception and embryonic patterning, are composed of a core of nine-fold doublet microtubules overlain by a membrane. Distinct types of cilia display distinct membrane morphologies, ranging from simple domed cylinders to the highly ornate invaginations and membrane disks of photoreceptor outer segments. Critical for the ability of cilia to signal, both the protein and the lipid compositions of ciliary membranes are different from those of other cellular membranes. This specialization presents a unique challenge for the cell as, unlike membrane-bounded organelles, the ciliary membrane is contiguous with the surrounding plasma membrane. This distinct ciliary membrane is generated in concert with multiple membrane remodeling events that comprise the process of ciliogenesis. Once the cilium is formed, control of ciliary membrane composition relies on discrete molecular machines, including a barrier to membrane proteins entering the cilium at a specialized region of the base of the cilium called the transition zone and a trafficking adaptor that controls G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) localization to the cilium called the BBSome. The ciliary membrane can be further remodeled by the removal of membrane proteins by the release of ciliary extracellular vesicles that may function in intercellular communication, removal of unneeded proteins or ciliary disassembly. Here, we review the structures and transport mechanisms that control ciliary membrane composition, and discuss how membrane specialization enables the cilium to function as the antenna of the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galo Garcia
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - David R Raleigh
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jeremy F Reiter
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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211
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Yue H, Zhu X, Li S, Wang F, Wang X, Guan Z, Zhu Z, Niu B, Zhang T, Guo J, Wang J. Relationship Between INPP5E Gene Expression and Embryonic Neural Development in a Mouse Model of Neural Tube Defect. Med Sci Monit 2018; 24:2053-2059. [PMID: 29626185 PMCID: PMC5903545 DOI: 10.12659/msm.906095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The INPP5E gene encodes for the inositol polyphosphate-5-phosphatase (INPP5E) 72 kDa protein that regulates the phosphoinositide signaling pathway and other cellular activities, but the functional role of this gene in embryonic neurodevelopment and neural tube defect (NTD) remains unclear. The aim of this study was to use a mouse model of NTD to investigate the expression levels of the INPP5E gene during neural development and the occurrence of NTD. Material/Methods In an established NTD mouse model, stereoscopy was used to look for morphological defects. Transcription and expression levels of the INPP5E gene in neural tissues were detected using real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Western blotting in the NTD mouse embryos and compared with control mouse embryos. Results The expression levels of the INPP5E gene decreased as embryonic development progressed in the neural tissue of control mice embryos, but showed no obvious trend in the neural tissues of the NTD mouse embryos. The expression levels of the INPP5E gene in NTD mouse embryos were significantly lower compared with control embryos, at the time of neural tube closure (gestational day 11.5). Conclusions The INPP5E gene regulates the process of embryonic neural development. Abnormal levels of expression of the INPP5E gene may contribute to NTDs. Increased knowledge of the expression pattern of the INPP5E gene may lead to an advanced understanding of the molecular mechanism of embryonic neurodevelopment and identify more specific directions to explore potential treatments for NTDs associated with abnormalities in INPP5E gene expression levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huixuan Yue
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Child Development and Nutriomics, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Xiting Zhu
- Emory Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Shen Li
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Child Development and Nutriomics, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Fang Wang
- Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Xiuwei Wang
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Child Development and Nutriomics, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Zhen Guan
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Child Development and Nutriomics, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Zhiqiang Zhu
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Child Development and Nutriomics, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Bo Niu
- Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Ting Zhang
- Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Jin Guo
- Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Jianhua Wang
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Child Development and Nutriomics, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China (mainland)
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212
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Scheidel N, Kennedy J, Blacque OE. Endosome maturation factors Rabenosyn-5/VPS45 and caveolin-1 regulate ciliary membrane and polycystin-2 homeostasis. EMBO J 2018; 37:embj.201798248. [PMID: 29572244 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201798248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary cilium structure and function relies on control of ciliary membrane homeostasis, regulated by membrane trafficking processes that deliver and retrieve ciliary components at the periciliary membrane. However, the molecular mechanisms controlling ciliary membrane establishment and maintenance, especially in relation to endocytosis, remain poorly understood. Here, using Caenorhabditis elegans, we describe closely linked functions for early endosome (EE) maturation factors RABS-5 (Rabenosyn-5) and VPS-45 (VPS45) in regulating cilium length and morphology, ciliary and periciliary membrane volume, and ciliary signalling-related sensory behaviour. We demonstrate that RABS-5 and VPS-45 control periciliary vesicle number and levels of select EE/endocytic markers (WDFY-2, CAV-1) and the ciliopathy membrane receptor PKD-2 (polycystin-2). Moreover, we show that CAV-1 (caveolin-1) also controls PKD-2 ciliary levels and associated sensory behaviour. These data link RABS-5 and VPS-45 ciliary functions to the processing of periciliary-derived endocytic vesicles and regulation of ciliary membrane homeostasis. Our findings also provide insight into the regulation of PKD-2 ciliary levels via integrated endosomal sorting and CAV-1-mediated endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noémie Scheidel
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Julie Kennedy
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Oliver E Blacque
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
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213
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Saito M, Sakaji K, Otsu W, Sung CH. Ciliary Assembly/Disassembly Assay in Non-transformed Cell Lines. Bio Protoc 2018; 8:e2773. [PMID: 34179289 PMCID: PMC8203858 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.2773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary cilium is a non-motile sensory organelle whose assembly and disassembly are closely associated with cell cycle progression. The primary cilium is elongated from the basal body in quiescent cells and is resorbed as the cells re-enter the cell cycle. Dysregulation of ciliary dynamics has been linked with ciliopathies and other human diseases. The in vitro serum-stimulated ciliary assembly/disassembly assay has gained popularity in addressing the functions of the protein-of-interest in ciliary dynamics. Here, we describe a well-tested protocol for transfecting human retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPE-1) and performing ciliary assembly/disassembly assays on the transfected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Saito
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kensuke Sakaji
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Wataru Otsu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Margaret M. Dyson Vision Research Institute, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ching-Hwa Sung
- Department of Ophthalmology, Margaret M. Dyson Vision Research Institute, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
- Infectious Disease and Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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214
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Kumar D, Thomason RT, Yankova M, Gitlin JD, Mains RE, Eipper BA, King SM. Microvillar and ciliary defects in zebrafish lacking an actin-binding bioactive peptide amidating enzyme. Sci Rep 2018; 8:4547. [PMID: 29540787 PMCID: PMC5852006 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22732-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The assembly of membranous extensions such as microvilli and cilia in polarized cells is a tightly regulated, yet poorly understood, process. Peptidylglycine α-amidating monooxygenase (PAM), a membrane enzyme essential for the synthesis of amidated bioactive peptides, was recently identified in motile and non-motile (primary) cilia and has an essential role in ciliogenesis in Chlamydomonas, Schmidtea and mouse. In mammalian cells, changes in PAM levels alter secretion and organization of the actin cytoskeleton. Here we show that lack of Pam in zebrafish recapitulates the lethal edematous phenotype observed in Pam -/- mice and reveals additional defects. The pam -/- zebrafish embryos display an initial striking loss of microvilli and subsequently impaired ciliogenesis in the pronephros. In multiciliated mouse tracheal epithelial cells, vesicular PAM staining colocalizes with apical actin, below the microvilli. In PAM-deficient Chlamydomonas, the actin cytoskeleton is dramatically reorganized, and expression of an actin paralogue is upregulated. Biochemical assays reveal that the cytosolic PAM C-terminal domain interacts directly with filamentous actin but does not alter the rate of actin polymerization or disassembly. Our results point to a critical role for PAM in organizing the actin cytoskeleton during development, which could in turn impact both microvillus formation and ciliogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhivya Kumar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Rebecca T Thomason
- Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA
- University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | - Maya Yankova
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
- Electron Microscopy Facility, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Jonathan D Gitlin
- Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA
| | - Richard E Mains
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Betty A Eipper
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA.
| | - Stephen M King
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA.
- Electron Microscopy Facility, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA.
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215
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Breslow DK, Hoogendoorn S, Kopp AR, Morgens DW, Vu BK, Kennedy MC, Han K, Li A, Hess GT, Bassik MC, Chen JK, Nachury MV. A CRISPR-based screen for Hedgehog signaling provides insights into ciliary function and ciliopathies. Nat Genet 2018; 50:460-471. [PMID: 29459677 PMCID: PMC5862771 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-018-0054-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Primary cilia organize Hedgehog signaling and shape embryonic development, and their dysregulation is the unifying cause of ciliopathies. We conducted a functional genomic screen for Hedgehog signaling by engineering antibiotic-based selection of Hedgehog-responsive cells and applying genome-wide CRISPR-mediated gene disruption. The screen can robustly identify factors required for ciliary signaling with few false positives or false negatives. Characterization of hit genes uncovered novel components of several ciliary structures, including a protein complex that contains δ-tubulin and ε-tubulin and is required for centriole maintenance. The screen also provides an unbiased tool for classifying ciliopathies and showed that many congenital heart disorders are caused by loss of ciliary signaling. Collectively, our study enables a systematic analysis of ciliary function and of ciliopathies, and also defines a versatile platform for dissecting signaling pathways through CRISPR-based screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- David K Breslow
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Sascha Hoogendoorn
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Adam R Kopp
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - David W Morgens
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Brandon K Vu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Margaret C Kennedy
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kyuho Han
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Amy Li
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Gaelen T Hess
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Michael C Bassik
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - James K Chen
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Maxence V Nachury
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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216
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Matsumoto K, Shimo T, Kurio N, Okui T, Ibaragi S, Kunisada Y, Obata K, Masui M, Pai P, Horikiri Y, Yamanaka N, Takigawa M, Sasaki A. Low‐intensity pulsed ultrasound stimulation promotes osteoblast differentiation through hedgehog signaling. J Cell Biochem 2018; 119:4352-4360. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Matsumoto
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial SurgeryOkayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical SciencesOkayamaJapan
| | - Tsuyoshi Shimo
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial SurgeryOkayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical SciencesOkayamaJapan
- Advanced Research Center for Oral and Craniofacial SciencesOkayama University Dental School/Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical ScienceOkayamaJapan
| | - Naito Kurio
- Department of Oral Surgery, Subdivision of Molecular Oral MedicineDivision of Integrated Sciences of Translational ResearchInstitute of Health BiosciencesGraduate School of Tokushima UniversityTokushimaJapan
| | - Tatsuo Okui
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial SurgeryOkayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical SciencesOkayamaJapan
| | - Soichiro Ibaragi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial SurgeryOkayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical SciencesOkayamaJapan
| | - Yuki Kunisada
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial SurgeryOkayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical SciencesOkayamaJapan
| | - Kyoichi Obata
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial SurgeryOkayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical SciencesOkayamaJapan
| | - Masanori Masui
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial SurgeryOkayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical SciencesOkayamaJapan
| | - Pang Pai
- Department of Oromaxillofacial‐Head and Neck SurgeryDepartment of Oral and Maxillofacial SurgerySchool of StomatologyChina Medical UniversityShenyangP. R. China
| | - Yuu Horikiri
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial SurgeryOkayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical SciencesOkayamaJapan
| | | | - Masaharu Takigawa
- Advanced Research Center for Oral and Craniofacial SciencesOkayama University Dental School/Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical ScienceOkayamaJapan
| | - Akira Sasaki
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial SurgeryOkayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical SciencesOkayamaJapan
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217
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Phua SC, Nihongaki Y, Inoue T. Autonomy declared by primary cilia through compartmentalization of membrane phosphoinositides. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2018; 50:72-78. [PMID: 29477020 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2018.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The primary cilium is a cell surface projection from plasma membrane which transduces external stimuli to diverse signaling pathways. To function as an independent signaling organelle, the molecular composition of the ciliary membrane has to be distinct from that of the plasma membrane. Here, we review recent findings which have deepened our understanding of the unique yet dynamic phosphoinositide profile found in the primary cilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siew Cheng Phua
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138667, Singapore
| | - Yuta Nihongaki
- Department of Cell Biology and Center for Cell Dynamics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Takanari Inoue
- Department of Cell Biology and Center for Cell Dynamics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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218
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Youn YH, Han YG. Primary Cilia in Brain Development and Diseases. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2018; 188:11-22. [PMID: 29030052 PMCID: PMC5745523 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2017.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The primary cilium, a sensory appendage that is present in most mammalian cells, plays critical roles in signaling pathways and cell cycle progression. Mutations that affect the structure or function of primary cilia result in ciliopathies, a group of developmental and degenerative diseases that affect almost all organs and tissues. Our understanding of the constituents, development, and function of primary cilia has advanced considerably in recent years, revealing pathogenic mechanisms that potentially underlie ciliopathies. In the brain, the primary cilia are crucial for early patterning, neurogenesis, neuronal maturation and survival, and tumorigenesis, mostly through regulating cell cycle progression, Hedgehog signaling, and WNT signaling. We review these advances in our knowledge of primary cilia, focusing on brain development, and discuss the mechanisms that may underlie brain abnormalities in ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Ha Youn
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, Neurobiology and Brain Tumor Program, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Young-Goo Han
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, Neurobiology and Brain Tumor Program, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee.
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219
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Pusapati GV, Kong JH, Patel BB, Krishnan A, Sagner A, Kinnebrew M, Briscoe J, Aravind L, Rohatgi R. CRISPR Screens Uncover Genes that Regulate Target Cell Sensitivity to the Morphogen Sonic Hedgehog. Dev Cell 2017; 44:113-129.e8. [PMID: 29290584 PMCID: PMC5792066 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
To uncover regulatory mechanisms in Hedgehog (Hh) signaling, we conducted genome-wide screens to identify positive and negative pathway components and validated top hits using multiple signaling and differentiation assays in two different cell types. Most positive regulators identified in our screens, including Rab34, Pdcl, and Tubd1, were involved in ciliary functions, confirming the central role for primary cilia in Hh signaling. Negative regulators identified included Megf8, Mgrn1, and an unannotated gene encoding a tetraspan protein we named Atthog. The function of these negative regulators converged on Smoothened (SMO), an oncoprotein that transduces the Hh signal across the membrane. In the absence of Atthog, SMO was stabilized at the cell surface and concentrated in the ciliary membrane, boosting cell sensitivity to the ligand Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) and consequently altering SHH-guided neural cell-fate decisions. Thus, we uncovered genes that modify the interpretation of morphogen signals by regulating protein-trafficking events in target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh V Pusapati
- Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Jennifer H Kong
- Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Bhaven B Patel
- Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Arunkumar Krishnan
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA
| | - Andreas Sagner
- The Francis Crick Institute, Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Maia Kinnebrew
- Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - James Briscoe
- The Francis Crick Institute, Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - L Aravind
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA
| | - Rajat Rohatgi
- Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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220
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Stephen LA, Elmaghloob Y, Ismail S. Maintaining protein composition in cilia. Biol Chem 2017; 399:1-11. [PMID: 28850540 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2017-0168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The primary cilium is a sensory organelle that is vital in regulating several signalling pathways. Unlike most organelles cilia are open to the rest of the cell, not enclosed by membranes. The distinct protein composition is crucial to the function of cilia and many signalling proteins and receptors are specifically concentrated within distinct compartments. To maintain this composition, a mechanism is required to deliver proteins to the cilium whilst another must counter the entropic tendency of proteins to distribute throughout the cell. The combination of the two mechanisms should result in the concentration of ciliary proteins to the cilium. In this review we will look at different cellular mechanisms that play a role in maintaining the distinct composition of cilia, including regulation of ciliary access and trafficking of ciliary proteins to, from and within the cilium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise A Stephen
- CR-UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Yasmin Elmaghloob
- CR-UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Shehab Ismail
- CR-UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
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221
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Takahara M, Katoh Y, Nakamura K, Hirano T, Sugawa M, Tsurumi Y, Nakayama K. Ciliopathy-associated mutations of IFT122 impair ciliary protein trafficking but not ciliogenesis. Hum Mol Genet 2017; 27:516-528. [DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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222
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Seo S, Datta P. Photoreceptor outer segment as a sink for membrane proteins: hypothesis and implications in retinal ciliopathies. Hum Mol Genet 2017; 26:R75-R82. [PMID: 28453661 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The photoreceptor outer segment (OS) is a unique modification of the primary cilium, specialized for light perception. Being homologous organelles, the primary cilium and the OS share common building blocks and molecular machinery to construct and maintain them. The OS, however, has several unique structural features that are not seen in primary cilia. Although these unique features of the OS have been well documented, their implications in protein localization have been under-appreciated. In this review, we compare the structural properties of the primary cilium and the OS, and propose a hypothesis that the OS can act as a sink for membrane proteins. We further discuss the implications of this hypothesis in polarized protein localization in photoreceptors and mechanisms of photoreceptor degeneration in retinal ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongjin Seo
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Wynn Institute for Vision Research, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Poppy Datta
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Wynn Institute for Vision Research, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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223
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Tomoshige S, Kobayashi Y, Hosoba K, Hamamoto A, Miyamoto T, Saito Y. Cytoskeleton-related regulation of primary cilia shortening mediated by melanin-concentrating hormone receptor 1. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2017; 253:44-52. [PMID: 28842217 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Primary cilia are specialized microtubule-based organelles. Their importance is highlighted by the gamut of ciliary diseases associated with various syndromes including diabetes and obesity. Primary cilia serve as signaling hubs through selective interactions with ion channels and conventional G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) receptor 1 (MCHR1), a key regulator of feeding, is selectively expressed in neuronal primary cilia in distinct regions of the mouse brain. We previously found that MCH acts on ciliary MCHR1 and induces cilia shortening through a Gi/o-dependent Akt pathway with no cell cycle progression. Many factors can participate in cilia length control. However, the mechanisms for how these molecules are relocated and coordinated to activate cilia shortening are poorly understood. In the present study, we investigated the role of cytoskeletal dynamics in regulating MCH-induced cilia shortening using clonal MCHR1-expressing hTERT-RPE1 cells. Pharmacological and biochemical approaches showed that cilia shortening mediated by MCH was associated with increased soluble cytosolic tubulin without changing the total tubulin amount. Enhanced F-actin fiber intensity was also observed in MCH-treated cells. The actions of various pharmacological agents revealed that coordinated actin machinery, especially actin polymerization, was required for MCHR1-mediated cilia shortening. A recent report indicated the existence of actin-regulated machinery for cilia shortening through GPCR agonist-dependent ectosome release. However, our live-cell imaging experiments showed that MCH progressively elicited cilia shortening without exclusion of fluorescence-positive material from the tip. Short cilia phenotypes have been associated with various metabolic disorders. Thus, the present findings may contribute toward better understanding of how the cytoskeleton is involved in the GPCR ligand-triggered cilia shortening with cell mechanical properties that underlies clinical manifestations such as obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakura Tomoshige
- Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan
| | - Yuki Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan
| | - Kosuke Hosoba
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Akie Hamamoto
- Molecular Genetics, Institute of Life Science, Kurume University, Fukuoka 839-0864, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Miyamoto
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Yumiko Saito
- Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan.
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224
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Bernabé-Rubio M, Alonso MA. Routes and machinery of primary cilium biogenesis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:4077-4095. [PMID: 28624967 PMCID: PMC11107551 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2570-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Primary cilia are solitary, microtubule-based protrusions of the cell surface that play fundamental roles as photosensors, mechanosensors and biochemical sensors. Primary cilia dysfunction results in a long list of developmental and degenerative disorders that combine to give rise to a large spectrum of human diseases affecting almost any major body organ. Depending on the cell type, primary ciliogenesis is initiated intracellularly, as in fibroblasts, or at the cell surface, as in renal polarized epithelial cells. In this review, we have focused on the routes of primary ciliogenesis placing particular emphasis on the recently described pathway in renal polarized epithelial cells by which the midbody remnant resulting from a previous cell division event enables the centrosome for initiation of primary cilium assembly. The protein machinery implicated in primary cilium formation in epithelial cells, including the machinery best known for its involvement in establishing cell polarity and polarized membrane trafficking, is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Bernabé-Rubio
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Nicolás Cabrera 1, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel A Alonso
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Nicolás Cabrera 1, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
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225
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Nakagawa N, Li J, Yabuno-Nakagawa K, Eom TY, Cowles M, Mapp T, Taylor R, Anton ES. APC sets the Wnt tone necessary for cerebral cortical progenitor development. Genes Dev 2017; 31:1679-1692. [PMID: 28916710 PMCID: PMC5647938 DOI: 10.1101/gad.302679.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Nakagawa et al. show that the maintenance of appropriate β-catenin-mediated Wnt tone is necessary for the orderly differentiation of cortical progenitors and the resultant formation of the cerebral cortex. Adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) regulates the activity of β-catenin, an integral component of Wnt signaling. However, the selective role of the APC–β-catenin pathway in cerebral cortical development is unknown. Here we genetically dissected the relative contributions of APC-regulated β-catenin signaling in cortical progenitor development, a necessary early step in cerebral cortical formation. Radial progenitor-specific inactivation of the APC–β-catenin pathway indicates that the maintenance of appropriate β-catenin-mediated Wnt tone is necessary for the orderly differentiation of cortical progenitors and the resultant formation of the cerebral cortex. APC deletion deregulates β-catenin, leads to high Wnt tone, and disrupts Notch1 signaling and primary cilium maintenance necessary for radial progenitor functions. β-Catenin deregulation directly disrupts cilium maintenance and signaling via Tulp3, essential for intraflagellar transport of ciliary signaling receptors. Surprisingly, deletion of β-catenin or inhibition of β-catenin activity in APC-null progenitors rescues the APC-null phenotype. These results reveal that APC-regulated β-catenin activity in cortical progenitors sets the appropriate Wnt tone necessary for normal cerebral cortical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Nakagawa
- University of North Carolina Neuroscience Center, Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Jingjun Li
- University of North Carolina Neuroscience Center, Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Keiko Yabuno-Nakagawa
- University of North Carolina Neuroscience Center, Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Tae-Yeon Eom
- University of North Carolina Neuroscience Center, Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Martis Cowles
- University of North Carolina Neuroscience Center, Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Tavien Mapp
- University of North Carolina Neuroscience Center, Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Robin Taylor
- University of North Carolina Neuroscience Center, Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - E S Anton
- University of North Carolina Neuroscience Center, Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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226
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Gelsolin dysfunction causes photoreceptor loss in induced pluripotent cell and animal retinitis pigmentosa models. Nat Commun 2017; 8:271. [PMID: 28814713 PMCID: PMC5559447 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00111-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the Retinitis Pigmentosa GTPase Regulator (RPGR) cause X-linked RP (XLRP), an untreatable, inherited retinal dystrophy that leads to premature blindness. RPGR localises to the photoreceptor connecting cilium where its function remains unknown. Here we show, using murine and human induced pluripotent stem cell models, that RPGR interacts with and activates the actin-severing protein gelsolin, and that gelsolin regulates actin disassembly in the connecting cilium, thus facilitating rhodopsin transport to photoreceptor outer segments. Disease-causing RPGR mutations perturb this RPGR-gelsolin interaction, compromising gelsolin activation. Both RPGR and Gelsolin knockout mice show abnormalities of actin polymerisation and mislocalisation of rhodopsin in photoreceptors. These findings reveal a clinically-significant role for RPGR in the activation of gelsolin, without which abnormalities in actin polymerisation in the photoreceptor connecting cilia cause rhodopsin mislocalisation and eventual retinal degeneration in XLRP. Mutations in the Retinitis Pigmentosa GTPase Regulator (RPGR) cause retinal dystrophy, but how this arises at a molecular level is unclear. Here, the authors show in induced pluripotent stem cells and mouse knockouts that RPGR mediates actin dynamics in photoreceptors via the actin-severing protein, gelsolin.
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227
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Takao D, Wang L, Boss A, Verhey KJ. Protein Interaction Analysis Provides a Map of the Spatial and Temporal Organization of the Ciliary Gating Zone. Curr Biol 2017; 27:2296-2306.e3. [PMID: 28736169 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The motility and signaling functions of the primary cilium require a unique protein and lipid composition that is determined by gating mechanisms localized at the base of the cilium. Several protein complexes localize to the gating zone and may regulate ciliary protein composition; however, the mechanisms of ciliary gating and the dynamics of the gating components are largely unknown. Here, we used the BiFC (bimolecular fluorescence complementation) assay and report for the first time on the protein-protein interactions that occur between ciliary gating components and transiting cargoes during ciliary entry. We find that the nucleoporin Nup62 and the C termini of the nephronophthisis (NPHP) proteins NPHP4 and NPHP5 interact with the axoneme-associated kinesin-2 motor KIF17 and thus spatially map to the inner region of the ciliary gating zone. Nup62 and NPHP4 exhibit rapid turnover at the transition zone and thus define dynamic components of the gate. We find that B9D1, AHI1, and the N termini of NPHP4 and NPHP5 interact with the transmembrane protein SSTR3 and thus spatially map to the outer region of the ciliary gating zone. B9D1, AHI1, and NPHP5 exhibit little to no turnover at the transition zone and thus define components of a stable gating structure. These data provide the first comprehensive map of the molecular orientations of gating zone components along the inner-to-outer axis of the ciliary gating zone. These results advance our understanding of the functional roles of gating zone components in regulating ciliary protein composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Takao
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plant of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, 101 Shanghai Road, Tongshan District, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Allison Boss
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Kristen J Verhey
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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228
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Kohli P, Höhne M, Jüngst C, Bertsch S, Ebert LK, Schauss AC, Benzing T, Rinschen MM, Schermer B. The ciliary membrane-associated proteome reveals actin-binding proteins as key components of cilia. EMBO Rep 2017; 18:1521-1535. [PMID: 28710093 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201643846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are sensory, antennae-like organelles present on the surface of many cell types. They have been involved in a variety of diseases collectively termed ciliopathies. As cilia are essential regulators of cell signaling, the composition of the ciliary membrane needs to be strictly regulated. To understand regulatory processes at the ciliary membrane, we report the targeting of a genetically engineered enzyme specifically to the ciliary membrane to allow biotinylation and identification of the membrane-associated proteome. Bioinformatic analysis of the comprehensive dataset reveals high-stoichiometric presence of actin-binding proteins inside the cilium. Immunofluorescence stainings and complementary interaction proteomic analyses confirm these findings. Depolymerization of branched F-actin causes further enrichment of the actin-binding and actin-related proteins in cilia, including Myosin 5a (Myo5a). Interestingly, Myo5a knockout decreases ciliation while enhanced levels of Myo5a are observed in cilia upon induction of ciliary disassembly. In summary, we present a novel approach to investigate dynamics of the ciliary membrane proteome in mammalian cells and identify actin-binding proteins as mechanosensitive components of cilia that might have important functions in cilia membrane dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Kohli
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Martin Höhne
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Systems Biology of Ageing Cologne (Sybacol), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Christian Jüngst
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sabine Bertsch
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Systems Biology of Ageing Cologne (Sybacol), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Lena K Ebert
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Astrid C Schauss
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Thomas Benzing
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Systems Biology of Ageing Cologne (Sybacol), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Markus M Rinschen
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Systems Biology of Ageing Cologne (Sybacol), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Bernhard Schermer
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany .,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Systems Biology of Ageing Cologne (Sybacol), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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229
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Saito M, Otsu W, Hsu KS, Chuang JZ, Yanagisawa T, Shieh V, Kaitsuka T, Wei FY, Tomizawa K, Sung CH. Tctex-1 controls ciliary resorption by regulating branched actin polymerization and endocytosis. EMBO Rep 2017; 18:1460-1472. [PMID: 28607034 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201744204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 05/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary cilium is a plasma membrane-protruding sensory organelle that undergoes regulated assembly and resorption. While the assembly process has been studied extensively, the cellular machinery that governs ciliary resorption is less well understood. Previous studies showed that the ciliary pocket membrane is an actin-rich, endocytosis-active periciliary subdomain. Furthermore, Tctex-1, originally identified as a cytoplasmic dynein light chain, has a dynein-independent role in ciliary resorption upon phosphorylation at Thr94. Here, we show that the remodeling and endocytosis of the ciliary pocket membrane are accelerated during ciliary resorption. This process depends on phospho(T94)Tctex-1, actin, and dynamin. Mechanistically, Tctex-1 physically and functionally interacts with the actin dynamics regulators annexin A2, Arp2/3 complex, and Cdc42. Phospho(T94)Tctex-1 is required for Cdc42 activation before the onset of ciliary resorption. Moreover, inhibiting clathrin-dependent endocytosis or suppressing Rab5GTPase on early endosomes effectively abrogates ciliary resorption. Taken together with the epistasis functional assays, our results support a model in which phospho(T94)Tctex-1-regulated actin polymerization and periciliary endocytosis play an active role in orchestrating the initial phase of ciliary resorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Saito
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku Sendai, Japan .,Department of Cellular Signaling, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku Sendai, Japan.,Department of Ophthalmology, Margaret M. Dyson Vision Research Institute, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Wataru Otsu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Margaret M. Dyson Vision Research Institute, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kuo-Shun Hsu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Margaret M. Dyson Vision Research Institute, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jen-Zen Chuang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Margaret M. Dyson Vision Research Institute, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Teruyuki Yanagisawa
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku Sendai, Japan
| | - Vincent Shieh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Margaret M. Dyson Vision Research Institute, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Taku Kaitsuka
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Fan-Yan Wei
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Tomizawa
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Ching-Hwa Sung
- Department of Ophthalmology, Margaret M. Dyson Vision Research Institute, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA .,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
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230
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Kumar D, Strenkert D, Patel-King RS, Leonard MT, Merchant SS, Mains RE, King SM, Eipper BA. A bioactive peptide amidating enzyme is required for ciliogenesis. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28513435 PMCID: PMC5461114 DOI: 10.7554/elife.25728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathways controlling cilium biogenesis in different cell types have not been fully elucidated. We recently identified peptidylglycine α-amidating monooxygenase (PAM), an enzyme required for generating amidated bioactive signaling peptides, in Chlamydomonas and mammalian cilia. Here, we show that PAM is required for the normal assembly of motile and primary cilia in Chlamydomonas, planaria and mice. Chlamydomonas PAM knockdown lines failed to assemble cilia beyond the transition zone, had abnormal Golgi architecture and altered levels of cilia assembly components. Decreased PAM gene expression reduced motile ciliary density on the ventral surface of planaria and resulted in the appearance of cytosolic axonemes lacking a ciliary membrane. The architecture of primary cilia on neuroepithelial cells in Pam-/- mouse embryos was also aberrant. Our data suggest that PAM activity and alterations in post-Golgi trafficking contribute to the observed ciliogenesis defects and provide an unanticipated, highly conserved link between PAM, amidation and ciliary assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhivya Kumar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, United States
| | - Daniela Strenkert
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Ramila S Patel-King
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, United States
| | - Michael T Leonard
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Sabeeha S Merchant
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States.,Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Richard E Mains
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, United States
| | - Stephen M King
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, United States
| | - Betty A Eipper
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, United States
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231
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Salinas RY, Pearring JN, Ding JD, Spencer WJ, Hao Y, Arshavsky VY. Photoreceptor discs form through peripherin-dependent suppression of ciliary ectosome release. J Cell Biol 2017; 216:1489-1499. [PMID: 28381413 PMCID: PMC5412563 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201608081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The primary cilium is a highly conserved organelle housing specialized molecules responsible for receiving and processing extracellular signals. A recently discovered property shared across many cilia is the ability to release small vesicles called ectosomes, which are used for exchanging protein and genetic material among cells. In this study, we report a novel role for ciliary ectosomes in building the elaborate photoreceptor outer segment filled with hundreds of tightly packed "disc" membranes. We demonstrate that the photoreceptor cilium has an innate ability to release massive amounts of ectosomes. However, this process is suppressed by the disc-specific protein peripherin, which enables retained ectosomes to be morphed into discs. This new function of peripherin is performed independently from its well-established role in maintaining the high curvature of disc edges, and each function is fulfilled by a separate part of peripherin's molecule. Our findings explain how the outer segment structure evolved from the primary cilium to provide photoreceptor cells with vast membrane surfaces for efficient light capture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Y Salinas
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710
- Department of Pharmacology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710
| | | | - Jin-Dong Ding
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710
| | - William J Spencer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710
- Department of Pharmacology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Ying Hao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Vadim Y Arshavsky
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710
- Department of Pharmacology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710
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232
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Jensen VL, Leroux MR. Gates for soluble and membrane proteins, and two trafficking systems (IFT and LIFT), establish a dynamic ciliary signaling compartment. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2017; 47:83-91. [PMID: 28432921 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2017.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 02/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Primary cilia are microtubule-based organelles found on most mammalian cell surfaces. They possess a soluble matrix and membrane contiguous with the cell body cytosol and plasma membrane, and yet, have distinct compositions that can be modulated to enable dynamic signal transduction. Here, we discuss how specialized ciliary compartments are established using a coordinated network of gating, trafficking and targeting activities. Cilium homeostasis is maintained by a size-selective molecular mesh that limits soluble protein entry, and by a membrane diffusion barrier localized at the transition zone. Bidirectional protein shuttling between the cell body and cilium uses IntraFlagellar Transport (IFT), and prenylated ciliary protein delivery is achieved through Lipidated protein IntraFlagellar Targeting (LIFT). Elucidating how these gates and transport systems function will help reveal the roles that cilia play in ciliary signaling and the growing spectrum of disorders termed ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor L Jensen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada; Centre for Cell Biology, Development and Disease, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada
| | - Michel R Leroux
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada; Centre for Cell Biology, Development and Disease, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada.
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233
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Yeyati PL, Schiller R, Mali G, Kasioulis I, Kawamura A, Adams IR, Playfoot C, Gilbert N, van Heyningen V, Wills J, von Kriegsheim A, Finch A, Sakai J, Schofield CJ, Jackson IJ, Mill P. KDM3A coordinates actin dynamics with intraflagellar transport to regulate cilia stability. J Cell Biol 2017; 216:999-1013. [PMID: 28246120 PMCID: PMC5379941 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201607032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cilia assembly and disassembly are coupled to actin dynamics, ensuring a coherent cellular response during environmental change. How these processes are integrated remains undefined. The histone lysine demethylase KDM3A plays important roles in organismal homeostasis. Loss-of-function mouse models of Kdm3a phenocopy features associated with human ciliopathies, whereas human somatic mutations correlate with poor cancer prognosis. We demonstrate that absence of KDM3A facilitates ciliogenesis, but these resulting cilia have an abnormally wide range of axonemal lengths, delaying disassembly and accumulating intraflagellar transport (IFT) proteins. KDM3A plays a dual role by regulating actin gene expression and binding to the actin cytoskeleton, creating a responsive "actin gate" that involves ARP2/3 activity and IFT. Promoting actin filament formation rescues KDM3A mutant ciliary defects. Conversely, the simultaneous depolymerization of actin networks and IFT overexpression mimics the abnormal ciliary traits of KDM3A mutants. KDM3A is thus a negative regulator of ciliogenesis required for the controlled recruitment of IFT proteins into cilia through the modulation of actin dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia L Yeyati
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU Scotland, UK
| | - Rachel Schiller
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, OX1 3TA Oxford, England, UK
| | - Girish Mali
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU Scotland, UK
| | - Ioannis Kasioulis
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU Scotland, UK
| | - Akane Kawamura
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, OX1 3TA Oxford, England, UK
| | - Ian R Adams
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU Scotland, UK
| | - Christopher Playfoot
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU Scotland, UK
| | - Nick Gilbert
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU Scotland, UK
| | - Veronica van Heyningen
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU Scotland, UK
| | - Jimi Wills
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU Scotland, UK
| | - Alex von Kriegsheim
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU Scotland, UK
| | - Andrew Finch
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU Scotland, UK
| | - Juro Sakai
- Division of Metabolic Medicine, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan
| | | | - Ian J Jackson
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU Scotland, UK
| | - Pleasantine Mill
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU Scotland, UK
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234
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Lechtreck KF, Van De Weghe JC, Harris JA, Liu P. Protein transport in growing and steady-state cilia. Traffic 2017; 18:277-286. [PMID: 28248449 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cilia and eukaryotic flagella are threadlike cell extensions with motile and sensory functions. Their assembly requires intraflagellar transport (IFT), a bidirectional motor-driven transport of protein carriers along the axonemal microtubules. IFT moves ample amounts of structural proteins including tubulin into growing cilia likely explaining its critical role for assembly. IFT continues in non-growing cilia contributing to a variety of processes ranging from axonemal maintenance and the export of non-ciliary proteins to cell locomotion and ciliary signaling. Here, we discuss recent data on cues regulating the type, amount and timing of cargo transported by IFT. A regulation of IFT-cargo interactions is critical to establish, maintain and adjust ciliary length, protein composition and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl F Lechtreck
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | | | | | - Peiwei Liu
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
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