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Jin X, Ren S, Macarak E, Rosenbloom J. Pathobiological mechanisms of peritoneal adhesions: The mesenchymal transition of rat peritoneal mesothelial cells induced by TGF-β1 and IL-6 requires activation of Erk1/2 and Smad2 linker region phosphorylation. Matrix Biol 2016; 51:55-64. [PMID: 26825317 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2016.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Peritoneal adhesions, primarily caused by surgical procedures, are the leading cause of pelvic pain, bowel obstruction, and infertility. TGF-β1 and IL-6 have been found to be elevated in the peritoneal fluid of patients during/after abdominal surgery. However, it remains to be determined whether these cytokines interact and facilitate adhesion formation by promoting mesothelial to mesenchymal transition (MMT). In the present study, isolated rat peritoneal mesothelial cells were treated with TGF-β1 and/or IL-6 which elicited MMT as determined by morphologic and biochemical techniques. During this transition, cellular morphology changed from that of cobblestone polygonal cells to elongated/spindle-shaped fibroblast-like cells. There was decreased expression of genes characteristic of mesothelial cells, such as E-cadherin, and increased expression of genes characteristic of the myofibroblast phenotype, including α-smooth muscle actin and the EDA form of fibronectin, both of which appear to mediate the transfer of force to the extracellular matrix. Partial characterization of relevant signaling pathways identified Erk1/2 activation, which was enhanced by combined TGF-β1/IL-6 administration, as a crucial necessary factor in the transition. Erk1/2 activation as well as the phosphorylation of the linker region of Smad2 and MMT could be blocked by the MEK inhibitor, U0126, suggesting that such activation may be a potential pharmaceutical target to prevent MMT. In addition, the phenotypic transition could be prevented by hydrocortisone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Jin
- Joan and Joel Rosenbloom Research Center for Fibrotic Diseases, United States; Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States
| | - Shumei Ren
- Joan and Joel Rosenbloom Research Center for Fibrotic Diseases, United States; Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States
| | - Edward Macarak
- Joan and Joel Rosenbloom Research Center for Fibrotic Diseases, United States; Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States
| | - Joel Rosenbloom
- Joan and Joel Rosenbloom Research Center for Fibrotic Diseases, United States; Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States.
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202
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Endoglin overexpression mediates gastric cancer peritoneal dissemination by inducing mesothelial cell senescence. Hum Pathol 2016; 51:114-23. [PMID: 27067789 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2015.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Peritoneal dissemination (PD), which is highly frequent in gastric cancer (GC) patients, is the main cause of death in advanced GC. Senescence of human peritoneal mesothelial cells (HPMC) may contribute to GC peritoneal dissemination (GCPD). In this study of 126 patients, we investigated the association between Endoglin expression in GC peritoneum and the clinicopathological features. The prognosis of patients was evaluated according to Endoglin and ID1 expression. In vitro, GC cell (GCC)-HPMC coculture was established. Endoglin and ID1 expression was evaluated by Western blot. Cell cycle and HPMC senescence were analyzed after harvesting HPMC from the coculture. GCC adhesion and invasion to HPMC were also assayed. Our results showed that positive staining of Endoglin (38%) was associated with a higher TNM stage and higher incidence of GCPD (both P < .05). Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that the patients who were Endoglin positive had a shorter survival time compared with Endoglin-negative patients (P = .02). Using the HPMC and GCC adherence and invasion assay, we demonstrated that transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β)1-induced HPMC senescence was attenuated by silencing the Endoglin expression, which also prevented GCC attachment and invasion. Our study indicated a positive correlation between Endoglin overexpression and GCPD. Up-regulated Endoglin expression induced HPMC senescence via TGF-β1 pathway. The findings suggest that Endoglin-induced HPMC senescence may contribute to peritoneal dissemination of GCCs.
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203
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Chen J, Yang F, Yu X, Yu Y, Gong Y. Cyclosporine A promotes cell proliferation, collagen and α-smooth muscle actin expressions in rat gingival fibroblasts by Smad3 activation and miR-29b suppression. J Periodontal Res 2016; 51:735-747. [PMID: 26738448 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Chen
- Department of Stomatology; Zhongshan Hospital; Fudan University; Shanghai China
| | - F. Yang
- Department of Stomatology; Zhongshan Hospital; Fudan University; Shanghai China
| | - X. Yu
- Department of Stomatology; Zhongshan Hospital; Fudan University; Shanghai China
| | - Y. Yu
- Department of Stomatology; Zhongshan Hospital; Fudan University; Shanghai China
| | - Y. Gong
- Department of Stomatology; Zhongshan Hospital; Fudan University; Shanghai China
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204
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SIRT3 Blocks Aging-Associated Tissue Fibrosis in Mice by Deacetylating and Activating Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3β. Mol Cell Biol 2015; 36:678-92. [PMID: 26667039 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00586-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue fibrosis is a major cause of organ dysfunction during chronic diseases and aging. A critical step in this process is transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1)-mediated transformation of fibroblasts into myofibroblasts, cells capable of synthesizing extracellular matrix. Here, we show that SIRT3 controls transformation of fibroblasts into myofibroblasts via suppressing the profibrotic TGF-β1 signaling. We found that Sirt3 knockout (KO) mice with age develop tissue fibrosis of multiple organs, including heart, liver, kidney, and lungs but not whole-body SIRT3-overexpressing mice. SIRT3 deficiency caused induction of TGF-β1 expression and hyperacetylation of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) at residue K15, which negatively regulated GSK3β activity to phosphorylate the substrates Smad3 and β-catenin. Reduced phosphorylation led to stabilization and activation of these transcription factors regulating expression of the profibrotic genes. SIRT3 deacetylated and activated GSK3β and thereby blocked TGF-β1 signaling and tissue fibrosis. These data reveal a new role of SIRT3 to negatively regulate aging-associated tissue fibrosis and discloses a novel phosphorylation-independent mechanism controlling the catalytic activity of GSK3β.
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205
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Bujak M, Ratkaj I, Markova-Car E, Jurišić D, Horvatić A, Vučinić S, Lerga J, Baus-Lončar M, Pavelić K, Kraljević Pavelić S. Inflammatory Gene Expression Upon TGF-β1-Induced p38 Activation in Primary Dupuytren's Disease Fibroblasts. Front Mol Biosci 2015; 2:68. [PMID: 26697433 PMCID: PMC4672058 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2015.00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Inflammation is an underlying mechanism behind fibrotic processes and differentiation of cells into myofibroblasts. Presented study therefore provides new data on activation of autoimmune and inflammatory immune response genes that accompany activation of p38 and cell differentiation in primary cells derived from Dupuytren's disease (DD) patients. METHODS Primary non-Dupuytren's disease cells (ND) were isolated from macroscopically unaffected palmar fascia adjacent to diseased tissue obtained from patients diagnosed with the last stage of DD and cultured in vitro. Gene expression, collagen gel contraction assay and analysis of secreted proteins were performed in ND cells treated with TGF-β1 and/or inhibitor of p38 phosphorylation. RESULTS During differentiation of ND fibroblasts, increased expression of immune response genes PAI-1, TIMP-1, CCL11, and IL-6 was found. These changes were accompanied by increased cell contractility and activation of p38 and its target kinase MK2. Inhibition of p38 phosphorylation reversed these processes in vitro. CONCLUSIONS TGF-β1 induced p38 phosphorylation in ND cells grown from macroscopically unaffected palmar fascia adjacent to diseased tissue from DD patients. This was accompanied by activation of the cytokine genes CCL-11 and IL-6 and secretion of extracellular matrix regulatory proteins PAI-1 and TIMP-1. A combined approach directed toward inflammation and p38 MAPK-mediated processes in DD might be considered for improving management of DD patients and prevention of recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maro Bujak
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruer Bošković Institute Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivana Ratkaj
- Department of Biotechnology, Centre for High-Throughput Technologies, University of Rijeka Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Elitza Markova-Car
- Department of Biotechnology, Centre for High-Throughput Technologies, University of Rijeka Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Davor Jurišić
- Clinic for Surgery, Department for Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Centre Rijeka Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Anita Horvatić
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruer Bošković Institute Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Srđan Vučinić
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruer Bošković Institute Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jonatan Lerga
- Faculty of Engineering and Centre for Advanced Computing and Modelling, University of Rijeka Rijeka, Croatia ; Centre for Advanced Computing and Modelling, University of Rijeka Rijeka, Croatia
| | | | - Krešimir Pavelić
- Department of Biotechnology, Centre for High-Throughput Technologies, University of Rijeka Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Sandra Kraljević Pavelić
- Department of Biotechnology, Centre for High-Throughput Technologies, University of Rijeka Rijeka, Croatia
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206
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Ramnath NWM, Hawinkels LJAC, van Heijningen PM, te Riet L, Paauwe M, Vermeij M, Danser AHJ, Kanaar R, ten Dijke P, Essers J. Fibulin-4 deficiency increases TGF-β signalling in aortic smooth muscle cells due to elevated TGF-β2 levels. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16872. [PMID: 26607280 PMCID: PMC4660353 DOI: 10.1038/srep16872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibulins are extracellular matrix proteins associated with elastic fibres. Homozygous Fibulin-4 mutations lead to life-threatening abnormalities such as aortic aneurysms. Aortic aneurysms in Fibulin-4 mutant mice were associated with upregulation of TGF-β signalling. How Fibulin-4 deficiency leads to deregulation of the TGF-β pathway is largely unknown. Isolated aortic smooth muscle cells (SMCs) from Fibulin-4 deficient mice showed reduced growth, which could be reversed by treatment with TGF-β neutralizing antibodies. In Fibulin-4 deficient SMCs increased TGF-β signalling was detected using a transcriptional reporter assay and by increased SMAD2 phosphorylation. Next, we investigated if the increased activity was due to increased levels of the three TGF-β isoforms. These data revealed slightly increased TGF-β1 and markedly increased TGF-β2 levels. Significantly increased TGF-β2 levels were also detectable in plasma from homozygous Fibulin-4(R/R) mice, not in wild type mice. TGF-β2 levels were reduced after losartan treatment, an angiotensin-II type-1 receptor blocker, known to prevent aortic aneurysm formation. In conclusion, we have shown increased TGF-β signalling in isolated SMCs from Fibulin-4 deficient mouse aortas, not only caused by increased levels of TGF-β1, but especially TGF-β2. These data provide new insights in the molecular interaction between Fibulin-4 and TGF-β pathway regulation in the pathogenesis of aortic aneurysms.
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Affiliation(s)
- N W M Ramnath
- Department of Genetics, Cancer Genomics Centre Netherlands, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Vascular Surgery, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - L J A C Hawinkels
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands, Cancer Genomics Centre.,Department of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - P M van Heijningen
- Department of Genetics, Cancer Genomics Centre Netherlands, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - L te Riet
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pharmacology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M Paauwe
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands, Cancer Genomics Centre
| | - M Vermeij
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A H J Danser
- Department of Pharmacology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R Kanaar
- Department of Genetics, Cancer Genomics Centre Netherlands, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - P ten Dijke
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands, Cancer Genomics Centre
| | - J Essers
- Department of Genetics, Cancer Genomics Centre Netherlands, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Vascular Surgery, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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207
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Liu Y, Dong Z, Liu H, Zhu J, Liu F, Chen G. Transition of mesothelial cell to fibroblast in peritoneal dialysis: EMT, stem cell or bystander? Perit Dial Int 2015; 35:14-25. [PMID: 25700459 DOI: 10.3747/pdi.2014.00188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-term peritoneal dialysis (PD) can lead to fibrotic changes in the peritoneum, characterized by loss of mesothelial cells (MCs) and thickening of the submesothelial area with an accumulation of collagen and myofibroblasts. The origin of myofibroblasts is a central question in peritoneal fibrosis that remains unanswered at present. Numerous clinical and experimental studies have suggested that MCs, through epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), contribute to the pool of peritoneal myofibroblasts. However, recent work has placed significant doubts on the paradigm of EMT in organ fibrogenesis (in the kidney particularly), highlighting the need to reconsider the role of EMT in the generation of myofibroblasts in peritoneal fibrosis. In particular, selective cell isolation and lineage-tracing experiments have suggested the existence of progenitor cells in the peritoneum, which are able to switch to fibroblast-like cells when stimulated by the local environment. These findings highlight the plastic nature of MCs and its contribution to peritoneal fibrogenesis. In this review, we summarize the key findings and caveats of EMT in organ fibrogenesis, with a focus on PD-related peritoneal fibrosis, and discuss the potential of peritoneal MCs as a source of myofibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- Department of Nephrology, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China; Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Georgia Regents University and Charlie Norwood Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Zheng Dong
- Department of Nephrology, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China; Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Georgia Regents University and Charlie Norwood Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia, USA Department of Nephrology, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China; Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Georgia Regents University and Charlie Norwood Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Hong Liu
- Department of Nephrology, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China; Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Georgia Regents University and Charlie Norwood Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jiefu Zhu
- Department of Nephrology, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China; Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Georgia Regents University and Charlie Norwood Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Fuyou Liu
- Department of Nephrology, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China; Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Georgia Regents University and Charlie Norwood Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Guochun Chen
- Department of Nephrology, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China; Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Georgia Regents University and Charlie Norwood Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia, USA
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208
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Shin JM, Park JH, Park IH, Lee HM. Doxycycline inhibits TGF-β1-induced extracellular matrix production in nasal polyp-derived fibroblasts. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2015; 6:256-63. [PMID: 26575862 DOI: 10.1002/alr.21660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 08/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Doxycycline has been shown to have antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects and suppresses collagen biosynthesis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of doxycycline on transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1-induced myofibroblast differentiation and extracellular matrix production in nasal polyp-derived fibroblasts (NPDFs). We also determined the molecular mechanisms of action for doxycycline. METHODS NPDFs were isolated from nasal polyps from 8 patients. Doxycycline was used to pretreat TGF-β1-induced NPDFs. Cytotoxicity was evaluated using a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide assay. Expression levels of α-smooth muscle actin (SMA) and fibronectin were measured using Western blot, reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, and immunofluorescence staining. Total collagen production was analyzed with the Sircol collagen assay, while mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and NF-κB activation were determined using Western blot analysis. Luciferase assay was used to evaluate the transcriptional activity of NF-κB. RESULTS Although doxycycline (0 to 40 μg/mL) had no significant cytotoxic effects in TGF-β1-induced NPDFs, it significantly reduced the expression levels of α-SMA, fibronectin, and collagen in TGF-β1-induced NPDFs in a dose-dependent manner. Doxycycline also inhibited the TGF-β1-induced activation of p38, c-Jun NH2 -terminal kinase (JNK), and NF-κB, and its inhibitory effects were similar to those of the specific inhibitors for each. CONCLUSION Doxycycline has an inhibitory effect on TGF-β1-induced myofibroblast differentiation and extracellular matrix production via the p38 and JNK/NF-κB signal pathways in NPDFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Min Shin
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Joo-Hoo Park
- Division of Brain Korea 21 Program for Biomedical Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Il-Ho Park
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Heung-Man Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Division of Brain Korea 21 Program for Biomedical Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Research-Driven Hospital, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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209
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Rajasekaran S, Rajaguru P, Sudhakar Gandhi PS. MicroRNAs as potential targets for progressive pulmonary fibrosis. Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:254. [PMID: 26594173 PMCID: PMC4633493 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic, progressive and devastating disorder. It is characterized by alveolar epithelial cell injury and activation, infiltration of inflammatory cells, initiation of epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT), aberrant proliferation and activation of fibroblasts, exaggerated deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, and finally leading to the destruction of lung parenchyma. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous small non-coding RNA molecules that post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression in diverse biological and pathological processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis and metastasis. As a result, miRNAs have emerged as a major area of biomedical research with relevance to pulmonary fibrosis. In this context, the present review discusses specific patterns of dysregulated miRNAs in patients with IPF. Further, we discuss the current understanding of miRNAs involvement in regulating lung inflammation, TGF-β1-mediated EMT and fibroblast differentiation processes, ECM genes expression, and in the progression of lung fibrosis. The possible future directions that might lead to novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of pulmonary fibrosis are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subbiah Rajasekaran
- Department of Biotechnology, Bharathidasan Institute of Technology Campus, Anna University Tiruchirappalli, India
| | - P Rajaguru
- Department of Biotechnology, Bharathidasan Institute of Technology Campus, Anna University Tiruchirappalli, India
| | - P S Sudhakar Gandhi
- Department of Biotechnology, Bharathidasan Institute of Technology Campus, Anna University Tiruchirappalli, India
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210
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Liu RM, Desai LP. Reciprocal regulation of TGF-β and reactive oxygen species: A perverse cycle for fibrosis. Redox Biol 2015; 6:565-577. [PMID: 26496488 PMCID: PMC4625010 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2015.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 447] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) is the most potent pro-fibrogenic cytokine and its expression is increased in almost all of fibrotic diseases. Although signaling through Smad pathway is believed to play a central role in TGF-β's fibrogenesis, emerging evidence indicates that reactive oxygen species (ROS) modulate TGF-β's signaling through different pathways including Smad pathway. TGF-β1 increases ROS production and suppresses antioxidant enzymes, leading to a redox imbalance. ROS, in turn, induce/activate TGF-β1 and mediate many of TGF-β's fibrogenic effects, forming a vicious cycle (see graphic flow chart on the right). Here, we review the current knowledge on the feed-forward mechanisms between TGF-β1 and ROS in the development of fibrosis. Therapeutics targeting TGF-β-induced and ROS-dependent cellular signaling represents a novel approach in the treatment of fibrotic disorders. TGF-β1 is the most potent ubiquitous profibrogenic cytokine. TGF- β 1 induces redox imbalance by ↑ ROS production and ↓ anti-oxidant defense system Redox imbalance, in turn, activates latent TGF-β1 and induces TGF-β1 expression. Redox imbalance also mediates many of TGF-β1’s profibrogenic effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Ming Liu
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmi ngham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - Leena P Desai
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmi ngham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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211
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Possible role of TGF β1 in inflammatory pseudotumor associated with multiple neuroendocrine tumors of the small intestine. Pathol Res Pract 2015; 211:805-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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212
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Abrigo J, Morales MG, Simon F, Cabrera D, Di Capua G, Cabello-Verrugio C. Apocynin inhibits the upregulation of TGF-β1 expression and ROS production induced by TGF-β in skeletal muscle cells. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 22:885-893. [PMID: 26321737 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2015.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pure apocynin, which can be traditionally isolated and purified from several plant species such as Picrorhiza kurroa Royle ex Benth (Scrophulariaceae), acts as an inhibitor of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase (NOX) activity inhibiting its production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Transforming growth factor type beta 1 (TGF-β1) is a growth factor that produces inhibition of myogenesis, diminution of regeneration and induction of atrophy in skeletal muscle. The typical signalling that is activated by TGF-β involves the Smad pathway. PURPOSE To evaluate the effect of TGF-β and the effect of apocynin on TGF-β1 expression in skeletal muscle cells. STUDY DESIGN Controlled laboratory study. In vitro assays were performed with C2C12 cells incubated with TGF-β1 in presence or absence of apocynin (NOX inhibitor), SB525334 (TGF-β-receptor I inhibitor), or chelerythrine (PKC inhibitor). METHODS TGF-β1 and atrogin-1 expression was evaluated by RT-qPCR and/or ELISA; Smad3 phosphorylation by western blot; Smad4 nuclear translocation by indirect immunofluorescence; and ROS levels by DCF probe fluorescent measurements. RESULTS We show that myoblasts respond to TGF-β1 by increasing its own gene expression in a time- and dose-dependent fashion which was abolished by SB525334 and siRNA for Smad2/3. TGF-β1 also induced ROS. Remarkably, apocynin inhibited the TGF-β1 induced ROS as well as the autoinduction of TGF-β1 gene expression. We also show that TGF-β-induced ROS production and TGF-β1 expression require PKC activity as indicated by the inhibition using chelerythrine. CONCLUSION These results strongly suggest that TGF-β induces its own expression through a TGF-β-receptor/Smad-dependent mechanism and apocynin is able to inhibit this process, suggesting that requires NOX-induced ROS in skeletal muscle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Abrigo
- Laboratorio de Biología y Fisiopatología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas and Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile; Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
| | - María Gabriela Morales
- Laboratorio de Biología y Fisiopatología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas and Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile; Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe Simon
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatología Integrativa, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas and Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile; Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniel Cabrera
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Biológicas, Universidad Bernardo O´Higgins, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gabriella Di Capua
- Laboratorio de Biología y Fisiopatología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas and Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile; Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudio Cabello-Verrugio
- Laboratorio de Biología y Fisiopatología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas and Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile; Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile.
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213
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Cayir A, Ugan RA, Albayrak A, Kose D, Akpinar E, Cayir Y, Atmaca HT, Bayraktutan Z, Kara M. The lung endothelin system: a potent therapeutic target with bosentan for the amelioration of lung alterations in a rat model of diabetes mellitus. J Endocrinol Invest 2015; 38:987-98. [PMID: 25847324 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-015-0282-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study is to show the effect of a new mechanism on endothelin (ET) receptors in the physiopathology of diabetes-related pulmonary injury. We tested the hypothesis that dual ET-1 receptor antagonism via bosentan can reverse diabetes-induced lung injury. METHODS The rats (24 male) were separated into four groups: group 1 (HEALTHY): Control group; group 2 (DM): Streptozotocin 60 mg/kg (i.p.); group 3 (DM + BOS-1): Diabetes + bosentan 50 mg/kg per-os; group 4 (DM + BOS-2): Diabetes + bosentan 100 mg/kg per-os. The bosentan treatment was initiated immediately after the onset of STZ-induced diabetes and continued for 6 weeks. RESULTS In the treatment group, SOD activity was significantly increased, although GSH and MDA levels and TNF-α and TGF-β gene expression were decreased. Bosentan 50 mg/kg and bosentan 100 mg/kg showed a significantly down-regulatory effect on ET-1, ET-A, and ET-B mRNA expression. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, increased endothelin levels in the lung associated with diabetes may be one cause of endothelial dysfunction, cytokine increase, and oxidant/antioxidant imbalance in the pathogenesis of complications that may develop during diabetes. With its multiple effects, bosentan therapy may be an effective option against complications that may develop in association with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cayir
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Erzurum Regional Education and Research Hospital, 25100, Erzurum, Turkey,
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Zhou X, Chen X, Cai JJ, Chen LZ, Gong YS, Wang LX, Gao Z, Zhang HQ, Huang WJ, Zhou H. Relaxin inhibits cardiac fibrosis and endothelial-mesenchymal transition via the Notch pathway. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2015; 9:4599-611. [PMID: 26316699 PMCID: PMC4541540 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s85399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Relaxin (RLX) can prevent cardiac fibrosis. We aimed to investigate the possible mechanism and signal transduction pathway of RLX inhibiting cardiac fibrosis. METHODS Isoproterenol (5 mg·kg(-1)·d(-1)) was used to establish the cardiac fibrosis model in rats, which were administered RLX. The cardiac function, related targets of cardiac fibrosis, and endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) were measured. Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) was used to induce EndMT in human umbilical vein endothelial cells, which were pretreated with RLX, 200 ng·mL(-1), then with the inhibitor of Notch. Transwell cell migration was used to evaluate cell migration. CD31 and vimentin content was determined by immunofluorescence staining and Western blot analysis. Notch protein level was examined by Western blot analysis. RESULTS RLX improved cardiac function in rats with cardiac fibrosis; it reduced the content of collagen I and III, increased the microvascular density of the myocardium, and suppressed the EndMT in heart tissue. In vitro, RLX decreased the mobility of human umbilical vein endothelial cells induced by TGF-β, increased the expression of endothelial CD31, and decreased vimentin content. Compared to TGF-β and RLX co-culture alone, TGF-β + RLX + Notch inhibitor increased cell mobility and the EndMT, but decreased the levels of Notch-1, HES-1, and Jagged-1 proteins. CONCLUSION RLX may inhibit the cardiac fibrosis via EndMT by Notch-mediated signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - X Chen
- Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - J J Cai
- Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - L Z Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Wenzhou Central Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Y S Gong
- Institute of Hypoxia Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - L X Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Z Gao
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - H Q Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - W J Huang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - H Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China
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215
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Torok N, Dranoff JA, Schuppan D, Friedman SL. Strategies and endpoints of antifibrotic drug trials: Summary and recommendations from the AASLD Emerging Trends Conference, Chicago, June 2014. Hepatology 2015; 62:627-34. [PMID: 25626988 PMCID: PMC4515973 DOI: 10.1002/hep.27720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
There is an urgent need to develop antifibrotic therapies for chronic liver disease, and clarify which endpoints in antifibrotic trials will be acceptable to regulatory agencies. The American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases sponsored an endpoints conference to help accelerate the efficient testing of antifibrotic agents and develop recommendations on clinical trial design for liver fibrosis. In this review, we summarize the salient and novel elements of this conference and provide directions for future clinical trial design. The article follows the structure of the conference and is organized into five areas: (1) antifibrotic trial design; (2) preclinical proof-of-concept studies; (3) pharmacological targets, including rationale and lessons to learn; (4) rational drug design and development; and (5) consensus and recommendations on design of clinical trials in liver fibrosis. Expert overviews and collaborative discussions helped to summarize the key unmet needs and directions for the future, including: (1) greater clarification of at-risk populations and study groups; (2) standardization of all elements of drug discovery and testing; (3) standardization of clinical trial approaches; (4) accelerated development of improved noninvasive markers; and (5) need for exploration of potential off-target toxicities of future antifibrotic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Torok
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, UC Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA and VA Northern California Healthcare System, Mather CA
| | - Jonathan A. Dranoff
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR and Research Service, Central Arkansas VA Healthcare System, Little Rock AR
| | - Detlef Schuppan
- Institute of Translational Immunology and Research Center for Immunotherapy, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany, Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Scott L. Friedman
- Division of Liver Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
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216
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Jang HS, Padanilam BJ. Simultaneous deletion of Bax and Bak is required to prevent apoptosis and interstitial fibrosis in obstructive nephropathy. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2015; 309:F540-50. [PMID: 26180237 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00170.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Proximal tubular injury and apoptosis are key mediators of the development of kidney fibrosis, a hallmark of chronic kidney disease. However, the molecular mechanism by which tubular apoptotic cell death leads to kidney fibrosis is poorly understood. In the present study, we tested the roles of Bcl-2-associated X (Bax) and Bcl-2 antagonist/killer (Bak), two crucial proteins involved in intrinsic apoptotic cell death, in the progression of kidney fibrosis. Mice with proximal tubule-specific Bax deletion, systemic deletion of Bak, and dual deletion of Bax and Bak were subjected to unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO). Dual deficiency of Bax and Bak inhibited tubular apoptosis and atrophy. Consistent with decreased tubular injury, dual ablation of Bax and Bak suppressed UUO-induced inflammation and kidney fibrosis with decreased tubular cell cycle arrest, expression of fibrogenic and inflammatory cytokines, and oxidative stress in the kidney. Bax or Bak deficiency was insufficient to prevent apoptosis and all other aforementioned malevolent effects, suggesting compensatory mediation by each other in the respective signaling pathways. These data suggest that dual ablation of Bax and Bak in the kidney is required to prevent UUO-induced tubular apoptosis and the consequent kidney inflammation and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Seong Jang
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska; and
| | - Babu J Padanilam
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska; and Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Nephrology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
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217
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Davies MR, Ravishankar B, Laron D, Kim HT, Liu X, Feeley BT. Rat rotator cuff muscle responds differently from hindlimb muscle to a combined tendon-nerve injury. J Orthop Res 2015; 33:1046-53. [PMID: 25974842 DOI: 10.1002/jor.22864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Rotator cuff tears (RCTs) are among the most common musculoskeletal injuries seen by orthopaedic surgeons. Clinically, massive cuff tears lead to unique pathophysiological changes in rotator cuff muscle, including atrophy, and massive fatty infiltration, which are rarely seen in other skeletal muscles. Studies in a rodent model for RCT have demonstrated that these histologic findings are accompanied by activation of the Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) pathways following combined tendon-nerve injury. The purpose of this study was to compare the histologic and molecular features of rotator cuff muscle and gastrocnemius muscle--a major hindlimb muscle, following combined tendon-nerve injury. Six weeks after injury, the rat gastrocnemius did not exhibit notable fatty infiltration compared to the rotator cuff. Likewise, the adipogenic markers SREBP-1 and PPARγ as well as the TGF-β canonical pathway were upregulated in the rotator cuff, but not the gastrocnemius. Our study suggests that the rat rotator cuff and hindlimb muscles differ significantly in their response to a combined tendon-nerve injury. Clinically, these findings highlight the unique response of the rotator cuff to injury, and may begin to explain the poor outcomes of massive RCTs compared to other muscle-tendon injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Davies
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, 1500 Owens Street, 94158, San Francisco, California
| | - Bharat Ravishankar
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, 1500 Owens Street, 94158, San Francisco, California.,Department of Veterans Affairs, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California
| | - Dominique Laron
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, 1500 Owens Street, 94158, San Francisco, California
| | - Hubert T Kim
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, 1500 Owens Street, 94158, San Francisco, California.,Department of Veterans Affairs, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California
| | - Xuhui Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, 1500 Owens Street, 94158, San Francisco, California.,Department of Veterans Affairs, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California
| | - Brian T Feeley
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, 1500 Owens Street, 94158, San Francisco, California
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218
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Amoah BP, Yang H, Zhang P, Su Z, Xu H. Immunopathogenesis of Myocarditis: The Interplay Between Cardiac Fibroblast Cells, Dendritic Cells, Macrophages and CD4+T Cells. Scand J Immunol 2015; 82:1-9. [DOI: 10.1111/sji.12298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2014] [Revised: 02/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B. Prince Amoah
- Department of Immunology; School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine; Jiangsu University; Zhenjiang China
- Department of Biomedical and Forensic Sciences; School of Biological Sciences; University of Cape Coast; Cape Coast Ghana
| | - H. Yang
- Department of Immunology; School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine; Jiangsu University; Zhenjiang China
| | - P. Zhang
- Department of Immunology; School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine; Jiangsu University; Zhenjiang China
| | - Z. Su
- Department of Immunology; School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine; Jiangsu University; Zhenjiang China
- The Central Laboratory; The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University; Zhenjiang China
| | - H. Xu
- Department of Immunology; School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine; Jiangsu University; Zhenjiang China
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219
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Abstract
Over 100 million patients acquire scars in the industrialized world each year, primarily as a result of elective operations. Although undefined, the global incidence of scarring is even larger, extending to significant numbers of burn and other trauma-related wounds. Scars have the potential to exert a profound psychological and physical impact on the individual. Beyond aesthetic considerations and potential disfigurement, scarring can result in restriction of movement and reduced quality of life. The formation of a scar following skin injury is a consequence of wound healing occurring through reparative rather than regenerative mechanisms. In this article, the authors review the basic stages of wound healing; differences between adult and fetal wound healing; various mechanical, genetic, and pharmacologic strategies to reduce scarring; and the biology of skin stem/progenitor cells that may hold the key to scarless regeneration.
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220
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Youn SW, Park KK. Small-nucleic-acid-based therapeutic strategy targeting the transcription factors regulating the vascular inflammation, remodeling and fibrosis in atherosclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:11804-33. [PMID: 26006249 PMCID: PMC4463731 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160511804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis arises when injury to the arterial wall induces an inflammatory cascade that is sustained by a complex network of cytokines, together with accumulation of lipids and fibrous material. Inflammatory cascades involve leukocyte adherence and chemotaxis, which are coordinated by the local secretion of adhesion molecules, chemotactic factors, and cytokines. Transcription factors are critical to the integration of the various steps of the cascade response to mediators of vascular injury, and are induced in a stimulus-dependent and cell-type-specific manner. Several small-nucleic-acid-based therapeutic strategies have recently been developed to target transcription factors: antisense oligodeoxynucleotides, RNA interference, microRNA, and decoy oligodeoxynucleotides. The aim of this review was to provide an overview of these particular targeted therapeutic strategies, toward regulation of the vascular inflammation, remodeling and fibrosis associated with atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Won Youn
- Department of Radiology, Catholic University of Daegu Medical Center, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu 705-718, Korea.
| | - Kwan-Kyu Park
- Department of Pathology, Catholic University of Daegu Medical Center, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu 705-718, Korea.
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221
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Priyadarsini S, McKay TB, Sarker-Nag A, Karamichos D. Keratoconus in vitro and the key players of the TGF-β pathway. Mol Vis 2015; 21:577-88. [PMID: 26015770 PMCID: PMC4443584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Keratoconus (KC) is a corneal thinning disease of unknown etiology whose pathophysiology is correlated with the presence of a thin corneal stroma and altered extracellular matrix (ECM). Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling is a key regulator of ECM secretion and assembly in multiple tissues, including the anterior segment of the eye, and it has been linked to KC. We have previously shown that human keratoconus cells (HKCs) have a myofibroblast phenotype and altered ECM assembly compared to normal human corneal fibroblasts (HCFs). Moreover, TGF-β3 treatment promotes assembly of a more normal stromal ECM and modulates the fibrotic phenotype in HKCs. Herein, we identify alterations in TGF-β signaling that contribute to the observed fibrotic phenotype in HKCs. METHODS HCFs and HKCs were stimulated with TGF-β1, TGF-β2, or TGF-β3 isoforms (0.1 ng/mL) in the presence of a stable vitamin C derivative (0.5 mM) for 4 weeks. All samples were examined using RT-PCR and western blotting to quantify changes in the expressions of key TGF-β signaling molecules between HCFs and HKCs. RESULTS We found a significant downregulation in the SMAD6 and SMAD7 expressions by HKCs when compared to HCFs (p≤0.05). Moreover, stimulation of HKCs with any of the three TGF-β isoforms did not significantly alter the expressions of SMAD6 or SMAD7. HCFs also showed an upregulation in TGF-βRI, TGF-βRII, and TGF-βRIII following TGF-β3 treatment, whereas HKCs showed a significant two-fold downregulation. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our data shows the decreased expressions of the regulatory SMADs SMAD6 and SMAD7 by HKCs contribute to the pathological ECM structure observed in KC, and TGF-β3 may attenuate this mechanism by downregulating the expression of the key profibrotic receptor, TGF-βRII. Our study suggests a significant role of altered regulation of TGF-β signaling in KC progression and that it may enable novel therapeutic developments targeting TGF-β receptor regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrestha Priyadarsini
- Department of Ophthalmology/Dean McGee Eye Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Tina B. McKay
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Akhee Sarker-Nag
- Department of Ophthalmology/Dean McGee Eye Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Dimitrios Karamichos
- Department of Ophthalmology/Dean McGee Eye Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK,Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
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222
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Park SA, Kim MJ, Park SY, Kim JS, Lee SJ, Woo HA, Kim DK, Nam JS, Sheen YY. EW-7197 inhibits hepatic, renal, and pulmonary fibrosis by blocking TGF-β/Smad and ROS signaling. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:2023-39. [PMID: 25487606 PMCID: PMC11113926 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1798-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Fibrosis is an inherent response to chronic damage upon immense apoptosis or necrosis. Transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-β1) signaling plays a key role in the fibrotic response to chronic liver injury. To develop anti-fibrotic therapeutics, we synthesized a novel small-molecule inhibitor of the TGF-β type I receptor kinase (ALK5), EW-7197, and evaluated its therapeutic potential in carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) mouse, bile duct ligation (BDL) rat, bleomycin (BLM) mouse, and unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) mouse models. Western blot, immunofluorescence, siRNA, and ChIP analysis were carried out to characterize EW-7197 as a TGF-β/Smad signaling inhibitor in LX-2, Hepa1c1c7, NRK52E, and MRC5 cells. In vivo anti-fibrotic activities of EW-7197 were examined by microarray, immunohistochemistry, western blotting, and a survival study in the animal models. EW-7197 decreased the expression of collagen, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), fibronectin, 4-hydroxy-2, 3-nonenal, and integrins in the livers of CCl4 mice and BDL rats, in the lungs of BLM mice, and in the kidneys of UUO mice. Furthermore, EW-7197 extended the lifespan of CCl4 mice, BDL rats, and BLM mice. EW-7197 blocked the TGF-β1-stimulated production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), collagen, and α-SMA in LX-2 cells and hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) isolated from mice. Moreover, EW-7197 attenuated TGF-β- and ROS-induced HSCs activation to myofibroblasts as well as extracellular matrix accumulation. The mechanism of EW-7197 appeared to be blockade of both TGF-β1/Smad2/3 and ROS signaling to exert an anti-fibrotic activity. This study shows that EW-7197 has a strong potential as an anti-fibrosis therapeutic agent via inhibition of TGF-β-/Smad2/3 and ROS signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-A Park
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-750 South Korea
| | - Min-Jin Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-750 South Korea
| | - So-Yeon Park
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-750 South Korea
| | - Jung-Shin Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-750 South Korea
| | - Seon-Joo Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-750 South Korea
| | - Hyun Ae Woo
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-750 South Korea
| | - Dae-Kee Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-750 South Korea
| | - Jeong-Seok Nam
- Laboratory of Tumor Suppressor, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, 406-840 South Korea
| | - Yhun Yhong Sheen
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-750 South Korea
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223
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Abstract
Significant progress has been made in understanding the principles underlying the development of liver fibrosis. This includes appreciating its dynamic nature, the importance of active fibrolysis in fibrosis regression, and the plasticity of cell populations endowing them with fibrogenic or fibrolytic properties. This is complemented by an increasing array of therapeutic targets with known roles in the progression or regression of fibrosis. With a key role for fibrosis in determining clinical outcomes and encouraging data from recently Food and Drug Administration-approved antifibrotics for pulmonary fibrosis, the development and validation of antifibrotic therapies has taken center stage in translational hepatology. In addition to summarizing the recent progress in antifibrotic therapies, the authors discuss some of the challenges ahead, such as achieving a better understanding of the interindividual heterogeneity of the fibrotic response, how to match interventions with the ideal patient population, and the development of better noninvasive methods to assess the dynamics of fibrogenesis and fibrolysis. Together, these advances will permit a better targeting and dose titration of individualized therapies. Finally, the authors discuss combination therapy with different antifibrotics as possibly the most potent approach for treating fibrosis in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. Z. Mehal
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut,West Haven Veterans Medical Center, West Haven, Connecticut
| | - D. Schuppan
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Translational Immunology and Research Center for Immunotherapy, University of Mainz Medical Center, Mainz, Germany,Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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224
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Samarakoon R, Helo S, Dobberfuhl AD, Khakoo NS, Falke L, Overstreet JM, Goldschmeding R, Higgins PJ. Loss of tumour suppressor PTEN expression in renal injury initiates SMAD3- and p53-dependent fibrotic responses. J Pathol 2015; 236:421-32. [PMID: 25810340 DOI: 10.1002/path.4538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Deregulation of the tumour suppressor PTEN occurs in lung and skin fibrosis and diabetic and ischaemic renal injury. However, the potential role of PTEN and associated mechanisms in the progression of kidney fibrosis is unknown. Tubular and interstitial PTEN expression was dramatically decreased in several models of renal injury, including aristolochic acid nephropathy (AAN), streptozotocin (STZ)-mediated injury and ureteral unilateral obstruction (UUO), correlating with Akt, p53 and SMAD3 activation and fibrosis. Stable silencing of PTEN in HK-2 human tubular epithelial cells induced dedifferentiation and CTGF, PAI-1, vimentin, α-SMA and fibronectin expression, compared to HK-2 cells expressing control shRNA. Furthermore, PTEN knockdown stimulated Akt, SMAD3 and p53(Ser15) phosphorylation, with an accompanying decrease in population density and an increase in epithelial G1 cell cycle arrest. SMAD3 or p53 gene silencing or pharmacological blockade partially suppressed fibrotic gene expression and relieved growth inhibition orchestrated by deficiency or inhibition of PTEN. Similarly, shRNA suppression of PAI-1 rescued the PTEN loss-associated epithelial proliferative arrest. Moreover, TGFβ1-initiated fibrotic gene expression is further enhanced by PTEN depletion. Combined TGFβ1 treatment and PTEN silencing potentiated epithelial cell death via p53-dependent pathways. Thus, PTEN loss initiates tubular dysfunction via SMAD3- and p53-mediated fibrotic gene induction, with accompanying PAI-1-dependent proliferative arrest, and cooperates with TGFβ1 to induce the expression of profibrotic genes and tubular apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan Samarakoon
- Center for Cell Biology and Cancer Research, Albany Medical Center, NY, USA
| | - Sevann Helo
- Division of Urology, Albany Medical College, NY, USA
| | | | - Nidah S Khakoo
- Center for Cell Biology and Cancer Research, Albany Medical Center, NY, USA
| | - Lucas Falke
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Roel Goldschmeding
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Paul J Higgins
- Center for Cell Biology and Cancer Research, Albany Medical Center, NY, USA
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225
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Yang W, Deng Y, Hsieh Y, Wu K, Kuo M. NADPH Oxidase 4 Mediates TGFβ1-induced CCN2 in Gingival Fibroblasts. J Dent Res 2015; 94:976-82. [DOI: 10.1177/0022034515580986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) plays a central role in the pathogenesis of gingival overgrowth (GO). Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF; or CCN2) is induced by TGFβ in human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) and is overexpressed in GO tissues. CCN2 creates an environment favorable for fibrogenesis and is required for the maximal profibrotic effects of TGFβ. We previously showed that Src, JNK, and Smad3 mediate TGFβ1-induced CCN2 protein expression in HGFs. Moreover, Src is an upstream signaling transducer of JNK and Smad3. Recent studies suggested that NADPH oxidase (NOX)–dependent redox mechanisms are involved in mediating the profibrotic effects of TGFβ. In this study, we demonstrated that TGFβ1 upregulated NOX4 protein expression and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in HGFs. Genetic or pharmacologic targeting of NOX4 abrogated TGFβ1-induced ROS production; Src, JNK, and Smad3 activation; and CCN2 and type I collagen protein expression in HGFs. Our results indicated that NOX4-derived ROS play pivotal roles in activating Src kinase activity leading to the activation of canonical (Smad3) and noncanonical (JNK) cascades that cooperate to attain maximum CCN2 expression. Furthermore, we demonstrated that curcumin significantly inhibited the TGFβ1-induced NOX4 protein expression in HGFs. Curcumin potentially qualifies as an agent to control GO by suppressing TGFβ1-induced NOX4 expression in HGFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- W.H. Yang
- School of Dentistry, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Y.T. Deng
- Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Hsin-Chu Branch, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan
| | - Y.P. Hsieh
- School of Dentistry, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - K.J. Wu
- Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Hsin-Chu Branch, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan
| | - M.Y.P. Kuo
- School of Dentistry, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Leonurine ameliorates kidney fibrosis via suppressing TGF-β and NF-κB signaling pathway in UUO mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 25:406-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Monteleone G, Neurath MF, Ardizzone S, Di Sabatino A, Fantini MC, Castiglione F, Scribano ML, Armuzzi A, Caprioli F, Sturniolo GC, Rogai F, Vecchi M, Atreya R, Bossa F, Onali S, Fichera M, Corazza GR, Biancone L, Savarino V, Pica R, Orlando A, Pallone F. Mongersen, an oral SMAD7 antisense oligonucleotide, and Crohn's disease. N Engl J Med 2015; 372:1104-13. [PMID: 25785968 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1407250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 304] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Crohn's disease-related inflammation is characterized by reduced activity of the immunosuppressive cytokine transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) due to high levels of SMAD7, an inhibitor of TGF-β1 signaling. Preclinical studies and a phase 1 study have shown that an oral SMAD7 antisense oligonucleotide, mongersen, targets ileal and colonic SMAD7. METHODS In a double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial, we evaluated the efficacy of mongersen for the treatment of persons with active Crohn's disease. Patients were randomly assigned to receive 10, 40, or 160 mg of mongersen or placebo per day for 2 weeks. The primary outcomes were clinical remission at day 15, defined as a Crohn's Disease Activity Index (CDAI) score of less than 150, with maintenance of remission for at least 2 weeks, and the safety of mongersen treatment. A secondary outcome was clinical response (defined as a reduction of 100 points or more in the CDAI score) at day 28. RESULTS The proportions of patients who reached the primary end point were 55% and 65% for the 40-mg and 160-mg mongersen groups, respectively, as compared with 10% for the placebo group (P<0.001). There was no significant difference in the percentage of participants reaching clinical remission between the 10-mg group (12%) and the placebo group. The rate of clinical response was significantly greater among patients receiving 10 mg (37%), 40 mg (58%), or 160 mg (72%) of mongersen than among those receiving placebo (17%) (P=0.04, P<0.001, and P<0.001, respectively). Most adverse events were related to complications and symptoms of Crohn's disease. CONCLUSIONS We found that study participants with Crohn's disease who received mongersen had significantly higher rates of remission and clinical response than those who received placebo. (Funded by Giuliani; EudraCT number, 2011-002640-27.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Monteleone
- From the Department of Systems Medicine, University of Tor Vergata (G.M., M.C.F., S.O., L.B., F.P.), Gastroenterology Unit-Azienda Ospedaliera San Camillo-Forlanini (M.L.S.), Inflammatory Bowel Disease Unit, Complesso Integrato Columbus, Catholic University (A.A.), and Inflammatory Bowel Disease Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Sandro Pertini Hospital Rome (R.P.), Rome, Department of Surgery, L. Sacco University Hospital (S.A., M.F.), Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan and Ospedale Policlinico di Milano (F. Caprioli), and Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, and Gastroenterology Unit, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese (M.V.), Milan, First Department of Internal Medicine, St. Matteo Hospital Foundation, University of Pavia, Pavia (A.D.S., G.R.C.), Gastroenterologia, Università Federico II di Napoli, Naples (F. Castiglione), Dipartimento di Scienze Chirurgiche Oncologiche e Gastroenterologiche-Unita' Operativa di Gastroenterologia-Universita' degli Studi di Padova, Padua (G.C.S.), Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Gastroenterology SOD2, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Careggi, Florence (F.R.), Division of Gastroenterology, Casa Sollievo Sofferenza Hospital, IRCCS, San Giovanni Rotondo (F.B.), Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, University of Genoa, Genoa (V.S.), and the Division of Internal Medicine Villa Sofia-Cervello Hospital, University of Palermo, Palermo (A.O.) - all in Italy; and the Department of Medicine, Medical Clinic 1, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany (M.F.N., R.A.)
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Cho JS, Kang JH, Shin JM, Park IH, Lee HM. Inhibitory Effect of Delphinidin on Extracellular Matrix Production via the MAPK/NF-κB Pathway in Nasal Polyp-Derived Fibroblasts. ALLERGY, ASTHMA & IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH 2015; 7:276-82. [PMID: 25749779 PMCID: PMC4397368 DOI: 10.4168/aair.2015.7.3.276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Nasal polyps are associated with chronic inflammation of the mucous membranes in the nose and paranasal sinuses and involved in extracellular matrix (ECM) accumulation. Delphinidin promotes ECM degradation in hepatitis and cardiac fibrosis. The aims of this study were to examine the inhibitory effect of delphinidin on TGF-β1-induced myofibroblast differentiation and ECM accumulation, and to determine the underlying mechanisms in nasal polyp-derived fibroblasts (NPDFs). METHODS NPDFs were stimulated with TGF-β1, with or without delphinidin, and the expression levels of α-SMA, fibronectin, and collagen type I were determined by RT-PCR, Western blot analysis, and collagen assay. The expression of α-SMA protein was measured by immunocytochemical staining. Mitogen-activated protein kinase and NF-κB activation induced by TGF-β1 were determined by Western blot analysis. The transcriptional activity of NF-κB was measured by luciferase assay. RESULTS The expression levels of α-SMA, fibronectin, and collagen type I increased in TGF-β1-stimulated NPDFs. In TGF-β1-induced NPDFs, delphinidin inhibited the expression of α-SMA, fibronectin, and collagen. Inhibitors of MAPK and NF-κB blocked the expression of α-SMA, fibronectin, and collagen type I. Delphinidin suppressed the activation of MAPK and NF-κB induced by TGF-β1 stimulation. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that delphinidin may inhibit TGF-β1-induced myofibroblast differentiation and ECM production through the MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway in NPDFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Sun Cho
- Brain Korea 21 Plus for Biomedical Science, Korea University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.; Institute for Medical Devices Clinical Trial Center, Korea University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ju Hyung Kang
- Brain Korea 21 Plus for Biomedical Science, Korea University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Min Shin
- Guro Hospital Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Korea University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Il Ho Park
- Guro Hospital Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Korea University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Heung Man Lee
- Brain Korea 21 Plus for Biomedical Science, Korea University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.; Institute for Medical Devices Clinical Trial Center, Korea University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.; Guro Hospital Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Korea University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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229
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Activation of AMPK by metformin inhibits TGF-β-induced collagen production in mouse renal fibroblasts. Life Sci 2015; 127:59-65. [PMID: 25744403 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2015.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 01/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To clarify whether activation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) by metformin inhibits transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β)-induced collagen production in primary cultured mouse renal fibroblasts and further to address the molecular mechanisms. MAIN METHODS Primary cultured mouse renal fibroblasts were stimulated with TGF-β1 and the sequence specific siRNA of Smad3 or connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) was applied to investigate the involvement of these molecular mediators in TGF-β1-induced collagen type I production. Cells were pre-incubated with AMPK agonist metformin or co-incubated with AMPK agonist metformin and AMPK inhibitor Compound C before TGF-β1 stimulation to clarify whether activation of AMPK inhibition of TGF-β1-induced renal fibroblast collagen type I expression. KEY FINDINGS Our results demonstrate that TGF-β1 time- and dose-dependently induced renal fibroblast collagen type I production; TGF-β1 also stimulated Smad3-dependent CTGF expression and caused collagen type I generation; this effect was blocked by knockdown of Smad3 or CTGF. Activation of AMPK by metformin reduced TGF-β1-induced collagen type I production by suppression of Smad3-driven CTGF expression. SIGNIFICANCE This study suggests that activation of AMPK might be a novel strategy for the treatment of chronic kidney disease (CKD) partially by inhibition of renal interstitial fibrosis (RIF).
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Abstract
Obesity and metabolic syndrome pose significant risk for the progression of many types of chronic illness, including liver disease. Hormones released from adipocytes, adipocytokines, associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome, have been shown to control hepatic inflammation and fibrosis. Hepatic fibrosis is the final common pathway that can result in cirrhosis, and can ultimately require liver transplantation. Initially, two key adipocytokines, leptin and adiponectin, appeared to control many fundamental aspects of the cell and molecular biology related to hepatic fibrosis and its resolution. Leptin appears to act as a profibrogenic molecule, while adiponectin has strong-antifibrotic properties. In this review, we emphasize pertinent data associated with these and other recently discovered adipocytokines that may drive or halt the fibrogenic response in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj K Saxena
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Howard Hall, Room 301, 660W. Redwood Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Frank A Anania
- Emory University School of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, Suite 201, 615 Michael Street, NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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Accredited translational medicine centre: Human renal fibrotic disease: Translational research at the Center for Cell Biology and Cancer Research (CCBCR), Albany Medical College, Albany, NY. NEW HORIZONS IN TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2015; 2:51-54. [PMID: 25692175 DOI: 10.1016/j.nhtm.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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232
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Mamalis A, Garcha M, Jagdeo J. Light emitting diode-generated blue light modulates fibrosis characteristics: fibroblast proliferation, migration speed, and reactive oxygen species generation. Lasers Surg Med 2015; 47:210-5. [PMID: 25655579 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.22293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Blue light is part of the visible light spectrum that does not generate harmful DNA adducts associated with skin cancer and photoaging, and may represent a safer therapeutic modality for treatment of keloid scars and other fibrotic skin diseases. Our laboratory previously demonstrated that light-emitting diode (LED) red and infrared light inhibits proliferation of skin fibroblasts. Moreover, different wavelengths of light can produce different biological effects. Furthermore, the effects of LED blue light (LED-BL) on human skin fibroblasts are not well characterized. This study investigated the effects of LED-BL on human skin fibroblast proliferation, viability, migration speed, and reactive oxygen-species (ROS) generation. METHODS AND MATERIALS Irradiation of adult human skin fibroblasts using commercially-available LED-BL panels was performed in vitro, and modulation of proliferation and viability was quantified using the trypan blue dye exclusion assay, migratory speed was assessed using time-lapse video microscopy, and intracellular ROS generation was measured using the dihydrorhodamine flow cytometry assay. Statistical differences between groups were determined by ANOVA and Student's t-test. RESULTS Human skin fibroblasts treated with LED-BL fluences of 5, 10, 15, 30, and 80 J/cm(2) demonstrated statistically significant dose-dependent decreases in relative proliferation of 8.4%, 29.1%, 33.8%, 51.7%, and 55.1%, respectively, compared to temperature and environment matched bench control plates, respectively. LED-BL fluences of 5, 30, 45, and 80 J/cm(2) decreased fibroblast migration speed to 95 ± 7.0% (P = 0.64), 81.3 ± 5.5% (P = 0.021), 48.5 ± 2.7% (P < 0.0001), and 32.3 ± 1.9% (P < 0.0001), respectively, relative to matched controls. LED fluences of 5, 10, 30, and 80 J/cm(2) resulted in statistically significant increases in reactive oxygen species of 110.4%, 116.6%, 127.5%, and 130%, respectively, relative to bench controls. CONCLUSION At the fluences studied, LED-BL can inhibit adult human skin dermal fibroblast proliferation and migration speed, and is associated with increased reactive oxygen species generation in a dose-dependent manner without altering viability. LED-BL has the potential to contribute to the treatment of keloids and other fibrotic skin diseases and is worthy of further translational and clinical investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Mamalis
- Department of Dermatology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California; Dermatology Service, Sacramento VA Medical Center, Mather, California
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233
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Zhang H, Davies KJA, Forman HJ. TGFβ1 rapidly activates Src through a non-canonical redox signaling mechanism. Arch Biochem Biophys 2015; 568:1-7. [PMID: 25585026 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β) is involved in multiple cellular processes through Src activation. In the canonical pathway, Src activation is initiated by pTyr530 dephosphorylation followed by a conformational change allowing Tyr419 auto-phosphorylation. A non-canonical pathway in which oxidation of cysteine allows bypassing of pTyr530 dephosphorylation has been reported. Here, we examined how TGF-β activates Src in H358 cells, a small cell lung carcinoma cell line. TGF-β increased Src Tyr419 phosphorylation, but surprisingly, Tyr530 phosphorylation was increased rather than decreased. Vanadate, a protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor, stimulated Src activation itself, but rather than inhibiting Src activation by TGF-β, activation by vanadate was additive with TGF-β showing that pTyr530 dephosphorylation was not required. Thus, the involvement of the non-canonical oxidative activation was suspected. TGF-β increased extracellular H2O2 transiently while GSH-ester and catalase abrogated Src activation by TGF-β. Apocynin, a NADPH oxidase inhibitor, inhibited TGF-β-stimulated H2O2 production. Furthermore, mutation of cysteines to alanine, 248C/A, 277C/A, or 501C/A abrogated, while 490C/A significantly reduced, TGF-β-mediated Src activation. Taken together, the results indicate that TGF-β-mediated Src activation operates largely through a redox dependent mechanism, resulting from enhanced H2O2 production through an NADPH oxidase and that cysteines 248, 277, 490, and 501 are critical for this activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongqiao Zhang
- Ethel Percy Andrus Gerontology Center, Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, The University of Southern California, United States
| | - Kelvin J A Davies
- Ethel Percy Andrus Gerontology Center, Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, The University of Southern California, United States; Division of Molecular & Computational Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, The University of Southern California, United States
| | - Henry Jay Forman
- Ethel Percy Andrus Gerontology Center, Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, The University of Southern California, United States; School of Natural Science, The University of California, Merced, United States.
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Higgins PJ. Balancing AhR-Dependent Pro-Oxidant and Nrf2-Responsive Anti-Oxidant Pathways in Age-Related Retinopathy: Is SERPINE1 Expression a Therapeutic Target in Disease Onset and Progression? J Mol Genet Med 2015; 8:101. [PMID: 25237384 PMCID: PMC4164541 DOI: 10.4172/1747-0862.1000101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Higgins
- Center for Cell Biology & Cancer Research, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York 12208
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235
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Overstreet JM, Samarakoon R, Cardona-Grau D, Goldschmeding R, Higgins PJ. Tumor suppressor ataxia telangiectasia mutated functions downstream of TGF-β1 in orchestrating profibrotic responses. FASEB J 2014; 29:1258-68. [PMID: 25480384 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-262527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Effective therapy to prevent organ fibrosis, which is associated with more than half of all mortalities, remains elusive. Involvement of tumor suppressor ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) in the TGF-β1 pathway related to renal fibrosis is largely unknown. ATM activation (pATM(Ser1981)) increased 4-fold in the tubulointerstitial region of the unilateral ureteral obstruction-injured kidney in mice correlating with SMAD3 and p53(Ser15) phosphorylation and elevated levels of p22(phox) subunit of the NADPH oxidases (NOXs), and fibrotic markers, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), and fibronectin, when compared to contralateral (contra) or sham controls. In fact, ATM is rapidly phosphorylated at Ser(1981) by TGF-β1 stimulation. Stable silencing and pharmacologic inhibition of ATM ablated TGF-β1-induced p53 activation (>95%) and subsequent PAI-1, fibronectin, connective tissue growth factor, and p21 expression in human kidney 2 (HK-2) tubular epithelial cells and normal rat kidney-49 fibroblasts (NRK-49F). ATM or p53 depletion in HK-2 cells, moreover, bypassed TGF-β1-mediated cytostasis evident in control short hairpin RNA-expressing HK-2 cells. Interestingly, stable silencing of NOX subunits, p22(phox) and p47(phox), in HK-2 cells blocked TGF-β1-induced pATM(Ser1981) (>90%) and target gene induction via p53-dependent mechanisms. Furthermore, NRK-49F fibroblast proliferation triggered by conditioned media from TGF-β1-stimulated, control vector-transfected HK-2 cells decreased (∼ 50%) when exposed to conditioned media from ATM-deficient, TGF-β1-treated HK-2 cells. Thus, TGF-β1 promotes NOX-dependent ATM activation leading to p53-mediated fibrotic gene reprogramming and growth arrest in HK-2 cells. Furthermore, TGF-β1/ATM-initiated paracrine factor secretion by dysfunctional renal epithelium promotes interstitial fibroblast growth, suggesting a role of tubular ATM in mediating epithelial-mesenchymal cross-talk highlighting the translational benefit of targeting the NOX/ATM/p53 axis in renal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Overstreet
- *Center for Cell Biology and Cancer Research and Division of Urology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA; and Department of Pathology, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rohan Samarakoon
- *Center for Cell Biology and Cancer Research and Division of Urology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA; and Department of Pathology, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Diana Cardona-Grau
- *Center for Cell Biology and Cancer Research and Division of Urology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA; and Department of Pathology, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Roel Goldschmeding
- *Center for Cell Biology and Cancer Research and Division of Urology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA; and Department of Pathology, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Paul J Higgins
- *Center for Cell Biology and Cancer Research and Division of Urology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA; and Department of Pathology, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Lung cancer cells induce senescence and apoptosis of pleural mesothelial cells via transforming growth factor-beta1. Tumour Biol 2014; 36:2657-65. [PMID: 25433501 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-2888-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pleural dissemination is commonly associated with metastatic advanced lung cancer. The injury of pleural mesothelial cells (PMCs) by soluble factors, such as transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-β1), is a major driver of lung cancer pleural dissemination (LCPD). In this study, we examine the effects of TGF-β1 on PMC injury and the ability of TGF-β1 inhibition to alleviate this effect both in vitro and in vivo. PMCs were co-cultured with the high TGF-β1-expressing lung cancer cell line A549 and with various TGF-β1 signaling inhibitors. Expression of cleaved-caspase 3, cleaved-caspase 9, p21, and p16 were evaluated by Western blot and immunofluorescent confocal imaging. Apoptosis was measured by 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltrazoliumbromide assay and AnnexinV-propidium iodide (PI) staining. PMC senescence was assessed by staining for senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-Gal). The ability of lung cancer cells (LCCs) to adhere to injured PMCs was investigated using an LCC-PMC adhesion assay. In our mouse model, PMC injury status was monitored by hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) and Masson's trichrome staining. LCCs expressing high levels of TGF-β1 induce apoptosis and senescence of PMCs in a co-culture system. Injured PMCs adhere to LCCs, which may further promote LCPD. Importantly, PMC monolayer injury could be reversed with TGF-β1 inhibitors. This was consistent with our in vivo data showing that the TGF-β1 inhibitor SB-431542 attenuated PMC barrier injury induced by A549 culture medium in our mouse model. Our study highlights the importance of TGF-β1 signaling in LCPD and establishes this signaling pathway as a potential therapeutic target in the disease.
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Lee DY, Kim HS, Won KJ, Lee KP, Jung SH, Park ES, Choi WS, Lee HM, Kim B. DJ-1 regulates the expression of renal (pro)renin receptor via reactive oxygen species-mediated epigenetic modification. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1850:426-34. [PMID: 25463323 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND DJ-1 protein plays multifunctional roles including transcriptional regulation and scavenging oxidative stress; thus, it may be associated with the development of renal disorders. We investigated whether DJ-1 protein regulates the expression of (pro)renin receptor (PRR), a newly identified member of renin-angiotensin system. METHODS The levels of mRNA and protein were determined by real-time PCR and western blot, respectively. H2O2 production was tested by using fluorescence probe. Histone modification was determined by chromatin immunoprecipitation. RESULTS The expression of PRR was significantly higher in the kidney from DJ-1 knockout mice (DJ-1-/-) compared with wild-type mice (DJ-1+/+). Histone deacetylase 1 recruitment at the PRR promoter was lower, and histone H3 acetylation and RNA polymerase II recruitment were higher in DJ-1-/- than in DJ-1+/+. Knockdown or inhibition of histone deacetylase 1 restored PRR expression in mesangial cells from DJ-1+/+. H2O2 production was greater in DJ-1-/- cells compared with DJ-1+/+ cells. These changes in PRR expression and epigenetic modification in DJ-1-/- cells were induced by H2O2 treatment and reversed completely by addition of an antioxidant reagent. Prorenin-stimulated ERK1/2 phosphorylation was greater in DJ-1-/- than in DJ-1+/+ cells and this was inhibited by a PRR-inhibitory peptide, and by AT1 and AT2 receptor inhibitors. The expression of renal fibrotic genes was higher in DJ-1-/- than in DJ-1+/+ cells and decreased in PRR-knockdown DJ-1-/- cells. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that DJ-1 protein regulates the expression of renal PRR through H2O2-mediated epigenetic modification. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE We suggest that renal DJ-1 protein may be an important molecule in the acceleration of renal pathogenesis through PRR regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Youb Lee
- Department of Physiology, Functional Genomics Institute, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, 322 Danwol-dong, Choongju 380-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuk Soon Kim
- Department of Immunology, Functional Genomics Institute, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, 322 Danwol-dong, Choongju 380-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Jong Won
- Department of Physiology, Functional Genomics Institute, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, 322 Danwol-dong, Choongju 380-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang Pa Lee
- Department of Physiology, Functional Genomics Institute, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, 322 Danwol-dong, Choongju 380-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hyo Jung
- Department of Physiology, Functional Genomics Institute, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, 322 Danwol-dong, Choongju 380-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Seok Park
- Department of Physiology, Functional Genomics Institute, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, 322 Danwol-dong, Choongju 380-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Wahn Soo Choi
- Department of Immunology, Functional Genomics Institute, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, 322 Danwol-dong, Choongju 380-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwan Myung Lee
- Department of Herbal Cosmetic Science, College of Natural Science, Hoseo University, Asan 336-795, Republic of Korea
| | - Bokyung Kim
- Department of Physiology, Functional Genomics Institute, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, 322 Danwol-dong, Choongju 380-701, Republic of Korea.
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Ye ZW, Zhang J, Townsend DM, Tew KD. Oxidative stress, redox regulation and diseases of cellular differentiation. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1850:1607-21. [PMID: 25445706 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Within cells, there is a narrow concentration threshold that governs whether reactive oxygen species (ROS) induce toxicity or act as second messengers. SCOPE OF REVIEW We discuss current understanding of how ROS arise, facilitate cell signaling, cause toxicities and disease related to abnormal cell differentiation and those (primarily) sulfur based pathways that provide nucleophilicity to offset these effects. PRIMARY CONCLUSIONS Cellular redox homeostasis mediates a plethora of cellular pathways that determine life and death events. For example, ROS intersect with GSH based enzyme pathways to influence cell differentiation, a process integral to normal hematopoiesis, but also affecting a number of diverse cell differentiation related human diseases. Recent attempts to manage such pathologies have focused on intervening in some of these pathways, with the consequence that differentiation therapy targeting redox homeostasis has provided a platform for drug discovery and development. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The balance between electrophilic oxidative stress and protective biomolecular nucleophiles predisposes the evolution of modern life forms. Imbalances of the two can produce aberrant redox homeostasis with resultant pathologies. Understanding the pathways involved provides opportunities to consider interventional strategies. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Redox regulation of differentiation and de-differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Wei Ye
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, 70 President St., DD410, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, 70 President St., DD410, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Danyelle M Townsend
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 274 Calhoun Street MSC 141, Charleston, SC 29425-1410, USA
| | - Kenneth D Tew
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, 70 President St., DD410, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
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Barber T, Esteban-Pretel G, Marín MP, Timoneda J. Vitamin a deficiency and alterations in the extracellular matrix. Nutrients 2014; 6:4984-5017. [PMID: 25389900 PMCID: PMC4245576 DOI: 10.3390/nu6114984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin A or retinol which is the natural precursor of several biologically active metabolites can be considered the most multifunctional vitamin in mammals. Its deficiency is currently, along with protein malnutrition, the most serious and common nutritional disorder worldwide. It is necessary for normal embryonic development and postnatal tissue homeostasis, and exerts important effects on cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. These actions are produced mainly by regulating the expression of a variety of proteins through transcriptional and non-transcriptional mechanisms. Extracellular matrix proteins are among those whose synthesis is known to be modulated by vitamin A. Retinoic acid, the main biologically active form of vitamin A, influences the expression of collagens, laminins, entactin, fibronectin, elastin and proteoglycans, which are the major components of the extracellular matrix. Consequently, the structure and macromolecular composition of this extracellular compartment is profoundly altered as a result of vitamin A deficiency. As cell behavior, differentiation and apoptosis, and tissue mechanics are influenced by the extracellular matrix, its modifications potentially compromise organ function and may lead to disease. This review focuses on the effects of lack of vitamin A in the extracellular matrix of several organs and discusses possible molecular mechanisms and pathologic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Barber
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universitat de Valencia, Avda V. Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100-Burjassot, Spain.
| | - Guillermo Esteban-Pretel
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universitat de Valencia, Avda V. Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100-Burjassot, Spain.
| | - María Pilar Marín
- Unidad de Microscopía IIS La Fe Valencia, Avda Campanar, 21, 46009-Valencia, Spain.
| | - Joaquín Timoneda
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universitat de Valencia, Avda V. Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100-Burjassot, Spain.
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Neuzillet C, Tijeras-Raballand A, Cohen R, Cros J, Faivre S, Raymond E, de Gramont A. Targeting the TGFβ pathway for cancer therapy. Pharmacol Ther 2014; 147:22-31. [PMID: 25444759 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 471] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The TGFβ signaling pathway has pleiotropic functions regulating cell growth, differentiation, apoptosis, motility and invasion, extracellular matrix production, angiogenesis, and immune response. TGFβ signaling deregulation is frequent in tumors and has crucial roles in tumor initiation, development and metastasis. TGFβ signaling inhibition is an emerging strategy for cancer therapy. The role of the TGFβ pathway as a tumor-promoter or suppressor at the cancer cell level is still a matter of debate, due to its differential effects at the early and late stages of carcinogenesis. In contrast, at the microenvironment level, the TGFβ pathway contributes to generate a favorable microenvironment for tumor growth and metastasis throughout all the steps of carcinogenesis. Then, targeting the TGFβ pathway in cancer may be considered primarily as a microenvironment-targeted strategy. In this review, we focus on the TGFβ pathway as a target for cancer therapy. In the first part, we provide a comprehensive overview of the roles played by this pathway and its deregulation in cancer, at the cancer cell and microenvironment levels. We go on to describe the preclinical and clinical results of pharmacological strategies to target the TGFβ pathway, with a highlight on the effects on tumor microenvironment. We then explore the perspectives to optimize TGFβ inhibition therapy in different tumor settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Neuzillet
- INSERM U728 & U773 and Department of Medical Oncology, Beaujon University Hospital (AP-HP - PRES Paris 7 Diderot), 100 boulevard du Général Leclerc, 92110 Clichy, France
| | | | - Romain Cohen
- AAREC Filia Research, Translational Department, 1 place Paul Verlaine, 92100 Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Jérôme Cros
- Department of Pathology, Beaujon University Hospital (AP-HP - PRES Paris 7 Diderot), 100 boulevard du Général Leclerc, 92110 Clichy, France
| | - Sandrine Faivre
- INSERM U728 & U773 and Department of Medical Oncology, Beaujon University Hospital (AP-HP - PRES Paris 7 Diderot), 100 boulevard du Général Leclerc, 92110 Clichy, France
| | - Eric Raymond
- New Drug Evaluation Laboratory, Centre of Experimental Therapeutics and Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV) Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Armand de Gramont
- New Drug Evaluation Laboratory, Centre of Experimental Therapeutics and Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV) Lausanne, Switzerland.
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241
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Liu X, Joshi SK, Ravishankar B, Laron D, Kim HT, Feeley BT. Upregulation of transforming growth factor-β signaling in a rat model of rotator cuff tears. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2014; 23:1709-16. [PMID: 24875732 PMCID: PMC4198422 DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2014.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 02/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Muscle atrophy, fatty infiltration, and fibrosis of the muscle have been described as important factors governing outcome after rotator cuff injury and repair. Muscle fibrosis is also thought to have a role in determining muscle compliance at the time of surgery. The transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) pathways are highly conserved pathways that exert a potent level of control over muscle gene expression and are critical regulators of fibrosis in multiple organ systems. It has been shown that TGF-β can regulate important pathways of muscle atrophy, including the Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin pathway. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the expression of TGF-β and its downstream effectors of fibrosis after a massive rotator cuff tear (RCT) in a previously established rat model. METHODS To simulate a massive RCT, infraspinatus and supraspinatus tenotomy and suprascapular nerve transection were performed on Sprague-Dawley rats with use of a validated model. Two and 6 weeks after surgery, supraspinatus muscles were harvested to study alterations in TGF-β signaling by Western blotting, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and histologic analysis. RESULTS There was a significant increase in fibrosis in the rotator cuff muscle after RCT in our animal model. There was a concomitant increase in TGF-β gene and protein expression at both 2 and 6 weeks after RCT. Evaluation of the TGF-β signaling pathway revealed an increase in SMAD2 activation but not in SMAD3. There was an increase in profibrotic markers collagen I, collagen III, and α-smooth muscle actin. CONCLUSIONS TGF-β signaling is significantly upregulated in rat supraspinatus muscles after RCTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuhui Liu
- Department of Veterans Affairs, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sunil K. Joshi
- Department of Veterans Affairs, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Bharat Ravishankar
- Department of Veterans Affairs, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Dominique Laron
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hubert T. Kim
- Department of Veterans Affairs, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Brian T. Feeley
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA,Reprint requests: Brian T. Feeley, MD, Sports, Medicine and Shoulder Surgery, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, 1500 Owens Ave, Box 3004, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA. (B.T. Feeley)
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Abstract
Interstitial fibrosis represents the final common pathway of any form of progressive renal disease. The severity of tubular interstitial damage is highly correlated to the degree of decline of renal function, even better than the glomerular lesions do. Angiotensin II (Ang II), the main effector of the renin-angiotensin system, is a critical promoter of fibrogenesis. It represents a nexus among glomerular capillary hypertension, barrier dysfunction, and renal tubular injury caused by abnormally filtered proteins. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 and reactive oxygen species (ROS) are the key mediators of the pro-fibrotic effect of Ang II causing apoptosis and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition of the renal tubular epithelium. Recent studies link fibrosis to changes of microRNA (miRNA) modulated by Ang II through TGF-β1, unraveling that antifibrotic action of Ang II antagonism is attributable to epigenetic control of fibrosis-associated genes. Other mechanisms of Ang II-induced fibrosis include ROS-dependent activation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1. Finally, Ang II via angiotensin type 1 receptor regulates the activation and transdifferentiation of pericytes and fibrocytes into scar-forming myofibroblasts. Detachment and phenotypic changes of the former can lead to the loss of peritubular capillaries and also contribute to hypoxia-dependent fibrosis.
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243
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Gingery A, Yang TH, Passe SM, An KN, Zhao C, Amadio PC. TGF-β signaling regulates fibrotic expression and activity in carpal tunnel syndrome. J Orthop Res 2014; 32:1444-50. [PMID: 25073432 PMCID: PMC4222071 DOI: 10.1002/jor.22694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Fibrosis of the subsynovial connective tissue (SSCT) is a predominant feature of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). While the nature of CTS has been extensively studied, little is known about the etiology of this disease. We investigated SSCT tissue from patients with CTS and control subjects using fibrosis arrays and cell culture analysis. Twofold changes in fibrotic gene expression were found in multiple genes from patient SSCT using fibrosis arrays. This data was confirmed via qRT-PCR on a subset of genes; collagen I (Col1), collagen III (Col3), connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), and SMAD3 (P < 0.05) which significantly corroborate the fold changes found in the fibrosis arrays. To further explore the nature of SSCT fibrosis, cells were isolated from patient and control tissue. Col1, Col3, TGF-β, and SMAD3 were highly expressed in patient SSCT fibroblasts as compared to control (P < 0.05). Further, fibrotic genes expression was decreased by inhibiting TGF-β receptor I (TβRI) activity (P < 0.05). TGF-β second messenger SMAD activity was significantly activated in SSCT fibroblasts from patients and this activation was abrogated by inhibiting TβRI signaling (P < 0.05). These findings suggest that blocking TGF-β signaling may be an important therapeutic approach to treating the underlying fibrosis of SSCT in CTS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Gingery
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomechanics and Tendon & Soft Tissue Biology Laboratory Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Tai-Hua Yang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Biomechanics and Tendon & Soft Tissue Biology Laboratory Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Sandra M. Passe
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Biomechanics and Tendon & Soft Tissue Biology Laboratory Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Kai-Nan An
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Biomechanics and Tendon & Soft Tissue Biology Laboratory Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Chunfeng Zhao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Biomechanics and Tendon & Soft Tissue Biology Laboratory Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Peter C. Amadio
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Biomechanics and Tendon & Soft Tissue Biology Laboratory Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
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Manresa MC, Godson C, Taylor CT. Hypoxia-sensitive pathways in inflammation-driven fibrosis. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2014; 307:R1369-80. [PMID: 25298511 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00349.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tissue injury can occur for a variety of reasons, including physical damage, infection, and ischemia. The ability of tissues to effectively recover from injury is a cornerstone of human health. The healing response in tissues is conserved across organs and typically involves distinct but overlapping inflammatory, proliferative, and maturation/resolution phases. If the inflammatory phase is not successfully controlled and appropriately resolved, an excessive healing response characterized by scar formation can lead to tissue fibrosis, a major clinical complication in disorders such as Crohn's disease (CD). As a result of enhanced metabolic and inflammatory processes during chronic inflammation, profound changes in tissue oxygen levels occur leading to localized tissue hypoxia. Therefore, inflammation, fibrosis, and hypoxia are coincidental events during inflammation-driven fibrosis. Our current understanding of the mechanism(s) underpinning fibrosis is limited as are the therapeutic options available. In this review, we discuss what is known about the cellular and molecular mechanisms underpinning inflammation-driven fibrosis and how hypoxia may play a role in shaping this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario C Manresa
- School of Medicine and Medical Science and the Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Catherine Godson
- School of Medicine and Medical Science and the Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Cormac T Taylor
- School of Medicine and Medical Science and the Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
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Ding WX, Dong YB, Ding N, Zhang XF, Zhang SJ, Zhang XL, Liu JN, Lu G. Adiponectin protects rat heart from left ventricular remodeling induced by chronic intermittent hypoxia via inhibition of TGF-β/smad2/3 pathway. J Thorac Dis 2014; 6:1278-84. [PMID: 25276370 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2014.07.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is associated with many cardiovascular disorders. Chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) is the primary player in OSAS of the many associated factors. This study was in order to investigate the effects of the Adiponectin (Ad) on left ventricular remodeling induced by CIH. METHODS Forty-five rats were randomly divided into three groups: normal control (NC) group, CIH group and CIH plus Ad supplemented (CIH + Ad) group. After 35 days' CIH exposure, masson analysis was used to detect the left ventricular fibrosis and western blot was used to measure the protein expression of collagen I, collagen III and TGF-β/smad2/3 pathway. Gene analysis by RT-PCR was used to study the MMP2 and TIMP2. RESULTS After CIH exposure, the fibrosis of left ventricular in CIH group was significantly remarkable than that in both NC and CIH + Ad groups (P<0.05), although statistical difference existed between NC and CIH + Ad groups (P<0.05). In addition, the protein expression of collagen I as well as collagen III and the ratio of mRNA levels of MMP2/TIMP2 were the highest in CIH group but the lowest in NC group, with CIH + Ad group in between. There was a significant difference among three groups (all P<0.05). The TGF-β/smad2/3 pathway was activated obviously in CIH group, but less noticeably in CIH + Ad group (P<0.05) with a significant difference in the two groups. CONCLUSIONS The present study showed that Ad could ameliorate the left ventricular remodeling induced by CIH via inhibition of the expression of TGF-β/smad2/3 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Xiao Ding
- 1 Department of Respiratory Medicine, 2 Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China ; 3 Department of Respiratory Diseases, Jiangsu Geriatric Hospital, Nanjing 210024, China
| | - Yan-Bin Dong
- 1 Department of Respiratory Medicine, 2 Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China ; 3 Department of Respiratory Diseases, Jiangsu Geriatric Hospital, Nanjing 210024, China
| | - Ning Ding
- 1 Department of Respiratory Medicine, 2 Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China ; 3 Department of Respiratory Diseases, Jiangsu Geriatric Hospital, Nanjing 210024, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Zhang
- 1 Department of Respiratory Medicine, 2 Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China ; 3 Department of Respiratory Diseases, Jiangsu Geriatric Hospital, Nanjing 210024, China
| | - Shi-Jiang Zhang
- 1 Department of Respiratory Medicine, 2 Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China ; 3 Department of Respiratory Diseases, Jiangsu Geriatric Hospital, Nanjing 210024, China
| | - Xi-Long Zhang
- 1 Department of Respiratory Medicine, 2 Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China ; 3 Department of Respiratory Diseases, Jiangsu Geriatric Hospital, Nanjing 210024, China
| | - Jian-Nan Liu
- 1 Department of Respiratory Medicine, 2 Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China ; 3 Department of Respiratory Diseases, Jiangsu Geriatric Hospital, Nanjing 210024, China
| | - Gan Lu
- 1 Department of Respiratory Medicine, 2 Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China ; 3 Department of Respiratory Diseases, Jiangsu Geriatric Hospital, Nanjing 210024, China
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Jin J, Lv X, Chen L, Zhang W, Li J, Wang Q, Wang R, Lu X, Miao D. Bmi-1 plays a critical role in protection from renal tubulointerstitial injury by maintaining redox balance. Aging Cell 2014; 13:797-809. [PMID: 24915841 PMCID: PMC4331754 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine whether Bmi-1 deficiency could lead to renal tubulointerstitial injury by mitochondrial dysfunction and increased oxidative stress in the kidney, 3-week-old Bmi-1-/- mice were treated with the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC, 1 mg mL−1) in their drinking water, or pyrro-quinoline quinone (PQQ, 4 mg kg−1 diet) in their diet for 2 weeks, and their renal phenotypes were compared with vehicle-treated Bmi1-/- and wild-type mice. Bmi-1 was knocked down in human renal proximal tubular epithelial (HK2) cells which were treated with 1 mm NAC for 72 or 96 h, and their phenotypes were compared with control cells. Five-week-old vehicle-treated Bmi-1-/- mice displayed renal interstitial fibrosis, tubular atrophy, and severe renal function impairment with decreased renal cell proliferation, increased renal cell apoptosis and senescence, and inflammatory cell infiltration. Impaired mitochondrial structure, decreased mitochondrial numbers, and increased oxidative stress occurred in Bmi-1-/- mice; subsequently, this caused DNA damage, the activation of TGF-β1/Smad signaling, and the imbalance between extracellular matrix synthesis and degradation. Oxidative stress-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition of renal tubular epithelial cells was enhanced in Bmi-1 knocked down HK2 cells. All phenotypic alterations caused by Bmi-1 deficiency were ameliorated by antioxidant treatment. These findings indicate that Bmi-1 plays a critical role in protection from renal tubulointerstitial injury by maintaining redox balance and will be a novel therapeutic target for preventing renal tubulointerstitial injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianliang Jin
- The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine Department of Anatomy Histology and Embryology Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
| | - Xianhui Lv
- The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine Department of Anatomy Histology and Embryology Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
| | - Lulu Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine Department of Anatomy Histology and Embryology Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
| | - Wei Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine Department of Anatomy Histology and Embryology Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
| | - Jinbo Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine Department of Anatomy Histology and Embryology Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
| | - Qian Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine Department of Anatomy Histology and Embryology Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
| | - Rong Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine Department of Anatomy Histology and Embryology Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
| | - Xiang Lu
- Department of Gerontology The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
| | - Dengshun Miao
- The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine Department of Anatomy Histology and Embryology Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
- Department of Gerontology The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
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247
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Extracellular matrix defects in aneurysmal Fibulin-4 mice predispose to lung emphysema. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106054. [PMID: 25255451 PMCID: PMC4177830 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In this study we set out to investigate the clinically observed relationship between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and aortic aneurysms. We tested the hypothesis that an inherited deficiency of connective tissue might play a role in the combined development of pulmonary emphysema and vascular disease. Methods We first determined the prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in a clinical cohort of aortic aneurysms patients and arterial occlusive disease patients. Subsequently, we used a combined approach comprising pathological, functional, molecular imaging, immunological and gene expression analysis to reveal the sequence of events that culminates in pulmonary emphysema in aneurysmal Fibulin-4 deficient (Fibulin-4R) mice. Results Here we show that COPD is significantly more prevalent in aneurysm patients compared to arterial occlusive disease patients, independent of smoking, other clinical risk factors and inflammation. In addition, we demonstrate that aneurysmal Fibulin-4R/R mice display severe developmental lung emphysema, whereas Fibulin-4+/R mice acquire alveolar breakdown with age and upon infectious stress. This vicious circle is further exacerbated by the diminished antiprotease capacity of the lungs and ultimately results in the development of pulmonary emphysema. Conclusions Our experimental data identify genetic susceptibility to extracellular matrix degradation and secondary inflammation as the common mechanisms in both COPD and aneurysm formation.
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248
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Oxidative damage and antioxidative therapy in systemic sclerosis. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:389582. [PMID: 25313270 PMCID: PMC4172878 DOI: 10.1155/2014/389582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Revised: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is an autoimmune connective tissue disorder of unknown etiology. This disease is characterized by a large variety of clinical patterns, which include the fibrosis of skin and visceral organs causing a variety of clinical manifestations. Genetic and environmental factors participate in the etiology of this disease; however, recently many studies underline the oxidative background influencing the course and complications of this disease. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) synthesized in SSc can mediate extra- and intracellular oxidative processes affecting endothelial cells and fibroblasts. The estimation of prooxidative markers in the pathogenesis of SSc can enable the identification of useful markers for disease activity and, thus, may help in planning appropriate therapy focusing on the fibrotic or vascular pattern. Recently, many attempts have been made to find antioxidative molecules (nutritional and pharmacological) reducing the prooxidant state in a variety of cells—mainly in endothelium and proliferating fibroblasts. This paper presents both the background of oxidative stress processes in systemic sclerosis mediated by different mechanisms and the evidence suggesting which of the dietary and pharmacological antioxidants can be used as therapeutic targets for this disease.
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249
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Luan SS, Yu F, Li BY, Qin RJ, Li XL, Cai Q, Yin WB, Cheng M, Gao HQ. Quantitative proteomics study of protective effects of grape seed procyanidin B2 on diabetic cardiomyopathy in db/db mice. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 78:1577-83. [PMID: 25209507 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2014.930320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Diabetic cardiomyopathy is one of the major complications of diabetes mellitus. Oxidative stress appears to play a substantial role in cardiomyopathy. Grape seed procyanidin B2 (GSPB2) has been known as an anti-oxidant in treating diabetes mellitus; however, little is known about its effects and underlying mechanisms on diabetic cardiomyopathy. The present study is to explore the molecular targets of GSPB2 responsible for the anti-oxidative effects in db/db mice by quantitative proteomics. GSPB2 (30 mg/kg body weight/day) were intragastric administrated to db/db mice for 10 weeks. Proteomics of the heart tissue extracts by isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification analysis was obtained from db/db mice. Our study provides important evidence that GSPB2 protect against cardiomyopathy in diabetes mellitus, which are believed to result from regulating the expression of key proteins involving cardiac fibrosis and proliferation. GSPB2 could be expected to become novel clinical application in fighting against diabetic cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-si Luan
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Proteomics of Shandong Province, Department of Geriatric Endocrinology, Qi-Lu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Fei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Proteomics of Shandong Province, Department of Geriatric Endocrinology, Qi-Lu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Bao-ying Li
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Proteomics of Shandong Province, Department of Geriatric Endocrinology, Qi-Lu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Rui-jie Qin
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Proteomics of Shandong Province, Department of Geriatric Endocrinology, Qi-Lu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiao-li Li
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Proteomics of Shandong Province, Department of Geriatric Endocrinology, Qi-Lu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Qian Cai
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Proteomics of Shandong Province, Department of Geriatric Endocrinology, Qi-Lu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Wen-bin Yin
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Proteomics of Shandong Province, Department of Geriatric Endocrinology, Qi-Lu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Mei Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Proteomics of Shandong Province, Department of Geriatric Endocrinology, Qi-Lu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Hai-qing Gao
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Proteomics of Shandong Province, Department of Geriatric Endocrinology, Qi-Lu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Zerr P, Palumbo-Zerr K, Huang J, Tomcik M, Sumova B, Distler O, Schett G, Distler JHW. Sirt1 regulates canonical TGF-β signalling to control fibroblast activation and tissue fibrosis. Ann Rheum Dis 2014; 75:226-33. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-205740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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