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Mitochondria at Center of Exchanges between Cancer Cells and Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts during Tumor Progression. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12103017. [PMID: 33080792 PMCID: PMC7603005 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12103017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Malignant cells and their supportive associated fibroblasts (CAFs) exchange various molecules that promote energy production, biosynthesis and therapy resistance by modulating mitochondrial activity and dynamics. We herein review molecular exchanges from CAFs to malignant cells that support tumor growth and therapy resistance, and we highlight the crucial role of CAFs mitochondria in this support. This implies (1) reciprocal mitochondrial control by malignant cells and (2) fibroblast activation. Finally, we discuss therapeutic strategies that could improve current therapies by targeting mitochondrial-mediated dialogue between the two cell types. Abstract Resistance of solid cancer cells to chemotherapies and targeted therapies is not only due to the mutational status of cancer cells but also to the concurring of stromal cells of the tumor ecosystem, such as immune cells, vasculature and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). The reciprocal education of cancer cells and CAFs favors tumor growth, survival and invasion. Mitochondrial function control, including the regulation of mitochondrial metabolism, oxidative stress and apoptotic stress are crucial for these different tumor progression steps. In this review, we focus on how CAFs participate in cancer progression by modulating cancer cells metabolic functions and mitochondrial apoptosis. We emphasize that mitochondria from CAFs influence their activation status and pro-tumoral effects. We thus advocate that understanding mitochondria-mediated tumor–stroma interactions provides the possibility to consider cancer therapies that improve current treatments by targeting these interactions or mitochondria directly in tumor and/or stromal cells.
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202
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Beheshti F, Hosseini M, Arab Z, Asghari A, Anaeigoudari A. Ameliorative role of metformin on lipopolysaccharide-mediated liver malfunction through suppression of inflammation and oxidative stress in rats. TOXIN REV 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2020.1833037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Farimah Beheshti
- Neuroscience Research Center, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran
- Department of Physiology, School of Paramedical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Hosseini
- Division of Neurocognitive Sciences, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Zohreh Arab
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amir Asghari
- Pharmacological Research Center of Medicinal Plants, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Akbar Anaeigoudari
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran
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203
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Yang Y, Meng L, Wu S, Li Y, Zhong Y, Xu F, Zhou XC, Li GQ, Xu GL, Peng KF. LIGHT deficiency aggravates cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury by upregulating mitochondrial apoptosis. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 89:106999. [PMID: 33045563 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cisplatin is widely used as a chemotherapeutic agent for treating patients with solid tumors. The most common side effect of cisplatin treatment is nephrotoxicity. Recent studies have shown that mitochondrial apoptotic pathways are involved in cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury (Cis-AKI). LIGHT, the 14th member of the tumor necrosis factor superfamily (TNFSF14), was found to induce apoptosis of certain types of tumor cells. So far, a link between LIGHT and Cis-AKI has not been reported. In this study, we observed that expression of LIGHT and its receptors HVEM and LTβR was increased in kidney tissues of mice after cisplatin treatment. LIGHT deficiency aggravated kidney injury, as evidenced by more severe tubular injury; remarkably increased levels of serum creatinine (Scr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and both kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) and inflammatory cytokine mRNAs in renal tissues. Moreover, in the renal tissues of LIGHT KO mice, cisplatin-induced mitochondrion injury and the levels of the pro-apoptotic molecules Bax, Cytochrome C (Cyt C), cleaved caspase-3, and cleaved caspase-9 were dramatically increased; in contrast, the expression of anti-apoptotic molecule Bcl-2 was markedly reduced, compared to those in WT mice, suggesting that LIGHT deficiency accelerated cisplatin-induced mitochondrial apoptosis of renal tubular cells in these mice. Accordingly, treatment with recombinant human LIGHT (rLIGHT) was shown to alleviate cisplatin-induced kidney injury in vivo. Similar results were observed after the human renal tubular epithelial cell line HK-2 cells exposure to rLIGHT stimulation, evidenced by the reduction in the mitochondrion dysfunction (as confirmed by the significant reduced oxidative stress and membrane potential changes) and in the percentage of cells apoptosis. While blocking LIGHT with the soluble fusion protein LTβR-Ig or HVEM-Ig accelerated the HK-2 cells apoptosis. In conclusion, LIGHT deficiency aggravates Cis-AKI by promoting mitochondrial apoptosis pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yang
- Department of Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China; Department of Immunology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China; Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Third Affiliated Hospital (Daping Hospital), Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Li Meng
- Department of Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Shun Wu
- Department of Nephrology, Huaihai Hospital affiliated with Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - You Li
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Third Affiliated Hospital (Daping Hospital), Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Yu Zhong
- Department of Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Immunology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Xiao-Cui Zhou
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Chongqing 400006, China
| | - Gui-Qing Li
- Department of Immunology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Gui-Lian Xu
- Department of Immunology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Kan-Fu Peng
- Department of Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China.
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204
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Metformin and Systemic Metabolism. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2020; 41:868-881. [PMID: 32994049 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2020.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Metformin can improve patients' hyperglycemia through significant suppression of hepatic glucose production. However, up to 300 times higher concentrations of metformin accumulate in the intestine than in the circulation, where it alters nutrient metabolism in intestinal epithelial cells and microbiome, leading to increased lactate production. Hepatocytes use lactate to make glucose at the cost of energy expenditure, creating a futile intestine-liver cycle. Furthermore, metformin reduces blood lipopolysaccharides and its initiated low-grade inflammation and increased oxidative phosphorylation in liver and adipose tissues. These metformin effects result in the improvement of insulin sensitivity and glucose utilization in extrahepatic tissues. In this review, I discuss the current understanding of the impact of metformin on systemic metabolism and its molecular mechanisms of action in various tissues.
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205
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Aung M, Amin S, Gulraiz A, Gandhi FR, Pena Escobar JA, Malik BH. The Future of Metformin in the Prevention of Diabetes-Related Osteoporosis. Cureus 2020; 12:e10412. [PMID: 33062529 PMCID: PMC7550241 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.10412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
As a worldwide aging population is on the rise, osteoporosis (OS) is becoming a global health burden. Therefore, many researchers and health authorities are looking into the potential prevention and treatment of OS. Although previously regarded as two separate pathological processes, diabetes (DM) and OS are now regarded as two conditions that can occur together. It is now believed that OS can develop as a complication of DM. This relationship is further evidenced through a reduction in bone mineral density in type-1 diabetes with a resulting increased risk of fracture. Although bone mineral density in type-2 diabetes mellitus is normal or increased, there is also increased fragility due to decreased bone quality. These abnormal bone qualities tend to occur through the production of reduced bone microvasculature and advanced glycation end product, AGE. Interestingly, one of the most common treatments for DM, metformin (MF), shows a promising result on the protection of diabetes and non-diabetes related bone turnover. It is believed that MF modulates its effect through the adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway. Recent data regarded AMPK as a vital mediator of homeostasis. It is involved not only in glucose metabolism but also in osteogenesis. AMPK can directly influence the production of mature and good quality bone by decreasing osteoclasts, increasing osteoblast formation, and enhancing bone mineral deposition. As an activator of AMPK, MF also upregulates osteogenesis. Furthermore, MF can influence osteogenesis through a non-AMPK pathway, such as the fructose 1-6 phosphatase pathway, by reducing glucose levels. While already recognized as a safe and effective treatment for DM, this article discusses whether MF can be used for the prevention and treatment of OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myat Aung
- Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA.,Emergency Department, Poole Hospital, Poole, GBR
| | - Saba Amin
- Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Azouba Gulraiz
- Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Fenil R Gandhi
- Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Julio A Pena Escobar
- Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Bilal Haider Malik
- Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
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206
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Mu N, Xu T, Gao M, Dong M, Tang Q, Hao L, Wang G, Li Z, Wang W, Yang Y, Hou J. Therapeutic effect of metformin in the treatment of endometrial cancer. Oncol Lett 2020; 20:156. [PMID: 32934724 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.12017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The present review aims at reviewing the role of metformin in the treatment of endometrial cancer (EC). According to the literature, excessive estrogen levels and insulin resistance are established risk factors of EC. As a traditional insulin sensitizer and newly discovered anticancer agent, metformin directly and indirectly inhibits the development of EC. The direct mechanisms of metformin include inhibition of the LKB1-AMP-activated protein kinase-mTOR, PI3K-Akt and insulin-like growth factor 1-related signaling pathways, which reduces the proliferation and promotes the apoptosis of EC cells. In the indirect mechanism, metformin increases the insulin sensitivity of body tissues and decreases circulating insulin levels. Decreased levels of insulin increase the blood levels of sex hormone binding globulin, which leads to reductions in circulating estrogen and androgens. The aforementioned findings suggest that metformin serves an important role in the treatment of EC. Increased understanding of the mechanism of metformin in EC may provide novel insights into the treatment of this malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Mu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong 264000, P.R. China
| | - Tingting Xu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong 264000, P.R. China
| | - Mingxiao Gao
- Department of Cardiology, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong 264000, P.R. China
| | - Mei Dong
- Department of Cardiology, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong 264000, P.R. China
| | - Qing Tang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong 264000, P.R. China
| | - Li Hao
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong 264000, P.R. China
| | - Guiqing Wang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong 264000, P.R. China
| | - Zenghui Li
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong 264000, P.R. China
| | - Wenshuang Wang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong 264000, P.R. China
| | - Ying Yang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong 264000, P.R. China
| | - Jianqing Hou
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong 264000, P.R. China
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207
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Palee S, Higgins L, Leech T, Chattipakorn SC, Chattipakorn N. Acute metformin treatment provides cardioprotection via improved mitochondrial function in cardiac ischemia / reperfusion injury. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 130:110604. [PMID: 32777704 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury following reperfusion therapy in acute myocardial infarction results in mitochondrial dynamic imbalance and cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Although diabetic patients taking metformin have been shown to have a lower risk of myocardial infarction, the efficacy of the cardioprotection conferred by metformin regarding the mitochondrial function and dynamic in cardiac I/R injury are still inconclusive. In addition, the comparative effects between different doses of metformin given acutely prior to cardiac I/R injury have never been investigated. Fifty 8-week-old male Wistar rats weighing 300-350 g were divided into sham-operated (n = 10) and cardiac I/R-operated (n = 40) groups. In the cardiac I/R group, rats underwent 30-min ischemia followed by 120-min reperfusion and were randomly divided into four subgroups (n = 10/group): control (received normal saline), metformin (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg). The arrhythmia score, cardiac function, infarct size, mortality rate, mitochondrial function and apoptosis, were determined. Metformin (200 mg/kg) exerted the highest level of cardioprotection through reduction in arrhythmia, infarct size, mitochondrial fission, and apoptosis, in addition to preservation of mitochondrial function, leading to the attenuation of cardiac dysfunction. Doses of metformin (100 and 400 mg/kg) also improved mitochondrial and cardiac function, but to a lesser extent than metformin (200 mg/kg). In conclusion, metformin exerts cardioprotection by attenuating mitochondrial dysfunction, mitochondrial dynamic imbalance, and apoptosis. These led to decreased infarct size and eventual improvement in cardiac function in rats with acute cardiac I/R injury. These findings indicate the potential clinical benefits of acute metformin treatment in acute myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siripong Palee
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Louis Higgins
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand; School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, England, United Kingdom
| | - Tom Leech
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand; School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, England, United Kingdom
| | - Siriporn C Chattipakorn
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Nipon Chattipakorn
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand; Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
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208
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Reyes-Castellanos G, Masoud R, Carrier A. Mitochondrial Metabolism in PDAC: From Better Knowledge to New Targeting Strategies. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8080270. [PMID: 32756381 PMCID: PMC7460249 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8080270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells reprogram their metabolism to meet bioenergetics and biosynthetic demands. The first observation of metabolic reprogramming in cancer cells was made a century ago (“Warburg effect” or aerobic glycolysis), leading to the classical view that cancer metabolism relies on a glycolytic phenotype. There is now accumulating evidence that most cancers also rely on mitochondria to satisfy their metabolic needs. Indeed, the current view of cancer metabolism places mitochondria as key actors in all facets of cancer progression. Importantly, mitochondrial metabolism has become a very promising target in cancer therapy, including for refractory cancers such as Pancreatic Ductal AdenoCarcinoma (PDAC). In particular, mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) is an important target in cancer therapy. Other therapeutic strategies include the targeting of glutamine and fatty acids metabolism, as well as the inhibition of the TriCarboxylic Acid (TCA) cycle intermediates. A better knowledge of how pancreatic cancer cells regulate mitochondrial metabolism will allow the identification of metabolic vulnerabilities and thus novel and more efficient therapeutic options for the benefit of each patient.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alice Carrier
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-491828829; Fax: +33-491826083
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209
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A Cytoplasmic Heme Sensor Illuminates the Impacts of Mitochondrial and Vacuolar Functions and Oxidative Stress on Heme-Iron Homeostasis in Cryptococcus neoformans. mBio 2020; 11:mBio.00986-20. [PMID: 32723917 PMCID: PMC7387795 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00986-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive fungal diseases are increasing in frequency, and new drug targets and antifungal drugs are needed to bolster therapy. The mechanisms by which pathogens obtain critical nutrients such as iron from heme during host colonization represent a promising target for therapy. In this study, we employed a fluorescent heme sensor to investigate heme homeostasis in Cryptococcus neoformans. We demonstrated that endocytosis is a key aspect of heme acquisition and that vacuolar and mitochondrial functions are important in regulating the pool of available heme in cells. Stress generated by oxidative conditions impacts the heme pool, as do the drugs artemisinin and metformin; these drugs have heme-related activities and are in clinical use for malaria and diabetes, respectively. Overall, our study provides insights into mechanisms of fungal heme acquisition and demonstrates the utility of the heme sensor for drug characterization in support of new therapies for fungal diseases. Pathogens must compete with hosts to acquire sufficient iron for proliferation during pathogenesis. The pathogenic fungus Cryptococcus neoformans is capable of acquiring iron from heme, the most abundant source in vertebrate hosts, although the mechanisms of heme sensing and acquisition are not entirely understood. In this study, we adopted a chromosomally encoded heme sensor developed for Saccharomyces cerevisiae to examine cytosolic heme levels in C. neoformans using fluorescence microscopy, fluorimetry, and flow cytometry. We validated the responsiveness of the sensor upon treatment with exogenous hemin, during proliferation in macrophages, and in strains defective for endocytosis. We then used the sensor to show that vacuolar and mitochondrial dysregulation and oxidative stress reduced the labile heme pool in the cytosol. Importantly, the sensor provided a tool to further demonstrate that the drugs artemisinin and metformin have heme-related activities and the potential to be repurposed for antifungal therapy. Overall, this study provides insights into heme sensing by C. neoformans and establishes a powerful tool to further investigate mechanisms of heme-iron acquisition in the context of fungal pathogenesis.
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210
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Shevtsova EF, Maltsev AV, Vinogradova DV, Shevtsov PN, Bachurin SO. Mitochondria as a promising target for developing novel agents for treating Alzheimer's disease. Med Res Rev 2020; 41:803-827. [PMID: 32687230 DOI: 10.1002/med.21715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The mitochondria-targeting drugs can be conventionally divided into the following groups: those compensating for the energy deficit involved in neurodegeneration, including stimulants of mitochondrial bioenergetics and activators of mitochondrial biogenesis; and neuroprotectors, that are compounds increasing the resistance of mitochondria to opening of mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) pores. Although compensating for the energy deficit and inhibition of MPT are obvious targets for drugs used in the very early stages of Alzheimer-like pathology, but their use as the monotherapy for patients with severe symptoms is unlikely to be sufficiently effective. It would be optimal to combine targets that would provide the cognitive-stimulating, the neuroprotective effects and the ability to affect specific disease-forming mechanisms. In the design of such drugs, assessment of their potential mitochondrial-targeted effects is of particular importance. The possibility of targeted drug design for simultaneous action on mitochondrial and neurotransmitter's receptors targets is, in particularly, based on the known interplay of various cellular pathways and the presence of common structural components. Of particular interest is directed search for multitarget drugs that would act simultaneously on mitochondrial calcium-dependent functions, the targets (receptors, enzymes, etc.) facilitating neurotransmission, and the molecular targets related to the action of so-called disease-modifying factors, in particular, the formation and overcoming of the toxicity of β-amyloid or hyperphosphorylated tau protein. The examples of such approaches realized on the level of preclinical and clinical trials are presented below.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena F Shevtsova
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Andrey V Maltsev
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Darya V Vinogradova
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Pavel N Shevtsov
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Sergey O Bachurin
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Moscow Region, Russia
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211
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Sarikhani M, Garbern JC, Ma S, Sereda R, Conde J, Krähenbühl G, Escalante GO, Ahmed A, Buenrostro JD, Lee RT. Sustained Activation of AMPK Enhances Differentiation of Human iPSC-Derived Cardiomyocytes via Sirtuin Activation. Stem Cell Reports 2020; 15:498-514. [PMID: 32649901 PMCID: PMC7419706 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2020.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that metabolic regulation may improve differentiation of cardiomyocytes derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a master regulator of metabolic activities. We investigated whether AMPK participates in iPSC-derived cardiomyocyte differentiation. We observed that AMPK phosphorylation at Thr172 increased at day 9 but then decreased after day 11 of differentiation to cardiomyocytes. Inhibition of AMPK with compound C significantly reduced mRNA and protein expression of cardiac troponins TNNT2 and TNNI3. Moreover, sustained AMPK activation using AICAR from days 9 to 14 of differentiation increased mRNA and protein expression of both TNNT2 and TNNI3. AICAR decreased acetylation of histone 3 at Lys9 and 56 and histone 4 at Lys16 (known target sites for nuclear-localized sirtuins [SIRT1, SIRT6]), suggesting that AMPK activation enhances sirtuin activity. Sustained AMPK activation during days 9–14 of differentiation induces sirtuin-mediated histone deacetylation and may enhance cardiomyocyte differentiation from iPSCs. iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes transiently increased AMPK phosphorylation at Thr172 Chemical inhibition of AMPK with compound C decreased TNNI3 and TNNT2 expression Sustained activation of AMPK using AICAR increased expression of TNNT2 and TNNI3 AICAR decreased acetylation of histones H3 (at Lys9 and Lys56) and H4 (at Lys16).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Sarikhani
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and the Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Jessica C Garbern
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and the Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sai Ma
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and the Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Biology and Koch Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Rebecca Sereda
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and the Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Jeffrey Conde
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and the Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Guido Krähenbühl
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and the Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Gabriela O Escalante
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and the Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Aishah Ahmed
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and the Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Jason D Buenrostro
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and the Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Richard T Lee
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and the Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Abstract
The skeletal muscle is the largest organ in the body, by mass. It is also the regulator of glucose homeostasis, responsible for 80% of postprandial glucose uptake from the circulation. Skeletal muscle is essential for metabolism, both for its role in glucose uptake and its importance in exercise and metabolic disease. In this article, we give an overview of the importance of skeletal muscle in metabolism, describing its role in glucose uptake and the diseases that are associated with skeletal muscle metabolic dysregulation. We focus on the role of skeletal muscle in peripheral insulin resistance and the potential for skeletal muscle-targeted therapeutics to combat insulin resistance and diabetes, as well as other metabolic diseases like aging and obesity. In particular, we outline the possibilities and pitfalls of the quest for exercise mimetics, which are intended to target the molecular mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of exercise on metabolic disease. We also provide a description of the molecular mechanisms that regulate skeletal muscle glucose uptake, including a focus on the SNARE proteins, which are essential regulators of glucose transport into the skeletal muscle. © 2020 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 10:785-809, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla E. Merz
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, California, USA
- The Irell and Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Debbie C. Thurmond
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, California, USA
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213
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An H, Wang Y, Qin C, Li M, Maheshwari A, He L. The importance of the AMPK gamma 1 subunit in metformin suppression of liver glucose production. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10482. [PMID: 32591547 PMCID: PMC7320014 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67030-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Metformin has been used to treat patients with type 2 diabetes for over 60 years, however, its mechanism of action is still not completely understood. Our previous reports showed that high-fat-diet (HFD)-fed mice with liver-specific knockout of both AMPK catalytic α1 and α2 subunits exhibited significantly higher fasting blood glucose levels and produced more glucose than floxed AMPK catalytic α1 and α2 mice after long-term metformin treatment, and that metformin promotes the formation of the functional AMPK αβγ heterotrimeric complex. We tested the importance of each regulatory γ subunit isoform to metformin action in this current study. We found that depletion of γ1, but not γ2 or γ3, drastically reduced metformin activation of AMPK. HFD-fed mice with depletion of the γ1 subunit are resistant to metformin suppression of liver glucose production. Furthermore, we determined the role of each regulatory cystathionine-β-synthase (CBS) domain in the γ1 subunit in metformin action and found that deletion of either CBS1 or CBS4 negated metformin's effect on AMPKα phosphorylation at T172 and suppression of glucose production in hepatocytes. Our data indicate that the γ1 subunit is required for metformin's control of glucose metabolism in hepatocytes. Furthermore, in humans and animal models, metformin treatment leads to the loss of body weight, we found that the decrease in body weight gain in mice treated with metformin is not directly attributable to increased energy expenditure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongying An
- Departments of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Yu Wang
- Departments of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Caolitao Qin
- Departments of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
- Department of Hepatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Mingsong Li
- Department of Hepatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Akhil Maheshwari
- Departments of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Ling He
- Departments of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
- Pharmacology & Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
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214
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McBride MA, Owen AM, Stothers CL, Hernandez A, Luan L, Burelbach KR, Patil TK, Bohannon JK, Sherwood ER, Patil NK. The Metabolic Basis of Immune Dysfunction Following Sepsis and Trauma. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1043. [PMID: 32547553 PMCID: PMC7273750 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Critically ill, severely injured and high-risk surgical patients are vulnerable to secondary infections during hospitalization and after hospital discharge. Studies show that the mitochondrial function and oxidative metabolism of monocytes and macrophages are impaired during sepsis. Alternatively, treatment with microbe-derived ligands, such as monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA), peptidoglycan, or β-glucan, that interact with toll-like receptors and other pattern recognition receptors on leukocytes induces a state of innate immune memory that confers broad-spectrum resistance to infection with common hospital-acquired pathogens. Priming of macrophages with MPLA, CPG oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG ODN), or β-glucan induces a macrophage metabolic phenotype characterized by mitochondrial biogenesis and increased oxidative metabolism in parallel with increased glycolysis, cell size and granularity, augmented phagocytosis, heightened respiratory burst functions, and more effective killing of microbes. The mitochondrion is a bioenergetic organelle that not only contributes to energy supply, biosynthesis, and cellular redox functions but serves as a platform for regulating innate immunological functions such as production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and regulatory intermediates. This review will define current knowledge of leukocyte metabolic dysfunction during and after sepsis and trauma. We will further discuss therapeutic strategies that target leukocyte mitochondrial function and might have value in preventing or reversing sepsis- and trauma-induced immune dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret A. McBride
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Allison M. Owen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Cody L. Stothers
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Antonio Hernandez
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Liming Luan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Katherine R. Burelbach
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Tazeen K. Patil
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Julia K. Bohannon
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Edward R. Sherwood
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Naeem K. Patil
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
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215
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Ahmad B, Serpell CJ, Fong IL, Wong EH. Molecular Mechanisms of Adipogenesis: The Anti-adipogenic Role of AMP-Activated Protein Kinase. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:76. [PMID: 32457917 PMCID: PMC7226927 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is now a widespread disorder, and its prevalence has become a critical concern worldwide, due to its association with common co-morbidities like cancer, cardiovascular diseases and diabetes. Adipose tissue is an endocrine organ and therefore plays a critical role in the survival of an individual, but its dysfunction or excess is directly linked to obesity. The journey from multipotent mesenchymal stem cells to the formation of mature adipocytes is a well-orchestrated program which requires the expression of several genes, their transcriptional factors, and signaling intermediates from numerous pathways. Understanding all the intricacies of adipogenesis is vital if we are to counter the current epidemic of obesity because the limited understanding of these intricacies is the main barrier to the development of potent therapeutic strategies against obesity. In particular, AMP-Activated Protein Kinase (AMPK) plays a crucial role in regulating adipogenesis – it is arguably the central cellular energy regulation protein of the body. Since AMPK promotes the development of brown adipose tissue over that of white adipose tissue, special attention has been given to its role in adipose tissue development in recent years. In this review, we describe the molecular mechanisms involved in adipogenesis, the role of signaling pathways and the substantial role of activated AMPK in the inhibition of adiposity, concluding with observations which will support the development of novel chemotherapies against obesity epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilal Ahmad
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | | | - Isabel Lim Fong
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan, Malaysia
| | - Eng Hwa Wong
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
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216
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Agius L, Ford BE, Chachra SS. The Metformin Mechanism on Gluconeogenesis and AMPK Activation: The Metabolite Perspective. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21093240. [PMID: 32375255 PMCID: PMC7247334 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Metformin therapy lowers blood glucose in type 2 diabetes by targeting various pathways including hepatic gluconeogenesis. Despite widespread clinical use of metformin the molecular mechanisms by which it inhibits gluconeogenesis either acutely through allosteric and covalent mechanisms or chronically through changes in gene expression remain debated. Proposed mechanisms include: inhibition of Complex 1; activation of AMPK; and mechanisms independent of both Complex 1 inhibition and AMPK. The activation of AMPK by metformin could be consequent to Complex 1 inhibition and raised AMP through the canonical adenine nucleotide pathway or alternatively by activation of the lysosomal AMPK pool by other mechanisms involving the aldolase substrate fructose 1,6-bisphosphate or perturbations in the lysosomal membrane. Here we review current interpretations of the effects of metformin on hepatic intermediates of the gluconeogenic and glycolytic pathway and the candidate mechanistic links to regulation of gluconeogenesis. In conditions of either glucose excess or gluconeogenic substrate excess, metformin lowers hexose monophosphates by mechanisms that are independent of AMPK-activation and most likely mediated by allosteric activation of phosphofructokinase-1 and/or inhibition of fructose bisphosphatase-1. The metabolite changes caused by metformin may also have a prominent role in counteracting G6pc gene regulation in conditions of compromised intracellular homeostasis.
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217
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Borges CM, Fujihara CK, Malheiros DMAC, de Ávila VF, Formigari GP, Lopes de Faria JB. Metformin arrests the progression of established kidney disease in the subtotal nephrectomy model of chronic kidney disease. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2020; 318:F1229-F1236. [DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00539.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Metformin, an AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activator, has been shown in previous studies to reduce kidney fibrosis in different models of experimental chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, in all of these studies, the administration of metformin was initiated before the establishment of renal disease, which is a condition that does not typically occur in clinical settings. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether the administration of metformin could arrest the progression of established renal disease in a well-recognized model of CKD, the subtotal kidney nephrectomy (Nx) model. Adult male Munich-Wistar rats underwent either Nx or sham operations. After the surgery (30 days), Nx rats that had systolic blood pressures of >170 mmHg and albuminuria levels of >40 mg/24 h were randomized to a no-treatment condition or to a treatment condition with metformin (300 mg·kg−1·day−1) for a period of either 60 or 120 days. After 60 days of treatment, we did not observe any differences in kidney disease parameters between Nx metformin-treated and untreated rats. However, after 120 days, Nx rats that had been treated with metformin displayed significant reductions in albuminuria levels and in markers of renal fibrosis. These effects were independent of any other effects on blood pressure or glycemia. In addition, treatment with metformin was also able to activate kidney AMPK and therefore improve mitochondrial biogenesis. It was concluded that metformin can arrest the progression of established kidney disease in the Nx model, likely via the activation of AMPK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia M. Borges
- Renal Pathophysiology Laboratory, Investigation on Diabetes Complications, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Clarice Kazue Fujihara
- Faculty of Medicine, Renal Division, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Denise M. A. C. Malheiros
- Faculty of Medicine, Renal Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Victor Ferreira de Ávila
- Faculty of Medicine, Renal Division, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Pedrom Formigari
- Renal Pathophysiology Laboratory, Investigation on Diabetes Complications, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José B. Lopes de Faria
- Renal Pathophysiology Laboratory, Investigation on Diabetes Complications, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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218
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García-Puga M, Saenz-Antoñanzas A, Fernández-Torrón R, Munain ALD, Matheu A. Myotonic Dystrophy type 1 cells display impaired metabolism and mitochondrial dysfunction that are reversed by metformin. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:6260-6275. [PMID: 32310829 PMCID: PMC7185118 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1; MIM #160900) is an autosomal dominant disorder, clinically characterized by progressive muscular weakness and multisystem degeneration. The broad phenotypes observed in patients with DM1 resemble the appearance of a multisystem accelerated aging process. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these phenotypes remain largely unknown. In this study, we characterized the impact of metabolism and mitochondria on fibroblasts and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) derived from patients with DM1 and healthy individuals. Our results revealed a decrease in oxidative phosphorylation system (OXPHOS) activity, oxygen consumption rate (OCR), ATP production, energy metabolism, and mitochondrial dynamics in DM1 fibroblasts, as well as increased accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). PBMCs of DM1 patients also displayed reduced mitochondrial dynamics and energy metabolism. Moreover, treatment with metformin reversed the metabolic and mitochondrial defects as well as additional accelerated aging phenotypes, such as impaired proliferation, in DM1-derived fibroblasts. Our results identify impaired cell metabolism and mitochondrial dysfunction as important drivers of DM1 pathophysiology and, therefore, reveal the efficacy of metformin treatment in a pre-clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikel García-Puga
- Neuroscience Area, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Spain.,Cellular Oncology Group, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Spain
| | | | - Roberto Fernández-Torrón
- Neuroscience Area, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Spain.,Neurology Department, Donostia University Hospital, OSAKIDETZA, San Sebastian, Spain.,CIBERNED, Carlos III Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Adolfo Lopez de Munain
- Neuroscience Area, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Spain.,Neurology Department, Donostia University Hospital, OSAKIDETZA, San Sebastian, Spain.,CIBERNED, Carlos III Institute, Madrid, Spain.,Faculty of Medicine and Nursery, Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Ander Matheu
- Cellular Oncology Group, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain.,CIBERfes, Carlos III Institute, Madrid, Spain
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219
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Martín-Rodríguez S, de Pablos-Velasco P, Calbet JAL. Mitochondrial Complex I Inhibition by Metformin: Drug-Exercise Interactions. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2020; 31:269-271. [PMID: 32187522 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2020.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Metformin has antidiabetic, anticancer, and prolongevity effects, but seems to interfere with aerobic training mitochondrial adaptations. The primary mechanism of action has been suggested to be the inhibition of mitochondrial complex I. Recent papers (Wang et al. and Cameron et al.), however, provide evidence to deny the hypothesis of a direct action of metformin on complex I.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Martín-Rodríguez
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.
| | - P de Pablos-Velasco
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Universitario de Gran Canaria Doctor Negrín, 35010 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - J A L Calbet
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Postboks, 4014 Ulleval Stadion, 0806 Oslo, Norway
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220
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Li R, Toan S, Zhou H. Role of mitochondrial quality control in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:6467-6485. [PMID: 32213662 PMCID: PMC7185127 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nutrient oversupply and mitochondrial dysfunction play central roles in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The mitochondria are the major sites of β-oxidation, a catabolic process by which fatty acids are broken down. The mitochondrial quality control (MQC) system includes mitochondrial fission, fusion, mitophagy and mitochondrial redox regulation, and is essential for the maintenance of the functionality and structural integrity of the mitochondria. Excessive and uncontrolled production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the mitochondria damages mitochondrial components, including membranes, proteins and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), and triggers the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis. The functionality of some damaged mitochondria can be restored by fusion with normally functioning mitochondria, but when severely damaged, mitochondria are segregated from the remaining functional mitochondrial network through fission and are eventually degraded via mitochondrial autophagy, also called as mitophagy. In this review, we describe the functions and mechanisms of mitochondrial fission, fusion, oxidative stress and mitophagy in the development and progression of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruibing Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Sam Toan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Minnesota-Duluth, Duluth, MN 55812, USA
| | - Hao Zhou
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
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221
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Triggle CR, Ding H, Marei I, Anderson TJ, Hollenberg MD. Why the endothelium? The endothelium as a target to reduce diabetes-associated vascular disease. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2020; 98:415-430. [PMID: 32150686 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2019-0677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Over the past 66 years, our knowledge of the role of the endothelium in the regulation of cardiovascular function and dysfunction has advanced from the assumption that it is a single layer of cells that serves as a barrier between the blood stream and vascular smooth muscle to an understanding of its role as an essential endocrine-like organ. In terms of historical contributions, we pay particular credit to (1) the Canadian scientist Dr. Rudolf Altschul who, based on pathological changes in the appearance of the endothelium, advanced the argument in 1954 that "one is only as old as one's endothelium" and (2) the American scientist Dr. Robert Furchgott, a 1998 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology or Medicine, who identified the importance of the endothelium in the regulation of blood flow. This review provides a brief history of how our knowledge of endothelial function has advanced and now recognize that the endothelium produces a plethora of signaling molecules possessing paracrine, autocrine, and, arguably, systemic hormone functions. In addition, the endothelium is a therapeutic target for the anti-diabetic drugs metformin, glucagon-like peptide I (GLP-1) receptor agonists, and inhibitors of the sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) that offset the vascular disease associated with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris R Triggle
- Departments of Pharmacology and Medical Education, Weill Cornell Medical College, Doha, Qatar
| | - Hong Ding
- Departments of Pharmacology and Medical Education, Weill Cornell Medical College, Doha, Qatar
| | - Isra Marei
- Departments of Pharmacology and Medical Education, Weill Cornell Medical College, Doha, Qatar
| | - Todd J Anderson
- Department of Cardiac Sciences and Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Morley D Hollenberg
- Inflammation Research Network, Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
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222
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Zilocchi M, Moutaoufik MT, Jessulat M, Phanse S, Aly KA, Babu M. Misconnecting the dots: altered mitochondrial protein-protein interactions and their role in neurodegenerative disorders. Expert Rev Proteomics 2020; 17:119-136. [PMID: 31986926 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2020.1723419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Mitochondria (mt) are protein-protein interaction (PPI) hubs in the cell where mt-localized and associated proteins interact in a fashion critical for cell fitness. Altered mtPPIs are linked to neurodegenerative disorders (NDs) and drivers of pathological associations to mediate ND progression. Mapping altered mtPPIs will reveal how mt dysfunction is linked to NDs.Areas covered: This review discusses how database sources reflect on the number of mt protein or interaction predictions, and serves as an update on mtPPIs in mt dynamics and homeostasis. Emphasis is given to mRNA expression profiles for mt proteins in human tissues, cellular models relevant to NDs, and altered mtPPIs in NDs such as Parkinson's disease (PD), Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and Alzheimer's disease (AD).Expert opinion: We highlight the scarcity of biomarkers to improve diagnostic accuracy and tracking of ND progression, obstacles in recapitulating NDs using human cellular models to underpin the pathophysiological mechanisms of disease, and the shortage of mt protein interactome reference database(s) of neuronal cells. These bottlenecks are addressed by improvements in induced pluripotent stem cell creation and culturing, patient-derived 3D brain organoids to recapitulate structural arrangements of the brain, and cell sorting to elucidate mt proteome disparities between cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Zilocchi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | | | - Matthew Jessulat
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Sadhna Phanse
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Khaled A Aly
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Mohan Babu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
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223
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Moonira T, Chachra SS, Ford BE, Marin S, Alshawi A, Adam-Primus NS, Arden C, Al-Oanzi ZH, Foretz M, Viollet B, Cascante M, Agius L. Metformin lowers glucose 6-phosphate in hepatocytes by activation of glycolysis downstream of glucose phosphorylation. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:3330-3346. [PMID: 31974165 PMCID: PMC7062158 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.012533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The chronic effects of metformin on liver gluconeogenesis involve repression of the G6pc gene, which is regulated by the carbohydrate-response element-binding protein through raised cellular intermediates of glucose metabolism. In this study we determined the candidate mechanisms by which metformin lowers glucose 6-phosphate (G6P) in mouse and rat hepatocytes challenged with high glucose or gluconeogenic precursors. Cell metformin loads in the therapeutic range lowered cell G6P but not ATP and decreased G6pc mRNA at high glucose. The G6P lowering by metformin was mimicked by a complex 1 inhibitor (rotenone) and an uncoupler (dinitrophenol) and by overexpression of mGPDH, which lowers glycerol 3-phosphate and G6P and also mimics the G6pc repression by metformin. In contrast, direct allosteric activators of AMPK (A-769662, 991, and C-13) had opposite effects from metformin on glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, and cell G6P. The G6P lowering by metformin, which also occurs in hepatocytes from AMPK knockout mice, is best explained by allosteric regulation of phosphofructokinase-1 and/or fructose bisphosphatase-1, as supported by increased metabolism of [3-3H]glucose relative to [2-3H]glucose; by an increase in the lactate m2/m1 isotopolog ratio from [1,2-13C2]glucose; by lowering of glycerol 3-phosphate an allosteric inhibitor of phosphofructokinase-1; and by marked G6P elevation by selective inhibition of phosphofructokinase-1; but not by a more reduced cytoplasmic NADH/NAD redox state. We conclude that therapeutically relevant doses of metformin lower G6P in hepatocytes challenged with high glucose by stimulation of glycolysis by an AMP-activated protein kinase-independent mechanism through changes in allosteric effectors of phosphofructokinase-1 and fructose bisphosphatase-1, including AMP, Pi, and glycerol 3-phosphate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tabassum Moonira
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Medical School, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
| | - Shruti S Chachra
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Medical School, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
| | - Brian E Ford
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Medical School, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
| | - Silvia Marin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, 08007 Barcelona, Spain; CIBEREHD and Metabolomics Node at INB-Bioinformatics Platform, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ahmed Alshawi
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Medical School, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
| | - Natasha S Adam-Primus
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Medical School, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine Arden
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Medical School, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
| | - Ziad H Al-Oanzi
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Medical School, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
| | - Marc Foretz
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris 75014, France; CNRS, UMR8104, Paris 75014, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris 75014, France
| | - Benoit Viollet
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris 75014, France; CNRS, UMR8104, Paris 75014, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris 75014, France
| | - Marta Cascante
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, 08007 Barcelona, Spain; CIBEREHD and Metabolomics Node at INB-Bioinformatics Platform, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Loranne Agius
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Medical School, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom.
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