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Duffy T, Bekki H, Lotz MK. Genome-Wide Occupancy Profiling Reveals Critical Roles of FoxO1 in Regulating Extracellular Matrix and Circadian Rhythm Genes in Human Chondrocytes. Arthritis Rheumatol 2020; 72:1514-1523. [PMID: 32281255 DOI: 10.1002/art.41284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common age-related joint disease. With aging and in OA, the expression of FoxO transcription factors is reduced, diminishing their chondroprotective actions. In order to elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which FoxO1 protects chondrocytes, we sought to identify the genome-wide occupancy profile of FoxO1. METHODS We performed FoxO1 chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by high-throughput sequencing (ChIP-Seq) on human primary chondrocytes. ChIP-Seq data were integrated with RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) data sets. Bioinformatics results were confirmed in primary chondrocytes that were treated with a FoxO1 inhibitor. RESULTS Analysis of FoxO1 ChIP-Seq on human primary chondrocytes showed that pathways implicated in OA pathogenesis are mainly regulated by FoxO1 binding to tissue-specific enhancers with suboptimal binding sites (20% of the peaks), while more ubiquitous FoxO1 pathways are regulated at the promoter level through interaction with its canonical binding motif (7% of the peaks). Integrating FoxO1 occupancy data with RNA-Seq data comparing OA and healthy human cartilage revealed 428 putative FoxO1 target genes that are dysregulated in OA. Pathway analysis showed enrichment for genes belonging to the senescence pathway (logP = -6.73), extracellular matrix (ECM) pathway (logP = -12.97), and circadian clock pathway (logP = -6.30), which suggests that FoxO1 dysregulation plays an important role in their abnormal expression in OA. Using an inhibitor of FoxO1, we confirmed that FoxO1 regulates these pathways in cultured human chondrocytes. CONCLUSION FoxO1 regulates ubiquitous and cartilage-specific genes in chondrocytes by using different mechanisms. The FoxO1 transcriptional network is a key player in regulating homeostasis, ECM, and circadian clock genes and plays an important role in the abnormal expression of these pathways observed in OA pathogenesis.
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202
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Riaz S, Abdulrahman N, Uddin S, Jabeen A, Gadeau AP, Fliegel L, Mraiche F. Anti-hypertrophic effect of Na +/H + exchanger-1 inhibition is mediated by reduced cathepsin B. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 888:173420. [PMID: 32781168 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have established the role of Na+/H+ exchanger isoform-1 (NHE1) and cathepsin B (Cat B) in the development of cardiomyocyte hypertrophy (CH). Both NHE1 and Cat B are activated under acidic conditions suggesting that their activities might be interrelated. The inhibition of NHE1 has been demonstrated to reduce cardiac hypertrophy but the mechanism that contributes to the anti-hypertrophic effect of NHE1 inhibition still remains unclear. H9c2 cardiomyoblasts were stimulated with Angiotensin (Ang) II in the presence and absence of N-[2-methyl-4,5-bis(methylsulphonyl)-benzoyl]-guanidine, hydrochloride (EMD, EMD 87580), an NHE1 inhibitor or CA-074Me, a Cat B inhibitor, and various cardiac hypertrophic parameters, namely cell surface area, protein content and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) mRNA were analyzed. EMD significantly suppressed markers of cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and inhibited Ang II stimulated Cat B protein and gene expression. Cat B is located within the acidic environment of lysosomes. Cat B proteases are released into the cytoplasm upon disintegration of the lysosomes. EMD or CA-074Me prevented the dispersal of the lysosomes induced by Ang II and reduced the ratio of LC3-II to LC3-I, a marker of autophagy. Moreover, Cat B protein expression and MMP-9 activity in the extracellular space were significantly attenuated in the presence of EMD or CA-074Me. Our study demonstrates a novel mechanism for attenuation of the hypertrophic phenotype by NHE1 inhibition that is mediated by a regression in Cat B. The inhibition of Cat B via EMD or CA-074Me attenuates the autosomal-lysosomal pathway and MMP-9 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadaf Riaz
- College of Pharmacy, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar; Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Nabeel Abdulrahman
- College of Pharmacy, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar; Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Shahab Uddin
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ayesha Jabeen
- College of Pharmacy, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | | | | | - Fatima Mraiche
- College of Pharmacy, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.
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203
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Gereli A, Uslu S, Okur B, Ulku TK, Kocaoğlu B, Yoo YS. Effect of suprascapular nerve injury on rotator cuff enthesis. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2020; 29:1584-1589. [PMID: 32199756 DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2019.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous reports have shown that retracted rotator cuff tears may cause suprascapular nerve injury, and nerve injury causes atrophy and fat accumulation in the rotator cuff muscles. However, the effect of suprascapular nerve injury on rotator cuff enthesis has not been directly defined. This study aimed to investigate the effect of suprascapular nerve injury on rotator cuff enthesis. METHODS Twenty-four Wistar albino rats underwent bilateral transection of the suprascapular nerve. Additional 6 rats were used as the sham group. Bilateral supraspinatus and infraspinatus entheses were examined after 1, 4, 8, and 12 weeks of nerve transection. Histomorphometric analyses were performed for each zone of enthesis. RESULTS Compared with normal enthesis, significant and consistent decrease in cellularity were observed in the tendon and bone at all time points (P < .001). Collagen bundle diameter in the tendon also decreased in a similar manner (P < .001). Apart from the tendon and bone zones, fibrocartilage and calcified fibrocartilage zones showed similar response, and significant decrease in cellularity was observed 8 weeks after nerve transection (P < .001). CONCLUSION This study identifies suprascapular nerve injury as an underlying mechanism leading to compromise of the rotator cuff enthesis structure. Suprascapular nerve injury may be considered as an etiologic factor for the impaired healing after repair of a massive tear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arel Gereli
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Acibadem University Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Serap Uslu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Beril Okur
- Acibadem University Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tekin Kerem Ulku
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Acibadem University Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Barış Kocaoğlu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Acibadem University Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yon-Sik Yoo
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hallym University Medical College, Hwaseong, Republic of Korea
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204
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Duan K, Gao X, Zhu D. The clinical relevance and mechanism of skeletal muscle wasting. Clin Nutr 2020; 40:27-37. [PMID: 32788088 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2020.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle wasting occurs in both chronic and acute diseases. Increasing evidence has shown this debilitating process is associated with short- and long-term outcomes in critical, cancer and surgical patients. Both muscle quantity and quality, as reflected by the area and density of a given range of attenuation in CT scan, impact the patient prognosis. In addition, ultrasound and bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) are also widely used in the assessment of body composition due to their bedside viability and no radioactivity. Mechanism researches have revealed complicated pathways are involved in muscle wasting, which include altered IGF1-Akt-FoxO signaling, elevated levels of myostatin and activin A, activation of NF-κB pathway and glucocorticoid effects. Particularly, central nervous system (CNS) has been proven to participate in regulating muscle wasting in various conditions, such as infection and tumor. Several promising therapeutic agents have been under developing in the treatment of muscle atrophy, such as myostatin antagonist, ghrelin analog, non-steroidal selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs). Notably, nutritional therapy is still the fundamental support in combating muscle wasting. However, the optimizing and tailored nutrition regimen relies on accurate metabolism measurement and large clinical trials in the future. Here, we will discuss the current understanding of muscle wasting and potential treatment in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaipeng Duan
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215006, PR China
| | - Xin Gao
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215006, PR China
| | - Dongming Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215006, PR China.
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205
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Towers CG, Wodetzki D, Thorburn A. Autophagy and cancer: Modulation of cell death pathways and cancer cell adaptations. J Cell Biol 2020; 219:jcb.201909033. [PMID: 31753861 PMCID: PMC7039213 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201909033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is intricately linked with many intracellular signaling pathways, particularly nutrient-sensing mechanisms and cell death signaling cascades. In cancer, the roles of autophagy are context dependent. Tumor cell-intrinsic effects of autophagy can be both tumor suppressive and tumor promotional. Autophagy can therefore not only activate and inhibit cell death, but also facilitate the switch between cell death mechanisms. Moreover, autophagy can play opposing roles in the tumor microenvironment via non-cell-autonomous mechanisms. Preclinical data support a tumor-promotional role of autophagy in established tumors and during cancer therapy; this has led to the launch of dozens of clinical trials targeting autophagy in multiple cancer types. However, many questions remain: which tumors and genetic backgrounds are the most sensitive to autophagy inhibition, and which therapies should be combined with autophagy inhibitors? Additionally, since cancer cells are under selective pressure and are prone to adaptation, particularly after treatment, it is unclear if and how cells adapt to autophagy inhibition. Here we review recent literature addressing these issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina G Towers
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Darya Wodetzki
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Andrew Thorburn
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
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206
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TGF-β1 enhances FOXO3 expression in human synovial fibroblasts by inhibiting miR-92a through AMPK and p38 pathways. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 11:4075-4089. [PMID: 31232696 PMCID: PMC6628998 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is an age-related disease marked by synovial inflammation and cartilage destruction arising from synovitis, joint swelling and pain. OA therapy that targets the synovium is a promising strategy for mitigating the symptoms and disease progression. Altered activity of the transforming growth factor-β1 isoform (TGF-β1) during aging underlies OA progression. Notably, aberrant forkhead box class O 3 (FOXO3) activity is implicated in the pathogenesis of various age-related diseases, including OA. This study explored the interaction and cross-talk of TGF-β1 and FOXO3 in human osteoarthritis synovial fibroblasts (OASFs). TGF-β1 stimulated FOXO3 synthesis in OASFs, which was mitigated by blocking adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and p38 activity. TGF-β1 also inhibited the expression of miR-92a, which suppresses FOXO3 transcription. The suppression of miR-92a was effectively reversed with the blockade of the AMPK and p38 pathways. Our study showed that TGF-β1 promotes anti-inflammatory FOXO3 expression by stimulating the phosphorylation of AMPK and p38 and suppressing the downstream expression of miR-92a. These results may help to clarify OA pathogenesis and lead to better targeted treatment.
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207
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Vitamin D Inhibits Myogenic Cell Fusion and Expression of Fusogenic Genes. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12082192. [PMID: 32717927 PMCID: PMC7469064 DOI: 10.3390/nu12082192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D, a fat-soluble vitamin, is an important nutrient for tissue homeostasis and is recently gaining attention for its role in sarcopenia. Although several studies have focused on the role of vitamin D in muscle homeostasis, the molecular mechanism underlying its action on skeletal muscle remains unclear. This study investigated the role of vitamin D in myogenesis and muscle fiber maintenance in an immortalized mouse myogenic cell line. A high concentration of active vitamin D, 1α,25(OH)2D3, decreased the expression of myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs), myf5 and myogenin in proliferating myoblasts. In addition, high concentration of vitamin D reduced myoblast-to-myoblast and myoblast-to-myotube fusion through the inhibition of Tmem8c (myomaker) and Gm7325 (myomerger), which encode muscle-specific fusion-related micropeptides. A similar inhibitory effect of vitamin D was also observed in immortalized human myogenic cells. A high concentration of vitamin D also induced hypertrophy of multinucleated myotubes by stimulating protein anabolism. The results from this study indicated that vitamin D had both positive and negative effects on muscle homeostasis, such as in muscle regeneration and myofiber maintenance. Elderly individuals face a higher risk of falling and suffering fractures; hence, administration of vitamin D for treating fractures in the elderly could actually promote fusion impairment and, consequently, severe defects in muscle regeneration. Therefore, our results suggest that vitamin D replacement therapy should be used for prevention of age-related muscle loss, rather than for treatment of sarcopenia.
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208
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Vainshtein A, Sandri M. Signaling Pathways That Control Muscle Mass. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21134759. [PMID: 32635462 PMCID: PMC7369702 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21134759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The loss of skeletal muscle mass under a wide range of acute and chronic maladies is associated with poor prognosis, reduced quality of life, and increased mortality. Decades of research indicate the importance of skeletal muscle for whole body metabolism, glucose homeostasis, as well as overall health and wellbeing. This tissue’s remarkable ability to rapidly and effectively adapt to changing environmental cues is a double-edged sword. Physiological adaptations that are beneficial throughout life become maladaptive during atrophic conditions. The atrophic program can be activated by mechanical, oxidative, and energetic distress, and is influenced by the availability of nutrients, growth factors, and cytokines. Largely governed by a transcription-dependent mechanism, this program impinges on multiple protein networks including various organelles as well as biosynthetic and quality control systems. Although modulating muscle function to prevent and treat disease is an enticing concept that has intrigued research teams for decades, a lack of thorough understanding of the molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways that control muscle mass, in addition to poor transferability of findings from rodents to humans, has obstructed efforts to develop effective treatments. Here, we review the progress made in unraveling the molecular mechanisms responsible for the regulation of muscle mass, as this continues to be an intensive area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marco Sandri
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, via Orus 2, 35129 Padua, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Padua, via G. Colombo 3, 35100 Padua, Italy
- Myology Center, University of Padua, via G. Colombo 3, 35100 Padova, Italy
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada
- Correspondence:
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209
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Marmolejo-Martínez-Artesero S, Romeo-Guitart D, Mañas-García L, Barreiro E, Casas C. NeuroHeal Reduces Muscle Atrophy and Modulates Associated Autophagy. Cells 2020; 9:cells9071575. [PMID: 32605216 PMCID: PMC7408527 DOI: 10.3390/cells9071575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle wasting is an unmet medical need which leads to a reduction of myofiber diameter and a negative impact on the functional performance of daily activities. We previously found that a new neuroprotective drug called NeuroHeal reduced muscle atrophy produced by transient denervation. Aiming to decipher whether NeuroHeal has a direct role in muscle biology, we used herein different models of muscle atrophy: one caused by chronic denervation, another caused by hindlimb immobilization, and lastly, an in vitro model of myotube atrophy with Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNFα). In all these models, we observed that NeuroHeal reduced muscle atrophy and that SIRT1 activation seems to be required for that. The treatment downregulated some critical markers of protein degradation: Muscle Ring Finger 1 (MuRF1), K48 poly-Ub chains, and p62/SQSTM1. Moreover, it seems to restore the autophagy flux associated with denervation. Hence, we envisage a prospective use of NeuroHeal at clinics for different myopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Marmolejo-Martínez-Artesero
- Institut de Neurociències (INc) and Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - David Romeo-Guitart
- Institut de Neurociències (INc) and Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain;
- Correspondence: (D.R.-G.); (C.C.); Tel.: +33-0140615357 (D.R.-G.); +34-935811324 (C.C.)
| | - Laura Mañas-García
- Pulmonology Department-Muscle Wasting and Cachexia in Chronic Respiratory Diseases and Lung Cancer Research Group, IMIM-Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Health and Experimental Sciences Department (CEXS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona Biomedical Research Park (PRBB), 08003 Barcelona, Spain; (L.M.-G.); (E.B.)
| | - Esther Barreiro
- Pulmonology Department-Muscle Wasting and Cachexia in Chronic Respiratory Diseases and Lung Cancer Research Group, IMIM-Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Health and Experimental Sciences Department (CEXS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona Biomedical Research Park (PRBB), 08003 Barcelona, Spain; (L.M.-G.); (E.B.)
- Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Caty Casas
- Institut de Neurociències (INc) and Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain;
- Correspondence: (D.R.-G.); (C.C.); Tel.: +33-0140615357 (D.R.-G.); +34-935811324 (C.C.)
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210
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Farhang-Sardroodi S, Wilkie KP. Mathematical Model of Muscle Wasting in Cancer Cachexia. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9072029. [PMID: 32605273 PMCID: PMC7409297 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9072029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cachexia is a debilitating condition characterized by an extreme loss of skeletal muscle mass, which negatively impacts patients' quality of life, reduces their ability to sustain anti-cancer therapies, and increases the risk of mortality. Recent discoveries have identified the myostatin/activin A/ActRIIB pathway as critical to muscle wasting by inducing satellite cell quiescence and increasing muscle-specific ubiquitin ligases responsible for atrophy. Remarkably, pharmacological blockade of the ActRIIB pathway has been shown to reverse muscle wasting and prolong the survival time of tumor-bearing animals. To explore the implications of this signaling pathway and potential therapeutic targets in cachexia, we construct a novel mathematical model of muscle tissue subjected to tumor-derived cachectic factors. The model formulation tracks the intercellular interactions between cancer cell, satellite cell, and muscle cell populations. The model is parameterized by fitting to colon-26 mouse model data, and the analysis provides insight into tissue growth in healthy, cancerous, and post-cachexia treatment conditions. Model predictions suggest that cachexia fundamentally alters muscle tissue health, as measured by the stem cell ratio, and this is only partially recovered by anti-cachexia treatment. Our mathematical findings suggest that after blocking the myostatin/activin A pathway, partial recovery of cancer-induced muscle loss requires the activation and proliferation of the satellite cell compartment with a functional differentiation program.
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211
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Zhong Y, Mohan K, Liu J, Al-Attar A, Lin P, Flight RM, Sun Q, Warmoes MO, Deshpande RR, Liu H, Jung KS, Mitov MI, Lin N, Butterfield DA, Lu S, Liu J, Moseley HNB, Fan TWM, Kleinman ME, Wang QJ. Loss of CLN3, the gene mutated in juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, leads to metabolic impairment and autophagy induction in retinal pigment epithelium. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020; 1866:165883. [PMID: 32592935 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.165883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (JNCL, aka. juvenile Batten disease or CLN3 disease) is a lysosomal storage disease characterized by progressive blindness, seizures, cognitive and motor failures, and premature death. JNCL is caused by mutations in the Ceroid Lipofuscinosis, Neuronal 3 (CLN3) gene, whose function is unclear. Although traditionally considered a neurodegenerative disease, CLN3 disease displays eye-specific effects: Vision loss not only is often one of the earliest symptoms of JNCL, but also has been reported in non-syndromic CLN3 disease. Here we described the roles of CLN3 protein in maintaining healthy retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and normal vision. Using electroretinogram, fundoscopy and microscopy, we showed impaired visual function, retinal autofluorescent lesions, and RPE disintegration and metaplasia/hyperplasia in a Cln3 ~ 1 kb-deletion mouse model [1] on C57BL/6J background. Utilizing a combination of biochemical analyses, RNA-Seq, Seahorse XF bioenergetic analysis, and Stable Isotope Resolved Metabolomics (SIRM), we further demonstrated that loss of CLN3 increased autophagic flux, suppressed mTORC1 and Akt activities, enhanced AMPK activity, and up-regulated gene expression of the autophagy-lysosomal system in RPE-1 cells, suggesting autophagy induction. This CLN3 deficiency induced autophagy induction coincided with decreased mitochondrial oxygen consumption, glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and ATP production. We also reported for the first time that loss of CLN3 led to glycogen accumulation despite of impaired glycogen synthesis. Our comprehensive analyses shed light on how loss of CLN3 affect autophagy and metabolism. This work suggests possible links among metabolic impairment, autophagy induction and lysosomal storage, as well as between RPE atrophy/degeneration and vision loss in JNCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhong
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Kabhilan Mohan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Jinpeng Liu
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Ahmad Al-Attar
- Center for Environmental and Systems Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Penghui Lin
- Center for Environmental and Systems Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Robert M Flight
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States; Center for Environmental and Systems Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Qiushi Sun
- Center for Environmental and Systems Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Marc O Warmoes
- Center for Environmental and Systems Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Rahul R Deshpande
- Center for Environmental and Systems Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Huijuan Liu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Kyung Sik Jung
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Mihail I Mitov
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | | | - D Allan Butterfield
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States; Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Shuyan Lu
- Pfizer Inc., San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Jinze Liu
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States; Department of Computer Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States; Institute for Biomedical Informatics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Hunter N B Moseley
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States; Institute for Biomedical Informatics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Teresa W M Fan
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States; Center for Environmental and Systems Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States; Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Mark E Kleinman
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Qing Jun Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States; Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States.
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212
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Dalise S, Tropea P, Galli L, Sbrana A, Chisari C. Muscle function impairment in cancer patients in pre-cachexia stage. Eur J Transl Myol 2020; 30:8931. [PMID: 32782760 PMCID: PMC7385693 DOI: 10.4081/ejtm.2019.8931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cachexia has been reported to be directly responsible for at least 20% of cancer deaths. Management of muscle wasting in cancer-associated cachexia appears to be of pivotal importance for survival of patients. In this regard, it would be interesting to identify before its patent appearance eventual functional markers of muscle damage, to plan specific exercise protocols to counteract cachexia. The muscle function of 13 oncologic patients and 15 controls was analyzed through: i) analysis of the oxidative metabolism, indirectly evaluated trough dosage of blood lactate levels before and after a submaximal incremental exercise on a treadmill; ii) analysis of strength and, iii) endurance, in both lower and upper limbs muscles, employing an isokinetic dynamometer. Statistical analyses were carried out to compare the muscle activities between groups. Analysis of oxidative metabolism during the incremental exercise on a treadmill showed that patients performed a shorter exercise than controls. Lactate levels were significantly higher in patients both at baseline and after the task. Muscle strength analysis in patients group showed a reduction of Maximum Voluntary Contraction during the isometric contraction and, a tendency to fatigue during endurance task. Data emerging from this study highlight an impairment of muscle oxidative metabolism in subjects affected by a pre-cachexia stage of cancer. A trend of precocious fatigability and an impairment of muscle strength production were also observed. This evidence underlines the relevance of assessing muscle function in order to develop novel rehabilitative approaches able to counteract motor impairment and eventually to prevent cachexia in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Dalise
- Unit of Neurorehabilitation, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Peppino Tropea
- Department of Neurorehabilitation Sciences Casa Cura Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Galli
- Unit of Oncology 2, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea Sbrana
- Unit of Oncology 2, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Carmelo Chisari
- Unit of Neurorehabilitation, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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213
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Dalise S, Tropea P, Galli L, Sbrana A, Chisari C. Muscle function impairment in cancer patients in pre-cachexia stage. Eur J Transl Myol 2020. [DOI: 10.4081/ejtm.2020.8931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cachexia has been reported to be directly responsible for at least 20% of cancer deaths. Management of muscle wasting in cancer-associated cachexia appears to be of pivotal importance for survival of patients. In this regard, it would be interesting to identify before its patent appearance eventual functional markers of muscle damage, to plan specific exercise protocols to counteract cachexia. The muscle function of 13 oncologic patients and 15 controls was analyzed through: i) analysis of the oxidative metabolism, indirectly evaluated trough dosage of blood lactate levels before and after a submaximal incremental exercise on a treadmill; ii) analysis of strength and, iii) endurance, in both lower and upper limbs muscles, employing an isokinetic dynamometer. Statistical analyses were carried out to compare the muscle activities between groups. Analysis of oxidative metabolism during the incremental exercise on a treadmill showed that patients performed a shorter exercise than controls. Lactate levels were significantly higher in patients both at baseline and after the task. Muscle strength analysis in patients group showed a reduction of Maximum Voluntary Contraction during the isometric contraction and, a tendency to fatigue during endurance task. Data emerging from this study highlight an impairment of muscle oxidative metabolism in subjects affected by a pre-cachexia stage of cancer. A trend of precocious fatigability and an impairment of muscle strength production were also observed. This evidence underlines the relevance of assessing muscle function in order to develop novel rehabilitative approaches able to counteract motor impairment and eventually to prevent cachexia in these patients.
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214
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Kim D, Hwang HY, Kwon HJ. Targeting Autophagy In Disease: Recent Advances In Drug Discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2020; 15:1045-1064. [DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2020.1773429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dasol Kim
- Chemical Genomics Global Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hui-Yun Hwang
- Chemical Genomics Global Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Jeong Kwon
- Chemical Genomics Global Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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215
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Ehmsen JT, Höke A. Cellular and molecular features of neurogenic skeletal muscle atrophy. Exp Neurol 2020; 331:113379. [PMID: 32533969 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Neurogenic atrophy refers to the loss of muscle mass and function that results directly from injury or disease of the peripheral nervous system. Individuals with neurogenic atrophy may experience reduced functional status and quality of life and, in some circumstances, reduced survival. Distinct pathological findings on muscle histology can aid in diagnosis of a neurogenic cause for muscle dysfunction, and provide indicators for the chronicity of denervation. Denervation induces pleiotypic responses in skeletal muscle, and the molecular mechanisms underlying neurogenic muscle atrophy appear to share common features with other causes of muscle atrophy, including activation of FOXO transcription factors and corresponding induction of ubiquitin-proteasomal and lysosomal degradation. In this review, we provide an overview of histologic features of neurogenic atrophy and a summary of current understanding of underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey T Ehmsen
- Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Division, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Ahmet Höke
- Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Division, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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216
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cGMP via PKG activates 26S proteasomes and enhances degradation of proteins, including ones that cause neurodegenerative diseases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:14220-14230. [PMID: 32513741 PMCID: PMC7321992 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2003277117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Most studies of the regulation of proteolysis by the ubiquitin proteasome system have focused on the control of ubiquitination. However, it is now clear that the activity of the 26S proteasome and rates of protein degradation in cells are also tightly regulated through proteasome phosphorylation. Here we demonstrate that agents that raise cGMP and activate cGMP-dependent protein kinase (e.g., widely used phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors) stimulate proteasome activities and intracellular proteolysis without affecting autophagy. Furthermore, we showed that raising cGMP reduced the levels of the disease-causing mutant tau in a zebrafish model by increasing its degradation, and also decreased the associated morphological abnormalities. Thus, activating the proteasome via cGMP is a promising strategy to prevent the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. Because raising cAMP enhances 26S proteasome activity and the degradation of cell proteins, including the selective breakdown of misfolded proteins, we investigated whether agents that raise cGMP may also regulate protein degradation. Treating various cell lines with inhibitors of phosphodiesterase 5 or stimulators of soluble guanylyl cyclase rapidly enhanced multiple proteasome activities and cellular levels of ubiquitinated proteins by activating protein kinase G (PKG). PKG stimulated purified 26S proteasomes by phosphorylating a different 26S component than is modified by protein kinase A. In cells and cell extracts, raising cGMP also enhanced within minutes ubiquitin conjugation to cell proteins. Raising cGMP, like raising cAMP, stimulated the degradation of short-lived cell proteins, but unlike cAMP, also markedly increased proteasomal degradation of long-lived proteins (the bulk of cell proteins) without affecting lysosomal proteolysis. We also tested if raising cGMP, like cAMP, can promote the degradation of mutant proteins that cause neurodegenerative diseases. Treating zebrafish models of tauopathies or Huntington’s disease with a PDE5 inhibitor reduced the levels of the mutant huntingtin and tau proteins, cell death, and the resulting morphological abnormalities. Thus, PKG rapidly activates cytosolic proteasomes, protein ubiquitination, and overall protein degradation, and agents that raise cGMP may help combat the progression of neurodegenerative diseases.
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217
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Relationship of polymorphism rs3800231 in FOXO3 gene and clinical severity with oxidative stress markers in sickle cell disease. Meta Gene 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2020.100660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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218
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Physical Exercise and Myokines: Relationships with Sarcopenia and Cardiovascular Complications. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21103607. [PMID: 32443765 PMCID: PMC7279354 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is capable of secreting different factors in order to communicate with other tissues. These mediators, the myokines, show potentially far-reaching effects on non-muscle tissues and can provide a molecular interaction between muscle and body physiology. Sarcopenia is a chronic degenerative neuromuscular disease closely related to cardiomyopathy and chronic heart failure, which influences the production and release of myokines. Our objective was to explore the relationship between myokines, sarcopenia, and cardiovascular diseases (CVD). The autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine actions of myokines include regulation of energy expenditure, insulin sensitivity, lipolysis, free fatty acid oxidation, adipocyte browning, glycogenolysis, glycogenesis, and general metabolism. A sedentary lifestyle accelerates the aging process and is a risk factor for developing sarcopenia, metabolic syndrome, and CVD. Increased adipose tissue resulting from the decrease in muscle mass in patients with sarcopenia may also be involved in the pathology of CVD. Myokines are protagonists in the complex condition of sarcopenia, which is associated with adverse clinical outcomes in patients with CVD. The discovery of new pathways and the link between myokines and CVD remain a cornerstone toward multifaceted interventions and perhaps the minimization of the damage resulting from muscle loss induced by factors such as atherosclerosis.
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219
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Abstract
Significance: Regular contractile activity plays a critical role in maintaining skeletal muscle morphological integrity and physiological function. If the muscle is forced to stop contraction, such as during limb immobilization (IM), the IGF/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway that normally stimulates protein synthesis and inhibits proteolysis will be suppressed, whereas the FoxO-controlled catabolic pathways such as ubiquitin-proteolysis and autophagy/mitophagy will be activated and dominate, resulting in muscle fiber atrophy. Recent Advances: Mitochondria occupy a central position in the regulation of both protein synthesis and degradation through several redox-sensitive pathways, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α), mitochondrial fusion and fission proteins, mitophagy, and sirtuins. Prolonged IM downregulates PGC-1α due to AMPK (5'-AMP-activated protein kinase) and FoxO activation, thus decreasing mitochondrial biogenesis and causing oxidative damage. Decrease of mitochondrial inner membrane potential and increase of mitochondrial fission can trigger cascades of mitophagy leading to loss of mitochondrial homeostasis (mitostasis), inflammation, and apoptosis. The phenotypic outcomes of these disorders are compromised muscle function and fiber atrophy. Critical Issues: Given the molecular mechanism of the pathogenesis, it is imperative that the integrity of intracellular signaling be restored to prevent the deterioration. So far, overexpression of PGC-1α via transgene and in vivo DNA transfection has been found to be effective in ameliorating mitostasis and reduces IM-induced muscle atrophy. Nutritional supplementation of select amino acids and phytochemicals also provides mechanistic and practical insights into the prevention of muscle disuse atrophy. Future Directions: In light of the importance of mitochondria in regulating the various critical signaling pathways, future work should focus on exploring new epigenetic strategies to restore mitostasis and redox balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li Ji
- The Laboratory of Physiological Hygiene and Exercise Science, School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Dongwook Yeo
- The Laboratory of Physiological Hygiene and Exercise Science, School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Chounghun Kang
- Departmet Physical Education, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea
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220
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Görgülü K, Diakopoulos KN, Kaya-Aksoy E, Ciecielski KJ, Ai J, Lesina M, Algül H. The Role of Autophagy in Pancreatic Cancer: From Bench to the Dark Bedside. Cells 2020; 9:E1063. [PMID: 32344698 PMCID: PMC7226443 DOI: 10.3390/cells9041063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is one of the deadliest cancer types urgently requiring effective therapeutic strategies. Autophagy occurs in several compartments of pancreatic cancer tissue including cancer cells, cancer associated fibroblasts, and immune cells where it can be subjected to a multitude of stimulatory and inhibitory signals fine-tuning its activity. Therefore, the effects of autophagy on pancreatic carcinogenesis and progression differ in a stage and context dependent manner. In the initiation stage autophagy hinders development of preneoplastic lesions; in the progression stage however, autophagy promotes tumor growth. This double-edged action of autophagy makes it a hard therapeutic target. Indeed, autophagy inhibitors have not yet shown survival improvements in clinical trials, indicating a need for better evaluation of existing results and smarter targeting techniques. Clearly, the role of autophagy in pancreatic cancer is complex and many aspects have to be considered when moving from the bench to the bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kıvanç Görgülü
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Munich, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany; (K.N.D.); (E.K.-A.); (K.J.C.); (J.A.); (M.L.)
| | - Kalliope N. Diakopoulos
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Munich, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany; (K.N.D.); (E.K.-A.); (K.J.C.); (J.A.); (M.L.)
| | - Ezgi Kaya-Aksoy
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Munich, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany; (K.N.D.); (E.K.-A.); (K.J.C.); (J.A.); (M.L.)
| | - Katrin J. Ciecielski
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Munich, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany; (K.N.D.); (E.K.-A.); (K.J.C.); (J.A.); (M.L.)
| | - Jiaoyu Ai
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Munich, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany; (K.N.D.); (E.K.-A.); (K.J.C.); (J.A.); (M.L.)
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Marina Lesina
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Munich, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany; (K.N.D.); (E.K.-A.); (K.J.C.); (J.A.); (M.L.)
| | - Hana Algül
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Munich, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany; (K.N.D.); (E.K.-A.); (K.J.C.); (J.A.); (M.L.)
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221
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Lee SJ, Im M, Park SK, Kim JY, So EY, Liang OD, Kang JS, Bae GU. BST204, a Rg3 and Rh2 Enriched Ginseng Extract, Upregulates Myotube Formation and Mitochondrial Function in TNF-α-Induced Atrophic Myotubes. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2020; 48:631-650. [PMID: 32329640 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x20500329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The loss of skeletal muscle mass and function is a serious consequence of chronic diseases and aging. BST204 is a purified ginseng (the root of Panax ginseng) extract that has been processed using ginsenoside-β-glucosidase and acid hydrolysis to enrich ginsenosides Rg3 and Rh2 from the crude ginseng. BST204 has a broad range of health benefits, but its effects and mechanism on muscle atrophy are currently unknown. In this study, we have examined the effects and underlying mechanisms of BST204 on myotube formation and myotube atrophy induced by tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). BST204 promotes myogenic differentiation and multinucleated myotube formation through Akt activation. BST204 prevents myotube atrophy induced by TNF-α through the activation of Akt/mTOR signaling and down-regulation of muscle-specific ubiquitin ligases, MuRF1, and Atrogin-1. Furthermore, BST204 treatment in atrophic myotubes suppresses mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and regulates mitochondrial transcription factors such as NRF1 and Tfam, through enhancing the activity and expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator1α (PGC1α). Collectively, our findings indicate that BST204 improves myotube formation and PGC1α-mediated mitochondrial function, suggesting that BST204 is a potential therapeutic or neutraceutical remedy to intervene muscle weakness and atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Jin Lee
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Minju Im
- Green Cross Wellbeing Co., Ltd., Seongnam 13595, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Kyu Park
- Green Cross Wellbeing Co., Ltd., Seongnam 13595, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeom-Yong Kim
- Green Cross Wellbeing Co., Ltd., Seongnam 13595, Republic of Korea
| | - Eui-Young So
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Olin D Liang
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Jong-Sun Kang
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Single Cell Network Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyu-Un Bae
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea
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222
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Liu L, Liao X, Wu H, Li Y, Zhu Y, Chen Q. Mitophagy and Its Contribution to Metabolic and Aging-Associated Disorders. Antioxid Redox Signal 2020; 32:906-927. [PMID: 31969001 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2019.8013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Significance: Mitochondria are the cellular powerhouses for ATP synthesis through oxidative phosphorylation, and the centers for fatty acid β-oxidation, metabolite synthesis, reactive oxygen species production, innate immunity, and apoptosis. To fulfill these critical functions, mitochondrial quality and homeostasis must be well maintained. Abnormal mitochondrial quality contributes to aging and age-related disorders, such as metabolic syndrome, cancers, and neurodegenerative diseases. Recent Advances: Mitophagy is a cellular process that selectively removes damaged or superfluous mitochondria by autolysosomal degradation and is regarded as one of the major mechanisms responsible for mitochondrial quality control. Critical Issues: To date, distinct mitophagy pathways have been discovered, including receptor-mediated mitophagy and ubiquitin-dependent mitophagy. Emerging knowledge of these pathways shows that they play important roles in sensing mitochondrial stress and signaling for metabolic adaptations. Future Directions: Here, we provide a review on the molecular mechanisms for mitophagy and its interplay with cellular metabolism, with a particular focus on its role in metabolic and age-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xudong Liao
- The State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hao Wu
- The State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanjun Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yushan Zhu
- The State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Quan Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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223
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Goldbraikh D, Neufeld D, Eid‐Mutlak Y, Lasry I, Gilda JE, Parnis A, Cohen S. USP1 deubiquitinates Akt to inhibit PI3K-Akt-FoxO signaling in muscle during prolonged starvation. EMBO Rep 2020; 21:e48791. [PMID: 32133736 PMCID: PMC7132338 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201948791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
PI3K-Akt-FoxO-mTOR signaling is the central pathway controlling growth and metabolism in all cells. Ubiquitination of the protein kinase Akt prior to its phosphorylation is required for PI3K-Akt activity. Here, we found that the deubiquitinating (DUB) enzyme USP1 removes K63-linked polyubiquitin chains on Akt to restrict PI3K-Akt-FoxO signaling in mouse muscle during prolonged starvation. DUB screening platform identified USP1 as a direct DUB for Akt, and USP1 depletion in mouse muscle increased Akt ubiquitination, PI3K-Akt-FoxO signaling, and glucose uptake during fasting. Co-immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry identified disabled homolog-2 (Dab2), the tuberous sclerosis complex TSC1/TSC2, and PHLPP1 as USP1 bound proteins. During starvation, Dab2 is essential for Akt recruitment to USP1-TSC1-PHLPP1 complex, and for PI3K-Akt-FoxO inhibition. Surprisingly, USP1 limits TSC1 levels to sustain mTOR-mediated basal protein synthesis rates and maintain its own protein levels. We propose that Dab2 recruits Akt to USP1-TSC1-PHLPP1 complex to efficiently terminate the transmission of growth signals when cellular energy level is low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Goldbraikh
- Faculty of BiologyTechnion Institute of TechnologyHaifaIsrael
| | | | - Yara Eid‐Mutlak
- Faculty of BiologyTechnion Institute of TechnologyHaifaIsrael
| | - Inbal Lasry
- Faculty of BiologyTechnion Institute of TechnologyHaifaIsrael
| | | | - Anna Parnis
- Faculty of BiologyTechnion Institute of TechnologyHaifaIsrael
| | - Shenhav Cohen
- Faculty of BiologyTechnion Institute of TechnologyHaifaIsrael
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224
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Eid Mutlak Y, Aweida D, Volodin A, Ayalon B, Dahan N, Parnis A, Cohen S. A signaling hub of insulin receptor, dystrophin glycoprotein complex and plakoglobin regulates muscle size. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1381. [PMID: 32170063 PMCID: PMC7070008 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14895-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Signaling through the insulin receptor governs central physiological functions related to cell growth and metabolism. Here we show by tandem native protein complex purification approach and super-resolution STED microscopy that insulin receptor activity requires association with the fundamental structural module in muscle, the dystrophin glycoprotein complex (DGC), and the desmosomal component plakoglobin (γ-catenin). The integrity of this high-molecular-mass assembly renders skeletal muscle susceptibility to insulin, because DGC-insulin receptor dissociation by plakoglobin downregulation reduces insulin signaling and causes atrophy. Furthermore, low insulin receptor activity in muscles from transgenic or fasted mice decreases plakoglobin-DGC-insulin receptor content on the plasma membrane, but not when plakoglobin is overexpressed. By masking β-dystroglycan LIR domains, plakoglobin prevents autophagic clearance of plakoglobin-DGC-insulin receptor co-assemblies and maintains their function. Our findings establish DGC as a signaling hub, and provide a possible mechanism for the insulin resistance in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy, and for the cardiomyopathies seen with plakoglobin mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yara Eid Mutlak
- Faculty of Biology, Technion Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Dina Aweida
- Faculty of Biology, Technion Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | | | - Bar Ayalon
- Faculty of Biology, Technion Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Nitsan Dahan
- Faculty of Biology, Technion Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Anna Parnis
- Faculty of Biology, Technion Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Shenhav Cohen
- Faculty of Biology, Technion Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
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225
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Biswas AK, Acharyya S. Cancer-Associated Cachexia: A Systemic Consequence of Cancer Progression. ANNUAL REVIEW OF CANCER BIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cancerbio-030419-033642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a life-threatening disease that has plagued humans for centuries. The vast majority of cancer-related mortality results from metastasis. Indeed, the invasive growth of metastatic cancer cells in vital organs causes fatal organ dysfunction, but metastasis-related deaths also result from cachexia, a debilitating wasting syndrome characterized by an involuntary loss of skeletal muscle mass and function. In fact, about 80% of metastatic cancer patients suffer from cachexia, which often renders them too weak to tolerate standard doses of anticancer therapies and makes them susceptible to death from cardiac and respiratory failure. The goals of this review are to highlight important findings that help explain how cancer-induced systemic changes drive the development of cachexia and to discuss unmet challenges and potential therapeutic strategies targeting cachexia to improve the quality of life and survival of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anup K. Biswas
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Swarnali Acharyya
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
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226
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Yang C, Shen W, Yang L, Sun Y, Li X, Lai M, Wei J, Wang C, Xu Y, Li F, Liang S, Yang C, Zhong S, Luo M, Gao C. HY5-HDA9 Module Transcriptionally Regulates Plant Autophagy in Response to Light-to-Dark Conversion and Nitrogen Starvation. MOLECULAR PLANT 2020; 13:515-531. [PMID: 32087368 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2020.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Light is arguably one of the most important environmental factors that determines virtually all aspects of plant growth and development, but the molecular link between light signaling and the autophagy pathway has not been elucidated in plants. In this study, we demonstrate that autophagy is activated during light-to-dark conversion though transcriptional upregulation of autophagy-related genes (ATGs). We showed that depletion of the ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 5 (HY5), a key component of light signaling, leads to enhanced autophagy activity and resistance to extended darkness and nitrogen starvation treatments, contributing to higher expression of ATGs. HY5 interacts with and recruits HISTONE DEACETYLASE 9 (HDA9) to ATG5 and ATG8e loci to repress their expression by deacetylation of the Lys9 and Lys27 of histone 3. Furthermore, we found that both darkness and nitrogen depletion induce the degradation of HY5 via 26S proteasome and the concomitant disassociation of HDA9 from ATG5 and ATG8e loci, leading to their depression and thereby activated autophagy. Genetic analysis further confirmed that HY5 and HDA9 act synergistically and function upstream of the autophagy pathway. Collectively, our study unveils a previously unknown transcriptional and epigenetic network that regulates autophagy in response to light-to-dark conversion and nitrogen starvation in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Wenjin Shen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Lianming Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Yun Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Xibao Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Minyi Lai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Juan Wei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Chaojun Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Leshan Normal University, Leshan 614004, China
| | - Yingchao Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Faqiang Li
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Shan Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Chengwei Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Shangwei Zhong
- School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences and School of Life Sciences, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Ming Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China.
| | - Caiji Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China.
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227
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Wong SQ, Kumar AV, Mills J, Lapierre LR. Autophagy in aging and longevity. Hum Genet 2020; 139:277-290. [PMID: 31144030 PMCID: PMC6884674 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-019-02031-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Our understanding of the process of autophagy and its role in health and diseases has grown remarkably in the last two decades. Early work established autophagy as a general bulk recycling process which involves the sequestration and transport of intracellular material to the lysosome for degradation. Currently, autophagy is viewed as a nexus of metabolic and proteostatic signalling that can determine key physiological decisions from cell fate to organismal lifespan. Here, we review the latest literature on the role of autophagy and lysosomes in stress response and longevity. We highlight the connections between autophagy and metabolic processes, the network associated with its regulation, and the links between autophagic dysfunction, neurodegenerative diseases, and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Q Wong
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cellular Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Anita V Kumar
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cellular Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Joslyn Mills
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cellular Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Louis R Lapierre
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cellular Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
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228
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Alexander-Floyd J, Haroon S, Ying M, Entezari AA, Jaeger C, Vermulst M, Gidalevitz T. Unexpected cell type-dependent effects of autophagy on polyglutamine aggregation revealed by natural genetic variation in C. elegans. BMC Biol 2020; 18:18. [PMID: 32093691 PMCID: PMC7038566 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-020-0750-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monogenic protein aggregation diseases, in addition to cell selectivity, exhibit clinical variation in the age of onset and progression, driven in part by inter-individual genetic variation. While natural genetic variants may pinpoint plastic networks amenable to intervention, the mechanisms by which they impact individual susceptibility to proteotoxicity are still largely unknown. RESULTS We have previously shown that natural variation modifies polyglutamine (polyQ) aggregation phenotypes in C. elegans muscle cells. Here, we find that a genomic locus from C. elegans wild isolate DR1350 causes two genetically separable aggregation phenotypes, without changing the basal activity of muscle proteostasis pathways known to affect polyQ aggregation. We find that the increased aggregation phenotype was due to regulatory variants in the gene encoding a conserved autophagy protein ATG-5. The atg-5 gene itself conferred dosage-dependent enhancement of aggregation, with the DR1350-derived allele behaving as hypermorph. Surprisingly, increased aggregation in animals carrying the modifier locus was accompanied by enhanced autophagy activation in response to activating treatment. Because autophagy is expected to clear, not increase, protein aggregates, we activated autophagy in three different polyQ models and found a striking tissue-dependent effect: activation of autophagy decreased polyQ aggregation in neurons and intestine, but increased it in the muscle cells. CONCLUSIONS Our data show that cryptic natural variants in genes encoding proteostasis components, although not causing detectable phenotypes in wild-type individuals, can have profound effects on aggregation-prone proteins. Clinical applications of autophagy activators for aggregation diseases may need to consider the unexpected divergent effects of autophagy in different cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Alexander-Floyd
- Biology Department, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Present Address: Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - S Haroon
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - M Ying
- Biology Department, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - A A Entezari
- Biology Department, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Current Address: Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - C Jaeger
- Biology Department, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Current Address: Department of Neuroradiology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - M Vermulst
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Current Address: Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - T Gidalevitz
- Biology Department, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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229
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Recovery of muscle mass and muscle oxidative phenotype following disuse does not require GSK-3 inactivation. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020; 1866:165740. [PMID: 32087280 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.165740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical inactivity contributes to muscle wasting and reductions in mitochondrial oxidative phenotype (OXPHEN), reducing physical performance and quality of life during aging and in chronic disease. Previously, it was shown that inactivation of glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3β stimulates muscle protein accretion, myogenesis, and mitochondrial biogenesis. Additionally, GSK-3β is inactivated during recovery of disuse-induced muscle atrophy. AIM Therefore, we hypothesize that GSK-3 inhibition is required for reloading-induced recovery of skeletal muscle mass and OXPHEN. METHODS Wild-type (WT) and whole-body constitutively active (C.A.) Ser21/9 GSK-3α/β knock-in mice were subjected to a 14-day hind-limb suspension/14-day reloading protocol. Soleus muscle mass, fiber cross-sectional area (CSA), OXPHEN (abundance of sub-units of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) complexes and fiber-type composition), as well as expression levels of their main regulators (respectively protein synthesis/degradation, myogenesis and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ co-activator-1α (PGC-1α) signaling) were monitored. RESULTS Subtle but consistent differences suggesting suppression of protein turnover signaling and decreased expression of several OXPHOS sub-units and PGC-1α signaling constituents were observed at baseline in C.A. GSK-3 versus WT mice. Although soleus mass recovery during reloading occurred more rapidly in C.A. GSK-3 mice, this was not accompanied by a parallel increased CSA. The OXPHEN response to reloading was not distinct between C.A. GSK-3 and WT mice. No consistent or significant differences in reloading-induced changes in the regulatory steps of protein turnover, myogenesis or muscle OXPHEN were observed in C.A. GSK-3 compared to WT muscle. CONCLUSION This study indicates that GSK-3 inactivation is dispensable for reloading-induced recovery of muscle mass and OXPHEN.
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Triptolide induces atrophy of myotubes by triggering IRS-1 degradation and activating the FoxO3 pathway. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 65:104793. [PMID: 32061799 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.104793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Triptolide is an active ingredient isolated from an ancient Chinese herb (Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f) for inflammatory and immune disorders. It has been shown to inhibit the proliferation of skeletal muscle; however, mechanisms of this effect remain unclear. We used mouse C2C12 myotubes as an in vitro model to investigate the effects of triptolide on skeletal muscle. Triptolide markedly inhibited the expression of myosin heavy chain and upregulated the expression of muscle atrophy-related proteins, leading to atrophy of the myotubes. Triptolide dose-dependently decreased the phosphorylation of Forkhead box O3 (FoxO3) and activated FoxO3 transcription activity, which regulates the expression of muscle atrophy-related proteins. Furthermore, triptolide inhibited the phosphorylation of Akt on the site of S473 and T308, and decreased the phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) on the site of S302. In addition, triptolide reduced the protein level, but not mRNA level of IRS-1, whereas other upstream regulators of the Akt signaling pathway were not affected. Finally, a time-course experiment showed that the triptolide-induced degradation of IRS-1 in myotubes occurred 12 h prior to both inhibition of Akt activity and the activation of FoxO3. These data indicate that triptolide triggers IRS-1 degradation to promote FoxO3 activation, which subsequently led to atrophy of myotubes, providing us a potential target to prevent triptolide-induced skeletal muscle atrophy.
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Joshi V, Upadhyay A, Prajapati VK, Mishra A. How autophagy can restore proteostasis defects in multiple diseases? Med Res Rev 2020; 40:1385-1439. [PMID: 32043639 DOI: 10.1002/med.21662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cellular evolution develops several conserved mechanisms by which cells can tolerate various difficult conditions and overall maintain homeostasis. Autophagy is a well-developed and evolutionarily conserved mechanism of catabolism, which endorses the degradation of foreign and endogenous materials via autolysosome. To decrease the burden of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS), autophagy also promotes the selective degradation of proteins in a tightly regulated way to improve the physiological balance of cellular proteostasis that may get perturbed due to the accumulation of misfolded proteins. However, the diverse as well as selective clearance of unwanted materials and regulations of several cellular mechanisms via autophagy is still a critical mystery. Also, the failure of autophagy causes an increase in the accumulation of harmful protein aggregates that may lead to neurodegeneration. Therefore, it is necessary to address this multifactorial threat for in-depth research and develop more effective therapeutic strategies against lethal autophagy alterations. In this paper, we discuss the most relevant and recent reports on autophagy modulations and their impact on neurodegeneration and other complex disorders. We have summarized various pharmacological findings linked with the induction and suppression of autophagy mechanism and their promising preclinical and clinical applications to provide therapeutic solutions against neurodegeneration. The conclusion, key questions, and future prospectives sections summarize fundamental challenges and their possible feasible solutions linked with autophagy mechanism to potentially design an impactful therapeutic niche to treat neurodegenerative diseases and imperfect aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibhuti Joshi
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar, India
| | - Arun Upadhyay
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar, India
| | - Vijay K Prajapati
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, India
| | - Amit Mishra
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar, India
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232
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Przygodda F, Lautherbach N, Buzelle SL, Goncalves DA, Assis AP, Paula-Gomes S, Garófalo MAR, Heck LC, Matsuo FS, Mota RF, Osako MK, Kettelhut IC, Navegantes LC. Sympathetic innervation suppresses the autophagic-lysosomal system in brown adipose tissue under basal and cold-stimulated conditions. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2020; 128:855-871. [PMID: 32027543 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00065.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activates cAMP signaling and promotes trophic effects on brown adipose tissue (BAT) through poorly understood mechanisms. Because norepinephrine has been found to induce antiproteolytic effects on muscle and heart, we hypothesized that the SNS could inhibit autophagy in interscapular BAT (IBAT). Here, we describe that selective sympathetic denervation of rat IBAT kept at 25°C induced atrophy, and in parallel dephosphorylated forkhead box class O (FoxO), and increased cathepsin activity, autophagic flux, autophagosome formation, and expression of autophagy-related genes. Conversely, cold stimulus (4°C) for up to 72 h induced thermogenesis and IBAT hypertrophy, an anabolic effect that was associated with inhibition of cathepsin activity, autophagic flux, and autophagosome formation. These effects were abrogated by sympathetic denervation, which also upregulated Gabarapl1 mRNA. In addition, the cold-driven sympathetic activation stimulated the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, leading to the enhancement of protein synthesis, evaluated in vivo by puromycin incorporation, and to the inhibitory phosphorylation of Unc51-like kinase-1, a key protein in the initiation of autophagy. This coincided with a higher content of exchange protein-1 directly activated by cAMP (Epac1), a cAMP effector, and phosphorylation of Akt at Thr308, all these effects being abolished by denervation. Systemic treatment with norepinephrine for 72 h mimicked most of the cold effects on IBAT. These data suggest that the noradrenergic sympathetic inputs to IBAT restrain basal autophagy via suppression of FoxO and, in the setting of cold, stimulate protein synthesis via the Epac/Akt/mTOR-dependent pathway and suppress the autophagosome formation, probably through posttranscriptional mechanisms.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The underlying mechanisms related to the anabolic role of sympathetic innervation on brown adipose tissue (BAT) are unclear. We show that sympathetic denervation activates autophagic-lysosomal degradation, leading to a loss of mitochondrial proteins and BAT atrophy. Conversely, cold-driven sympathetic activation suppresses autophagy and stimulates protein synthesis, leading to BAT hypertrophy. Given its high-potential capacity for heat production, understanding the mechanisms that contribute to BAT mass is important to optimize chances of survival for endotherms in cold ambients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franciele Przygodda
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Natalia Lautherbach
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Samyra Lopes Buzelle
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dawit Albieiro Goncalves
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Assis
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sílvia Paula-Gomes
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Lilian Carmo Heck
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flávia Sayuri Matsuo
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ryerson Fonseca Mota
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana Kiomy Osako
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Isis C Kettelhut
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz C Navegantes
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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Wu P, Wang A, Cheng J, Chen L, Pan Y, Li H, Zhang Q, Zhang J, Chu W, Zhang J. Effects of Starvation on Antioxidant-Related Signaling Molecules, Oxidative Stress, and Autophagy in Juvenile Chinese Perch Skeletal Muscle. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2020; 22:81-93. [PMID: 31965438 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-019-09933-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The autophagic lysosomal protein degradation pathway is an evolutionarily conserved pathway, which utilizes lysosomes to degrade and to circulate cell components. Autophagy has been observed in many different types of cells, but its role in skeletal muscle protein degradation has not been thoroughly studied, especially in aquatic species. This study assessed the expression of antioxidant-related signaling genes and the effects of starvation on antioxidant capacity, reactive oxygen species (ROS) content, autophagy-related gene, and autophagosome formation in the skeletal muscle of juvenile Chinese perch after short-term starvation. The results indicated that after starvation for 2 days, the expression of antioxidant-related signaling genes, such as Nrf2 and S6K, was upregulated, while Keap1 was downregulated in the muscle of juvenile Chinese perch. The amounts of antioxidant enzymes ROS, MDA, AHRFR, and ASA and the activities of SOD, CAT, GPx, and GST were increased, and the mRNA levels of GPx, GSTA, GST4A, GSTT1, MnSOD, ZnSOD, and CAT were upregulated. Meanwhile, there was no significant change in the level of LC3-II protein. When starvation was prolonged to 5 days, Nrf2 and S6K1 continued to increase and mTOR and Keap1 significantly decreased; ROS and ASA content continued to be significantly increased, but the MDA and AHRFR content and the SOD, CAT GR, and GPx activities all decreased. The expression of MnSOD, ZnSOD, and GR decreased significantly, and GST4A, GSTT1, and CAT tended to decrease to levels consistent with normal feeding. The expression of all autophagy-related genes except Ulk1 significantly increased, the formation of autophagosomes and autolysosomes was enhanced in muscle, and LC3 protein levels in muscle increased significantly. Our data suggested that the autophagy that occurs in the skeletal muscle tissue of Chinese perch due to dietary deprivation is involved in a series of molecular and physiological responses, including changes in antioxidant signaling molecules, in antioxidant capacity and in autophagy and autophagy-related gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wu
- Department of Bioengineering and Environmental Science, Changsha University, Changsha, 410003, Hunan, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Quality Control of Aquatic Animals, Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha, 410022, China
| | - Aimin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture and Ecology of Coastal pool in Jiangsu Province, Department of Ocean Technology, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jia Cheng
- Department of Bioengineering and Environmental Science, Changsha University, Changsha, 410003, Hunan, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Quality Control of Aquatic Animals, Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha, 410022, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Bioengineering and Environmental Science, Changsha University, Changsha, 410003, Hunan, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Quality Control of Aquatic Animals, Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha, 410022, China
| | - Yaxiong Pan
- Department of Bioengineering and Environmental Science, Changsha University, Changsha, 410003, Hunan, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Quality Control of Aquatic Animals, Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha, 410022, China
| | - Honghui Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Quality Control of Aquatic Animals, Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha, 410022, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering and Environmental Science, Changsha University, Changsha, 410003, Hunan, China
| | - Jiaqi Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering and Environmental Science, Changsha University, Changsha, 410003, Hunan, China
| | - Wuying Chu
- Department of Bioengineering and Environmental Science, Changsha University, Changsha, 410003, Hunan, China.
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Quality Control of Aquatic Animals, Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha, 410022, China.
| | - Jianshe Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering and Environmental Science, Changsha University, Changsha, 410003, Hunan, China.
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Quality Control of Aquatic Animals, Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha, 410022, China.
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Shi YX, He YJ, Zhou Y, Li HK, Yang D, Li RY, Deng ZL, Gao YF. LSD1 negatively regulates autophagy in myoblast cells by driving PTEN degradation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 522:924-930. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.11.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Steinberg GR, Carling D. AMP-activated protein kinase: the current landscape for drug development. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2020; 18:527-551. [PMID: 30867601 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-019-0019-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 383] [Impact Index Per Article: 95.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) as a central regulator of energy homeostasis, many exciting insights into its structure, regulation and physiological roles have been revealed. While exercise, caloric restriction, metformin and many natural products increase AMPK activity and exert a multitude of health benefits, developing direct activators of AMPK to elicit beneficial effects has been challenging. However, in recent years, direct AMPK activators have been identified and tested in preclinical models, and a small number have entered clinical trials. Despite these advances, which disease(s) represent the best indications for therapeutic AMPK activation and the long-term safety of such approaches remain to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory R Steinberg
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, Department of Medicine and Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
| | - David Carling
- Cellular Stress Group, Medical Research Council London Institute of Medical Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College, London, UK
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Zhao Y, Li JY, Jiang Q, Zhou XQ, Feng L, Liu Y, Jiang WD, Wu P, Zhou J, Zhao J, Jiang J. Leucine Improved Growth Performance, Muscle Growth, and Muscle Protein Deposition Through AKT/TOR and AKT/FOXO3a Signaling Pathways in Hybrid Catfish Pelteobagrus v achelli × Leiocassis longirostris. Cells 2020; 9:cells9020327. [PMID: 32019276 PMCID: PMC7072317 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: l-leucine (Leu) plays a positive role in regulating protein turnover in skeletal muscle in mammal. However, the molecular mechanism for the effects of Leu on muscle growth and protein deposition is not clearly demonstrated in fish. This study investigated the effects of dietary Leu on growth performance and muscle growth, protein synthesis, and degradation-related signaling pathways of hybrid catfish (Pelteobagrus vachelli♀ × Leiocassis longirostris♂). (2) Methods: A total of 630 hybrid catfish (23.19 ± 0.20 g) were fed 6 different experimental diets containing graded levels of Leu at 10.0 (control), 15.0, 20.0, 25.0, 30.0, 35.0, and 40.0 g Leu kg-1 for 8 weeks. (3) Results: Results showed that dietary Leu increased percent weight gain (PWG), specific growth rate (SGR), FI (feed intake), feed efficiency (FE), protein efficiency ratio (PER), muscle fibers diameter, and muscle fibers density; up-regulated insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), insulin-like growth factor I receptor (IGF-IR), proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), myogenic regulation factors (MyoD, Myf5, MyoG, and Mrf4), and MyHC mRNA levels; increased muscle protein synthesis via regulating the AKT/TOR signaling pathway; and attenuated protein degradation via regulating the AKT/FOXO3a signaling pathway. (4) Conclusions: These results suggest that Leu has potential role to improve muscle growth and protein deposition in fish, which might be due to the regulation of IGF mRNA expression, muscle growth related gene, and protein synthesis and degradation-related signaling pathways. Based on the broken-line model, the Leu requirement of hybrid catfish (23.19-54.55 g) for PWG was estimated to be 28.10 g kg-1 of the diet (73.04 g kg-1 of dietary protein). These results will improve our understanding of the mechanisms responsible for muscle growth and protein deposition effects of Leu in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jin-Yang Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Qin Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xiao-Qiu Zhou
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Lin Feng
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Wei-Dan Jiang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Pei Wu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Fisheries Institute of Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Science, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Juan Zhao
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jun Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-28-8629-1133
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Abstract
Autophagy in the skeletal muscle increases under catabolic conditions resulting in muscle atrophy. This study investigated the effect of inhibition of mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) on autophagy in chick skeletal muscle. We examined the effects of Torin1, an mTOR inhibitor, on autophagy. Chick myotubes were incubated with Torin1 (100 nM) for 3 h. It was observed that Torin1 inhibited the phosphorylation of AKT (Ser473), p70 ribosomal S6 kinase 1 (S6K1, Thr389), S6 ribosomal protein (Ser235/236), and eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1 (4E-BP1, Thr37/46), which are used for measurement of mTOR activity. Torin1 significantly (P< 0.01) increased the LC3-II/LC3-I ratio, an index for autophagosome formation, while it did not influence the expression of autophagy-related genes (LC3B, GABARAPL1, and ATG12). In addition, Torin1 increased atrogin-1/MAFbx (a muscle-specific ubiquitin ligase) mRNA expression. Fasting for 24 h inhibited the phosphorylation of AKT (Ser473), S6K1 (Ther389), S6 ribosomal protein (Ser235/236), and 4E-BP1 (Thr37/46) in chick skeletal muscle and significantly (P<0.01) increased the LC3-II/LC3-I ratio. Fasting also increased GABARAPL1 and atrogin-1/MAFbx mRNA expression but not LC3B or ATG12 mRNA expression. These results indicate that mTOR signaling regulates autophagy and the ubiquitin-proteasome proteolytic pathway in chick skeletal muscle.
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Ono Y, Maejima Y, Saito M, Sakamoto K, Horita S, Shimomura K, Inoue S, Kotani J. TAK-242, a specific inhibitor of Toll-like receptor 4 signalling, prevents endotoxemia-induced skeletal muscle wasting in mice. Sci Rep 2020; 10:694. [PMID: 31959927 PMCID: PMC6970997 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-57714-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Circulating lipopolysaccharide (LPS) concentrations are often elevated in patients with sepsis or various endogenous diseases related to bacterial translocation from the gut. Systemic inflammatory responses induced by endotoxemia induce severe involuntary loss of skeletal muscle, termed muscle wasting, which adversely affects the survival and functional outcomes of these patients. Currently, no drugs are available for the treatment of endotoxemia-induced skeletal muscle wasting. Here, we tested the effects of TAK-242, a Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-specific signalling inhibitor, on myotube atrophy in vitro and muscle wasting in vivo induced by endotoxin. LPS treatment of murine C2C12 myotubes induced an inflammatory response (increased nuclear factor-κB activity and interleukin-6 and tumour necrosis factor-α expression) and activated the ubiquitin-proteasome and autophagy proteolytic pathways (increased atrogin-1/MAFbx, MuRF1, and LC-II expression), resulting in myotube atrophy. In mice, LPS injection increased the same inflammatory and proteolytic pathways in skeletal muscle and induced atrophy, resulting in reduced grip strength. Notably, pretreatment of cells or mice with TAK-242 reduced or reversed all the detrimental effects of LPS in vitro and in vivo. Collectively, our results indicate that pharmacological inhibition of TLR4 signalling may be a novel therapeutic intervention for endotoxemia-induced muscle wasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Ono
- Department of Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan. .,Department of Bioregulation and Pharmacological Medicine, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan.
| | - Yuko Maejima
- Department of Bioregulation and Pharmacological Medicine, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
| | - Masafumi Saito
- Department of Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Kazuho Sakamoto
- Department of Bio-Informational Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Shoichiro Horita
- Department of Bioregulation and Pharmacological Medicine, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
| | - Kenju Shimomura
- Department of Bioregulation and Pharmacological Medicine, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
| | - Shigeaki Inoue
- Department of Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Joji Kotani
- Department of Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
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239
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Autophagy as a Cellular Stress Response Mechanism in the Nervous System. J Mol Biol 2020; 432:2560-2588. [PMID: 31962122 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2020.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cells of an organism face with various types of insults during their lifetime. Exposure to toxins, metabolic problems, ischaemia/reperfusion, physical trauma, genetic diseases, neurodegenerative diseases are among the conditions that trigger cellular stress responses. In this context, autophagy is one of the mechanisms that supports cell survival under stressful conditions. Autophagic vesicle engulfs the cargo and transports it to lysosome for degradation and turnover. As such, autophagy eliminates abnormal proteins, clears damaged organelles, limits oxidative stress and helps to improve metabolic balance. Nervous system cells and particularly postmitotic neurons are highly sensitive to a spectrum of insults, and autophagy emerges as one of the key stress response mechanism, ensuring health and survival of these vulnerable cell types. In this review, we will overview mechanisms through which cells cope with stress, and how these stress responses regulate autophagy, with a special focus on the nervous system.
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240
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Fernandes SA, Almeida CF, Souza LS, Lazar M, Onofre-Oliveira P, Yamamoto GL, Nogueira L, Tasaki LY, Cardoso RR, Pavanello RCM, Silva HCA, Ferrari MFR, Bigot A, Mouly V, Vainzof M. Altered in vitro muscle differentiation in X-linked myopathy with excessive autophagy. Dis Model Mech 2020; 13:dmm.041244. [PMID: 31826868 PMCID: PMC6994946 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.041244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
X-linked myopathy with excessive autophagy (XMEA) is a genetic disease associated with weakness of the proximal muscles. It is caused by mutations in the VMA21 gene, coding for a chaperone that functions in the vacuolar ATPase (v-ATPase) assembly. Mutations associated with lower content of assembled v-ATPases lead to an increase in lysosomal pH, culminating in partial blockage of macroautophagy, with accumulation of vacuoles of undigested content. Here, we studied a 5-year-old boy affected by XMEA, caused by a small indel in the VMA21 gene. Detection of sarcoplasmic Lc3 (also known as MAP1LC3B)-positive vacuoles in his muscle biopsy confirmed an autophagy defect. To understand how autophagy is regulated in XMEA myogenesis, we used patient-derived muscle cells to evaluate autophagy during in vitro muscle differentiation. An increase in lysosomal pH was observed in the patient's cells, compatible with predicted functional defect of his mutation. Additionally, there was an increase in autophagic flux in XMEA myotubes. Interestingly, we observed that differentiation of XMEA myoblasts was altered, with increased myotube formation observed through a higher fusion index, which was not dependent on lysosomal acidification. Moreover, no variation in the expression of myogenic factors nor the presence of regenerating fibers in the patient's muscle were observed. Myoblast fusion is a tightly regulated process; therefore, the uncontrolled fusion of XMEA myoblasts might generate cells that are not as functional as normal muscle cells. Our data provide new evidence on the reason for predominant muscle involvement in the context of the XMEA phenotype. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper. Summary: Here, we show that in X-linked myopathy with excessive autophagy there is increased fusion of myoblasts, which is not caused by the primary lysosomal acidification defect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A Fernandes
- Human Genome and Stem-Cell Research Center, Biosciences Institute, University of São Paulo, 05508-900 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camila F Almeida
- Human Genome and Stem-Cell Research Center, Biosciences Institute, University of São Paulo, 05508-900 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucas S Souza
- Human Genome and Stem-Cell Research Center, Biosciences Institute, University of São Paulo, 05508-900 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Monize Lazar
- Human Genome and Stem-Cell Research Center, Biosciences Institute, University of São Paulo, 05508-900 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paula Onofre-Oliveira
- Human Genome and Stem-Cell Research Center, Biosciences Institute, University of São Paulo, 05508-900 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Guilherme L Yamamoto
- Human Genome and Stem-Cell Research Center, Biosciences Institute, University of São Paulo, 05508-900 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Letícia Nogueira
- Human Genome and Stem-Cell Research Center, Biosciences Institute, University of São Paulo, 05508-900 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Letícia Y Tasaki
- Human Genome and Stem-Cell Research Center, Biosciences Institute, University of São Paulo, 05508-900 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafaela R Cardoso
- Human Genome and Stem-Cell Research Center, Biosciences Institute, University of São Paulo, 05508-900 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rita C M Pavanello
- Human Genome and Stem-Cell Research Center, Biosciences Institute, University of São Paulo, 05508-900 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Helga C A Silva
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Division of Neuromuscular Disorders, Federal University of São Paulo, 04023-062 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Merari F R Ferrari
- Human Genome and Stem-Cell Research Center, Biosciences Institute, University of São Paulo, 05508-900 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anne Bigot
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Institut de Myologie, U974, Center for Research in Myology, 47 Boulevard de l'hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Vincent Mouly
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Institut de Myologie, U974, Center for Research in Myology, 47 Boulevard de l'hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Mariz Vainzof
- Human Genome and Stem-Cell Research Center, Biosciences Institute, University of São Paulo, 05508-900 São Paulo, Brazil
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241
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Farah BL, Yen PM, Koeberl DD. Links between autophagy and disorders of glycogen metabolism - Perspectives on pathogenesis and possible treatments. Mol Genet Metab 2020; 129:3-12. [PMID: 31787497 PMCID: PMC7836271 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2019.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The glycogen storage diseases are a group of inherited metabolic disorders that are characterized by specific enzymatic defects involving the synthesis or degradation of glycogen. Each disorder presents with a set of symptoms that are due to the underlying enzyme deficiency and the particular tissues that are affected. Autophagy is a process by which cells degrade and recycle unneeded or damaged intracellular components such as lipids, glycogen, and damaged mitochondria. Recent studies showed that several of the glycogen storage disorders have abnormal autophagy which can disturb normal cellular metabolism and/or mitochondrial function. Here, we provide a clinical overview of the glycogen storage disorders, a brief description of autophagy, and the known links between specific glycogen storage disorders and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin L Farah
- Department of Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Paul M Yen
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore; Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Dwight D Koeberl
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA..
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242
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Mukund K, Subramaniam S. Skeletal muscle: A review of molecular structure and function, in health and disease. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2020; 12:e1462. [PMID: 31407867 PMCID: PMC6916202 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Decades of research in skeletal muscle physiology have provided multiscale insights into the structural and functional complexity of this important anatomical tissue, designed to accomplish the task of generating contraction, force and movement. Skeletal muscle can be viewed as a biomechanical device with various interacting components including the autonomic nerves for impulse transmission, vasculature for efficient oxygenation, and embedded regulatory and metabolic machinery for maintaining cellular homeostasis. The "omics" revolution has propelled a new era in muscle research, allowing us to discern minute details of molecular cross-talk required for effective coordination between the myriad interacting components for efficient muscle function. The objective of this review is to provide a systems-level, comprehensive mapping the molecular mechanisms underlying skeletal muscle structure and function, in health and disease. We begin this review with a focus on molecular mechanisms underlying muscle tissue development (myogenesis), with an emphasis on satellite cells and muscle regeneration. We next review the molecular structure and mechanisms underlying the many structural components of the muscle: neuromuscular junction, sarcomere, cytoskeleton, extracellular matrix, and vasculature surrounding muscle. We highlight aberrant molecular mechanisms and their possible clinical or pathophysiological relevance. We particularly emphasize the impact of environmental stressors (inflammation and oxidative stress) in contributing to muscle pathophysiology including atrophy, hypertrophy, and fibrosis. This article is categorized under: Physiology > Mammalian Physiology in Health and Disease Developmental Biology > Developmental Processes in Health and Disease Models of Systems Properties and Processes > Cellular Models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavitha Mukund
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of CaliforniaSan DiegoCalifornia
| | - Shankar Subramaniam
- Department of Bioengineering, Bioinformatics & Systems BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaSan DiegoCalifornia
- Department of Computer Science and EngineeringUniversity of CaliforniaSan DiegoCalifornia
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and NanoengineeringUniversity of CaliforniaSan DiegoCalifornia
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243
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Control of Inflammation by Calorie Restriction Mimetics: On the Crossroad of Autophagy and Mitochondria. Cells 2019; 9:cells9010082. [PMID: 31905682 PMCID: PMC7017321 DOI: 10.3390/cells9010082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial metabolism and autophagy are two of the most metabolically active cellular processes, playing a crucial role in regulating organism longevity. In fact, both mitochondrial dysfunction or autophagy decline compromise cellular homeostasis and induce inflammation. Calorie restriction (CR) is the oldest strategy known to promote healthspan, and a plethora of CR mimetics have been used to emulate its beneficial effects. Herein, we discuss how CR and CR mimetics, by modulating mitochondrial metabolism or autophagic flux, prevent inflammatory processes, protect the intestinal barrier function, and dampen both inflammaging and neuroinflammation. We outline the effects of some compounds classically known as modulators of autophagy and mitochondrial function, such as NAD+ precursors, metformin, spermidine, rapamycin, and resveratrol, on the control of the inflammatory cascade and how these anti-inflammatory properties could be involved in their ability to increase resilience to age-associated diseases.
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244
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Wang ZM, Leng X, Messi ML, Choi SJ, Marsh AP, Nicklas B, Delbono O. Relationship of Physical Function to Single Muscle Fiber Contractility in Older Adults: Effects of Resistance Training With and Without Caloric Restriction. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2019; 74:412-419. [PMID: 29546320 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/gly047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies support beneficial effects of both resistance exercise training (RT) and caloric restriction (CR) on skeletal muscle strength and physical performance. The goal of this study was to determine the effects of adding CR to RT on single-muscle fiber contractility responses to RT in older overweight and obese adults. METHODS We analyzed contractile properties in 1,253 single myofiber from muscle biopsies of the vastus lateralis, as well as physical performance and thigh muscle volume, in 31 older (65-80 years), overweight or obese (body mass index = 27-35 kg/m2) men (n = 19) and women (n = 12) who were randomly assigned to a standardized, progressive RT intervention with CR (RT+CR; n = 15) or without CR (RT; n = 16) for 5 months. RESULTS Both interventions evoked an increase in force normalized to cross-sectional area (CSA), in type-I and type-II fibers and knee extensor quality. However, these improvements were not different between intervention groups. In the RT group, changes in total thigh fat volume inversely correlated with changes in type-II fiber force (r = -.691; p = .019). Within the RT+CR group, changes in gait speed correlated positively with changes in type-I fiber CSA (r = .561; p = .030). In addition, increases in type-I normalized fiber force were related to decreases in thigh intermuscular fat volume (r = -0.539; p = .038). CONCLUSION Single muscle fiber force and knee extensor quality improve with RT and RT+CR; however, CR does not enhance improvements in single muscle fiber contractility or whole muscle in response to RT in older overweight and obese men and women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Min Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, North Carolina
- J Paul Sticht Center for Healthy Aging and Alzheimer's Prevention, North Carolina
| | - Xiaoyan Leng
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - María Laura Messi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, North Carolina
- J Paul Sticht Center for Healthy Aging and Alzheimer's Prevention, North Carolina
| | - Seung J Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, North Carolina
| | - Anthony P Marsh
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Barbara Nicklas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, North Carolina
- J Paul Sticht Center for Healthy Aging and Alzheimer's Prevention, North Carolina
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Osvaldo Delbono
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, North Carolina
- J Paul Sticht Center for Healthy Aging and Alzheimer's Prevention, North Carolina
- The Neuroscience Program, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
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245
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Autophagy Deficiency Leads to Impaired Antioxidant Defense via p62-FOXO1/3 Axis. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:2526314. [PMID: 31949875 PMCID: PMC6935825 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2526314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy, an intracellular degradation mechanism eliminating unused or damaged cytoplasmic components for recycling, is often activated in response to diverse types of stress, profoundly influencing cellular physiology or pathophysiology. Upon encountering oxidative stress, autophagy acts rapidly and effectively to remove oxidized proteins or organelles, including damaged mitochondria that generate more ROS, thereby indirectly contributing to the maintenance of redox homeostasis. Emerging studies are shedding light on the crosstalks among autophagy, mitochondria, and oxidative stress; however, whether and how autophagy could directly modulate antioxidant defense and redox homeostasis remains unaddressed. Here, we showed mitochondrial dysfunction, elevated ROS level, impaired antioxidant enzymes, and loss of FOXO1/3 in autophagy deficiency cellular models established by either chemical inhibitors or knocking down/out key molecules implementing autophagy, and overexpression of FOXO1/3 restored antioxidant enzymes hence suppressed elevated ROS; knockdown of p62 increased protein level of FOXO1/3 and recovered FOXO1 in Atg5-knockdown cells. Our data demonstrates that the loss of FOXO1/3 is responsible for the impairment of antioxidant enzymes and the consequent elevation of ROS, and accumulation of p62 under condition of autophagy deficiency might be mediating the loss of FOXO1/3. Furthermore, we found in an animal model that the p62-FOXO1/3 axis could be dominant in aging liver but not in type 2 diabetic liver. Together, these evidences uncover the p62-FOXO1/3 axis as the molecular cue that underlies the impairment of antioxidant defense in autophagy deficiency and suggest its potential involvement in aging, substantiating the impact of inadequate autophagy on mitochondria and redox homeostasis.
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246
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Trans-10-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid protects against LPS-induced neuroinflammation through FOXO1-mediated activation of autophagy. Eur J Nutr 2019; 59:2875-2892. [PMID: 31820078 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-019-02128-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Neuroinflammation is thought to be associated with the pathogenesis of a series of neurodegenerative diseases. We have previously reported that royal jelly (RJ) has an anti-inflammatory effect on microglial BV-2 cells. However, components contributing to the effect of RJ were largely unexplored. The aim of this study was to assess whether trans-10-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid (10-HDA), the exclusive fatty acid in RJ, can alleviate neuroinflammation and to further explore the underlying mechanisms. METHODS Immunohistochemistry staining, ELISA, qRT-PCR and Western blot were used to assess the effect of 10-HDA on LPS-induced neuroinflammation both in vivo and in vitro. To determine the extent of inflammatory changes after 10-HDA treatment, RNAseq transcriptomic analysis was conducted. RESULTS 10-HDA pretreatment significantly reduced the production of pro-inflammatory mediators in LPS-treated C57BL/6J mice and microglial BV-2 cells. 10-HDA inhibited the activation of the TNF-α/NF-κB axis and NLRP3 inflammasome-IL-1β pathway, which may be the anti-neuroinflammatory mechanism of 10-HDA. We also demonstrated that 10-HDA triggered cell autophagy, as evidenced by elevated levels of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3-II (LC3-II) and decreased expression of SQSTM1. More importantly, 10-HDA increased the transcriptional activity of FOXO1 by increasing FOXO1 nuclear localization. Inhibition of FOXO1 and autophagy using chemical inhibitors markedly blunted the effect of 10-HDA on the TNF-α pathway and NLRP3 inflammasome-IL-1β pathway, indicating that 10-HDA alleviates neuroinflammation in BV-2 cells by modulating FOXO1-mediated autophagy. CONCLUSIONS 10-HDA may be a promising agent for various neuroinflammation-associated diseases.
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247
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Tan KT, Ang STJ, Tsai SY. Sarcopenia: Tilting the Balance of Protein Homeostasis. Proteomics 2019; 20:e1800411. [PMID: 31722440 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201800411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sarcopenia, defined as age-associated decline of muscle mass and function, is a risk factor for mortality and disability, and comorbid with several chronic diseases such as type II diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Clinical trials showed that nutritional supplements had positive effects on muscle mass, but not on muscle function and strength, demonstrating our limited understanding of the molecular events involved in the ageing muscle. Protein homeostasis, the equilibrium between protein synthesis and degradation, is proposed as the major mechanism underlying the development of sarcopenia. As the key central regulator of protein homeostasis, the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is proposed to be essential for muscle hypertrophy. Paradoxically, sustained activation of mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) is associated with a loss of sensitivity to extracellular signaling in the elderly. It is not understood why sustained mTORC1 activity, which should induce muscle hypertrophy, instead results in muscle atrophy. Here, recent findings on the implications of disrupting protein homeostasis on muscle physiology and sarcopenia development in the context of mTOR/protein kinase B (AKT) signaling are reviewed. Understanding the role of these molecular mechanisms during the ageing process will contribute towards the development of targeted therapies that will improve protein metabolism and reduce sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan Ting Tan
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 2 Medical Drive, MD9 Admin Office, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - Seok-Ting Jamie Ang
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 2 Medical Drive, MD9 Admin Office, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - Shih-Yin Tsai
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 2 Medical Drive, MD9 Admin Office, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
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248
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Analysis of the Molecular Signaling Signatures of Muscle Protein Wasting Between the Intercostal Muscles and the Gastrocnemius Muscles in db/db Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20236062. [PMID: 31805681 PMCID: PMC6929000 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20236062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients suffer from dyspnea, which contributes to disease-related morbidity. Although T2D has been reported to induce a catabolic state in skeletal muscle, whether T2D induces muscle wasting in respiratory muscles has not yet been investigated. In this study, we examine the difference in the molecular signaling signature of muscle wasting between the intercostal and gastrocnemius muscles using db/db mice, a well-known diabetic mouse model. Akt phosphorylation was significantly decreased in both the intercostal and gastrocnemius muscles of db/db mice and was accompanied by a decrease in mTORC1 activity. In addition, FoxO phosphorylation was suppressed, and ubiquitin-proteasome degradation, characterized by the level of Atrogin-1 and MuRF1, was subsequently enhanced in both muscle types of db/db mice. An increase in LC3BII levels and a decrease in p62 levels marked the occurrence of substantial autophagy in the gastrocnemius muscle but not in the intercostal muscles of db/db mice. Therefore, we suggest that the signaling events of muscle wasting in the intercostal muscles of db/db mice are different from those in the gastrocnemius muscle of db/db mice.
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249
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Ageta H, Tsuchida K. Post-translational modification and protein sorting to small extracellular vesicles including exosomes by ubiquitin and UBLs. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:4829-4848. [PMID: 31363817 PMCID: PMC11105257 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03246-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes, a type of small extracellular vesicles (sEVs), are secreted membrane vesicles that are derived from various cell types, including cancer cells, mesenchymal stem cells, and immune cells via multivesicular bodies (MVBs). These sEVs contain RNAs (mRNA, miRNA, lncRNA, and rRNA), lipids, DNA, proteins, and metabolites, all of which mediate cell-to-cell communication. This communication is known to be implicated in a diverse set of diseases such as cancers and their metastases and degenerative diseases. The molecular mechanisms, by which proteins are modified and sorted to sEVs, are not fully understood. Various cellular processes, including degradation, transcription, DNA repair, cell cycle, signal transduction, and autophagy, are known to be associated with ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like proteins (UBLs). Recent studies have revealed that ubiquitin and UBLs also regulate MVBs and protein sorting to sEVs. Ubiquitin-like 3 (UBL3)/membrane-anchored Ub-fold protein (MUB) acts as a post-translational modification (PTM) factor to regulate efficient protein sorting to sEVs. In this review, we focus on the mechanism of PTM by ubiquitin and UBLs and the pathway of protein sorting into sEVs and discuss the potential biological significance of these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Ageta
- Division for Therapies Against Intractable Diseases, Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Kunihiro Tsuchida
- Division for Therapies Against Intractable Diseases, Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan.
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250
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Sachdeva K, Do DC, Zhang Y, Hu X, Chen J, Gao P. Environmental Exposures and Asthma Development: Autophagy, Mitophagy, and Cellular Senescence. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2787. [PMID: 31849968 PMCID: PMC6896909 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental pollutants and allergens induce oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, leading to key features of allergic asthma. Dysregulations in autophagy, mitophagy, and cellular senescence have been associated with environmental pollutant and allergen-induced oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, secretion of multiple inflammatory proteins, and subsequently development of asthma. Particularly, particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) has been reported to induce autophagy in the bronchial epithelial cells through activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), drive mitophagy through activating PTEN-induced kinase 1(PINK1)/Parkin pathway, and induce cell cycle arrest and senescence. Intriguingly, allergens, including ovalbumin (OVA), Alternaria alternata, and cockroach allergen, have also been shown to induce autophagy through activation of different signaling pathways. Additionally, mitochondrial dysfunction can induce cell senescence due to excessive ROS production, which affects airway diseases. Although autophagy and senescence share similar properties, recent studies suggest that autophagy can either accelerate the development of senescence or prevent senescence. Thus, in this review, we evaluated the literature regarding the basic cellular processes, including autophagy, mitophagy, and cellular senescence, explored their molecular mechanisms in the regulation of the initiation and downstream signaling. Especially, we highlighted their involvement in environmental pollutant/allergen-induced major phenotypic changes of asthma such as airway inflammation and remodeling and reviewed novel and critical research areas for future studies. Ultimately, understanding the regulatory mechanisms of autophagy, mitophagy, and cellular senescence may allow for the development of new therapeutic targets for asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karan Sachdeva
- Johns Hopkins Asthma & Allergy Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Danh C. Do
- Johns Hopkins Asthma & Allergy Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Yan Zhang
- Johns Hopkins Asthma & Allergy Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xinyue Hu
- Johns Hopkins Asthma & Allergy Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jingsi Chen
- Johns Hopkins Asthma & Allergy Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Dermatology, Children's Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Peisong Gao
- Johns Hopkins Asthma & Allergy Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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