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Current Landscape and the Potential Role of Hypoxia-Inducible Factors and Selenium in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19123834. [PMID: 30513765 PMCID: PMC6321165 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last two decades, the discovery of various pathways involved in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has led to the development of biologically-driven targeted therapies. Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs), angiogenic growth factors, von Hippel–Lindau (VHL) gene mutations, and oncogenic microRNAs (miRNAs) play essential roles in the pathogenesis and drug resistance of clear cell renal cell carcinoma. These insights have led to the development of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitors, Mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors, and immunotherapeutic agents, which have significantly improved the outcomes of patients with advanced RCC. HIF inhibitors will be a valuable asset in the growing therapeutic armamentarium of RCC. Various histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors, selenium, and agents like PT2385 and PT2977 are being explored in various clinical trials as potential HIF inhibitors, to ameliorate the outcomes of RCC patients. In this article, we will review the current treatment options and highlight the potential role of selenium in the modulation of drug resistance biomarkers expressed in clear cell RCC (ccRCC) tumors.
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202
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Xiao W, Wang X, Wang T, Xing J. TRIM2 downregulation in clear cell renal cell carcinoma affects cell proliferation, migration, and invasion and predicts poor patients' survival. Cancer Manag Res 2018; 10:5951-5964. [PMID: 30538545 PMCID: PMC6255054 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s185270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aim Tripartite motif containing (TRIM) family protein has been involved in multiple pathogenesis of cancers. TRIM2 is a member of the family, and its role in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) remains to be unclarifid. Here, we showed the clinical value and biological role of TRIM2 in ccRCC. Methods ROC curves analyzed the clinicopathological parameters, Kaplan-Meier survival analysis determined the correlation of OS and DFS time, multivariate analysis demonstrated the prognostic indicator in overall survival and disease-free survival of ccRCC with TRIM2 expression in The Cancer Genome Atlas Kidney Clear Cell Carcinoma (TCGA-KIRC) database. Western blotting and immunohistochemistry were used to check the level of TRIM2 expression. Gain-of-function assay by exogenous overexpression of TRIM2 studied the biological role of TRIM2 in renal cell carcinoma cells. Results TRIM2 expression was associated with various clinicopathologicalfactors and lower TRIM2 expression was interrelated to a poor prognosis. The levels of TRIM2 expression were also scanty in ccRCC tissues and renal cancer cell lines than in normal control. The biological role of TRIM2 in ccRCC was identifid by bioinformatics analysis and functional analysis. Exogenous overexpression of TRIM2 with the gain-of-function assay in renal cell carcinoma cells showed that the cell proliferation, migration, and invasion were signifiantly suppressed. Conclusion These results showed that TRIM2 acted as an antitumor gene and a specifi prognostic indicator for patients with ccRCC, which indicated that positive modulation of TRIM2 might be a novel treatment strategy for ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Xiao
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361003, China,
| | - Xuegang Wang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361003, China,
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361003, China,
| | - Jinchun Xing
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361003, China,
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203
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Non-Coding Micro RNAs and Hypoxia-Inducible Factors Are Selenium Targets for Development of a Mechanism-Based Combination Strategy in Clear-Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma-Bench-to-Bedside Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113378. [PMID: 30380599 PMCID: PMC6275006 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Durable response, inherent or acquired resistance, and dose-limiting toxicities continue to represent major barriers in the treatment of patients with advanced clear-cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). The majority of ccRCC tumors are characterized by the loss of Von Hippel⁻Lindau tumor suppressor gene function, a stable expression of hypoxia-inducible factors 1α and 2α (HIFs), an altered expression of tumor-specific oncogenic microRNAs (miRNAs), a clear cytoplasm with dense lipid content, and overexpression of thymidine phosphorylase. The aim of this manuscript was to confirm that the downregulation of specific drug-resistant biomarkers deregulated in tumor cells by a defined dose and schedule of methylselenocysteine (MSC) or seleno-l-methionine (SLM) sensitizes tumor cells to mechanism-based drug combination. The inhibition of HIFs by selenium was necessary for optimal therapeutic benefit. Durable responses were achieved only when MSC was combined with sunitinib (a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR)-targeted biologic), topotecan (a topoisomerase 1 poison and HIF synthesis inhibitor), and S-1 (a 5-fluorouracil prodrug). The documented synergy was selenium dose- and schedule-dependent and associated with enhanced prolyl hydroxylase-dependent HIF degradation, stabilization of tumor vasculature, downregulation of 28 oncogenic miRNAs, as well as the upregulation of 12 tumor suppressor miRNAs. The preclinical results generated provided the rationale for the development of phase 1/2 clinical trials of SLM in sequential combination with axitinib in ccRCC patients refractory to standard therapies.
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204
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Xu C, Li X, Liu P, Li M, Luo F. Patient-derived xenograft mouse models: A high fidelity tool for individualized medicine. Oncol Lett 2018; 17:3-10. [PMID: 30655732 PMCID: PMC6313209 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.9583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Patient-derived xenograft (PDX) mouse models involve the direct transfer of fresh human tumor samples into immunodeficient mice following surgical resection or other medical operations. Gene expression in tumors may be maintained by serial passages of tumors from mouse to mouse. These models aid research into tumor biology and pharmacology without manual manipulation of cell cultures in vitro. and are widely used in individualized cancer therapy/translational medicine, drug development and coclinical trials. PDX models exhibit higher predictive values for clinical outcomes than cell line-derived xenograft models and genetically engineered mouse models. However, PDX models are associated with certain challenges in clinical application. The present study reviewed current collections of PDX models and assessed the challenges and future directions of this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Xu
- Department of Acute Abdomen Surgery, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, P.R. China
| | - Xuelu Li
- Department of Breast Surgery and Oncology, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, P.R. China
| | - Pixu Liu
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, P.R. China.,College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, P.R. China
| | - Man Li
- Department of Breast Surgery and Oncology, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, P.R. China
| | - Fuwen Luo
- Department of Acute Abdomen Surgery, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, P.R. China
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205
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Ichiyanagi O, Naito S, Ito H, Kabasawa T, Narisawa T, Kanno H, Kurota Y, Kurokawa M, Fukuhara H, Sakurai T, Nishida H, Kato T, Yamakawa M, Tsuchiya N. Levels of 4EBP1/eIF4E Activation in Renal Cell Carcinoma Could Differentially Predict Its Early and Late Recurrence. Clin Genitourin Cancer 2018; 16:e1029-e1058. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clgc.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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206
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di Martino S, De Luca G, Grassi L, Federici G, Alfonsi R, Signore M, Addario A, De Salvo L, Francescangeli F, Sanchez M, Tirelli V, Muto G, Sperduti I, Sentinelli S, Costantini M, Pasquini L, Milella M, Haoui M, Simone G, Gallucci M, De Maria R, Bonci D. Renal cancer: new models and approach for personalizing therapy. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2018; 37:217. [PMID: 30185225 PMCID: PMC6126022 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-018-0874-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clear cell RCC (ccRCC) accounts for approximately 75% of the renal cancer cases. Surgery treatment seems to be the best efficacious approach for the majority of patients. However, a consistent fraction (30%) of cases progress after surgery with curative intent. It is currently largely debated the use of adjuvant therapy for high-risk patients and the clinical and molecular parameters for stratifying beneficiary categories. In addition, the treatment of advanced forms lacks reliable driver biomarkers for the appropriated therapeutic choice. Thus, renal cancer patient management urges predictive molecular indicators and models for therapy-decision making. METHODS Here, we developed and optimized new models and tools for ameliorating renal cancer patient management. We isolated from fresh tumor specimens heterogeneous multi-clonal populations showing epithelial and mesenchymal characteristics coupled to stem cell phenotype. These cells retained long lasting-tumor-propagating capacity provided a therapy monitoring approach in vitro and in vivo while being able to form parental tumors when orthotopically injected and serially transplanted in immunocompromised murine hosts. RESULTS In line with recent evidence of multiclonal cancer composition, we optimized in vitro cultures enriched of multiple tumor-propagating populations. Orthotopic xenograft masses recapitulated morphology, grading and malignancy of parental cancers. High-grade but not the low-grade neoplasias, resulted in efficient serial transplantation in mice. Engraftment capacity paralleled grading and recurrence frequency advocating for a prognostic value of our developed model system. Therefore, in search of novel molecular indicators for therapy decision-making, we used Reverse-Phase Protein Arrays (RPPA) to analyze a panel of total and phosphorylated proteins in the isolated populations. Tumor-propagating cells showed several deregulated kinase cascades associated with grading, including angiogenesis and m-TOR pathways. CONCLUSIONS In the era of personalized therapy, the analysis of tumor propagating cells may help improve prediction of disease progression and therapy assignment. The possibility to test pharmacological response of ccRCC stem-like cells in vitro and in orthotopic models may help define a pharmacological profiling for future development of more effective therapies. Likewise, RPPA screening on patient-derived populations offers innovative approach for possible prediction of therapy response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gabriele De Luca
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Ludovica Grassi
- IRCCS, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, “La Sapienza” University, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Federici
- IRCCS, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Romina Alfonsi
- Institute of General Pathology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli e Università Cattolica, Rome, Italy
| | - Michele Signore
- Centre of core facilities, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Addario
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura De Salvo
- IRCCS, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Massimo Sanchez
- Centre of core facilities, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Tirelli
- Centre of core facilities, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Muto
- Department of Urology, Humanitas University, Turin, Italy
| | | | | | - Manuela Costantini
- IRCCS, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
- Genetic and Clinic Pathology Unit, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Luca Pasquini
- Centre of core facilities, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Mustapha Haoui
- IRCCS, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Ruggero De Maria
- Institute of General Pathology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli e Università Cattolica, Rome, Italy
| | - Désirée Bonci
- IRCCS, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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207
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Renal cell carcinoma for the nephrologist. Kidney Int 2018; 94:471-483. [DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2018.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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208
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Kim HS, Kim JH, Jang HJ, Han B, Zang DY. Clinicopathologic Significance of VHL Gene Alteration in Clear-Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma: An Updated Meta-Analysis and Review. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092529. [PMID: 30149673 PMCID: PMC6165550 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) gene is inactivated frequently in sporadic clear-cell renal cell carcinomas (ccRCCs) by genetic alteration (mutation, loss of heterozygosity, or promoter hypermethylation). However, the pathological or prognostic significance of VHL gene alteration has not been well defined. We conducted this meta-analysis to evaluate the association between VHL alteration and clinopathologic findings in ccRCCs. We performed a systematic computerized search of online databases, including PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Google Scholar (up to July 2018). From ten studies, 1,082 patients were included in the pooled analyses of odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for pathological features (nuclear grade and disease stage) or hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% CIs for overall survival (OS). VHL alteration was not significantly associated with nuclear grade (OR = 0.79, 95% CI: 0.59–1.06, p = 0.12) or disease stage (OR = 1.07, 95% CI: 0.79–1.46, p = 0.65). There was also no significant correlation between VHL alteration and OS (HR = 0.75, 95% CI: 0.43–1.29, p = 0.30). When we pooled HRs for OS according to the VHL alteration types, the combined HRs were 0.72 (95% CI: 0.47–1.11, p = 0.14) for VHL mutations and 1.32 (95% CI: 0.70–2.47, p = 0.39) for methylation. In conclusion, this meta-analysis indicates that VHL gene alteration is not significantly associated with the pathological features and survival in patients with ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeong Su Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Medical Center, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul 07441, Korea.
| | - Jung Han Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Medical Center, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul 07441, Korea.
| | - Hyun Joo Jang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Medical Center, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul 07441, Korea.
| | - Boram Han
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Medical Center, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul 07441, Korea.
| | - Dae Young Zang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Medical Center, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul 07441, Korea.
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209
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Abstract
Hypoxia is an important contributor to aggressive behavior and resistance mechanisms in glioblastoma. Upregulation of hypoxia inducible transcription factors (HIFs) is the primary adaptive cellular response to a hypoxic environment. While HIF1α has been widely studied in cancer, HIF2α offers a potentially more specific and appealing target in glioblastoma given expression in glioma stem cells and not normal neural progenitors, activation in states of chronic hypoxia and expression that correlates with glioma patient survival. A first-in-class HIF2α inhibitor, PT2385, is in clinical trials for renal cell carcinoma, and provides the first opportunity to therapeutically target this important pathway in glioma biology.
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210
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Luo T, Chen X, Zeng S, Guan B, Hu B, Meng Y, Liu F, Wong T, Lu Y, Yun C, Hocher B, Yin L. Bioinformatic identification of key genes and analysis of prognostic values in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2018; 16:1747-1757. [PMID: 30008862 PMCID: PMC6036467 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to identify new key genes as potential biomarkers for the diagnosis, prognosis or targeted therapy of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). Three expression profiles (GSE36895, GSE46699 and GSE71963) were collected from Gene Expression Omnibus. GEO2R was used to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in ccRCC tissues and normal samples. The Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery was utilized for functional and pathway enrichment analysis. STRING v10.5 and Molecular Complex Detection were used for protein-protein interaction (PPI) network construction and module analysis, respectively. Regulation network analyses were performed with the WebGestal tool. UALCAN web-portal was used for expression validation and survival analysis of hub genes in ccRCC patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). A total of 65 up- and 164 downregulated genes were identified as DEGs. DEGs were enriched with functional terms and pathways compactly related to ccRCC pathogenesis. Seventeen hub genes and one significant module were filtered out and selected from the PPI network. The differential expression of hub genes was verified in TCGA patients. Kaplan-Meier plot showed that high mRNA expression of enolase 2 (ENO2) was associated with short overall survival in ccRCC patients (P=0.023). High mRNA expression of cyclin D1 (CCND1) (P<0.001), fms related tyrosine kinase 1 (FLT1) (P=0.004), plasminogen (PLG) (P<0.001) and von Willebrand factor (VWF) (P=0.008) appeared to serve as favorable factors in survival. These findings indicate that the DEGs may be key genes in ccRCC pathogenesis and five genes, including ENO2, CCND1, PLT1, PLG and VWF, may serve as potential prognostic biomarkers in ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Luo
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyi Chen
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P.R. China
| | - Shufei Zeng
- Department of Nephrology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Baozhang Guan
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P.R. China
| | - Bo Hu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P.R. China
| | - Yu Meng
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P.R. China
| | - Fanna Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P.R. China
| | - Taksui Wong
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P.R. China
| | - Yongpin Lu
- Department of Nephrology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Chen Yun
- Department of Nephrology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Berthold Hocher
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, University of Potsdam, D-14558 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Lianghong Yin
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P.R. China
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Luo F, Shi J, Shi Q, He X, Xia Y. ERK and p38 Upregulation versus Bcl-6 Downregulation in Rat Kidney Epithelial Cells Exposed to Prolonged Hypoxia. Cell Transplant 2018; 26:1441-1451. [PMID: 28901193 PMCID: PMC5680977 DOI: 10.1177/0963689717720296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is a common cause of kidney injury and a major issue in kidney transplantation. Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are involved in the cellular response to hypoxia, but the precise roles of MAPKs in renal cell reactions to hypoxic stress are not well known yet. This work was conducted to investigate the regulation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1 and -2 (ERK1/2) and p38 and their signaling-relevant molecules in kidney epithelial cells exposed to prolonged hypoxia. Rat kidney epithelial cells Normal Rat Kidney (NRK)-52E were exposed to hypoxic conditions (1% O2) for 24 to 72 h. Cell morphology was examined by light microscopy, and cell viability was checked by 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-5-[3-carboxymethoxypheny]-2-[4-sulfophenyl]-2H-tetrazolium (MTS). The expression of ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK, as well as their signaling-related molecules, was measured by Western blot and real-time polymerase chain (RT-PCR) reaction. At the 1% oxygen level, cell morphology had no appreciable changes compared to the control up to 72 h of exposure under light microscopy, whereas the results of MTS showed a slight but significant reduction in cell viability after 72 h of hypoxia. On the other hand, ERK1/2 and p38 phosphorylation remarkably increased in these cells after 24 to 72 h of hypoxia. In sharp contrast, the expression of transcription factor B-cell lymphoma 6 (Bcl-6) was significantly downregulated in response to hypoxic stress. Other intracellular molecules relevant to the ERK1/2 and p38 signaling pathway, such as protein kinase A, protein kinase C, Bcl-2, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, tristetraprolin, and interleukin-10(IL-10), had no significant alterations after 24 to 72 h of hypoxic exposure. We conclude that hypoxic stress increases the phosphorylation of both ERK1/2 and p38 but decreases the level of Bcl-6 in rat kidney epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengbao Luo
- 1 Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jian Shi
- 1 Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qianqian Shi
- 1 Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaozhou He
- 1 Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ying Xia
- 2 Shanghai Key Laboratory of Acupuncture Mechanism and Acupoint Function, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a heterogenous group of tumors, >70% of which belong to the category of clear cell carcinoma. In recent years, crucial advances have been made in our understanding of the molecular and metabolic basis of clear cell carcinoma. This tumor manifests significant alterations in the cellular metabolism, so that the tumor cells preferentially induce the hypoxia response pathway using aerobic glycolysis, rather than the normal oxidative phosphorylation for energy. Most of the clear cell carcinomas (sporadic as well as familial) have mutations and deletions in the VHL gene located at 3p (p3.25). Normally, pVHL plays a crucial role in the proteasomal degradation of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF)1 and HIF2. Lack of a functioning pVHL owing to genetic alterations results in stabilization and accumulation of these factors, which promotes cell growth, cell proliferation, and angiogenesis, contributing to a neoplastic phenotype. Several other genes normally located adjacent to VHL (BAP1, SETD2, PBRM1) may also be lost. These are tumor suppressor genes whose loss not only plays a role in carcinogenesis but may also influence the clinical course of these neoplasms. In addition, interaction among a variety of other genes located at several different chromosomes may also play a role in the genesis and progression of clear cell carcinoma.
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213
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Hereditary renal cell carcinoma syndromes: diagnosis, surveillance and management. World J Urol 2018; 36:1891-1898. [PMID: 29680948 PMCID: PMC6280834 DOI: 10.1007/s00345-018-2288-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Genetic factors have been implicated in the pathogenesis of renal cell carcinoma (RCC), with around 3% of cases having a family history. A greater knowledge of the genetics of inherited RCC has the potential to translate into novel therapeutic targets for sporadic RCC. METHODS A literature review was performed summarising the current knowledge on hereditary RCC diagnosis, surveillance and management. RESULTS Familial RCC is usually inherited in an autosomal dominant manner, although inherited RCC may present without a relevant family history. A number of familial RCC syndromes have been identified. Familial non-syndromic RCC is suspected when ≥ 2 relatives are affected in the absence of syndromic features, although clear diagnostic criteria are lacking. Young age at onset and bilateral/multicentric tumours are recognised characteristics which should prompt molecular genetic analysis. Surveillance in individuals at risk of inherited RCC aims to prevent morbidity and mortality via early detection of tumours. Though screening and management guidelines for some inherited RCC syndromes (e.g. von Hippel-Lindau disease, Birt-Hogg-Dube syndrome, hereditary leiomyomatosis) are well defined for rare cause of inherited RCC (e.g. germline BAP1 mutations), there is limited information regarding the lifetime RCC risks and the most appropriate screening modalities. CONCLUSION Increasing knowledge of the natural history and genetic basis has led to characterisation and tailored management of hereditary RCC syndromes. International data sharing of inherited RCC gene variant information may enable evidence-based improvements in the diagnosis, surveillance protocols and management of these rare conditions.
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214
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Hou W, Ji Z. Generation of autochthonous mouse models of clear cell renal cell carcinoma: mouse models of renal cell carcinoma. Exp Mol Med 2018; 50:1-10. [PMID: 29651023 PMCID: PMC5938055 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-018-0059-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is one of the 10 most common cancers worldwide, and to date, a strong systemic therapy has not been developed to treat RCC, even with the remarkable modern advances in molecular medicine mostly due to our incomplete understanding of its tumorigenesis. There is a dire unmet need to understand the etiology and progression of RCC, especially the most common subtype, clear cell RCC (ccRCC), and to develop new treatments for RCC. Genetically engineered mouse (GEM) models are able to mimic the initiation, progression, and metastasis of cancer, thus providing valuable insights into tumorigenesis and serving as perfect preclinical platforms for drug testing and biomarker discovery. Despite substantial advances in the molecular investigation of ccRCC and monumental efforts that have been performed to try to establish autochthonous animal models of ccRCC, this goal has not been achieved until recently. Here we present a review of the most exciting progress relevant to GEM models of ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weibin Hou
- Department of Urology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhigang Ji
- Department of Urology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China.
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215
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Lai Y, Zhao Z, Zeng T, Liang X, Chen D, Duan X, Zeng G, Wu W. Crosstalk between VEGFR and other receptor tyrosine kinases for TKI therapy of metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Cell Int 2018. [PMID: 29527128 PMCID: PMC5838927 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-018-0530-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most common subtype of renal cell carcinoma (RCC), and is frequently accompanied by the genetic features of von Hippel–Lindau (VHL) loss. VHL loss increases the expression of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) and their targets, including epidermal growth factor (EGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). The primary treatment for metastatic RCC (mRCC) is molecular-targeted therapy, especially anti-angiogenic therapy. VEGF monoclonal antibodies and VEGF receptor (VEGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are the main drugs used in anti-angiogenic therapy. However, crosstalk between VEGFR and other tyrosine kinase or downstream pathways produce resistance to TKI treatment, and the multi-target inhibitors, HIF inhibitors or combination strategies are promising strategies for mRCC. HIFs are upstream of the crosstalk between the growth factors, and these factors may regulate the expression of VEGR, EGF, PDGF and other growth factors. The frequent VHL loss in ccRCC increases HIF expression, and HIFs may be an ideal candidate to overcome the TKI resistance. The combination of HIF inhibitors and immune checkpoint inhibitors is also anticipated. Various clinical trials of programmed cell death protein 1 inhibitors are planned. The present study reviews the effects of current and potential TKIs on mRCC, with a focus on VEGF/VEGFR and other targets for mRCC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongchang Lai
- Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Guangzhou Urology Research Institute, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Kangda Road 1#, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, 510230 Guangdong China
| | - Zhijian Zhao
- Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Guangzhou Urology Research Institute, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Kangda Road 1#, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, 510230 Guangdong China
| | - Tao Zeng
- Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Guangzhou Urology Research Institute, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Kangda Road 1#, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, 510230 Guangdong China
| | - Xiongfa Liang
- Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Guangzhou Urology Research Institute, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Kangda Road 1#, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, 510230 Guangdong China
| | - Dong Chen
- Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Guangzhou Urology Research Institute, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Kangda Road 1#, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, 510230 Guangdong China
| | - Xiaolu Duan
- Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Guangzhou Urology Research Institute, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Kangda Road 1#, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, 510230 Guangdong China
| | - Guohua Zeng
- Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Guangzhou Urology Research Institute, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Kangda Road 1#, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, 510230 Guangdong China
| | - Wenqi Wu
- Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Guangzhou Urology Research Institute, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Kangda Road 1#, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, 510230 Guangdong China
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216
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Liu Y, Tan X, Liu W, Chen X, Hou X, Shen D, Ding Y, Yin J, Wang L, Zhang H, Yu Y, Hou J, Thompson TC, Cao G. Follistatin-like protein 1 plays a tumor suppressor role in clear-cell renal cell carcinoma. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CANCER 2018; 37:2. [PMID: 29357946 PMCID: PMC5778637 DOI: 10.1186/s40880-018-0267-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously showed that the expression of follistatin-like protein 1 (FSTL1) was significantly down-regulated in metastatic clear-cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). In this study, we aimed to characterize the role of FSTL1 in the development of ccRCC. METHODS The effects of FSTL1 on cell activity and cell cycle were investigated in ccRCC cell lines with altered FSTL1 expression. Gene expression microarray assays were performed to identify the major signaling pathways affected by FSTL1 knockdown. The expression of FSTL1 in ccRCC and its effect on postoperative prognosis were estimated in a cohort with 89 patients. RESULTS FSTL1 knockdown promoted anchorage-independent growth, migration, invasion, and cell cycle of ccRCC cell lines, whereas FSTL1 overexpression attenuated cell migration. FSTL1 knockdown up-regulated nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) signaling pathways, increased epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, up-regulated interleukin-6 expression, and promoted tumor necrosis factor-α-induced degradation of NF-κB inhibitor (IκBα) in ccRCC cell lines. FSTL1 immunostaining was selectively positive in epithelial cytoplasm in the loop of Henle, and positive rate of FSTL1 was significantly lower in ccRCC tissues than in adjacent renal tissues (P < 0.001). The multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that the intratumoral FSTL1 expression conferred a favorable independent prognosis with a hazard ratio of 0.325 (95% confidence interval 0.118-0.894). HIF-2α expression was negatively correlated with FSTL1 expression in ccRCC specimens (r = - 0.229, P = 0.044). Intratumoral expression of HIF-2α, rather than HIF-1α, significantly predicted an unfavorable prognosis in ccRCC (log-rank, P = 0.038). CONCLUSIONS FSTL1 plays a tumor suppression role possibly via repressing the NF-κB and HIF-2α signaling pathways. To increase FSTL1 expression might be a candidate therapeutic strategy for metastatic ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Xiaojie Tan
- Department of Epidemiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Wenbin Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Xiaomei Hou
- Department of Epidemiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Dan Shen
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Yibo Ding
- Department of Epidemiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Jianhua Yin
- Department of Epidemiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Ling Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Hongwei Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Yongwei Yu
- Department of Pathology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Jianguo Hou
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Timothy C Thompson
- Genitourinary Medical Oncology-Research, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Guangwen Cao
- Department of Epidemiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China.
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217
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Scanlon SE, Hegan DC, Sulkowski PL, Glazer PM. Suppression of homology-dependent DNA double-strand break repair induces PARP inhibitor sensitivity in VHL-deficient human renal cell carcinoma. Oncotarget 2018; 9:4647-4660. [PMID: 29435132 PMCID: PMC5797003 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) tumor suppressor gene is inactivated in the vast majority of human clear cell renal carcinomas. The pathogenesis of VHL loss is currently best understood to occur through stabilization of the hypoxia-inducible factors, activation of hypoxia-induced signaling pathways, and transcriptional reprogramming towards a pro-angiogenic and pro-growth state. However, hypoxia also drives other pro-tumorigenic processes, including the development of genomic instability via down-regulation of DNA repair gene expression. Here, we find that DNA repair genes involved in double-strand break repair by homologous recombination (HR) and in mismatch repair, which are down-regulated by hypoxic stress, are decreased in VHL-deficient renal cancer cells relative to wild type VHL-complemented cells. Functionally, this gene repression is associated with impaired DNA double-strand break repair in VHL-deficient cells, as determined by the persistence of ionizing radiation-induced DNA double-strand breaks and reduced repair activity in a homology-dependent plasmid reactivation assay. Furthermore, VHL deficiency conferred increased sensitivity to PARP inhibitors, analogous to the synthetic lethality observed between hypoxia and these agents. Finally, we discovered a correlation between VHL inactivation and reduced HR gene expression in a large panel of human renal carcinoma samples. Together, our data elucidate a novel connection between VHL-deficient renal carcinoma and hypoxia-induced down-regulation of DNA repair, and identify potential opportunities for targeting DNA repair defects in human renal cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan E. Scanlon
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Denise C. Hegan
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Parker L. Sulkowski
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Peter M. Glazer
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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218
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Liu G, Wang C, E M. [Mechanism and Prospect of Radiotherapy Combined with Apotatinib
in the Treatment of Non-small Cell Lung Cancer]. ZHONGGUO FEI AI ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF LUNG CANCER 2017; 20:847-851. [PMID: 29277185 PMCID: PMC5973393 DOI: 10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2017.12.09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
非小细胞肺癌是危害人类生命健康的最常见的恶性肿瘤之一。大多数患者确诊时为晚期,不符合手术适应症,主要的治疗方法是放化疗联合。近年来,随着抗血管生成治疗恶性肿瘤理论的提出,阿帕替尼作为一种新型的抗肿瘤药物,与放疗联合具有协同作用。可能的机制包括使血管正常化,改善肿瘤内乏氧情况,调节促血管生成因子水平等。将阿帕替尼与放疗联合有望成为一种新的治疗策略应用于非小细胞肺癌的治疗中,提高肺癌的治疗效果。
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohui Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Chunbo Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Mingyan E
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
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219
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Renal Cell Carcinoma: Molecular Aspects. Indian J Clin Biochem 2017; 33:246-254. [PMID: 30072823 DOI: 10.1007/s12291-017-0713-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma is the most common form of the kidney cancer accounting for more than 85% of the cases of which clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the major histological subtype. The central molecular signature for ccRCC pathogenesis is the biallelic inactivation of VHL gene due to the presence of mutations/hyper-methylation/complete gene loss, which results in the downstream HIF activation. These events lead to increased tyrosine kinase receptor signalling pathways (RAS/MEK/ERK pathway, PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and NF-κB pathway), which through their downstream effector proteins causes the cell to proliferate and migrate. Recent studies have shown that VHL inactivation alone is not sufficient to induce the tumor. Mutations in numerous other genes that codes for chromatin modifiers (PBRM1, SETD2 and BAP1) and signalling proteins (PTEN and mTOR) have been identified along with activation of alternate signalling pathways like STAT and Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) pathway. It has also been shown that STAT pathway also works cooperatively with HIF to enhance the tumor progression. However, SHH pathway reactivation resulted in tumor regardless of the VHL status, indicating the complex nature of the tumor at the molecular level. Therefore, understanding the complete aetiology of ccRCC is important for future therapeutics.
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220
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Chanudet E, Wozniak MB, Bouaoun L, Byrnes G, Mukeriya A, Zaridze D, Brennan P, Muller DC, Scelo G. Large-scale genome-wide screening of circulating microRNAs in clear cell renal cell carcinoma reveals specific signatures in late-stage disease. Int J Cancer 2017; 141:1730-1740. [PMID: 28639257 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Circulating miRNAs have shown great promises as noninvasive diagnostic and predictive biomarkers in several solid tumors. While the miRNA profiles of renal tumors have been extensively explored, knowledge of their circulating counterparts is limited. Our study aimed to provide a large-scale genome-wide profiling of plasma circulating miRNA in clear-cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). Plasma samples from 94 ccRCC cases and 100 controls were screened for 754 circulating micro-RNAs (miRNA) by TaqMan arrays. Analyses including known risk factors for renal cancer-namely, age, sex, hypertension, obesity, diabetes, tobacco smoking and alcohol consumption-highlighted that circulating miRNA profiles were tightly correlated with the stage of the disease. Advanced tumors, characterized as stage III and IV, were associated with specific miRNA signatures that significantly differ from both controls and earlier stage ccRCC cases. Molecular pathway enrichment analyses of their gene targets showed high similarities with alterations observed in renal tumors. Plasma circulating levels of miR-150 were significantly associated with RCC-specific survival and could marginally improve the predictive accuracy of clinical parameters in our series, including age at diagnosis, sex and conventional staging. In summary, our results suggest that circulating miRNAs may provide insights into renal cell carcinoma progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estelle Chanudet
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (WHO-IARC), Lyon, France
| | | | - Liacine Bouaoun
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (WHO-IARC), Lyon, France
| | - Graham Byrnes
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (WHO-IARC), Lyon, France
| | - Anush Mukeriya
- Institute of Carcinogenesis, N. N. Blokhin Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russia
| | - David Zaridze
- Institute of Carcinogenesis, N. N. Blokhin Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russia
| | - Paul Brennan
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (WHO-IARC), Lyon, France
| | | | - Ghislaine Scelo
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (WHO-IARC), Lyon, France
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221
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Dias F, Teixeira AL, Ferreira M, Adem B, Bastos N, Vieira J, Fernandes M, Sequeira MI, Maurício J, Lobo F, Morais A, Oliveira J, Kok K, Medeiros R. Plasmatic miR-210, miR-221 and miR-1233 profile: potential liquid biopsies candidates for renal cell carcinoma. Oncotarget 2017; 8:103315-103326. [PMID: 29262564 PMCID: PMC5732730 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) represents a challenge for clinicians since the nonexistence of screening and monitoring tests contributes to the fact that one-third of patients are diagnosed with metastatic disease and 20–40% of the remaining patients will also develop metastasis. Modern medicine is now trying to establish circulating biomolecules as the gold standard of biomarkers. Among the molecules that can be released from tumor cells we can find microRNAs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the applicability of cancer-related miR-210, miR-218, miR-221 and miR-1233 as prognostic biomarkers for RCC. Patients with higher levels of miR-210, miR-221 and miR-1233 presented a higher risk of specific death by RCC and a lower cancer-specific survival. The addition of miR-210, miR-221 and miR-1233 plasma levels information improved the capacity to predict death by cancer in 8, 4% when compared to the current variables used by clinicians. We also verified that hypoxia stimulates the release of miR-210 and miR-1233 from HKC-8, RCC-FG2 and 786-O cell lines. These results support the addition of circulating microRNAs as prognostic biomarkers for RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisca Dias
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, IPO-Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto), Porto, Portugal.,Research Department, LPCC- Portuguese League Against Cancer (NRNorte), Porto, Portugal.,ICBAS, Abel Salazar Institute for the Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Luísa Teixeira
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, IPO-Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto), Porto, Portugal.,Research Department, LPCC- Portuguese League Against Cancer (NRNorte), Porto, Portugal
| | - Marta Ferreira
- Medical Oncology Department of the Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto), Porto, Portugal
| | - Bárbara Adem
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, IPO-Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto), Porto, Portugal.,FMUP, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Nuno Bastos
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, IPO-Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto), Porto, Portugal.,FMUP, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Vieira
- Genetics Department of the Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto), Porto, Portugal
| | - Mara Fernandes
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, IPO-Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto), Porto, Portugal.,Research Department, LPCC- Portuguese League Against Cancer (NRNorte), Porto, Portugal.,FMUP, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Inês Sequeira
- Medical Oncology Department of the Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto), Porto, Portugal
| | - Joaquina Maurício
- Medical Oncology Department of the Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto), Porto, Portugal
| | - Francisco Lobo
- Urology Department of the Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto), Porto, Portugal
| | - António Morais
- Urology Department of the Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto), Porto, Portugal
| | - Jorge Oliveira
- Urology Department of the Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto), Porto, Portugal
| | - Klaas Kok
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rui Medeiros
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, IPO-Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto), Porto, Portugal.,Research Department, LPCC- Portuguese League Against Cancer (NRNorte), Porto, Portugal.,FMUP, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,CEBIMED, Faculty of Health Sciences, Fernando Pessoa University, Porto, Portugal
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222
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Yao X, Tan J, Lim KJ, Koh J, Ooi WF, Li Z, Huang D, Xing M, Chan YS, Qu JZ, Tay ST, Wijaya G, Lam YN, Hong JH, Lee-Lim AP, Guan P, Ng MSW, He CZ, Lin JS, Nandi T, Qamra A, Xu C, Myint SS, Davies JOJ, Goh JY, Loh G, Tan BC, Rozen SG, Yu Q, Tan IBH, Cheng CWS, Li S, Chang KTE, Tan PH, Silver DL, Lezhava A, Steger G, Hughes JR, Teh BT, Tan P. VHL Deficiency Drives Enhancer Activation of Oncogenes in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma. Cancer Discov 2017; 7:1284-1305. [DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-17-0375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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223
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Epigenome Aberrations: Emerging Driving Factors of the Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18081774. [PMID: 28812986 PMCID: PMC5578163 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18081774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 07/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), the most common form of Kidney cancer, is characterized by frequent mutations of the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) tumor suppressor gene in ~85% of sporadic cases. Loss of pVHL function affects multiple cellular processes, among which the activation of hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) pathway is the best-known function. Constitutive activation of HIF signaling in turn activates hundreds of genes involved in numerous oncogenic pathways, which contribute to the development or progression of ccRCC. Although VHL mutations are considered as drivers of ccRCC, they are not sufficient to cause the disease. Recent genome-wide sequencing studies of ccRCC have revealed that mutations of genes coding for epigenome modifiers and chromatin remodelers, including PBRM1, SETD2 and BAP1, are the most common somatic genetic abnormalities after VHL mutations in these tumors. Moreover, recent research has shed light on the extent of abnormal epigenome alterations in ccRCC tumors, including aberrant DNA methylation patterns, abnormal histone modifications and deregulated expression of non-coding RNAs. In this review, we discuss the epigenetic modifiers that are commonly mutated in ccRCC, and our growing knowledge of the cellular processes that are impacted by them. Furthermore, we explore new avenues for developing therapeutic approaches based on our knowledge of epigenome aberrations of ccRCC.
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224
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Shingarev R, Jaimes EA. Renal cell carcinoma: new insights and challenges for a clinician scientist. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2017; 313:F145-F154. [PMID: 28381462 PMCID: PMC5582896 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00480.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a growing recognition of the complex interplay between renal cell cancer (RCC), kidney function, mechanical reduction of nephron mass, and systemic agents targeting the cancer. Earlier detection of RCC and rising life expectancy of cancer survivors places a greater emphasis on preservation of renal function after cancer resection and during systemic therapy. Unique adverse effects associated with RCC drugs not only help reveal cancer pathophysiology but also expand our knowledge of normal cell signaling and metabolism. In this review, we outline our current understanding of RCC biology and treatment, their bidirectional relationship with kidney function, and unmet research needs in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Shingarev
- Renal Service, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Edgar A Jaimes
- Renal Service, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
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225
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Miikkulainen P, Högel H, Rantanen K, Suomi T, Kouvonen P, Elo LL, Jaakkola PM. HIF prolyl hydroxylase PHD3 regulates translational machinery and glucose metabolism in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Metab 2017; 5:5. [PMID: 28680592 PMCID: PMC5496173 DOI: 10.1186/s40170-017-0167-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A key feature of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the inactivation of the von Hippel-Lindau tumour suppressor protein (pVHL) that leads to the activation of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) pathway also in well-oxygenated conditions. Important regulator of HIF-α, prolyl hydroxylase PHD3, is expressed in high amounts in ccRCC. Although several functions and downstream targets for PHD3 in cancer have been suggested, the role of elevated PHD3 expression in ccRCC is not clear. METHODS To gain insight into the functions of high PHD3 expression in ccRCC, we used PHD3 knockdown by siRNA in 786-O cells under normoxic and hypoxic conditions and performed discovery mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) of the purified peptide samples. The LC-MS/MS results were analysed by label-free quantification of proteome data using a peptide-level expression-change averaging procedure and subsequent gene ontology enrichment analysis. RESULTS Our data reveals an intriguingly widespread effect of PHD3 knockdown with 91 significantly regulated proteins. Under hypoxia, the response to PHD3 silencing was wider than under normoxia illustrated by both the number of regulated proteins and by the range of protein expression levels. The main cellular functions regulated by PHD3 expression were glucose metabolism, protein translation and messenger RNA (mRNA) processing. PHD3 silencing led to downregulation of most glycolytic enzymes from glucose transport to lactate production supported by the reduction in extracellular acidification and lactate production and increase in cellular oxygen consumption rate. Moreover, upregulation of mRNA processing-related proteins and alteration in a number of ribosomal proteins was seen as a response to PHD3 silencing. Further studies on upstream effectors of the translational machinery revealed a possible role for PHD3 in regulation of mTOR pathway signalling. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest crucial involvement of PHD3 in the maintenance of key cellular functions including glycolysis and protein synthesis in ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Miikkulainen
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6, 20520 Turku, Finland
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Heidi Högel
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6, 20520 Turku, Finland
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Krista Rantanen
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6, 20520 Turku, Finland
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Tomi Suomi
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6, 20520 Turku, Finland
- Department of Information Technology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Turku, Vesilinnantie 5, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Petri Kouvonen
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Laura L. Elo
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Panu M. Jaakkola
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6, 20520 Turku, Finland
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland
- Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Turku University Hospital, Hämeentie 11, 20520 Turku, Finland
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226
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Grampp S, Schmid V, Salama R, Lauer V, Kranz F, Platt JL, Smythies J, Choudhry H, Goppelt-Struebe M, Ratcliffe PJ, Mole DR, Schödel J. Multiple renal cancer susceptibility polymorphisms modulate the HIF pathway. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1006872. [PMID: 28715484 PMCID: PMC5536434 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Un-physiological activation of hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) is an early event in most renal cell cancers (RCC) following inactivation of the von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor. Despite intense study, how this impinges on cancer development is incompletely understood. To test for the impact of genetic signals on this pathway, we aligned human RCC-susceptibility polymorphisms with genome-wide assays of HIF-binding and observed highly significant overlap. Allele-specific assays of HIF binding, chromatin conformation and gene expression together with eQTL analyses in human tumors were applied to mechanistic analysis of one such overlapping site at chromosome 12p12.1. This defined a novel stage-specific mechanism in which the risk polymorphism, rs12814794, directly creates a new HIF-binding site that mediates HIF-1α isoform specific upregulation of its target BHLHE41. The alignment of multiple sites in the HIF cis-acting apparatus with RCC-susceptibility polymorphisms strongly supports a causal model in which minor variation in this pathway exerts significant effects on RCC development.
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MESH Headings
- Alleles
- Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors/genetics
- Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/diagnosis
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/genetics
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Chromatin Immunoprecipitation
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 12/genetics
- Cyclin D1
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Genome-Wide Association Study
- HeLa Cells
- Hep G2 Cells
- High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing
- Humans
- Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/genetics
- Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/metabolism
- MCF-7 Cells
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
- Quantitative Trait Loci
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism
- Up-Regulation
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Grampp
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen und Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Virginia Schmid
- NDM Research Building, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Rafik Salama
- NDM Research Building, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Victoria Lauer
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen und Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Franziska Kranz
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen und Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Computer Science 9, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - James L. Platt
- NDM Research Building, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - James Smythies
- NDM Research Building, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Hani Choudhry
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Center of Innovation in Personalized Medicine, King Fahd Center for Medical Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Margarete Goppelt-Struebe
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen und Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter J. Ratcliffe
- NDM Research Building, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - David R. Mole
- NDM Research Building, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Johannes Schödel
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen und Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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227
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Morais M, Dias F, Teixeira AL, Medeiros R. MicroRNAs and altered metabolism of clear cell renal cell carcinoma: Potential role as aerobic glycolysis biomarkers. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2017; 1861:2175-2185. [PMID: 28579513 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Warburg Effect is a metabolic switch that occurs in most of cancer cells but its advantages are not fully understood. This switch is known to happen in renal cell carcinoma (RCC), which is the most common solid cancer of the adult kidney. RCC carcinogenesis is related to pVHL loss and Hypoxia Inducible Factor (HIF) activation, ultimately leading to the activation of several genes related to glycolysis. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) regulate gene expression at a post-transcriptional level and are also deregulated in several cancers, including RCC. SCOPE OF REVIEW This review focuses in the miRNAs that direct target enzymes involved in glycolysis and that are deregulated in several cancers. It also reviews the possible application of miRNAs in the improvement of clinical patients' management. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Several miRNAs that direct target enzymes involved in glycolysis are downregulated in cancer, strongly influencing the Warburg Effect. Due to this strong influence, FDG-PET can possibly benefit from measurement of these miRNAs. Restoring their levels can also bring an improvement to the current therapies. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Despite being known for almost a hundred years, the Warburg Effect is not fully understood. MiRNAs are now known to be intrinsically connected with this effect and present an opportunity to understand it. They also open a new door to improve current diagnosis and prognosis tests as well as to complement current therapies. This is urgent for cancers like RCC, mostly due to the lack of an efficient screening test for early relapse detection and follow-up and the development of resistance to current therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Morais
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, IPO-Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto), Porto, Portugal; ICBAS, Abel Salazar Institute for the Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - Francisca Dias
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, IPO-Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto), Porto, Portugal; ICBAS, Abel Salazar Institute for the Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Portugal; Research Department, LPCC-Portuguese League, Against Cancer (NRNorte), Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana L Teixeira
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, IPO-Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto), Porto, Portugal; Research Department, LPCC-Portuguese League, Against Cancer (NRNorte), Porto, Portugal.
| | - Rui Medeiros
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, IPO-Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto), Porto, Portugal; Research Department, LPCC-Portuguese League, Against Cancer (NRNorte), Porto, Portugal; CEBIMED, Faculty of Health Sciences, Fernando Pessoa University, Porto, Portugal; FMUP, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Portugal.
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228
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The zebrafish miR-125c is induced under hypoxic stress via hypoxia-inducible factor 1α and functions in cellular adaptations and embryogenesis. Oncotarget 2017; 8:73846-73859. [PMID: 29088751 PMCID: PMC5650306 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is a unique environmental stress. Hypoxia inducible factor-lα (HIF-lα) is a major transcriptional regulator of cellular adaptations to hypoxic stress. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) as posttranscriptional gene expression regulators occupy a crucial role in cell survival under low-oxygen environment. Previous evidences suggested that miR-125c is involved in hypoxia adaptation, but its precise biological roles and the regulatory mechanism underlying hypoxic responses remain unknown. The present study showed that zebrafish miR-125c is upregulated by hypoxia in a Hif-lα-mediated manner in vitro and in vivo. Dual-luciferase assay revealed that cdc25a is a novel target of miR-125c. An inverse correlation between miR-125c and cdc25a was further confirmed in vivo, suggesting miR-125c as a crucial physiological inhibitor of cdc25a which responds to cellular hypoxia. Overexpression of miR-125c suppressed cell proliferation, led to cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase in ZF4 cells and induced apoptotic responses during embryo development. More importantly, miR-125c overexpression resulted in severe malformation and reduction of motility during zebrafish embryonic development. Taken together, we conclude that miR-125c plays a pivotal role in cellular adaptations to hypoxic stress at least in part through the Hif-1α/miR-125c/cdc25a signaling and has great impact on zebrafish early embryonic development.
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229
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Na N, Li H, Xu C, Miao B, Hong L, Huang Z, Jiang Q. High expression of Aldolase A predicts poor survival in patients with clear-cell renal cell carcinoma. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2017; 13:279-285. [PMID: 28280347 PMCID: PMC5338975 DOI: 10.2147/tcrm.s123199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aldolase A (ALDOA) is a glycolytic enzyme that drives the glycolytic metabolic pathway in mammalian cells. The overexpression of ALDOA was observed in a variety of cancers including clear-cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). However, little was known about the clinicopathological significance and prognostic value of ALDOA in ccRCC patients. Methods The expression of ALDOA was detected using immunohistochemical staining in 162 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded ccRCC sections. Prognostic outcomes correlated with ALDOA were examined using Kaplan–Meier analysis and the Cox proportional hazards model. Results In patients with ccRCC, increased cytoplasmic ALDOA expression was positively associated with tumor size (P=0.021), TNM stages (P=0.034), lymph node metastasis (P=0.020), and overall survival (OS) (P<0.001). Kaplan–Meier analysis showed that high cytoplasmic expression of ALDOA was associated with a statistically significant lower OS (P<0.001). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that ALDOA expression was an independent and significant prognostic factor (HR =3.561, 95% CI =1.715–7.396, P=0.001). ALDOA expression was not associated with significant prognostic deference in the subgroups of TNM stage I patients or pT1 patients. Conclusion Our results suggest that ALDOA expression is an independent prognostic factor for OS in patients with ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Na
- Department of Kidney Transplantation
| | - Heng Li
- Department of Kidney Transplantation
| | - Chengfang Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Genecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University
| | - Bin Miao
- Department of Kidney Transplantation
| | | | | | - Qiu Jiang
- Department of Organ Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
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230
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Wang M, Li X, Zhang J, Yang Q, Chen W, Jin W, Huang YR, Yang R, Gao WQ. AHNAK2 is a Novel Prognostic Marker and Oncogenic Protein for Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma. Am J Cancer Res 2017; 7:1100-1113. [PMID: 28435451 PMCID: PMC5399579 DOI: 10.7150/thno.18198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrative database analysis was performed to identify novel candidate oncogene AHNAK2 overexpressed in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). However, the function of AHNAK2 in cancer cells is currently unknown. In this study, we first confirmed the upregulation of AHNAK2 in ccRCC tissues compared with adjacent normal tissues in 15 pairs of samples. Then we analyzed AHNAK2 expression in a large cohort of ccRCC patient samples (n = 355), and found that up-regulation of AHNAK2 was positively correlated with tumor progression and poor survival (p = 0.032). Knockdown of AHNAK2 inhibited cancer cell proliferation, colony formation and migration in vitro and tumorigenic ability in vivo. Meanwhile, knockdown of AHNAK2 impaired the cell oncologic-metabolism by inhibiting lipid synthesis. Moreover, we observed that expression of AHNAK2 was greatly upregulated, at least in part, by hypoxia in cancer cells. By using chromatin immune-precipitation (CHIP) and promoter-luciferase reporter assays, we identified that upregulation of AHNAK2 induced by hypoxia was hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF1α)-dependent. Knockdown of AHNAK2 impaired hypoxia-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and stem cell-like properties. Considered together, we reveal that AHNAK2 is upregulated in cancer cells and hypoxic upregulation of AHNAK2 can drive tumorigenesis and progression by supporting EMT and cancer cell stemness. Thus, AHNAK2 is a novel prognostic marker and an oncogenic protein for ccRCC.
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231
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López JI, Erramuzpe A, Guarch R, Cortés JM, Pulido R, Llarena R, Angulo JC. CD34 immunostaining enhances a distinct pattern of intratumor angiogenesis with prognostic implications in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. APMIS 2017; 125:128-133. [PMID: 28120493 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma is an aggressive neoplasm related to VHL gene inactivation. The molecular events derived from this initial alteration lead to a permanent intracellular pseudo-hypoxic status that stimulates vascular proliferation. The resulting increased intratumor angiogenesis is the target of most modern therapies. Although intratumor angiogenesis has received full attention in the last years, few studies have focused on its potential importance from a strict morphological approach. Intratumor angiogenesis has been analyzed in a retrospective series of clear cell renal cell carcinomas (n = 208) with long-term follow-up (n = 177). Two different patterns of angiogenesis have been highlighted with CD34 at the front of tumor invasion, termed continuous and discontinuous, respectively. The continuous pattern of angiogenesis showed a complete microvascular network surrounding totally tumor nests. Conversely, the discontinuous pattern displayed an incomplete network around tumor nests. The continuous pattern was associated to shorter 5-year (p = 0.00064, hazard ratio = 2.8) and 15-year (p = 0.014, hazard ratio = 1.7) survivals. Cox regression multivariate analysis also showed that the continuous pattern (p = 0.016373) remains a significant variable when considered together with grade (p = 0.001755) and stage (p = 0.000952). These findings support the notion that a continuous CD34+ pattern of intratumor angiogenesis may be useful for pathologists in predicting tumor behavior in clear cell renal cell carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- José I López
- Department of Pathology, Cruces University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain.,Biomarkers in Cancer Unit, BioCruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Asier Erramuzpe
- Quantitative Biomedicine Unit, BioCruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Rosa Guarch
- Department of Pathology, Complejo Hospitalario B de Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Jesús M Cortés
- Quantitative Biomedicine Unit, BioCruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain.,Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology and Histology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Rafael Pulido
- Biomarkers in Cancer Unit, BioCruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain.,Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Roberto Llarena
- Department of Urology, Cruces University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Javier C Angulo
- Department of Urology, Hospital de Getafe, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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232
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Hasanov E, Chen G, Chowdhury P, Weldon J, Ding Z, Jonasch E, Sen S, Walker CL, Dere R. Ubiquitination and regulation of AURKA identifies a hypoxia-independent E3 ligase activity of VHL. Oncogene 2017; 36:3450-3463. [PMID: 28114281 PMCID: PMC5485216 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The hypoxia-regulated tumor-suppressor von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) is an E3 ligase that recognizes its substrates as part of an oxygen-dependent prolyl hydroxylase (PHD) reaction, with hypoxia-inducible factor α (HIFα) being its most notable substrate. Here we report that VHL has an equally important function distinct from its hypoxia-regulated activity. We find that Aurora kinase A (AURKA) is a novel, hypoxia-independent target for VHL ubiquitination. In contrast to its hypoxia-regulated activity, VHL mono-, rather than poly-ubiquitinates AURKA, in a PHD-independent reaction targeting AURKA for degradation in quiescent cells, where degradation of AURKA is required to maintain the primary cilium. Tumor-associated variants of VHL differentiate between these two functions, as a pathogenic VHL mutant that retains intrinsic ability to ubiquitinate HIFα is unable to ubiquitinate AURKA. Together, these data identify VHL as an E3 ligase with important cellular functions under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Hasanov
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Basic Oncology, Hacettepe University Cancer Institute, Sihhiye, Ankara, Turkey
| | - G Chen
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - P Chowdhury
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Center for Precision Environmental Health, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - J Weldon
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Z Ding
- Department of Systems Biology, U.T. M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - E Jonasch
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, U.T. M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - S Sen
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, U.T. M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - C L Walker
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Center for Precision Environmental Health, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - R Dere
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Center for Precision Environmental Health, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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233
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Minami T, Matsumura N, Sugimoto K, Shimizu N, De Velasco M, Nozawa M, Yoshimura K, Harashima N, Harada M, Uemura H. Hypoxia-inducing factor (HIF)-1α-derived peptide capable of inducing cancer-reactive cytotoxic T lymphocytes from HLA-A24 + patients with renal cell carcinoma. Int Immunopharmacol 2017; 44:197-202. [PMID: 28110220 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2017.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxic tumor microenvironment makes cancer cells to be therapy-resistant and hypoxia-inducing factors (HIFs) play a central role in hypoxic adaptation. Especially, renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is often associated with von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) gene mutations, leading to up-regulation of HIFs. However, from a different point of view, this suggests the possibility that HIFs could be promising targets in anti-cancer therapy. In this study, we searched for HIF-1α-derived peptides that are able to induce RCC-reactive cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) from HLA-A24+ RCC patients. Among five peptides derived from HIF-1α, which were prepared based on the binding motif to the HLA-A24 allele, a HIF-1α278-287 peptide induced peptide-specific CTLs from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of HLA-A24+ RCC patients most effectively. In immunoblot assays, the expression of HIF-1α was lowly detected in whole and nuclear lysates of RCC cell lines even under normoxia (20% O2), and their expression in whole lysates was increased under hypoxia (1% O2). Additionally, HIF-1α278-287 peptide-stimulated T cells showed a higher cytotoxicity against HLA-A24+ HIF-1α-expressing RCC cells than against HLA-A24- HIF-1α-expressing RCC cells. The cytotoxicity was inhibited by the addition of HIF-1α278-287 peptide-pulsed cold target cells. Altogether, these results indicate that the HIF-1α278-287 peptide could be a candidate for peptide-based anti-cancer vaccines for HLA-A24+ RCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takafumi Minami
- Department of Urology, Kindai University School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Naoki Matsumura
- Department of Urology, Kindai University School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Koichi Sugimoto
- Department of Urology, Kindai University School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Shimizu
- Department of Urology, Kindai University School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Marco De Velasco
- Department of Urology, Kindai University School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nozawa
- Department of Urology, Kindai University School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Yoshimura
- Department of Urology, Kindai University School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Nanae Harashima
- Department of Immunology, Shimane University School of Medicine, Izumo, Shimane, Japan
| | - Mamoru Harada
- Department of Immunology, Shimane University School of Medicine, Izumo, Shimane, Japan
| | - Hirotsugu Uemura
- Department of Urology, Kindai University School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
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234
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Nwabo Kamdje A, Vecchio L, Takam Kamga P, Seke Etet P, Muller J, Bassi G, Krampera M. Developmental Pathways. INTRODUCTION TO CANCER METASTASIS 2017:337-352. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-804003-4.00018-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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235
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Nwabo Kamdje AH, Takam Kamga P, Tagne Simo R, Vecchio L, Seke Etet PF, Muller JM, Bassi G, Lukong E, Kumar Goel R, Mbo Amvene J, Krampera M. Developmental pathways associated with cancer metastasis: Notch, Wnt, and Hedgehog. Cancer Biol Med 2017; 14:109-120. [PMID: 28607802 PMCID: PMC5444923 DOI: 10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2016.0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Master developmental pathways, such as Notch, Wnt, and Hedgehog, are signaling systems that control proliferation, cell death, motility, migration, and stemness. These systems are not only commonly activated in many solid tumors, where they drive or contribute to cancer initiation, but also in primary and metastatic tumor development. The reactivation of developmental pathways in cancer stroma favors the development of cancer stem cells and allows their maintenance, indicating these signaling pathways as particularly attractive targets for efficient anticancer therapies, especially in advanced primary tumors and metastatic cancers. Metastasis is the worst feature of cancer development. This feature results from a cascade of events emerging from the hijacking of epithelial-mesenchymal transition, angiogenesis, migration, and invasion by transforming cells and is associated with poor survival, drug resistance, and tumor relapse. In the present review, we summarize and discuss experimental data suggesting pivotal roles for developmental pathways in cancer development and metastasis, considering the therapeutic potential. Emerging targeted antimetastatic therapies based on Notch, Wnt, and Hedgehog pathways are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul Takam Kamga
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ngaoundere, Ngaoundere 454, Cameroon
| | - Richard Tagne Simo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ngaoundere, Ngaoundere 454, Cameroon
| | - Lorella Vecchio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ngaoundere, Ngaoundere 454, Cameroon
| | | | - Jean Marc Muller
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ngaoundere, Ngaoundere 454, Cameroon
| | - Giulio Bassi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ngaoundere, Ngaoundere 454, Cameroon
| | - Erique Lukong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ngaoundere, Ngaoundere 454, Cameroon
| | - Raghuveera Kumar Goel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ngaoundere, Ngaoundere 454, Cameroon
| | - Jeremie Mbo Amvene
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ngaoundere, Ngaoundere 454, Cameroon
| | - Mauro Krampera
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ngaoundere, Ngaoundere 454, Cameroon
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236
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Molecular Heterogeneity of Renal Cell Carcinoma. Urol Oncol 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-42603-7_59-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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237
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Abstract
The majority of kidney cancers are associated with mutations in the von Hippel-Lindau gene and a small proportion are associated with infrequent mutations in other well characterized tumour-suppressor genes. In the past 15 years, efforts to uncover other key genes involved in renal cancer have identified many genes that are dysregulated or silenced via epigenetic mechanisms, mainly through methylation of promoter CpG islands or dysregulation of specific microRNAs. In addition, the advent of next-generation sequencing has led to the identification of several novel genes that are mutated in renal cancer, such as PBRM1, BAP1 and SETD2, which are all involved in histone modification and nucleosome and chromatin remodelling. In this Review, we discuss how altered DNA methylation, microRNA dysregulation and mutations in histone-modifying enzymes disrupt cellular pathways in renal cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Morris
- Brain Tumour Research Centre, Wolverhampton School of Sciences, University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK
| | - Farida Latif
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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238
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Rock2 promotes RCC proliferation by decreasing SCARA5 expression through β-catenin/TCF4 signaling. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 480:586-593. [PMID: 27793664 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.10.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Rho-associated coiled-coil forming protein kinase 2 (Rock2), as a key effector of the small GTPase RhoA, is involved in tumor development. Scavenger receptor class A member 5 (SCARA5) is an important regulator of biological processes in cancer cells. However, the roles and relationship of Rock2 and SCARA5 in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) remain unclear. In this study, we found that Rock2 expression was markedly increased in clinical RCC tissues compared with that in adjacent non-cancerous tissues. High expression of Rock2 was inversely correlated with patient survival in RCC, which indicated that Rock2 may be a prognostic marker in human RCC. In addition, Rock2 knockdown increased SCARA5 expression and suppressed RCC cell proliferation both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, we found that the β-catenin/TCF4 pathway contributed to the effect of Rock2 on SCARA5-mediated RCC proliferation. Taken together, these results suggest that this newly identified Rock2-β-catenin/TCF4-SCARA5 axis will provide novel insight into the understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of proliferation in human RCC.
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239
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Bielecka ZF, Maliszewska-Olejniczak K, Safir IJ, Szczylik C, Czarnecka AM. Three-dimensional cell culture model utilization in cancer stem cell research. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2016; 92:1505-1520. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zofia F. Bielecka
- Department of Oncology with Laboratory of Molecular Oncology; Military Institute of Medicine; Szaserów 128 04-141 Warsaw Poland
- Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine; Medical University of Warsaw; Zwirki i Wigury 61 02-109 Warsaw Poland
| | - Kamila Maliszewska-Olejniczak
- Department of Oncology with Laboratory of Molecular Oncology; Military Institute of Medicine; Szaserów 128 04-141 Warsaw Poland
- Laboratory of DNA Sequencing and Oligonucleotides Synthesis, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics; Polish Academy of Sciences; Pawinskiego 5a 02-106 Warsaw Poland
| | - Ilan J. Safir
- Department of Urology; Emory University School of Medicine; Atlanta GA 30322 U.S.A
| | - Cezary Szczylik
- Department of Oncology with Laboratory of Molecular Oncology; Military Institute of Medicine; Szaserów 128 04-141 Warsaw Poland
| | - Anna M. Czarnecka
- Department of Oncology with Laboratory of Molecular Oncology; Military Institute of Medicine; Szaserów 128 04-141 Warsaw Poland
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240
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Hu SL, Chang A, Perazella MA, Okusa MD, Jaimes EA, Weiss RH. The Nephrologist's Tumor: Basic Biology and Management of Renal Cell Carcinoma. J Am Soc Nephrol 2016; 27:2227-37. [PMID: 26961346 PMCID: PMC4978061 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2015121335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Kidney cancer, or renal cell carcinoma (RCC), is a disease of increasing incidence that is commonly seen in the general practice of nephrology. However, RCC is under-recognized by the nephrology community, such that its presence in curricula and research by this group is lacking. In the most common form of RCC, clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), inactivation of the von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor is nearly universal; thus, the biology of ccRCC is characterized by activation of hypoxia-relevant pathways that lead to the associated paraneoplastic syndromes. Therefore, RCC is labeled the internist's tumor. In light of this characterization and multiple other metabolic abnormalities recently associated with ccRCC, it can now be viewed as a metabolic disease. In this review, we discuss the basic biology, pathology, and approaches for treatment of RCC. It is important to distinguish between kidney confinement and distant spread of RCC, because this difference affects diagnostic and therapeutic approaches and patient survival, and it is important to recognize the key interplay between RCC, RCC therapy, and CKD. Better understanding of all aspects of this disease will lead to optimal patient care and more recognition of an increasingly prevalent nephrologic disease, which we now appropriately label the nephrologist's tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susie L Hu
- Division of Kidney Disease and Hypertension, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Anthony Chang
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Mark A Perazella
- Division of Nephrology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut; Medical Service Veterans Affairs Connecticut, West Haven, Connecticut
| | - Mark D Okusa
- Division of Nephrology and Center for Immunity, Inflammation and Regenerative Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Edgar A Jaimes
- Renal Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York; Renal Division, Weill-Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Robert H Weiss
- Division of Nephrology and Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, California; and Medical Service, Veterans Affairs Northern California Health Care System, Sacramento, California
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241
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Gao Y, Li H, Ma X, Fan Y, Ni D, Zhang Y, Huang Q, Liu K, Li X, Wang L, Yao Y, Ai Q, Zhang X. E2F3 upregulation promotes tumor malignancy through the transcriptional activation of HIF-2α in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Oncotarget 2016; 8:54021-54036. [PMID: 28903320 PMCID: PMC5589559 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The E2F3 transcriptional regulatory pathway plays a major part in multiple-cancer progression, but the specific contributions of this pathway to tumor formation and the progression of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) are not fully understood. Clinically, we demonstrated that E2F3 was overexpressed in advanced tumor features. Moreover, cytoplasmic restoration predicted the poor overall survival of ccRCC patients. As a remarkable oncogene for ccRCC, high HIF-2α levels closely correlated with E2F3 upregulation. We observed in vitro that E2F3 overexpression and knockdown regulated HIF-2α expression. Furthermore, we found that HIF-2α harbored multiple E2F3 binding sites in the promoters. Mechanistically, E2F3 acted to transactivate HIF-2α transcription, which in turn exerted a serial effect on the pivotal epithelial–mesenchymal transition-related genes. The RNA interference-mediated silencing of HIF-2α attenuated E2F3-enhanced cell migration and invasion in vitro and in vivo. Overall, our results identified HIF-2α as a direct target gene for E2F3 upregulation, which was critical for carcinogenesis and progression of ccRCC. Thus, targeting the E2F3–HIF-2α interaction may be a promising approach to ccRCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Gao
- Department of Urology, Chinese PLA General Hospital/Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing, 100853, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital/Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing, 100853, P. R. China
| | - Hongzhao Li
- Department of Urology, Chinese PLA General Hospital/Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing, 100853, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital/Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing, 100853, P. R. China
| | - Xin Ma
- Department of Urology, Chinese PLA General Hospital/Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing, 100853, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital/Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing, 100853, P. R. China
| | - Yang Fan
- Department of Urology, Chinese PLA General Hospital/Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing, 100853, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital/Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing, 100853, P. R. China
| | - Dong Ni
- Department of Urology, Chinese PLA General Hospital/Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing, 100853, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital/Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing, 100853, P. R. China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Urology, Chinese PLA General Hospital/Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing, 100853, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital/Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing, 100853, P. R. China
| | - Qingbo Huang
- Department of Urology, Chinese PLA General Hospital/Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing, 100853, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital/Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing, 100853, P. R. China
| | - Kan Liu
- Department of Urology, Chinese PLA General Hospital/Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing, 100853, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital/Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing, 100853, P. R. China
| | - Xintao Li
- Department of Urology, Chinese PLA General Hospital/Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing, 100853, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital/Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing, 100853, P. R. China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Urology, Chinese PLA General Hospital/Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing, 100853, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital/Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing, 100853, P. R. China
| | - Yuanxin Yao
- Department of Urology, Chinese PLA General Hospital/Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing, 100853, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital/Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing, 100853, P. R. China
| | - Qing Ai
- Department of Urology, Chinese PLA General Hospital/Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing, 100853, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital/Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing, 100853, P. R. China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of Urology, Chinese PLA General Hospital/Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing, 100853, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital/Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing, 100853, P. R. China
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242
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Wei Y, Bai L. Recent advances in the understanding of molecular mechanisms of cartilage degeneration, synovitis and subchondral bone changes in osteoarthritis. Connect Tissue Res 2016; 57:245-61. [PMID: 27285430 DOI: 10.1080/03008207.2016.1177036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA), the most common form of degenerative joint disease, is linked to high morbidity. It is predicted to be the single greatest cause of disability in the general population by 2030. The development of disease-modifying therapy for OA currently face great obstacle mainly because the onset and development of the disease involve complex molecular mechanisms. In this review, we will comprehensively summarize biological and pathological mechanisms of three key aspects: degeneration of articular cartilage, synovial immunopathogenesis, and changes in subchondral bone. For each tissue, we will focus on the molecular receptors, cytokines, peptidases, related cell, and signal pathways. Agents that specifically block mechanisms involved in synovial inflammation, degeneration of articular cartilage, and subchondral bone remodeling can potentially be exploited to produce targeted therapy for OA. Such new comprehensive agents will benefit affected patients and bring exciting new hope for the treatment of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingliang Wei
- a Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Sheng-Jing Hospital , China Medical University , ShenYang , China
| | - Lunhao Bai
- a Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Sheng-Jing Hospital , China Medical University , ShenYang , China
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243
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Hao J, Chen X, Fu T, Liu J, Yu M, Han W, He S, Qian R, Zhang F. The Expression of VHL (Von Hippel-Lindau) After Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury and Its Role in Neuronal Apoptosis. Neurochem Res 2016; 41:2391-400. [PMID: 27324785 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-1952-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Revised: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The VHL (Von Hippel-Lindau) gene is a tumor suppressor gene, which is best known as an E3 ubiquitin ligase that negatively regulates the hypoxia inducible factor. The inactivation of VHL gene could result in the abnormal synthesis of VHL protein, which is in contact with the development and occurrence of renal clear cell carcinoma. However, the expression and possible function of VHL in central nervous system (CNS) is still unclear. To examine the function of VHL in CNS injury and repair, we used an acute spinal cord injury (SCI) model in adult rats. Western blot analysis showed an important upregulation of VHL protein, reaching a peak at day 3 and then declined during the following days. Double immunofluorescence staining showed that VHL was co-expressed with neurons, but not with astrocytes and microglia. Moreover, we detected that active caspase-3 had co-localized with VHL in neurons after SCI. Additionally in vitro, VHL depletion, by short interfering RNA, significantly reduced neuronal apoptosis. In conclusion, these data suggested that the change of VHL protein expression was related to neuronal apoptosis after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Hao
- Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, People's Republic of China.,Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqing Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Fu
- School of Nursing, Nantong University, Nantong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Liu
- Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, People's Republic of China.,Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingchen Yu
- Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, People's Republic of China.,Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Han
- Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, People's Republic of China.,Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang He
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Qian
- Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, People's Republic of China.,Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, People's Republic of China.
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244
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Wnt Signaling in Renal Cell Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2016; 8:cancers8060057. [PMID: 27322325 PMCID: PMC4931622 DOI: 10.3390/cancers8060057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) accounts for 90% of all kidney cancers. Due to poor diagnosis, high resistance to the systemic therapies and the fact that most RCC cases occur sporadically, current research switched its focus on studying the molecular mechanisms underlying RCC. The aim is the discovery of new effective and less toxic anti-cancer drugs and novel diagnostic markers. Besides the PI3K/Akt/mTOR, HGF/Met and VHL/hypoxia cellular signaling pathways, the involvement of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in RCC is commonly studied. Wnt signaling and its targeted genes are known to actively participate in different biological processes during embryonic development and renal cancer. Recently, studies have shown that targeting this pathway by alternating/inhibiting its intracellular signal transduction can reduce cancer cells viability and inhibit their growth. The targets and drugs identified show promising potential to serve as novel RCC therapeutics and prognostic markers. This review aims to summarize the current status quo regarding recent research on RCC focusing on the involvement of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and how its understanding could facilitate the identification of potential therapeutic targets, new drugs and diagnostic biomarkers.
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245
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Wilkins SE, Abboud MI, Hancock RL, Schofield CJ. Targeting Protein-Protein Interactions in the HIF System. ChemMedChem 2016; 11:773-86. [PMID: 26997519 PMCID: PMC4848768 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201600012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Animals respond to chronic hypoxia by increasing the levels of a transcription factor known as the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF). HIF upregulates multiple genes, the products of which work to ameliorate the effects of limited oxygen at cellular and systemic levels. Hypoxia sensing by the HIF system involves hydroxylase-catalysed post-translational modifications of the HIF α-subunits, which 1) signal for degradation of HIF-α and 2) limit binding of HIF to transcriptional coactivator proteins. Because the hypoxic response is relevant to multiple disease states, therapeutic manipulation of the HIF-mediated response has considerable medicinal potential. In addition to modulation of catalysis by the HIF hydroxylases, the HIF system manifests other possibilities for therapeutic intervention involving protein-protein and protein-nucleic acid interactions. Recent advances in our understanding of the structural biology and biochemistry of the HIF system are facilitating medicinal chemistry efforts. Herein we give an overview of the HIF system, focusing on structural knowledge of protein-protein interactions and how this might be used to modulate the hypoxic response for therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Wilkins
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.
| | - Martine I Abboud
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Rebecca L Hancock
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Christopher J Schofield
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.
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246
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Agaimy A, Hartmann A. [Hereditary renal tumors: More common than expected?]. DER PATHOLOGE 2016; 37:134-43. [PMID: 26979427 DOI: 10.1007/s00292-016-0153-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Renal cell carcinomas are associated with hereditary tumor syndromes in approximately 5 % of cases. In patients with a hereditary predisposition, tumors show an earlier age of onset, often with a multicentric and bilateral manifestation. While some patients with renal cell carcinoma can be classified into well-characterized kidney cancer syndromes others have a genetic background which is still poorly understood. Most of the specific tumor syndromes are associated with a histopathologically distinct renal cell tumor phenotype. The recognition of patients with hereditary renal cell carcinoma and the identification of individual family members with a higher risk of development of renal tumors is important for early tumor detection and treatment. This manuscript reviews the clinical pathological and molecular findings of hereditary renal cell carcinoma syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Agaimy
- Pathologisches Institut, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Krankenhausstraße 8-10, 91054, Erlangen, Deutschland
| | - A Hartmann
- Pathologisches Institut, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Krankenhausstraße 8-10, 91054, Erlangen, Deutschland.
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247
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Lauer V, Schödel J. Hypoxia-inducible Factor Crosses the Checkpoint. Eur Urol 2016; 70:633-634. [PMID: 26778461 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2015.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Lauer
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Johannes Schödel
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
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248
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Nanus DM, Gudas LJ. The Tale of Two Hypoxia-Inducible Factors in Renal Cell Carcinoma. Eur Urol 2015; 69:658-659. [PMID: 26431912 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2015.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David M Nanus
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, NY, USA; Meyer Cancer Center, NY, USA.
| | - Lorraine J Gudas
- Meyer Cancer Center, NY, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, NY, USA
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