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Kenchington AL, Lamont RF. Group B streptococcal immunisation of pregnant women for the prevention of early and late onset Group B streptococcal infection of the neonate as well as adult disease. Expert Rev Vaccines 2016; 16:15-25. [PMID: 27385362 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2016.1209113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Early onset neonatal Group B streptococcal disease is preventable. Intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis has resulted in a significant reduction in neonatal mortality and morbidity. National guidelines for the selection of women eligible for intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis, whether screening-based or risk-based, differ according to the local burden of disease. Despite the introduction of intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis, there remains a significant burden of disease, which can be resolved by better adherence to guidelines, rapid identification of maternal colonization or in the future, vaccination. Areas covered: The introduction of a vaccine to women in the third trimester is likely to further reduce the burden of disease and provide benefits beyond the prevention of early neonatal disease, including meningitis and disability following late onset disease. Development of specific polyvalent vaccines continues, but testing has challenges and may require surrogate markers or molecular-based techniques to manipulate antigenicity and immunogenicity. Expert commentary: Group B streptococcal vaccination using conjugated polyvalent vaccines against the major disease causing serotypes of Group B streptococcus, either alone, or in combination with a policy of intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis, may decrease the burden of Group B streptococcus beyond that achieved by current use of intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis alone.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ronald F Lamont
- b Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Clinical Institute , University of Southern Denmark, Odense University Hospital , Odense , Denmark.,c Division of Surgery , University College London, Northwick Park Institute of Medical Research Campus , London , UK
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202
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Meunier M, Guyard-Nicodème M, Hirchaud E, Parra A, Chemaly M, Dory D. Identification of Novel Vaccine Candidates against Campylobacter through Reverse Vaccinology. J Immunol Res 2016; 2016:5715790. [PMID: 27413761 PMCID: PMC4928009 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5715790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacteriosis is the most prevalent bacterial foodborne gastroenteritis affecting humans in the European Union. Human cases are mainly due to Campylobacter jejuni or Campylobacter coli, and contamination is associated with the handling and/or consumption of poultry meat. In fact, poultry constitutes the bacteria's main reservoir. A promising way of decreasing the incidence of campylobacteriosis in humans would be to decrease avian colonization. Poultry vaccination is of potential for this purpose. However, despite many studies, there is currently no vaccine available on the market to reduce the intestinal Campylobacter load in chickens. It is essential to identify and characterize new vaccine antigens. This study applied the reverse vaccinology approach to detect new vaccine candidates. The main criteria used to select immune proteins were localization, antigenicity, and number of B-epitopes. Fourteen proteins were identified as potential vaccine antigens. In vitro and in vivo experiments now need to be performed to validate the immune and protective power of these newly identified antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Meunier
- Unit of Viral Genetics and Biosafety (GVB), French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), 22440 Ploufragan, France; Unit of Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pork Products (HQPAP), French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Muriel Guyard-Nicodème
- Unit of Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pork Products (HQPAP), French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Edouard Hirchaud
- Unit of Viral Genetics and Biosafety (GVB), French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | | | - Marianne Chemaly
- Unit of Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pork Products (HQPAP), French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Daniel Dory
- Unit of Viral Genetics and Biosafety (GVB), French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), 22440 Ploufragan, France
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203
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Servín-Blanco R, Zamora-Alvarado R, Gevorkian G, Manoutcharian K. Antigenic variability: Obstacles on the road to vaccines against traditionally difficult targets. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 12:2640-2648. [PMID: 27295540 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2016.1191718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the impressive impact of vaccines on public health, the success of vaccines targeting many important pathogens and cancers has to date been limited. The burden of infectious diseases today is mainly caused by antigenically variable pathogens (AVPs), which escape immune responses induced by prior infection or vaccination through changes in molecular structures recognized by antibodies or T cells. Extensive genetic and antigenic variability is the major obstacle for the development of new or improved vaccines against "difficult" targets. Alternative, qualitatively new approaches leading to the generation of disease- and patient-specific vaccine immunogens that incorporate complex permanently changing epitope landscapes of intended targets accompanied by appropriate immunomodulators are urgently needed. In this review, we highlight some of the most critical common issues related to the development of vaccines against many pathogens and cancers that escape protective immune responses owing to antigenic variation, and discuss recent efforts to overcome the obstacles by applying alternative approaches for the rational design of new types of immunogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Servín-Blanco
- a Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), AP 70228, Cuidad Universitaria , México DF , México
| | - R Zamora-Alvarado
- a Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), AP 70228, Cuidad Universitaria , México DF , México
| | - G Gevorkian
- a Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), AP 70228, Cuidad Universitaria , México DF , México
| | - K Manoutcharian
- a Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), AP 70228, Cuidad Universitaria , México DF , México
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204
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Abd El Ghany M, Sharaf H, Hill-Cawthorne GA. Hajj vaccinations-facts, challenges, and hope. Int J Infect Dis 2016; 47:29-37. [PMID: 27260241 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2016.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is an effective preventive measure that has been used in the unique Hajj pilgrimage setting to control the transmission of infectious diseases. The current vaccination policy applied during Hajj is reviewed herein, highlighting the effectiveness of the approaches applied and identifying research gaps that need to be filled in order to improve the development and dissemination of Hajj vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moataz Abd El Ghany
- The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; The Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
| | | | - Grant A Hill-Cawthorne
- The Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Australia.
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205
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Koff WC, Schenkelberg T. Decoding the human immune system to transform the future of global disease prevention and control. Expert Rev Vaccines 2016; 15:1235-6. [DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2016.1170600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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206
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207
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Abstract
Traditional vaccination with whole pathogens or pathogen-derived subunits has completely eliminated diseases like smallpox, and has greatly limited the incidence, morbidity and mortality associated with many other infectious diseases. Unfortunately, a large burden of infectious disease remains that may be preventable through vaccination. For many of these, more focused and innovative approaches may be essential for the development of effective vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Oscherwitz
- a Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine , University of Michigan Medical School , Ann Arbor , MI , USA.,b Veterans Administration Ann Arbor Healthcare System , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
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208
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Current perspective in tuberculosis vaccine development for high TB endemic regions. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2016; 98:149-58. [PMID: 27156631 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2016.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) continues to be a global epidemic, despite of the availability of Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG) vaccine for more than six decades. In an effort to eradicate TB, vaccinologist around the world have made considerable efforts to develop improved vaccine candidates, based on the understanding of BCG failure in developing world and immune response thought to be protective against TB. The present review represents a current perspective on TB vaccination research, including additional research strategies needed for increasing the efficacy of BCG, and for the development of new effective vaccines for high TB endemic regions.
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209
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Oliveira FM, Coelho IEV, Lopes MD, Taranto AG, Junior MC, Santos LLD, Villar JAPF, Fonseca CT, Lopes DDO. The Use of Reverse Vaccinology and Molecular Modeling Associated with Cell Proliferation Stimulation Approach to Select Promiscuous Epitopes from Schistosoma mansoni. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2016; 179:1023-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-016-2048-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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210
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Sidney J, Schloss J, Moore C, Lindvall M, Wriston A, Hunt DF, Shabanowitz J, DiLorenzo TP, Sette A. Characterization of the peptide binding specificity of the HLA class I alleles B*38:01 and B*39:06. Immunogenetics 2016; 68:231-6. [PMID: 26754738 PMCID: PMC4760861 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-015-0898-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
B*38:01 and B*39:06 are present with phenotypic frequencies <2% in the general population, but are of interest as B*39:06 is the B allele most associated with type 1 diabetes susceptibility and 38:01 is most protective. A previous study derived putative main anchor motifs for both alleles based on peptide elution data. The present study has utilized panels of single amino acid substitution peptide libraries to derive detailed quantitative motifs accounting for both primary and secondary influences on peptide binding. From these analyses, both alleles were confirmed to utilize the canonical position 2/C-terminus main anchor spacing. B*38:01 preferentially bound peptides with the positively charged or polar residues H, R, and Q in position 2 and the large hydrophobic residues I, F, L, W, and M at the C-terminus. B*39:06 had a similar preference for R in position 2, but also well-tolerated M, Q, and K. A more dramatic contrast between the two alleles was noted at the C-terminus, where the specificity of B*39:06 was clearly for small residues, with A as most preferred, followed by G, V, S, T, and I. Detailed position-by-position and residue-by-residue coefficient values were generated from the panels to provide detailed quantitative B*38:01 and B*39:06 motifs. It is hoped that these detailed motifs will facilitate the identification of T cell epitopes recognized in the context of two class I alleles associated with dramatically different dispositions towards type 1 diabetes, offering potential avenues for the investigation of the role of CD8 T cells in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Sidney
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Jennifer Schloss
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Carrie Moore
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Mikaela Lindvall
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Amanda Wriston
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 222904, USA
| | - Donald F Hunt
- Departments of Chemistry and Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 222904, USA
| | - Jeffrey Shabanowitz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 222904, USA
| | - Teresa P DiLorenzo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
- Department of Medicine (Division of Endocrinology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Alessandro Sette
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
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211
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Rosenthal KS, Kuntz A, Sikon J. Why Don't We Have a Vaccine Against……….? Part 2. Bacteria. INFECTIOUS DISEASES IN CLINICAL PRACTICE 2016. [DOI: 10.1097/ipc.0000000000000352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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212
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Chiang MH, Sung WC, Lien SP, Chen YZ, Lo AFY, Huang JH, Kuo SC, Chong P. Identification of novel vaccine candidates against Acinetobacter baumannii using reverse vaccinology. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 11:1065-73. [PMID: 25751377 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1010910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Acinetobacter baumannii (Ab) is a global emerging bacterium causing nosocomial infections such as pneumonia, meningitis, bacteremia and soft tissue infections especially in intensive care units. Since Ab is resistant to almost all conventional antibiotics, it is now one of the 6 top-priorities of the dangerous microorganisms listed by the Infectious Disease Society of America. The development of vaccine is one of the most promising and cost-effective strategies to prevent infections. In this study, we identified potential protective vaccine candidates using reverse vaccinology. We have analyzed 14 on-line available Ab genome sequences and found 2752 homologous core genes. Using information obtained from immuno-proteomic experiments, published proteomic information and the bioinformatics PSORTb v3.0 software to predict the location of extracellular and/or outer membrane proteins, 77 genes were identified and selected for further studies. After excluding those antigens have been used as vaccine candidates reported by the in silico search-engines of PubMed and Google Scholar, 13 proteins could potentially be vaccine candidates. We have selected and cloned the genes of 3 antigens that were further expressed and purified. These antigens were found to be highly immunogenic and conferred partial protection (60%) in a pneumonia animal model. The strategy described in the present study incorporates the advantages of reverse vaccinology, bioinformatics and immuno-proteomic platform technologies and is easy to perform to identify novel immunogens for multi-component vaccines development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hsien Chiang
- a Vaccine R&D Center; National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology ; National Health Research Institutes ; Zhunan Town , Taiwan
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213
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Rodrigues-da-Silva RN, Martins da Silva JH, Singh B, Jiang J, Meyer EVS, Santos F, Banic DM, Moreno A, Galinski MR, Oliveira-Ferreira J, Lima-Junior JDC. In silico Identification and Validation of a Linear and Naturally Immunogenic B-Cell Epitope of the Plasmodium vivax Malaria Vaccine Candidate Merozoite Surface Protein-9. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146951. [PMID: 26788998 PMCID: PMC4720479 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic peptide vaccines provide the advantages of safety, stability and low cost. The success of this approach is highly dependent on efficient epitope identification and synthetic strategies for efficacious delivery. In malaria, the Merozoite Surface Protein-9 of Plasmodium vivax (PvMSP9) has been considered a vaccine candidate based on the evidence that specific antibodies were able to inhibit merozoite invasion and recombinant proteins were highly immunogenic in mice and humans. However the identities of linear B-cell epitopes within PvMSP9 as targets of functional antibodies remain undefined. We used several publicly-available algorithms for in silico analyses and prediction of relevant B cell epitopes within PMSP9. We show that the tandem repeat sequence EAAPENAEPVHENA (PvMSP9E795-A808) present at the C-terminal region is a promising target for antibodies, given its high combined score to be a linear epitope and located in a putative intrinsically unstructured region of the native protein. To confirm the predictive value of the computational approach, plasma samples from 545 naturally exposed individuals were screened for IgG reactivity against the recombinant PvMSP9-RIRII729-972 and a synthetic peptide representing the predicted B cell epitope PvMSP9E795-A808. 316 individuals (58%) were responders to the full repetitive region PvMSP9-RIRII, of which 177 (56%) also presented total IgG reactivity against the synthetic peptide, confirming it validity as a B cell epitope. The reactivity indexes of anti-PvMSP9-RIRII and anti-PvMSP9E795-A808 antibodies were correlated. Interestingly, a potential role in the acquisition of protective immunity was associated with the linear epitope, since the IgG1 subclass against PvMSP9E795-A808 was the prevalent subclass and this directly correlated with time elapsed since the last malaria episode; however this was not observed in the antibody responses against the full PvMSP9-RIRII. In conclusion, our findings identified and experimentally confirmed the potential of PvMSP9E795-A808 as an immunogenic linear B cell epitope within the P. vivax malaria vaccine candidate PvMSP9 and support its inclusion in future subunit vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Balwan Singh
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Jianlin Jiang
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Esmeralda V. S. Meyer
- Environmental Health and Safety Office, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Fátima Santos
- National Health Foundation, Department of Entomology, Central Laboratory, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Dalma Maria Banic
- Laboratory of Simulids and Onchocerciasis "Malaria and Onchocerciasis Research", Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alberto Moreno
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Mary R. Galinski
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Joseli Oliveira-Ferreira
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- * E-mail: (JCLJ); (JO-F)
| | - Josué da Costa Lima-Junior
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- * E-mail: (JCLJ); (JO-F)
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214
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Fernandes LG, Siqueira GH, Teixeira ARF, Silva LP, Figueredo JM, Cosate MR, Vieira ML, Nascimento ALTO. Leptospira spp.: Novel insights into host-pathogen interactions. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2015; 176:50-7. [PMID: 26727033 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a widespread zoonosis caused by pathogenic Leptospira spp. It is an important infectious disease that affects humans and animals. The disease causes economic losses as it affects livestock, with decreased milk production and death. Our group is investigating the genome sequences of L. interrogans targeting surface-exposed proteins because, due to their location, these proteins are capable to interact with several host components that could allow establishment of the infection. These interactions may involve adhesion of the bacteria to extracellular matrix (ECM) components and, hence, help bacterial colonization. The bacteria could also react with the host fibrinolytic system and/or with the coagulation cascade components, such as, plasminogen (PLG) and fibrinogen (Fg), respectively. The binding with the first system generates plasmin (PLA), increasing the proteolytic power of the bacteria, while the second interferes with clotting in a thrombin-catalyzed reaction, which may promote hemorrhage foci and increase bacterial dissemination. Interaction with the complement system negative regulators may help bacteria to evade the host immune system, facilitating the invasion. This work compiles the main described leptospiral proteins that could act as adhesins, as PLG and fibrinogen receptors and as complement regulator binding proteins. We present models in which we suggest possible mechanisms of how leptospires might colonize and invade host tissues, causing the disease. Understanding leptospiral pathogenesis will help to identify antigen candidates that would contribute to the development of more effective vaccines and diagnostic tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis G Fernandes
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto Butantan, Avenida Vital Brazil, 1500, 05503-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Programa de Pós Graduação Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, USP, Avenida Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1730, 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriela H Siqueira
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto Butantan, Avenida Vital Brazil, 1500, 05503-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Programa de Pós Graduação Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, USP, Avenida Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1730, 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Aline R F Teixeira
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto Butantan, Avenida Vital Brazil, 1500, 05503-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Programa de Pós Graduação Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, USP, Avenida Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1730, 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Lucas P Silva
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto Butantan, Avenida Vital Brazil, 1500, 05503-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Programa de Pós Graduação Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, USP, Avenida Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1730, 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Jupciana M Figueredo
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto Butantan, Avenida Vital Brazil, 1500, 05503-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Programa de Pós Graduação Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, USP, Avenida Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1730, 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria R Cosate
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto Butantan, Avenida Vital Brazil, 1500, 05503-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Monica L Vieira
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto Butantan, Avenida Vital Brazil, 1500, 05503-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana L T O Nascimento
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto Butantan, Avenida Vital Brazil, 1500, 05503-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Programa de Pós Graduação Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, USP, Avenida Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1730, 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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215
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Abstract
Recent technological advances in genomics, mass spectrometry, and epitope identification algorithms offer significant potential to identify novel antigenic targets for vaccine and immunotherapeutic development. On 30 April 2015, leading immunologists and bioinformatics scientists met to consider how best to utilize these advances towards deciphering the human antigenome and exploiting this information for prevention and control of infectious and neoplastic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Sette
- a La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology , La Jolla , CA , USA
| | | | - Wayne C Koff
- c International AIDS Vaccine Initiative , New York , NY , USA
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216
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McKinney DM, Fu Z, Le L, Greenbaum JA, Peters B, Sette A. Development and validation of a sample sparing strategy for HLA typing utilizing next generation sequencing. Hum Immunol 2015; 76:917-22. [PMID: 26027778 PMCID: PMC4662932 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2015.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We report the development of a general methodology to genotype HLA class I and class II loci. A Whole Genome Amplification (WGA) step was used as a sample sparing methodology. HLA typing data could be obtained with as few as 300 cells, underlining the usefulness of the methodology for studies for which limited cells are available. The next generation sequencing platform was validated using a panel of cell lines from the International Histocompatibility Working Group (IHWG) for HLA-A, -B, and -C. Concordance with the known, previously determined HLA types was 99%. We next developed a panel of primers to allow HLA typing of alpha and beta chains of the HLA DQ and DP loci and the beta chain of the DRB1 locus. For the beta chain genes, we employed a novel strategy using primers in the intron regions surrounding exon 2, and the introns surrounding exons 3 through 4 (DRB1) or 5 (DQB1 and DPB1). Concordance with previously determined HLA Class II types was also 99%. To increase throughput and decrease cost, we developed strategies combining multiple loci from each donor. Multiplexing of 96 samples per run resulted in increases in throughput of approximately 8-fold. The pipeline developed for this analysis (HLATyphon) is available for download at https://github.com/LJI-Bioinformatics/HLATyphon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise M McKinney
- Department of Vaccine Development, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9820 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Zheng Fu
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9820 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Lucas Le
- Department of Vaccine Development, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9820 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jason A Greenbaum
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9820 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Bjoern Peters
- Department of Vaccine Development, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9820 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Department of Vaccine Development, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9820 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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217
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Shrestha A, Abd-Elfattah A, Freudenschuss B, Hinney B, Palmieri N, Ruttkowski B, Joachim A. Cystoisospora suis - A Model of Mammalian Cystoisosporosis. Front Vet Sci 2015; 2:68. [PMID: 26664994 PMCID: PMC4672278 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2015.00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystoisospora suis is a coccidian species that typically affects suckling piglets. Infections occur by oral uptake of oocysts and are characterized by non-hemorrhagic transient diarrhea, resulting in poor weight gain. Apparently, primary immune responses to C. suis cannot readily be mounted by neonates, which contributes to the establishment and rapid development of the parasite, while in older pigs age-resistance prevents disease development. However, the presence of extraintestinal stages, although not unequivocally demonstrated, is suspected to enable parasite persistence together with the induction and maintenance of immune response in older pigs, which in turn may facilitate the transfer of C. suis-specific factors from sow to offspring. It is assumed that neonates are particularly prone to clinical disease because infections with C. suis interfere with the establishment of the gut microbiome. Clostridia have been especially inferred to profit from the altered intestinal environment during parasite infection. New tools, particularly in the area of genomics, might illustrate the interactions between C. suis and its host and pave the way for the development of new control methods not only for porcine cystoisosporosis but also for other mammalian Cystoisospora infections. The first reference genome for C. suis is under way and will be a fertile ground to discover new drugs and vaccines. At the same time, the establishment and refinement of an in vivo model and an in vitro culture system, supporting the complete life cycle of C. suis, will underpin the functional characterization of the parasite and shed light on its biology and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aruna Shrestha
- Department of Pathobiology, Institute of Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna , Vienna , Austria
| | - Ahmed Abd-Elfattah
- Department of Pathobiology, Institute of Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna , Vienna , Austria
| | - Barbara Freudenschuss
- Department of Pathobiology, Institute of Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna , Vienna , Austria
| | - Barbara Hinney
- Department of Pathobiology, Institute of Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna , Vienna , Austria
| | - Nicola Palmieri
- Department of Pathobiology, Institute of Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna , Vienna , Austria
| | - Bärbel Ruttkowski
- Department of Pathobiology, Institute of Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna , Vienna , Austria
| | - Anja Joachim
- Department of Pathobiology, Institute of Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna , Vienna , Austria
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218
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Genome-Wide Prediction of Vaccine Candidates for Leishmania major: An Integrated Approach. J Trop Med 2015; 2015:709216. [PMID: 26681959 PMCID: PMC4670862 DOI: 10.1155/2015/709216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the wealth of information regarding genetics of the causative parasite and experimental immunology of the cutaneous leishmaniasis, there is currently no licensed vaccine against it. In the current study, a two-level data mining strategy was employed, to screen the Leishmania major genome for promising vaccine candidates. First, we screened a set of 25 potential antigens from 8312 protein coding sequences, based on presence of signal peptides, GPI anchors, and consensus antigenicity predictions. Second, we conducted a comprehensive immunogenic analysis of the 25 antigens based on epitopes predicted by NetCTL tool. Interestingly, results revealed that candidate antigen number 1 (LmjF.03.0550) had greater number of potential T cell epitopes, as compared to five well-characterized control antigens (CSP-Plasmodium falciparum, M1 and NP-Influenza A virus, core protein-Hepatitis B virus, and PSTA1-Mycobacterium tuberculosis). In order to determine an optimal set of epitopes among the highest scoring predicted epitopes, the OptiTope tool was employed for populations susceptible to cutaneous leishmaniasis. The epitope (127SLWSLLAGV) from antigen number 1, found to bind with the most prevalent allele HLA-A⁎0201 (25% frequency in Southwest Asia), was predicted as most immunogenic for all the target populations. Thus, our study reasserts the potential of genome-wide screening of pathogen antigens and epitopes, for identification of promising vaccine candidates.
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219
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Tsang RSW, Law DKS, Gad RR, Mailman T, German G, Needle R. Characterization of invasive Neisseria meningitidis from Atlantic Canada, 2009 to 2013: With special reference to the nonpolysaccharide vaccine targets (PorA, factor H binding protein, Neisseria heparin-binding antigen and Neisseria adhesin A). THE CANADIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES & MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY = JOURNAL CANADIEN DES MALADIES INFECTIEUSES ET DE LA MICROBIOLOGIE MEDICALE 2015; 26:299-304. [PMID: 26744586 PMCID: PMC4692298 DOI: 10.1155/2015/393659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serogroup B Neisseria meningitidis (MenB) has always been a major cause of invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) in Canada. With the successful implementation of a meningitis C conjugate vaccine, the majority of IMD in Canada is now caused by MenB. OBJECTIVE To investigate IMD case isolates in Atlantic Canada from 2009 to 2013. Data were analyzed to determine the potential coverage of the newly licensed MenB vaccine. METHODS Serogroup, serotype and serosubtype antigens were determined from IMD case isolates. Clonal analysis was performed using multilocus sequence typing. The protein-based vaccine antigen genes were sequenced and the predicted peptides were investigated. RESULTS The majority of the IMD isolates were MenB (82.5%, 33 of 40) and, in particular, sequence type (ST)-154 B:4:P1.4 was responsible for 47.5% (19 of 40) of all IMD case isolates in Atlantic Canada. Isolates of this clone expressed the PorA antigen P1.4 and possessed the nhba genes encoding for Neisseria heparin-binding antigen peptide 2, which together matched exactly with two of the four components of the new four-component meningococcal B vaccine. Nineteen MenB isolates had two antigenic matches, another five MenB and one meningitis Y isolate had one antigenic match. This provided 75.8% (25 of 33) potential coverage for MenB, or a 62.5% (25 of 40) overall potential coverage for IMD. CONCLUSION From 2009 to 2013, IMD in Atlantic Canada was mainly caused by MenB and, in particular, the B:4:P1.4 ST-154 clone, which accounted for 47.5% of all IMD case isolates. The new four-component meningococcal B vaccine appeared to offer adequate coverage against MenB in Atlantic Canada.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond SW Tsang
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba
| | - Dennis KS Law
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba
| | - Rita R Gad
- Communicable Disease Control Unit, Department of Health, Government of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick
| | - Tim Mailman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia
| | - Gregory German
- Department of Health, Government of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island
| | - Robert Needle
- Public Health Laboratory and Microbiology, Eastern Health, St John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador
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220
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Automatic Generation of Validated Specific Epitope Sets. J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:763461. [PMID: 26568965 PMCID: PMC4629045 DOI: 10.1155/2015/763461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate measurement of B and T cell responses is a valuable tool to study autoimmunity, allergies, immunity to pathogens, and host-pathogen interactions and assist in the design and evaluation of T cell vaccines and immunotherapies. In this context, it is desirable to elucidate a method to select validated reference sets of epitopes to allow detection of T and B cells. However, the ever-growing information contained in the Immune Epitope Database (IEDB) and the differences in quality and subjects studied between epitope assays make this task complicated. In this study, we develop a novel method to automatically select reference epitope sets according to a categorization system employed by the IEDB. From the sets generated, three epitope sets (EBV, mycobacteria and dengue) were experimentally validated by detection of T cell reactivity ex vivo from human donors. Furthermore, a web application that will potentially be implemented in the IEDB was created to allow users the capacity to generate customized epitope sets.
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221
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Madampage CA, Rawlyk N, Crockford G, Wang Y, White AP, Brownlie R, Van Donkersgoed J, Dorin C, Potter A. Reverse vaccinology as an approach for developing Histophilus somni vaccine candidates. Biologicals 2015; 43:444-51. [PMID: 26460173 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Histophilosis of cattle is caused by the Gram negative bacterial pathogen Histophilus somni (H. somni) which is also associated with the bovine respiratory disease (BRD) complex. Existing vaccines for H. somni include either killed cells or bacteria-free outer membrane proteins from the organism which have proven to be moderately successful. In this study, reverse vaccinology was used to predict potential H. somni vaccine candidates from genome sequences. In turn, these may protect animals against new strains circulating in the field. Whole genome sequencing of six recent clinical H. somni isolates was performed using an Illumina MiSeq and compared to six genomes from the 1980's. De novo assembly of crude whole genomes was completed using Geneious 6.1.7. Protein coding regions was predicted using Glimmer3. Scores from multiple web-based programs were utilized to evaluate the antigenicity of these predicted proteins which were finally ranked based on their surface exposure scores. A single new strain was selected for future vaccine development based on conservation of the protein candidates among all 12 isolates. A positive signal with convalescent serum for these antigens in western blots indicates in vivo recognition. In order to test the protective capacity of these antigens bovine animal trials are ongoing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Avis Madampage
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E3, Canada.
| | - Neil Rawlyk
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Gordon Crockford
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Yejun Wang
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Aaron P White
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Robert Brownlie
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E3, Canada
| | | | - Craig Dorin
- Veterinary Agri-Health Services, 201-151 East Lake Blvd, Airdrie, Alberta T4A 2G1, Canada
| | - Andrew Potter
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E3, Canada
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222
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Mazor R, Tai CH, Lee B, Pastan I. Poor correlation between T-cell activation assays and HLA-DR binding prediction algorithms in an immunogenic fragment of Pseudomonas exotoxin A. J Immunol Methods 2015; 425:10-20. [PMID: 26056938 PMCID: PMC4604018 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The ability to identify immunogenic determinants that activate T-cells is important for the development of new vaccines, allergy therapy and protein therapeutics. In silico MHC-II binding prediction algorithms are often used for T-cell epitope identification. To understand how well those programs predict immunogenicity, we computed HLA binding to peptides spanning the sequence of PE38, a fragment of an anti-cancer immunotoxin, and compared the predicted and experimentally identified T-cell epitopes. We found that the prediction for individual donors did not correlate well with the experimental data. Furthermore, prediction of T-cell epitopes in an HLA heterogenic population revealed that the two strongest epitopes were predicted at multiple cutoffs but the third epitope was predicted negative at all cutoffs and overall 4/9 epitopes were missed at several cutoffs. We conclude that MHC class-II binding predictions are not sufficient to predict the T-cell epitopes in PE38 and should be supplemented by experimental work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronit Mazor
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Chin-Hsien Tai
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Byungkook Lee
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Ira Pastan
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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223
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Prediction of Epitope-Based Peptides for Vaccine Development from Coat Proteins GP2 and VP24 of Ebola Virus Using Immunoinformatics. Int J Pept Res Ther 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-015-9492-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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224
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Law DKS, Lefebvre B, Gilca R, Deng S, Zhou J, De Wals P, Tsang RSW. Characterization of invasive Neisseria meningitidis strains from Québec, Canada, during a period of increased serogroup B disease, 2009-2013: phenotyping and genotyping with special emphasis on the non-carbohydrate protein vaccine targets. BMC Microbiol 2015; 15:143. [PMID: 26204985 PMCID: PMC4514445 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-015-0469-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The epidemiology of invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) in Québec, Canada, has been dominated in the past decade by a clone of serogroup B (MenB) Neisseria meningitidis defined by multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) as sequence type (ST)-269. With the licensure of a new MenB vaccine Bexsero (4CMenB) in Canada, this study characterized invasive N. meningitidis recovered in Québec from 2009 to 2013, with an objective to examine the diversity of the 4CMenB vaccine antigens. Isolates were serogrouped by antisera and genogrouped by PCR, and further typed by whole cell ELISA for serotype and serosubtype antigens. Clonal analysis was done by MLST. Isolates were genotyped by analysis of their 4CMenB vaccine antigen genes of PorA, factor H binding protein (fHbp), Neisserial Heparin Binding Antigen (NHBA), and Neisseria Adhesin A (NadA). RESULTS Of the 263 IMD isolates analysed, 229, 16, 10, 7, and 1 belonged to MenB, MenY, MenW, MenC, and MenX, respectively. Of the 229 MenB, 159 (69.4 %) were typed as ST-269 clonal complex (CC); and they possessed a restricted number of three fHbp and five nhba gene alleles. Nine N. meningitidis isolates (eight MenB and one MenY) were found to possess at least one gene that encoded for an antigen that matched exactly with protein variants in the 4CMenB vaccine. Two MenB expressed PorA antigen P1.4 and possessed the nhba gene for peptide 2; four other MenB were predicted to have NHBA peptide 2; another two MenB were predicted to encode fHbp peptide 1.1; and a single MenY was found to have nadA gene for NadA peptide 8. In addition, another 172 isolates were found to possess genes for variant 1 fHbp peptides other than peptide 1.1 or NadA variant 1-2/3 peptides other than peptide 8; and therefore, may potentially be covered by 4CMenB. CONCLUSION The most prevalent clone of N. meningitidis in Quebec was ST-269 CC; and 96 % of the isolates in this CC were predicted to be covered by 4CMenB vaccine. Extensive genetic diversity was found in the other IMD isolates in Québec which might suggest a lower coverage by the vaccine when compared to the ST-269 MenB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis K S Law
- Vaccine Preventable Bacterial Diseases, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington Street, R3E 3R2, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
| | - Brigitte Lefebvre
- Laboratoire de santé publique du Québec, Institut national de santé publique du Québec, 20045 chemin Sante-Marie, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, H9X 3R5, Québec, Canada.
| | - Rodica Gilca
- Institut national de santé publique du Québec, Centre de Recherche du CHUL-CHUQ, Québec, Canada.
- Département de Médecine Sociale et Préventive de I'Université Laval, Québec, Canada.
| | - Saul Deng
- Vaccine Preventable Bacterial Diseases, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington Street, R3E 3R2, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
| | - Jianwei Zhou
- Vaccine Preventable Bacterial Diseases, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington Street, R3E 3R2, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
| | - Philippe De Wals
- Institut national de santé publique du Québec, Centre de Recherche du CHUL-CHUQ, Québec, Canada.
- Département de Médecine Sociale et Préventive de I'Université Laval, Québec, Canada.
| | - Raymond S W Tsang
- Vaccine Preventable Bacterial Diseases, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington Street, R3E 3R2, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
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225
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Liu W, Menoret A, Vella AT. Responses to LPS boost effector CD8 T-cell accumulation outside of signals 1 and 2. Cell Mol Immunol 2015; 14:254-253. [PMID: 26189366 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2015.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunization with adjuvant plus antigen induces durable T-cell immunity and is a mainstay of vaccines. Here, the consequence of separating antigen stimulation of T cells from the adjuvant response was studied in a re-transfer model. Effector CD8 T cells in recipient mice were exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) ligand, which significantly increased persistence. While accumulation in lymphoid and non-lymphoid organs was evident, this result depended upon the timing of LPS administration and the presence of the TLR4 adaptor TRIF in the recipient mice. Interestingly, there was very little impact of the LPS response on subset differentiation, which rather appeared to be programmed by antigen and costimulation. To discern factors that limit accumulation, interleukin 10 (IL-10) was targeted since it is a product of TLR4 triggering and mitigates inflammation. Blockade of IL-10 increased accumulation even though the effector CD8 T cells were well past the priming phase, but upon recall interferon-γ secretion was not affected as would be expected when IL-10 is present during priming. Thus, the adjuvant-altered microenvironment is effective not only in the presence of antigen but also during a window of effector CD8 T-cell stasis, suggesting that pathogen-associated molecular pattern molecules released during co-infection, or by vaccines, could alter the survival fate of specific effector T cells.Cellular & Molecular Immunology advance online publication, 20 July 2015; doi:10.1038/cmi.2015.69.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhai Liu
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Antoine Menoret
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Anthony T Vella
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
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226
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Singh SP, Verma V, Mishra BN. Characterization of Plasmodium falciparum Proteome at Asexual Blood Stages for Screening of Effective Vaccine Candidates: An Immunoinformatics Approach. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.4137/iii.s24755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is a complex parasitic disease that is currently causing great concerns globally owing to the resistance to antimalarial drugs and lack of an effective vaccine. The present study involves the characterization of extracellular secretory proteins as vaccine candidates derived from proteome analysis of Plasmodium falciparum at asexual blood stages of malaria. Among the screened 32 proteins, 31 were predicted as antigens by the VaxiJen program, and 26 proteins had less than two transmembrane spanning regions predicted using the THMMM program. Moreover, 10 and 5 proteins were predicted to contain secretory signals by SignalP and TargetP, respectively. T-cell epitope prediction using MULTIPRED2 and NetCTL programs revealed that most of the predicted antigens are immunogenic and contain more than 10% supertype and 5% promiscuous epitopes of HLA-A, -B, or -DR. We anticipate that T-cell immune responses against asexual blood stages of Plasmodium are dispersed on a relatively large number of parasite antigens. This is the first report, to the best of our knowledge, offering new insights, at the proteome level, for the putative screening of effective vaccine candidates against the malaria pathogen. The findings also suggest new ways forward for the modern omics-guided vaccine target discovery using reverse vaccinology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satarudra Prakash Singh
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow Campus, Lucknow, India
| | - Vishal Verma
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow Campus, Lucknow, India
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227
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Access to new technologies in multipatented vaccines: challenges for Brazil. Nat Biotechnol 2015; 33:599-603. [DOI: 10.1038/nbt.3244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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228
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Castiblanco J, Anaya JM. Genetics and vaccines in the era of personalized medicine. Curr Genomics 2015; 16:47-59. [PMID: 25937813 PMCID: PMC4412964 DOI: 10.2174/1389202916666141223220551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccines represent the most successful and sustainable tactic to prevent and counteract infection. A vaccine generally improves immunity to a particular disease upon administration by inducing specific protective and efficient immune responses in all of the receiving population. The main known factors influencing the observed heterogeneity for immune re-sponses induced by vaccines are gender, age, co-morbidity, immune system, and genetic background. This review is mainly focused on the genetic status effect to vaccine immune responses and how this could contribute to the development of novel vaccine candidates that could be better directed and predicted relative to the genetic history of an individual and/or population. The text offers a brief history of vaccinology as a field, a description of the genetic status of the most relevant and studied genes and their functionality and correlation with exposure to specific vaccines; followed by an inside look into autoimmunity as a concern when designing vaccines as well as perspectives and conclusions looking towards an era of personalized and predictive vaccinology instead of a one size fits all approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Castiblanco
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research (CREA), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Carrera 24 #63-C-69, Bogota, Colombia ; Doctoral Program in Biomedical Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá,Colombia
| | - Juan-Manuel Anaya
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research (CREA), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Carrera 24 #63-C-69, Bogota, Colombia
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229
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Centlivre M, Combadière B. New challenges in modern vaccinology. BMC Immunol 2015; 16:18. [PMID: 25879661 PMCID: PMC4374378 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-015-0075-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination has been a major advance for health care, allowing eradication or reduction of incidence and mortality of various infectious diseases. However, there are major pathogens, such as Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) or the causative agent of malaria, for which classical vaccination approaches have failed, therefore requiring new vaccination strategies. The development of new vaccine strategies relies on the ability to identify the challenges posed by these pathogens. Understanding the pathogenesis and correlates of protection for these diseases, our ability to accurately direct immune responses and to vaccinate specific populations are such examples of these roadblocks. In this respect, the use of a robust, cost-effective and predictive animal model that recapitulates features of both human infection and vaccination is currently a much-needed tool. We discuss here the major limitations faced by modern vaccinology and notably, the development of humanized mice for assessing the immune system, along with their potential as vaccine models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireille Centlivre
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, UMR_S CR7, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses- Paris, F-75013, Paris, France. .,Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses CIMI-Paris, 91 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013, Paris, France.
| | - Béhazine Combadière
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, UMR_S CR7, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses- Paris, F-75013, Paris, France. .,Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses CIMI-Paris, 91 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013, Paris, France.
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230
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Abstract
Reverse vaccinology (RV) is a computational approach that aims to identify putative vaccine candidates in the protein coding genome (proteome) of pathogens. RV has primarily been applied to bacterial pathogens to identify proteins that can be formulated into subunit vaccines, which consist of one or more protein antigens. An RV approach based on a filtering method has already been used to construct a subunit vaccine against Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B that is now registered in several countries (Bexsero). Recently, machine learning methods have been used to improve the ability of RV approaches to identify vaccine candidates. Further improvements related to the incorporation of epitope-binding annotation and gene expression data are discussed. In the future, it is envisaged that RV approaches will facilitate rapid vaccine design with less reliance on conventional animal testing and clinical trials in order to curb the threat of antibiotic resistance or newly emerged outbreaks of bacterial origin.
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231
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Quero S, Párraga-Niño N, García-Núñez M, Sabrià M. [Proteomics in infectious diseases]. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2015; 34:253-60. [PMID: 25583331 DOI: 10.1016/j.eimc.2014.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Infectious diseases have a high incidence in the population, causing a major impact on global health. In vitro culture of microorganisms is the first technique applied for infection diagnosis which is laborious and time consuming. In recent decades, efforts have been focused on the applicability of "Omics" sciences, highlighting the progress provided by proteomic techniques in the field of infectious diseases. This review describes the management, processing and analysis of biological samples for proteomic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Quero
- Unitat de Malalties Infeccioses, Fundació Institut d'Investigació Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Barcelona, España; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola, Barcelona, España
| | - Noemí Párraga-Niño
- Unitat de Malalties Infeccioses, Fundació Institut d'Investigació Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Barcelona, España.
| | - Marian García-Núñez
- Unitat de Malalties Infeccioses, Fundació Institut d'Investigació Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Barcelona, España; CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Bunyola, Illes Balears, España
| | - Miquel Sabrià
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola, Barcelona, España; CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Bunyola, Illes Balears, España; Unitat de Malalties Infeccioses, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Barcelona, España
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232
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Gowthaman U, Mushtaq K, Tan AC, Rai PK, Jackson DC, Agrewala JN. Challenges and solutions for a rational vaccine design for TB-endemic regions. Crit Rev Microbiol 2015; 41:389-98. [PMID: 24495096 DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2013.859125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines have been successful for global eradication or control of dreaded diseases such as smallpox, diphtheria, tetanus, yellow fever, whooping cough, polio, and measles. Unfortunately, this success has not been achieved for controlling tuberculosis (TB) worldwide. Bacillus Calmette Guérin (BCG) is the only available vaccine against TB. Paradoxically, BCG has deciphered success in the Western world but has failed in TB-endemic areas. In this article, we highlight and discuss the aspects of immunity responsible for controlling Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and factors responsible for the failure of BCG in TB-endemic countries. In addition, we also suggest strategies that contribute toward the development of successful vaccine in protecting populations where BCG has failed.
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233
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Goodswen SJ, Kennedy PJ, Ellis JT. Enhancing in silico protein-based vaccine discovery for eukaryotic pathogens using predicted peptide-MHC binding and peptide conservation scores. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115745. [PMID: 25545691 PMCID: PMC4278717 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Given thousands of proteins constituting a eukaryotic pathogen, the principal objective for a high-throughput in silico vaccine discovery pipeline is to select those proteins worthy of laboratory validation. Accurate prediction of T-cell epitopes on protein antigens is one crucial piece of evidence that would aid in this selection. Prediction of peptides recognised by T-cell receptors have to date proved to be of insufficient accuracy. The in silico approach is consequently reliant on an indirect method, which involves the prediction of peptides binding to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. There is no guarantee nevertheless that predicted peptide-MHC complexes will be presented by antigen-presenting cells and/or recognised by cognate T-cell receptors. The aim of this study was to determine if predicted peptide-MHC binding scores could provide contributing evidence to establish a protein's potential as a vaccine. Using T-Cell MHC class I binding prediction tools provided by the Immune Epitope Database and Analysis Resource, peptide binding affinity to 76 common MHC I alleles were predicted for 160 Toxoplasma gondii proteins: 75 taken from published studies represented proteins known or expected to induce T-cell immune responses and 85 considered less likely vaccine candidates. The results show there is no universal set of rules that can be applied directly to binding scores to distinguish a vaccine from a non-vaccine candidate. We present, however, two proposed strategies exploiting binding scores that provide supporting evidence that a protein is likely to induce a T-cell immune response-one using random forest (a machine learning algorithm) with a 72% sensitivity and 82.4% specificity and the other, using amino acid conservation scores with a 74.6% sensitivity and 70.5% specificity when applied to the 160 benchmark proteins. More importantly, the binding score strategies are valuable evidence contributors to the overall in silico vaccine discovery pool of evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J. Goodswen
- School of Medical and Molecular Sciences, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Paul J. Kennedy
- School of Software, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology and the Centre for Quantum Computation and Intelligent Systems at the University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - John T. Ellis
- School of Medical and Molecular Sciences, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Ultimo, NSW, Australia
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234
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Rapid profiling of the antigen regions recognized by serum antibodies using massively parallel sequencing of antigen-specific libraries. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114159. [PMID: 25473968 PMCID: PMC4256389 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a need for techniques capable of identifying the antigenic epitopes targeted by polyclonal antibody responses during deliberate or natural immunization. Although successful, traditional phage library screening is laborious and can map only some of the epitopes. To accelerate and improve epitope identification, we have employed massive sequencing of phage-displayed antigen-specific libraries using the Illumina MiSeq platform. This enabled us to precisely identify the regions of a model antigen, the meningococcal NadA virulence factor, targeted by serum antibodies in vaccinated individuals and to rank hundreds of antigenic fragments according to their immunoreactivity. We found that next generation sequencing can significantly empower the analysis of antigen-specific libraries by allowing simultaneous processing of dozens of library/serum combinations in less than two days, including the time required for antibody-mediated library selection. Moreover, compared with traditional plaque picking, the new technology (named Phage-based Representation OF Immuno-Ligand Epitope Repertoire or PROFILER) provides superior resolution in epitope identification. PROFILER seems ideally suited to streamline and guide rational antigen design, adjuvant selection, and quality control of newly produced vaccines. Furthermore, this method is also susceptible to find important applications in other fields covered by traditional quantitative serology.
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235
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Identification of proteins in Streptococcus pneumoniae by reverse vaccinology and genetic diversity of these proteins in clinical isolates. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 175:2124-65. [PMID: 25448632 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-014-1375-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Virulence-associated proteins common and conserved among all capsular types now represent the best strategy to combat pneumococcal infections. Our aim was to identify conserved targets in pneumococci that showed positive prediction for lipoprotein and extracellular subcellular location using bioinformatics programs and verify the distribution and the degree of conservation of these targets in pneumococci. These targets can be considered potential vaccine candidate to be evaluated in the future. A set of 13 targets were analyzed and confirmed the presence in all pneumococci tested. These 13 genes were highly conserved showing around >96 % of amino acid and nucleotide identity, but they were also present and show high identity in the closely related species Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus oralis, and Streptococcus pseudopneumoniae. S. oralis clusters away from S. pneumoniae, while S. pseudopneumoniae and S. mitis cluster closer. The divergence between the selected targets was too small to be observed consistently in phylogenetic groups between the analyzed genomes of S. pneumoniae. The proteins analyzed fulfill two of the initial criteria of a vaccine candidate: targets are present in a variety of different pneumococci strains including different serotypes and are conserved among the samples evaluated.
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236
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A novel method for synthetic vaccine construction based on protein assembly. Sci Rep 2014; 4:7266. [PMID: 25434527 PMCID: PMC4248271 DOI: 10.1038/srep07266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In the history of vaccine development, the synthetic vaccine is a milestone that is in stark contrast with traditional vaccines based on live-attenuated or inactivated microorganisms. Synthetic vaccines not only are safer than attenuated or inactivated microorganisms but also provide the opportunity for vaccine design for specific purposes. The first generation of synthetic vaccines has been largely based on DNA recombination technology and genetic manipulation. This de novo generation is occasionally time consuming and costly, especially in the era of genomics and when facing pandemic outbreaks of infectious diseases. To accelerate and simplify the R&D process for vaccines, we developed an improved method of synthetic vaccine construction based on protein assembly. We optimized and employed the recently developed SpyTag/SpyCatcher technique to establish a protein assembly system for vaccine generation from pre-prepared subunit proteins. As proof of principle, we chose a dendritic cell (DC)-targeting molecule and specific model antigens to generate desired vaccines. The results demonstrated that a new vaccine generated in this way does not hamper the individual function of different vaccine components and is efficient in inducing both T and B cell responses. This protein assembly strategy may be especially useful for high-throughput antigen screening or rapid vaccine generation.
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237
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Klein R, Templeton DM, Schwenk M. Applications of immunochemistry in human health: advances in vaccinology and antibody design (IUPAC Technical Report). PURE APPL CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2013-1028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
This report discusses the history and mechanisms of vaccination of humans as well as the engineering of therapeutic antibodies. Deeper understanding of the molecular interactions involved in both acquired and innate immunity is allowing sophistication in design of modified and even synthetic vaccines. Recombinant DNA technologies are facilitating development of DNA-based vaccines, for example, with the recognition that unmethylated CpG sequences in plasmid DNA will target Toll-like receptors on antigen-presenting cells. Formulations of DNA vaccines with increased immunogenicity include engineering into plasmids with “genetic adjuvant” capability, incorporation into polymeric or magnetic nanoparticles, and formulation with cationic polymers and other polymeric and non-polymeric coatings. Newer methods of delivery, such as particle bombardment, DNA tattooing, electroporation, and magnetic delivery, are also improving the effectiveness of DNA vaccines. RNA-based vaccines and reverse vaccinology based on gene sequencing and bioinformatic approaches are also considered. Structural vaccinology is an approach in which the detailed molecular structure of viral epitopes is used to design synthetic antigenic peptides. Virus-like particles are being designed for vaccine deliveries that are based on structures of viral capsid proteins and other synthetic lipopeptide building blocks. A new generation of adjuvants is being developed to further enhance immunogenicity, based on squalene and other oil–water emulsions, saponins, muramyl dipeptide, immunostimulatory oligonucleotides, Toll-like receptor ligands, and lymphotoxins. Finally, current trends in engineering of therapeutic antibodies including improvements of antigen-binding properties, pharmacokinetic and pharmaceutical properties, and reduction of immunogenicity are discussed. Taken together, understanding the chemistry of vaccine design, delivery and immunostimulation, and knowledge of the techniques of antibody design are allowing targeted development for the treatment of chronic disorders characterized by continuing activation of the immune system, such as autoimmune disorders, cancer, or allergies that have long been refractory to conventional approaches.
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238
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Kim YH, Kim KA, Kim YR, Choi MK, Kim HK, Choi KJ, Chun JH, Cha K, Hong KJ, Lee NG, Yoo CK, Oh HB, Kim TS, Rhie GE. Immunoproteomically identified GBAA_0345, alkyl hydroperoxide reductase subunit C is a potential target for multivalent anthrax vaccine. Proteomics 2014; 14:93-104. [PMID: 24273028 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201200495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Revised: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Anthrax is caused by the spore-forming bacterium Bacillus anthracis, which has been used as a weapon for bioterrorism. Although current vaccines are effective, they involve prolonged dose regimens and often cause adverse reactions. High rates of mortality associated with anthrax have made the development of an improved vaccine a top priority. To identify novel vaccine candidates, we applied an immunoproteomics approach. Using sera from convalescent guinea pigs or from human patients with anthrax, we identified 34 immunogenic proteins from the virulent B. anthracis H9401. To evaluate vaccine candidates, six were expressed as recombinant proteins and tested in vivo. Two proteins, rGBAA_0345 (alkyl hydroperoxide reductase subunit C) and rGBAA_3990 (malonyl CoA-acyl carrier protein transacylase), have afforded guinea pigs partial protection from a subsequent virulent-spore challenge. Moreover, combined vaccination with rGBAA_0345 and rPA (protective antigen) exhibited an enhanced ability to protect against anthrax mortality. Finally, we demonstrated that GBAA_0345 localizes to anthrax spores and bacilli. Our results indicate that rGBAA_0345 may be a potential component of a multivalent anthrax vaccine, as it enhances the efficacy of rPA vaccination. This is the first time that sera from patients with anthrax have been used to interrogate the proteome of virulent B. anthracis vegetative cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon Hee Kim
- Division of High-risk Pathogen Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea; School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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239
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Rappuoli R, Pizza M, Del Giudice G, De Gregorio E. Vaccines, new opportunities for a new society. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:12288-93. [PMID: 25136130 PMCID: PMC4151714 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1402981111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is the most effective medical intervention ever introduced and, together with clean water and sanitation, it has eliminated a large part of the infectious diseases that once killed millions of people. A recent study concluded that since 1924 in the United States alone, vaccines have prevented 40 million cases of diphtheria, 35 million cases of measles, and a total of 103 million cases of childhood diseases. A report from the World Health Organization states that today vaccines prevent 2.5 million deaths per year: Every minute five lives are saved by vaccines worldwide. Overall, vaccines have done and continue to do an excellent job in eliminating or reducing the impact of childhood diseases. Furthermore, thanks to new technologies, vaccines now have the potential to make an enormous contribution to the health of modern society by preventing and treating not only communicable diseases in all ages, but also noncommunicable diseases such as cancer and neurodegenerative disorders. The achievement of these results requires the development of novel technologies and health economic models able to capture not only the mere cost-benefit of vaccination, but also the value of health per se.
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240
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Overexpression, purification and validation of antigenic Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi proteins identified from LC-MS/MS. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 174:1897-906. [PMID: 25149461 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-014-1173-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In our earlier study, an immunoblot analysis using sera from febrile patients revealed that a 50-kDa band from an outer membrane protein fraction of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi was specifically recognized only by typhoid sera and not sera from other febrile illnesses. Here, we investigated the identities of the proteins contained in the immunogenic 50-kDa band to pinpoint antigens responsible for its immunogenicity. We first used LC-MS/MS for protein identification, then used the online tool ANTIGENpro for antigenicity prediction and produced recombinant proteins of the lead antigens for validation in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). We found that proteins TolC, GlpK and SucB were specific to typhoid sera but react to antibodies differently under native and denatured conditions. This difference suggests the presence of linear and conformational epitopes on these proteins.
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241
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Rojas-Caraballo J, López-Abán J, Pérez del Villar L, Vizcaíno C, Vicente B, Fernández-Soto P, del Olmo E, Patarroyo MA, Muro A. In vitro and in vivo studies for assessing the immune response and protection-inducing ability conferred by Fasciola hepatica-derived synthetic peptides containing B- and T-cell epitopes. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105323. [PMID: 25122166 PMCID: PMC4133369 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fasciolosis is considered the most widespread trematode disease affecting grazing animals around the world; it is currently recognised by the World Health Organisation as an emergent human pathogen. Triclabendazole is still the most effective drug against this disease; however, resistant strains have appeared and developing an effective vaccine against this disease has increasingly become a priority. Several bioinformatics tools were here used for predicting B- and T-cell epitopes according to the available data for Fasciola hepatica protein amino acid sequences. BALB/c mice were immunised with the synthetic peptides by using the ADAD vaccination system and several immune response parameters were measured (antibody titres, cytokine levels, T-cell populations) to evaluate their ability to elicit an immune response. Based on the immunogenicity results so obtained, seven peptides were selected to assess their protection-inducing ability against experimental infection with F. hepatica metacercariae. Twenty-four B- or T-epitope-containing peptides were predicted and chemically synthesised. Immunisation of mice with peptides so-called B1, B2, B5, B6, T14, T15 and T16 induced high levels of total IgG, IgG1 and IgG2a (p<0.05) and a mixed Th1/Th2/Th17/Treg immune response, according to IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-17 and IL-10 levels, accompanied by increased CD62L+ T-cell populations. A high level of protection was obtained in mice vaccinated with peptides B2, B5, B6 and T15 formulated in the ADAD vaccination system with the AA0029 immunomodulator. The bioinformatics approach used in the present study led to the identification of seven peptides as vaccine candidates against the infection caused by Fasciola hepatica (a liver-fluke trematode). However, vaccine efficacy must be evaluated in other host species, including those having veterinary importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Rojas-Caraballo
- Parasite and Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Tropical Disease Research Centre, Universidad de Salamanca (IBSAL-CIETUS), Salamanca, Spain
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Julio López-Abán
- Parasite and Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Tropical Disease Research Centre, Universidad de Salamanca (IBSAL-CIETUS), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Luis Pérez del Villar
- Parasite and Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Tropical Disease Research Centre, Universidad de Salamanca (IBSAL-CIETUS), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Carolina Vizcaíno
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Belén Vicente
- Parasite and Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Tropical Disease Research Centre, Universidad de Salamanca (IBSAL-CIETUS), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Pedro Fernández-Soto
- Parasite and Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Tropical Disease Research Centre, Universidad de Salamanca (IBSAL-CIETUS), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Esther del Olmo
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Tropical Disease Research Centre, Universidad de Salamanca (IBSAL-CIETUS), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Manuel Alfonso Patarroyo
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Bogotá, Colombia
- Basic Sciences Department, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Antonio Muro
- Parasite and Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Tropical Disease Research Centre, Universidad de Salamanca (IBSAL-CIETUS), Salamanca, Spain
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242
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Bumann D. Identification of Protective Antigens for Vaccination against Systemic Salmonellosis. Front Immunol 2014; 5:381. [PMID: 25157252 PMCID: PMC4127814 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent medical need for improved vaccines with broad serovar coverage and high efficacy against systemic salmonellosis. Subunit vaccines offer excellent safety profiles but require identification of protective antigens, which remains a challenging task. Here, I review crucial properties of Salmonella antigens that might help to narrow down the number of potential candidates from more than 4000 proteins encoded in Salmonella genomes, to a more manageable number of 50–200 most promising antigens. I also discuss complementary approaches for antigen identification and potential limitations of current pre-clinical vaccine testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Bumann
- Focal Area Infection Biology, Biozentrum, University of Basel , Basel , Switzerland
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243
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244
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Rodrigues MM, Ersching J. Neglected tropical diseases, bioinformatics, and vaccines. J Infect Dis 2014; 211:175-7. [PMID: 25070940 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Martins Rodrigues
- Centro de Terapia Celular e Molecular Departmento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo-Escola Paulista de Medicina, Brazil
| | - Jonatan Ersching
- Centro de Terapia Celular e Molecular Departmento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo-Escola Paulista de Medicina, Brazil
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245
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Faucette AN, Unger BL, Gonik B, Chen K. Maternal vaccination: moving the science forward. Hum Reprod Update 2014; 21:119-35. [PMID: 25015234 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmu041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infections remain one of the leading causes of morbidity in pregnant women and newborns, with vaccine-preventable infections contributing significantly to the burden of disease. In the past decade, maternal vaccination has emerged as a promising public health strategy to prevent and combat maternal, fetal and neonatal infections. Despite a number of universally recommended maternal vaccines, the development and evaluation of safe and effective maternal vaccines and their wide acceptance are hampered by the lack of thorough understanding of the efficacy and safety in the pregnant women and the offspring. METHODS An outline was synthesized based on the current status and major gaps in the knowledge of maternal vaccination. A systematic literature search in PUBMED was undertaken using the key words in each section title of the outline to retrieve articles relevant to pregnancy. Articles cited were selected based on relevance and quality. On the basis of the reviewed information, a perspective on the future directions of maternal vaccination research was formulated. RESULTS Maternal vaccination can generate active immune protection in the mother and elicit systemic immunoglobulin G (IgG) and mucosal IgG, IgA and IgM responses to confer neonatal protection. The maternal immune system undergoes significant modulation during pregnancy, which influences responsiveness to vaccines. Significant gaps exist in our knowledge of the efficacy and safety of maternal vaccines, and no maternal vaccines against a large number of old and emerging pathogens are available. Public acceptance of maternal vaccination has been low. CONCLUSIONS To tackle the scientific challenges of maternal vaccination and to provide the public with informed vaccination choices, scientists and clinicians in different disciplines must work closely and have a mechanistic understanding of the systemic, reproductive and mammary mucosal immune responses to vaccines. The use of animal models should be coupled with human studies in an iterative manner for maternal vaccine experimentation, evaluation and optimization. Systems biology approaches should be adopted to improve the speed, accuracy and safety of maternal vaccine targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azure N Faucette
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA Perinatology Research Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Benjamin L Unger
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA Perinatology Research Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Bernard Gonik
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Kang Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA Perinatology Research Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Detroit, MI 48201, USA Tumor Biology and Microenvironment Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI 48201, USA Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA Mucosal Immunology Studies Team, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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246
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Caro-Gomez E, Gazi M, Goez Y, Valbuena G. Discovery of novel cross-protective Rickettsia prowazekii T-cell antigens using a combined reverse vaccinology and in vivo screening approach. Vaccine 2014; 32:4968-76. [PMID: 25010827 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.06.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Rickettsial agents are some of the most lethal pathogens known to man. Among them, Rickettsia prowazekii is a select agent with potential use for bioterrorism; yet, there is no anti-Rickettsia vaccine commercially available. Owing to the obligate intracellular lifestyle of rickettsiae, CD8(+) T cells are indispensable for protective cellular immunity. Furthermore, T cells can mediate cross-protective immunity between different pathogenic Rickettsia, a finding consistent with the remarkable similarity among rickettsial genomes. However, Rickettsia T cell antigens remain unidentified. In the present study, we report an algorithm that allowed us to identify and validate four novel R. prowazekii vaccine antigen candidates recognized by CD8(+) T cells from a set of twelve in silico-defined protein targets. Our results highlight the importance of combining proteasome-processing as well as MHC class-I-binding predictions. The novel rickettsial vaccine candidate antigens, RP778, RP739, RP598, and RP403, protected mice against a lethal challenge with Rickettsia typhi, which is indicative of cross-protective immunity within the typhus group rickettsiae. Together, our findings validate a reverse vaccinology approach as a viable strategy to identify protective rickettsial antigens and highlight the feasibility of a subunit vaccine that triggers T-cell-mediated cross-protection among diverse rickettsiae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Caro-Gomez
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA
| | - Michal Gazi
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA
| | - Yenny Goez
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA
| | - Gustavo Valbuena
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA; Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, Center for Tropical Diseases, Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute for Translational Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
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Abstract
The goal of structural vaccinology is to enable the design and engineering of improved antigens. In a recent issue of Chemistry & Biology, Gourlay and colleagues provided evidence that structure-based computational methods allow prediction of B cell epitopes, a crucial step for antigen selection and optimization in vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Malito
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, 53100 Siena, Italy
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248
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De Gregorio E, Rappuoli R. From empiricism to rational design: a personal perspective of the evolution of vaccine development. Nat Rev Immunol 2014; 14:505-14. [PMID: 24925139 PMCID: PMC7096907 DOI: 10.1038/nri3694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination, which is the most effective medical intervention that has ever been introduced, originated from the observation that individuals who survived a plague or smallpox would not get the disease twice. To mimic the protective effects of natural infection, Jenner - and later Pasteur - inoculated individuals with attenuated or killed disease-causing agents. This empirical approach inspired a century of vaccine development and the effective prophylaxis of many infectious diseases. From the 1980s, several waves of new technologies have enabled the development of novel vaccines that would not have been possible using the empirical approach. The technological revolution in the field of vaccination is now continuing, and it is delivering novel and safer vaccines. In this Timeline article, we provide our views on the transition from empiricism to rational vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rino Rappuoli
- Novartis Vaccines, Via Fiorentina 1, Siena, 53100 Italy
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Moreland NJ, Waddington CS, Williamson DA, Sriskandan S, Smeesters PR, Proft T, Steer AC, Walker MJ, Baker EN, Baker MG, Lennon D, Dunbar R, Carapetis J, Fraser JD. Working towards a Group A Streptococcal vaccine: Report of a collaborative Trans-Tasman workshop. Vaccine 2014; 32:3713-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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MacLennan CA, Martin LB, Micoli F. Vaccines against invasive Salmonella disease: current status and future directions. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2014; 10:1478-93. [PMID: 24804797 PMCID: PMC4185946 DOI: 10.4161/hv.29054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Though primarily enteric pathogens, Salmonellae are responsible for a considerable yet under-appreciated global burden of invasive disease. In South and South-East Asia, this manifests as enteric fever caused by serovars Typhi and Paratyphi A. In sub-Saharan Africa, a similar disease burden results from invasive nontyphoidal Salmonellae, principally serovars Typhimurium and Enteritidis. The existing Ty21a live-attenuated and Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccines target S. Typhi and are not effective in young children where the burden of invasive Salmonella disease is highest. After years of lack of investment in new Salmonella vaccines, recent times have seen increased interest in the area led by emerging-market manufacturers, global health vaccine institutes and academic partners. New glycoconjugate vaccines against S. Typhi are becoming available with similar vaccines against other invasive serovars in development. With other new vaccines under investigation, including live-attenuated, protein-based and GMMA vaccines, now is an exciting time for the Salmonella vaccine field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calman A MacLennan
- Novartis Vaccines Institute for Global Health; Siena, Italy; Medical Research Council Centre for Immune Regulation and Clinical Immunology Service; Institute of Biomedical Research, School of Immunity and Infection; College of Medicine and Dental Sciences; University of Birmingham; Birmingham, UK
| | - Laura B Martin
- Novartis Vaccines Institute for Global Health; Siena, Italy
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