201
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Hydration and mechanical properties of arabinoxylans and β-d-glucans films. Carbohydr Polym 2013; 96:31-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.03.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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202
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Kiszonas AM, Fuerst EP, Morris CF. Wheat Arabinoxylan Structure Provides Insight into Function. Cereal Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1094/cchem-02-13-0025-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alecia M. Kiszonas
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6376; affiliated with the USDA-ARS Western Wheat Quality Laboratory. Names are necessary to report factually on available data; however, the USDA neither guarantees nor warrants the standard of the product, and the use of the name by the USDA implies no approval of the product to the exclusion of others that may also be suitable
| | - E. Patrick Fuerst
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6376; affiliated with the USDA-ARS Western Wheat Quality Laboratory. Names are necessary to report factually on available data; however, the USDA neither guarantees nor warrants the standard of the product, and the use of the name by the USDA implies no approval of the product to the exclusion of others that may also be suitable
| | - Craig F. Morris
- USDA-ARS Western Wheat Quality Laboratory, E-202 Food Quality Bldg., Washington State University, P.O. Box 646394, Pullman, WA 99164-6394
- Corresponding author. Phone: (509) 335-4062. Fax: (509) 335-8573. E-mail:
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203
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Rosa NN, Aura AM, Saulnier L, Holopainen-Mantila U, Poutanen K, Micard V. Effects of disintegration on in vitro fermentation and conversion patterns of wheat aleurone in a metabolical colon model. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:5805-5816. [PMID: 23672412 DOI: 10.1021/jf4001814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This work aimed to elucidate the effect of wheat aleurone integrity on its fermentability, i.e., the formation of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and microbial phenolic metabolites, in an in vitro model using human faecal microbiota as an inoculum. The structure of aleurone was modified by mechanical (dry grinding) or enzymatic (xylanase with or without feruloyl esterase) treatments in order to increase its physical accessibility and degrade its complex cell-wall network. The ground aleurone (smaller particle size) produced slightly more SCFA than the native aleurone during the first 8 h but a similar amount at 24 h (102.5 and 101 mmol/L, respectively). Similar colonic metabolism of ferulic acid (FA) was observed for native and ground aleurone. The enzymatic treatments of aleurone allowed a high solubilization of arabinoxylan (up to 82%) and a high release of FA in its conjugated and free forms (up to 87%). The enzymatic disintegration of aleurone's structure led to a higher concentration and formation rate of the colonic metabolites of FA (especially phenylpropionic acids) but did not change significantly the formation of SCFA (81 mmol/L for enzyme treated versus 101 mmol/L for the native aleurone).
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia N Rosa
- Montpellier SupAgro-INRA-UMII-CIRAD , JRU1208 Agropolymers Engineering and Emerging Technologies, 2 place Pierre Viala, F-34060 Montpellier, France
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204
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Marquez-Escalante J, Carvajal-Millan E, Miki-Yoshida M, Alvarez-Contreras L, Toledo-Guillén AR, Lizardi-Mendoza J, Rascón-Chu A. Water extractable arabinoxylan aerogels prepared by supercritical CO2 drying. Molecules 2013; 18:5531-42. [PMID: 23673527 PMCID: PMC6270070 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18055531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Revised: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Water extractable arabinoxylan (WEAX) aerogels were prepared by extracting the solvent from the alcogels (WEAX hydrogels with an alcohol as the solvent) with carbon dioxide under supercritical conditions. WEAX aerogels were characterized using scanning electron microscopy and adsorption and desorption nitrogen isotherms. The micrographs indicate a heterogeneous porous network structure in WEAX aerogel. Adsorption/desorption nitrogen isotherms of this material were type IV, which confirm that this material possess a mesoporous structure. WEAX aerogels rehydration capability was evaluated and the water absorption mechanism was determined. The WEAX aerogels water absorption mechanism was non-Fickian (n = 0.54).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Marquez-Escalante
- Laboratorio de Biopolímeros, CTAOA, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, CIAD, A.C. Carretera a La Victoria Km. 0.6, Hermosillo, Sonora 83000, Mexico; E-Mails: (J.M.-E.); (A.R.T.-G.); (J.L.-M.)
| | - Elizabeth Carvajal-Millan
- Laboratorio de Biopolímeros, CTAOA, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, CIAD, A.C. Carretera a La Victoria Km. 0.6, Hermosillo, Sonora 83000, Mexico; E-Mails: (J.M.-E.); (A.R.T.-G.); (J.L.-M.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +52-662-289-2400; Fax: +52-662-280-0421
| | - Mario Miki-Yoshida
- Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados S.C. Miguel de Cervantes 120, Chihuahua, Chih., CP 31109, Mexico; E-Mails: (M.M.-Y.); (L.A.-C.)
| | - Lorena Alvarez-Contreras
- Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados S.C. Miguel de Cervantes 120, Chihuahua, Chih., CP 31109, Mexico; E-Mails: (M.M.-Y.); (L.A.-C.)
| | - Alma Rosa Toledo-Guillén
- Laboratorio de Biopolímeros, CTAOA, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, CIAD, A.C. Carretera a La Victoria Km. 0.6, Hermosillo, Sonora 83000, Mexico; E-Mails: (J.M.-E.); (A.R.T.-G.); (J.L.-M.)
| | - Jaime Lizardi-Mendoza
- Laboratorio de Biopolímeros, CTAOA, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, CIAD, A.C. Carretera a La Victoria Km. 0.6, Hermosillo, Sonora 83000, Mexico; E-Mails: (J.M.-E.); (A.R.T.-G.); (J.L.-M.)
| | - Agustín Rascón-Chu
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología, CTAOV, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, CIAD, A.C. Carretera a La Victoria Km. 0.6, Hermosillo, Sonora 83000, Mexico; E-Mail:
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205
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Mendis M, Ohm JB, Delcour JA, Gebruers K, Meinhardt S, Simsek S. Variability in Arabinoxylan, Xylanase Activity, and Xylanase Inhibitor Levels in Hard Spring Wheat. Cereal Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1094/cchem-08-12-0103-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mihiri Mendis
- North Dakota State University, Department of Plant Sciences, Cereal Science Graduate Program, P.O. Box 6050, Department Number 7670, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, U.S.A
| | - Jae-Bom Ohm
- USDA-ARS Hard Red Spring and Durum Wheat Quality Laboratory, Harris Hall, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, U.S.A
| | - Jan A. Delcour
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kurt Gebruers
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Steven Meinhardt
- North Dakota State University, Department of Plant Pathology, P.O. Box 6050, Department Number 7660, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, U.S.A
| | - Senay Simsek
- North Dakota State University, Department of Plant Sciences, Cereal Science Graduate Program, P.O. Box 6050, Department Number 7670, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, U.S.A
- Corresponding author. Phone: (701) 231-7737. Fax: (701) 231-8474. E-mail:
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206
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Rheological characterisation of aqueous extracts of triticale grains and its relation to dietary fibre characteristics. J Cereal Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2012.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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207
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Wang L, Yao Y, He Z, Wang D, Liu A, Zhang Y. Determination of phenolic acid concentrations in wheat flours produced at different extraction rates. J Cereal Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2012.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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208
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Changes in molecular characteristics of cereal carbohydrates after processing and digestion. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:16833-52. [PMID: 23222731 PMCID: PMC3546725 DOI: 10.3390/ijms131216833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Revised: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Different extraction, purification and digestion methods were used to investigate the molecular properties of carbohydrates in arabinoxylan and β-glucan concentrates, dietary fiber (DF) rich breads and ileum content of bread fed pigs. The breads studied were: a low DF wheat bread (WF), whole meal rye bread (GR), rye bread with kernels (RK), wheat bread supplemented with wheat arabinoxylan concentrate (AX) and wheat bread supplemented with oat β-glucan concentrate (BG). The weight average molecular weight (M(w)) of extractable carbohydrates in β-glucan concentrate decreased eight-fold after inclusion in the BG bread when exposed to in vitro digestion, while the M(w) of purified extractable carbohydrates in AX bread was reduced two-fold, and remained almost unaffected until reaching the terminal ileum of pigs. Similarly, the M(w) of purified extractable carbohydrates in GR and RK bread was not significantly changed in the ileum. The AX bread resulted in the highest concentration of dissolved arabinoxylan in the ileum among all the breads that caused a substantial increased in ileal AX viscosity. Nevertheless, for none of the breads, the M(w) of extractable carbohydrates was related neither to the bread extract nor ileal viscosity.
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209
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Makaravicius T, Basinskiene L, Juodeikiene G, van Gool MP, Schols HA. Production of oligosaccharides from extruded wheat and rye biomass using enzymatic treatment. Catal Today 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2012.02.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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210
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Rakha A, Saulnier L, Åman P, Andersson R. Enzymatic fingerprinting of arabinoxylan and β-glucan in triticale, barley and tritordeum grains. Carbohydr Polym 2012; 90:1226-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.06.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Revised: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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211
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Les grains de céréales : diversité et compositions nutritionnelles. CAHIERS DE NUTRITION ET DE DIETETIQUE 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s0007-9960(12)70292-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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212
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An integrative in vitro approach to analyse digestion of wheat polysaccharides and the effect of enzyme supplementation. Br J Nutr 2012; 106:264-73. [PMID: 21554815 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114511000134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The digestion of polysaccharides from the wheat cultivars Caphorn and Isengrain was investigated, and the efficiency of an enzyme preparation was tested using the TNO gastrointestinal model (TIM-1). The apparent digestibility (AD) of carbohydrates was determined based on the measurement of organic matter (OM), total monosaccharides, reducing ends (RE) and end products (EP: glucose, maltose and xylobiose). The AD of the OM from Caphorn and Isengrain measured using caecectomised cockerels did not differ from that measured using TIM-1: 72.0 (SD 2.6) v. 70.6 (SD 0.6) % for Caphorn (P = 0.580) and 73.0 (SD 2.3) v. 71.1 (SD 1.9) % for Isengrain (P = 0.252). After the 6 h TIM-1 digestion, 41.4-58.9 % of the OM, RE and EP were recovered from the jejunal compartment and 18.3-27.1 % from the ileal compartment, while ileal deliveries and digestive residues constituted the remainder. A commercial enzyme cocktail tested at 0.2 μl/g of wheat improved TIM-1 digestibility of Caphorn and Isengrain polysaccharides: 3.9 % (P = 0.0203) and 3.4 % (P = 0.0058) based on the OM; 9.7 % (P < 0.0001) and 3.1 % (P = 0.031) based on the total glucose; 47.2 % (P < 0.0001) and 14.2 % (P = 0.0004) based on the RE, respectively. The enzyme cocktail improved the release of the EP for Caphorn (3.8 %, P = 0.008) but not for Isengrain ( − 0.8 %, P = 0.561). The higher efficiency of the enzyme supplementation on the digestion of Caphorn polysaccharides compared with Isengrain seems to be linked to the higher soluble carbohydrate contents and/or less ramified arabinoxylan of Caphorn.
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213
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Shewry PR, Mitchell RA, Tosi P, Wan Y, Underwood C, Lovegrove A, Freeman J, Toole GA, Mills EC, Ward JL. An integrated study of grain development of wheat (cv. Hereward). J Cereal Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2011.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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214
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Shewry PR, Charmet G, Branlard G, Lafiandra D, Gergely S, Salgó A, Saulnier L, Bedő Z, Mills EC, Ward JL. Developing new types of wheat with enhanced health benefits. Trends Food Sci Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2012.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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215
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Brouns F, Hemery Y, Price R, Anson NM. Wheat Aleurone: Separation, Composition, Health Aspects, and Potential Food Use. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2012; 52:553-68. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2011.589540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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216
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Laidlaw HKC, Lahnstein J, Burton RA, Fincher GB, Jobling SA. Analysis of the arabinoxylan arabinofuranohydrolase gene family in barley does not support their involvement in the remodelling of endosperm cell walls during development. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:3031-45. [PMID: 22378943 PMCID: PMC3350918 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ers019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2011] [Revised: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Arabinoxylan arabinofuranohydrolases (AXAHs) are family GH51 enzymes that have been implicated in the removal of arabinofuranosyl residues from the (1,4)-β-xylan backbone of heteroxylans. Five genes encoding barley AXAHs range in size from 4.6 kb to 7.1 kb and each contains 16 introns. The barley HvAXAH genes map to chromosomes 2H, 4H, and 5H. A small cluster of three HvAXAH genes is located on chromosome 4H and there is evidence for gene duplication and the presence of pseudogenes in barley. The cDNAs corresponding to barley and wheat AXAH genes were cloned, and transcript levels of the genes were profiled across a range of tissues at different developmental stages. Two HvAXAH cDNAs that were successfully expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves exhibited similar activities against 4-nitrophenyl α-L-arabinofuranoside, but HvAXAH2 activity was significantly higher against wheat flour arabinoxylan, compared with HvAXAH1. HvAXAH2 also displayed activity against (1,5)-α-L-arabinopentaose and debranched arabinan. Western blotting with an anti-HvAXAH antibody was used to define further the locations of the AXAH enzymes in developing barley grain, where high levels were detected in the outer layers of the grain but little or no protein was detected in the endosperm. The chromosomal locations of the genes do not correspond to any previously identified genomic regions shown to influence heteroxylan structure. The data are therefore consistent with a role for AXAH in depolymerizing arabinoxylans in maternal tissues during grain development, but do not provide compelling evidence for a role in remodelling arabinoxylans during endosperm or coleoptile development in barley as previously proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hunter K. C. Laidlaw
- CSIRO Food Futures Flagship, GPO Box 93, North Ryde, NSW 1670, Australia
- CSIRO Plant Industry, GPO Box 1600, ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Jelle Lahnstein
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064 Australia
| | - Rachel A. Burton
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064 Australia
| | - Geoffrey B. Fincher
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064 Australia
| | - Stephen A. Jobling
- CSIRO Food Futures Flagship, GPO Box 93, North Ryde, NSW 1670, Australia
- CSIRO Plant Industry, GPO Box 1600, ACT 2601 Australia
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217
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Vogel B, Gallaher DD, Bunzel M. Influence of cross-linked arabinoxylans on the postprandial blood glucose response in rats. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:3847-3852. [PMID: 22443203 DOI: 10.1021/jf203930a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Viscous dietary fibers are well established to reduce the blood glucose response to a meal. In this study, arabinoxylans, the most abundant dietary fiber in most cereals, were extracted under alkaline conditions and cross-linked by using laccase. Cross-linking of the arabinoxylans led to gel formation and increased in vitro viscosity almost 100-fold after drying and rehydration. To determine the ability of these cross-linked arabinoxylans to blunt the postprandial blood glucose curve of a meal, arabinoxylans, either native or cross-linked, and either prehydrated or not, were fed to rats as part of a meal, and blood glucose was monitored at intervals after the meal. Cellulose, a nonviscous fiber, served as a control. Cross-linked, but not native, arabinoxylans significantly reduced the area under the blood glucose time curve 5-9% relative to cellulose, indicating that they remained viscous within the gastrointestinal tract, and thus likely provide the health benefits found with other viscous fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Vogel
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, 1334 Eckles Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, United States
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218
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Pellny TK, Lovegrove A, Freeman J, Tosi P, Love CG, Knox JP, Shewry PR, Mitchell RA. Cell walls of developing wheat starchy endosperm: comparison of composition and RNA-Seq transcriptome. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 158:612-27. [PMID: 22123899 PMCID: PMC3271754 DOI: 10.1104/pp.111.189191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Accepted: 11/24/2011] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The transcriptome of the developing starchy endosperm of hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum) was determined using RNA-Seq isolated at five stages during grain fill. This resource represents an excellent way to identify candidate genes responsible for the starchy endosperm cell wall, which is dominated by arabinoxylan (AX), accounting for 70% of the cell wall polysaccharides, with 20% (1,3;1,4)-β-d-glucan, 7% glucomannan, and 4% cellulose. A complete inventory of transcripts of 124 glycosyltransferase (GT) and 72 glycosylhydrolase (GH) genes associated with cell walls is presented. The most highly expressed GT transcript (excluding those known to be involved in starch synthesis) was a GT47 family transcript similar to Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) IRX10 involved in xylan extension, and the second most abundant was a GT61. Profiles for GT43 IRX9 and IRX14 putative orthologs were consistent with roles in AX synthesis. Low abundances were found for transcripts from genes in the acyl-coA transferase BAHD family, for which a role in AX feruloylation has been postulated. The relative expression of these was much greater in whole grain compared with starchy endosperm, correlating with the levels of bound ferulate. Transcripts associated with callose (GSL), cellulose (CESA), pectin (GAUT), and glucomannan (CSLA) synthesis were also abundant in starchy endosperm, while the corresponding cell wall polysaccharides were confirmed as low abundance (glucomannan and callose) or undetectable (pectin) in these samples. Abundant transcripts from GH families associated with the hydrolysis of these polysaccharides were also present, suggesting that they may be rapidly turned over. Abundant transcripts in the GT31 family may be responsible for the addition of Gal residues to arabinogalactan peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Rowan A.C. Mitchell
- Centre for Genetic Improvement, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom (T.K.P., A.L., J.F., P.T., C.G.L., P.R.S., R.A.C.M.); and Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom (J.P.K.)
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219
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Rondeau-Mouro C, Ying R, Ruellet J, Saulnier L. Structure and organization within films of arabinoxylans extracted from wheat flour as revealed by various NMR spectroscopic methods. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2011; 49 Suppl 1:S85-S92. [PMID: 22290714 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.2852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Arabinoxylans (AXs) extracted from wheat flour were characterized by using three different techniques of NMR spectroscopy. Liquid-state (1)H NMR and solid-state (13)C NMR allowed the investigation of the fine structure of the three specific fractions of AXs representative of the structural heterogeneity of AX in wheat tissues. Three pure AX fractions exhibiting an arabinose to xylose ratio of 0.33, 0.53, and 0.73 were compared relative to their substitution feature and also to their assembly into thin films. Measurements of M(2), i.e. the second moment of proton dipolar interactions between the polysaccharide chains, were achieved using time-domain (TD) (1)H NMR at different water contents and temperatures. Transitions of the M(2) values were observed at a certain temperature close to the glass transition temperature T(g) values of AXs in films. Comparison of the different AX films containing various water contents pointed out stronger dipolar interactions for lowly substituted AX. This indicated that, in films, contiguous unsubstituted xylan chains can interact together through hydrogen bonding resulting in a compact structure with small nanopores because of the lower chain motions and the shorter average distances between the lowly substituted AX chains.
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220
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Damen B, Verspreet J, Pollet A, Broekaert WF, Delcour JA, Courtin CM. Prebiotic effects and intestinal fermentation of cereal arabinoxylans and arabinoxylan oligosaccharides in rats depend strongly on their structural properties and joint presence. Mol Nutr Food Res 2011; 55:1862-74. [PMID: 22058065 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201100377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Revised: 08/14/2011] [Accepted: 08/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE Cereal arabinoxylan (AX) is one of the main dietary fibers in a balanced human diet. To gain insight into the importance of structural features of AX for their prebiotic potential and intestinal fermentation properties, a rat trial was performed. METHODS AND RESULTS A water unextractable AX-rich preparation (WU-AX, 40% purity), water extractable AX (WE-AX, 81% purity), AX oligosaccharides (AXOS, 79% purity) and combinations thereof were included in a standardized diet at a 5% AX level. WU-AX was only partially fermented in the ceco-colon and increased the level of butyrate and of butyrate producing Roseburia/E. rectale spp. Extensive fermentation of WE-AX and/or AXOS reduced the pH, suppressed relevant markers of the proteolytic breakdown and induced a selective bifidogenic response. Compared with WE-AX, AXOS showed a slightly less pronounced effect in the colon as its fermentation was virtually complete in the cecum. Combining WU-AX and AXOS caused a striking synergistic increase in cecal butyrate levels. WU-AX, WE-AX and AXOS together combined a selective bifidogenic effect in the colon with elevated butyrate levels, a reduced pH and suppressed proteolytic metabolites. CONCLUSION The prebiotic potential and fermentation characteristics of cereal AX depend strongly on their structural properties and joint presence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bram Damen
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry, Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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221
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Dornez E, Holopainen U, Cuyvers S, Poutanen K, Delcour JA, Courtin CM, Nordlund E. Study of grain cell wall structures by microscopic analysis with four different staining techniques. J Cereal Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2011.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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222
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Rakha A, Åman P, Andersson R. Dietary fiber in triticale grain: Variation in content, composition, and molecular weight distribution of extractable components. J Cereal Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2011.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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223
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Souza EJ, Guttieri MJ, Sneller C. Water-Extractable Nonstarch Polysaccharide Distribution in Pilot Milling Analysis of Soft Winter Wheat. Cereal Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1094/cchem-01-11-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Edward J. Souza
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Soft Wheat Quality Laboratory, Wooster, OH 44691
- Corresponding author. E-mail:
| | - Mary J. Guttieri
- Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH 44691
| | - Clay Sneller
- Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH 44691
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224
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Films of arabinoxylans and β-glucans extracted from cereal grains: Molecular motions by TD-NMR. Carbohydr Polym 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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225
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Saeed F, Pasha I, Anjum FM, Sultan MT. Arabinoxylans and arabinogalactans: a comprehensive treatise. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2011; 51:467-76. [PMID: 21491271 DOI: 10.1080/10408391003681418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The functional and nutraceutical importance of various foods is often attributed to the bioactive molecules present in them. A number of components have been studied but dietary fiber and its different constituents are of prime consideration. Among these, arabinoxylan (AX) and arabinogalactan (AG) are of significant importance in that they hold potential in improving the quality of the baked products along with providing health benefits against various ailments. However, the improvements are dependent on their molecular weights, cross linkages, and solubility. Water-Extractable Arabinoxylan (WEAX) is more effective as compared to Water-Unextractable Arabinoxylan (WUEAX). In this review article, efforts were directed to describe the structural and molecular conformations of these functional ingredients. The discussion has been made regarding the functional properties of AX and AG, for example, improvements in water absorption capacities, dough stability time, and viscosity. They also improve the baking absorption of flour that is positively correlated with bread volume, the most important criterion for stakeholders. The arguments are also provided on the detrimental effects on gluten quality with some possible solutions. Their role in improving the quality and extending the shelf life of bread by reducing the process of staling and retrogradation is the main idea presented in the article. The nutraceutical perspectives were also highlighted as they are helpful in regulating blood cholesterol which thereby protect the body from cardiovascular disorders like atherosclerosis. Additionally, they act as prebiotics for microorganisms residing in the gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhan Saeed
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
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226
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Ciccoritti R, Scalfati G, Cammerata A, Sgrulletta D. Variations in content and extractability of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var durum) Arabinoxylans associated with genetic and environmental factors. Int J Mol Sci 2011; 12:4536-49. [PMID: 21845095 PMCID: PMC3155368 DOI: 10.3390/ijms12074536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2011] [Revised: 06/01/2011] [Accepted: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Arabinoxylans (AX) represent the most abundant components of non-starch polysaccharides in wheat, constituting about 70% of cell wall polysaccharides. An important property of AX is their ability to form highly viscous water solutions; this peculiarity has a significant impact on the technological characteristics of wheat and determines the physiologically positive influence in consumption. Durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var durum), the raw material for pasta production, is one of the most important crops in Italy. As part of a large project aimed at improving durum wheat quality, the characterization of the nutritional and technological aspects of whole grains was considered. Particular attention was addressed to identify the best suited genotypes for the production of innovative types of pasta with enhanced functional and organoleptic properties. The objective of the present study was to investigate the genetic variability of AX by examining a group of durum wheat genotypes collected at two localities in Italy for two consecutive years. The environmental influence on AX content and extractability was also evaluated. Variability in the AX fraction contents was observed; the results indicated that AX fractions of durum wheat grain can be affected by the genotype and environment characteristics and the different contribution of genotype and environment to total variation was evidenced. The genotype × environment (G × E) interaction was significant for all examined traits, the variations due to G × E being lower than that of genotype or environment. The data and the statistical analysis allowed identification of the Italian durum wheat varieties that were consistently higher in total arabinoxilans; in addition, principal component analysis biplots illustrated that for arabinoxylan fractions some varieties responded differently in various environment climatic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Ciccoritti
- Research Unit for Cereal Quality, CRA (Agricultural Research Council), Via Cassia 176, 00191 Rome, Italy; E-Mails: (R.C.); (G.S.); (A.C.)
| | - Giulia Scalfati
- Research Unit for Cereal Quality, CRA (Agricultural Research Council), Via Cassia 176, 00191 Rome, Italy; E-Mails: (R.C.); (G.S.); (A.C.)
| | - Alessandro Cammerata
- Research Unit for Cereal Quality, CRA (Agricultural Research Council), Via Cassia 176, 00191 Rome, Italy; E-Mails: (R.C.); (G.S.); (A.C.)
| | - Daniela Sgrulletta
- Research Unit for Cereal Quality, CRA (Agricultural Research Council), Via Cassia 176, 00191 Rome, Italy; E-Mails: (R.C.); (G.S.); (A.C.)
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227
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Biochemical characterization and relative expression levels of multiple carbohydrate esterases of the xylanolytic rumen bacterium Prevotella ruminicola 23 grown on an ester-enriched substrate. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77:5671-81. [PMID: 21742923 DOI: 10.1128/aem.05321-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We measured expression and used biochemical characterization of multiple carbohydrate esterases by the xylanolytic rumen bacterium Prevotella ruminicola 23 grown on an ester-enriched substrate to gain insight into the carbohydrate esterase activities of this hemicellulolytic rumen bacterium. The P. ruminicola 23 genome contains 16 genes predicted to encode carbohydrate esterase activity, and based on microarray data, four of these were upregulated >2-fold at the transcriptional level during growth on an ester-enriched oligosaccharide (XOS(FA,Ac)) from corn relative to a nonesterified fraction of corn oligosaccharides (AXOS). Four of the 16 esterases (Xyn10D-Fae1A, Axe1-6A, AxeA1, and Axe7A), including the two most highly induced esterases (Xyn10D-Fae1A and Axe1-6A), were heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli, purified, and biochemically characterized. All four enzymes showed the highest activity at physiologically relevant pH (6 to 7) and temperature (30 to 40°C) ranges. The P. ruminicola 23 Xyn10D-Fae1A (a carbohydrate esterase [CE] family 1 enzyme) released ferulic acid from methylferulate, wheat bran, corn fiber, and XOS(FA,Ac), a corn fiber-derived substrate enriched in O-acetyl and ferulic acid esters, but exhibited negligible activity on sugar acetates. As expected, the P. ruminicola Axe1-6A enzyme, which was predicted to possess two distinct esterase family domains (CE1 and CE6), released ferulic acid from the same substrates as Xyn10D-Fae1 and was also able to cleave O-acetyl ester bonds from various acetylated oligosaccharides (AcXOS). The P. ruminicola 23 AxeA1, which is not assigned to a CE family, and Axe7A (CE7) were found to be acetyl esterases that had activity toward a broad range of mostly nonpolymeric acetylated substrates along with AcXOS. All enzymes were inhibited by the proximal location of other side groups like 4-O-methylglucuronic acid, ferulic acid, or acetyl groups. The unique diversity of carbohydrate esterases in P. ruminicola 23 likely gives it the ability to hydrolyze substituents on the xylan backbone and enhances its capacity to efficiently degrade hemicellulose.
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228
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Dornez E, Cuyvers S, Holopainen U, Nordlund E, Poutanen K, Delcour JA, Courtin CM. Inactive fluorescently labeled xylanase as a novel probe for microscopic analysis of arabinoxylan containing cereal cell walls. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:6369-75. [PMID: 21561164 DOI: 10.1021/jf200746g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A new technique to visualize cereal cell walls by fluorescence microscopy was developed. The novel staining technique is based on an inactive fluorescently labeled xylanase binding to arabinoxylan (AX), an important polysaccharide in grain cell walls in terms of the technological and physiological functionalities of grain. The xylanase probe could stain AX in the seed coat, nucellar epidermis, aleurone layer, and starchy endosperm, but not the highly substituted AX of the pericarp layer. The advantage of this new staining technique over the existing immunolabeling techniques is that the staining procedure is clearly faster and less laborious, and uses a smaller probe that can easily be produced by marking a well characterized enzyme with a fluorescent label. In the future, the here proposed technology can be used to develop probes having specificity also for cell wall components other than AX and thus to study plant cell walls further through fluorescence microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmie Dornez
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry & Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven , Kasteelpark Arenberg 20-box 2463, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
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229
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The secondary substrate binding site of the Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis GH8 xylanase is relevant for activity on insoluble but not soluble substrates. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 92:539-49. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3343-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2011] [Revised: 04/18/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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230
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Köhnke T, Ostlund A, Brelid H. Adsorption of arabinoxylan on cellulosic surfaces: influence of degree of substitution and substitution pattern on adsorption characteristics. Biomacromolecules 2011; 12:2633-41. [PMID: 21598942 DOI: 10.1021/bm200437m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study presents results that show that the fine structure of arabinoxylan affects its interaction with cellulosic surfaces, an important understanding when designing and evaluating properties of xylan-cellulose-based materials. Arabinoxylan samples, with well-defined structures, were prepared from a wheat flour arabinoxylan with targeted enzymatic hydrolysis. Turbidity measurements and analyses using NMR diffusometry showed that the solubility and the hydrodynamic properties of arabinoxylan are determined not only by the degree of substitution but also by the substitution pattern. On the basis of results obtained from adsorption experiments on microcrystalline cellulose particles and on cellulosic model surfaces investigated with quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring, it was also found that arabinoxylan adsorbs irreversibly on cellulosic surfaces and that the adsorption characteristics, as well as the properties of the adsorbed layer, are controlled by the fine structure of the xylan molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Köhnke
- Forest Products and Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden.
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231
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Sun Y, Cui SW, Gu X, Zhang J. Isolation and structural characterization of water unextractable arabinoxylans from Chinese black-grained wheat bran. Carbohydr Polym 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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232
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Pritchard JR, Lawrence GJ, Larroque O, Li Z, Laidlaw HK, Morell MK, Rahman S. A survey of β-glucan and arabinoxylan content in wheat. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2011; 91:1298-1303. [PMID: 21469147 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.4316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2010] [Revised: 01/03/2011] [Accepted: 01/06/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary fibre lowers the risk of coronary heart disease and colorectal cancer. This survey quantifies mixed link β-glucan (MBG) and arabinoxylan (AX) in wheat and investigates relationships between the grain carbohydrates. MBG and AX contents were measured in 500 and 200 wheat accessions respectively, including diploid, tetraploid and hexaploid genotypes comprising primitive, synthetic and elite lines. RESULTS Overall, MBG contents ranged between 1.8 and 18.0 g kg(-1) grain dry weight. In wheat-barley addition lines and triticale hexaploids the levels were 9.0-11.3 and 3.5-9.6 g kg(-1) respectively. The amounts in synthetic wheats were nearer their tetraploid parents than their diploid parents. AX and total non-starch polysaccharide (NSP) contents ranged from 23.7 to 107.5 g kg(-1) and from 31.7 to 136.7 g kg(-1) respectively. Linear regressions showed that the relationships of starch and grain weight with NSP glucose were stronger than those with AX. CONCLUSION The results indicated insufficient genetic diversity in the germplasm surveyed to initiate a breeding programme to increase the amount of MBG in wheat grain to 20 g kg(-1) , a level considered high enough to confer a 10-15% reduction in blood cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenifer R Pritchard
- CSIRO Food Futures National Research Flagship, GPO Box 93, North Ryde, NSW 1670, Australia
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233
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Cuyvers S, Hendrix J, Dornez E, Engelborghs Y, Delcour JA, Courtin CM. Both Substrate Hydrolysis and Secondary Substrate Binding Determine Xylanase Mobility as Assessed by FRAP. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:4810-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jp110963f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sven Cuyvers
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry & Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20 - box 2463, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jelle Hendrix
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Dynamics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200G - box 2403, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Emmie Dornez
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry & Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20 - box 2463, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yves Engelborghs
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Dynamics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200G - box 2403, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan A. Delcour
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry & Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20 - box 2463, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christophe M. Courtin
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry & Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20 - box 2463, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
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234
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Iravani S, Fitchett CS, Georget DM. Physical characterization of arabinoxylan powder and its hydrogel containing a methyl xanthine. Carbohydr Polym 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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235
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Cuyvers S, Dornez E, Rezaei MN, Pollet A, Delcour JA, Courtin CM. Secondary substrate binding strongly affects activity and binding affinity of Bacillus subtilis and Aspergillus niger GH11 xylanases. FEBS J 2011; 278:1098-111. [PMID: 21261814 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2011.08023.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The secondary substrate binding site (SBS) of Bacillus subtilis and Aspergillus niger glycoside hydrolase family 11 xylanases was studied by site-directed mutagenesis and evaluation of activity and binding properties of mutant enzymes on different substrates. Modification of the SBS resulted in an up to three-fold decrease in the relative activity of the enzymes on polymeric versus oligomeric substrates and highlighted the importance of several amino acids in the SBS forming hydrogen bonds or hydrophobic stacking interactions with substrates. Weakening of the SBS increased K(d) values by up to 70-fold in binding affinity tests using natural substrates. The impact that modifications in the SBS have both on activity and on binding affinity towards polymeric substrates clearly shows that such structural elements can increase the efficiency of these single domain enzymes on their natural substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Cuyvers
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry & Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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236
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Robert P, Jamme F, Barron C, Bouchet B, Saulnier L, Dumas P, Guillon F. Change in wall composition of transfer and aleurone cells during wheat grain development. PLANTA 2011; 233:393-406. [PMID: 21061017 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-010-1306-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In addition to the starchy endosperm, a specialized tissue accumulating storage material, the endosperm of wheat grain, comprises the aleurone layer and the transfer cells next to the crease. The transfer cells, located at the ventral region of the grain, are involved in nutrient transfer from the maternal tissues to the developing endosperm. Immunolabeling techniques, Raman spectroscopy, and synchrotron infrared micro-spectroscopy were used to study the chemistry of the transfer cell walls during wheat grain development. The kinetic depositions of the main cell wall polysaccharides of wheat grain endosperm, arabinoxylan, and (1-3)(1-4)-β-glucan in transfer cell walls were different from kinetics previously observed in the aleurone cell walls. While (1-3)(1-4)-β-glucan appeared first in the aleurone cell walls at 90°D, arabinoxylan predominated in the transfer cell walls from 90 to 445°D. Both aleurone and transfer cell walls were enriched in (1-3)(1-4)-β-glucan at the mature stage of wheat grain development. Arabinoxylan was more substituted in the transfer cell walls than in the aleurone walls. However, arabinoxylan was more feruloylated in the aleurone than in the transfer cell walls, whatever the stage of grain development. In the transfer cells, the ferulic acid was less abundant in the outer periclinal walls while para-coumarate was absent. Possible implications of such differences are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Robert
- INRA, UR1268 Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, 44300, Nantes, France.
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237
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In vitro fermentation kinetics and end-products of cereal arabinoxylans and (1,3;1,4)-β-glucans by porcine faeces. J Cereal Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2010.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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238
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Guillon F, Bouchet B, Jamme F, Robert P, Quéméner B, Barron C, Larré C, Dumas P, Saulnier L. Brachypodium distachyon grain: characterization of endosperm cell walls. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2011; 62:1001-15. [PMID: 21062963 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erq332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The wild grass Brachypodium distachyon has been proposed as an alternative model species for temperate cereals. The present paper reports on the characterization of B. distachyon grain, placing emphasis on endosperm cell walls. Brachypodium distachyon is notable for its high cell wall polysaccharide content that accounts for ∼52% (w/w) of the endosperm in comparison with 2-7% (w/w) in other cereals. Starch, the typical storage polysaccharide, is low [<10% (w/w)] in the endosperm where the main polysaccharide is (1-3) (1-4)-β-glucan [40% (w/w) of the endosperm], which in all likelihood plays a role as a storage compound. In addition to (1-3) (1-4)-β-glucan, endosperm cells contain cellulose and xylan in significant amounts. Interestingly, the ratio of ferulic acid to arabinoxylan is higher in B. distachyon grain than in other investigated cereals. Feruloylated arabinoxylan is mainly found in the middle lamella and cell junction zones of the storage endosperm, suggesting a potential role in cell-cell adhesion. The present results indicate that B. distachyon grains contain all the cell wall polysaccharides encountered in other cereal grains. Thus, due to its fully sequenced genome, its short life cycle, and the genetic tools available for mutagenesis/transformation, B. distachyon is a good model to investigate cell wall polysaccharide synthesis and function in cereal grains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Guillon
- INRA UR1268 Biopolymers, Interactions Assemblies, F-44316 Nantes, France.
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239
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Podospora anserina hemicellulases potentiate the Trichoderma reesei secretome for saccharification of lignocellulosic biomass. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 77:237-46. [PMID: 21037302 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01761-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To improve the enzymatic hydrolysis (saccharification) of lignocellulosic biomass by Trichoderma reesei, a set of genes encoding putative polysaccharide-degrading enzymes were selected from the coprophilic fungus Podospora anserina using comparative genomics. Five hemicellulase-encoding genes were successfully cloned and expressed as secreted functional proteins in the yeast Pichia pastoris. These novel fungal CAZymes belonging to different glycoside hydrolase families (PaMan5A and PaMan26A mannanases, PaXyn11A xylanase, and PaAbf51A and PaAbf62A arabinofuranosidases) were able to break down their predicted cognate substrates. Although PaMan5A and PaMan26A displayed similar specificities toward a range of mannan substrates, they differed in their end products, suggesting differences in substrate binding. The N-terminal CBM35 module of PaMan26A displayed dual binding specificity toward xylan and mannan. PaXyn11A harboring a C-terminal CBM1 module efficiently degraded wheat arabinoxylan, releasing mainly xylobiose as end product. PaAbf51A and PaAbf62A arabinose-debranching enzymes exhibited differences in activity toward arabinose-containing substrates. Further investigation of the contribution made by each P. anserina auxiliary enzyme to the saccharification of wheat straw and spruce demonstrated that the endo-acting hemicellulases (PaXyn11A, PaMan5A, and PaMan26A) individually supplemented the secretome of the industrial T. reesei CL847 strain. The most striking effect was obtained with PaMan5A that improved the release of total sugars by 28% and of glucose by 18%, using spruce as lignocellulosic substrate.
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240
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Simsek S, Zhang Y, Campanella OH. Physicochemical properties of arabinoxlans in refrigerated dough. Food Res Int 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2010.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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241
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242
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Quraishi UM, Murat F, Abrouk M, Pont C, Confolent C, Oury FX, Ward J, Boros D, Gebruers K, Delcour JA, Courtin CM, Bedo Z, Saulnier L, Guillon F, Balzergue S, Shewry PR, Feuillet C, Charmet G, Salse J. Combined meta-genomics analyses unravel candidate genes for the grain dietary fiber content in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Funct Integr Genomics 2010; 11:71-83. [PMID: 20697765 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-010-0183-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2010] [Revised: 07/07/2010] [Accepted: 07/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Grain dietary fiber content in wheat not only affects its end use and technological properties including milling, baking and animal feed but is also of great importance for health benefits. In this study, integration of association genetics (seven detected loci on chromosomes 1B, 3A, 3D, 5B, 6B, 7A, 7B) and meta-QTL (three consensus QTL on chromosomes 1B, 3D and 6B) analyses allowed the identification of seven chromosomal regions underlying grain dietary fiber content in bread wheat. Based either on a diversity panel or on bi-parental populations, we clearly demonstrate that this trait is mainly driven by a major locus located on chromosome 1B associated with a log of p value >13 and a LOD score >8, respectively. In parallel, we identified 73 genes differentially expressed during the grain development and between genotypes with contrasting grain fiber contents. Integration of quantitative genetics and transcriptomic data allowed us to propose a short list of candidate genes that are conserved in the rice, sorghum and Brachypodium chromosome regions orthologous to the seven wheat grain fiber content QTL and that can be considered as major candidate genes for future improvement of the grain dietary fiber content in bread wheat breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umar Masood Quraishi
- INRA-University Blaise Pascal, UMR1095 Génétique, Diversité et Ecophysiologie des Céréales, 234 Avenue du Brézet, 63100, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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243
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Toole GA, Le Gall G, Colquhoun IJ, Nemeth C, Saulnier L, Lovegrove A, Pellny T, Wilkinson MD, Freeman J, Mitchell RAC, Mills ENC, Shewry PR. Temporal and spatial changes in cell wall composition in developing grains of wheat cv. Hereward. PLANTA 2010; 232:677-89. [PMID: 20549231 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-010-1199-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2010] [Accepted: 05/18/2010] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
A combination of enzyme mapping, FT-IR microscopy and NMR spectroscopy was used to study temporal and spatial aspects of endosperm cell wall synthesis and deposition in developing grain of bread wheat cv. Hereward. This confirmed previous reports that changes in the proportions of the two major groups of cell wall polysaccharides occur, with beta-glucan accumulating earlier in development than arabinoxylan. Changes in the structure of the arabinoxylan occurred, with decreased proportions of disubstituted xylose residues and increased proportions of monosubstituted xylose residues. These are likely to result, at least in part, from arabinoxylan restructuring catalysed by enzymes such as arabinoxylan arabinofurano hydrolase and lead to changes in cell wall mechanical properties which may be required to withstand stresses during grain maturation and desiccation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Toole
- Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK
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Collins HM, Burton RA, Topping DL, Liao M, Bacic A, Fincher GB. REVIEW: Variability in Fine Structures of Noncellulosic Cell Wall Polysaccharides from Cereal Grains: Potential Importance in Human Health and Nutrition. Cereal Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1094/cchem-87-4-0272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Helen M. Collins
- Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Rachel A. Burton
- Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - David L. Topping
- CSIRO Food Futures National Research Flagship, Kintore Avenue, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Ming‐Long Liao
- Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Antony Bacic
- Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Geoffrey B. Fincher
- Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
- Corresponding author. Fax +61‐8‐8303‐7102. E‐mail:
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246
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Izydorczyk MS. Variations in Content and Molecular Structure of Barley Nonstarch Polysaccharides Associated with Genotypic and Cellular Origin. Cereal Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1094/cchem-87-4-0376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marta S. Izydorczyk
- Grain Research Laboratory, Canadian Grain Commission, Winnipeg MB. Corresponding author. Phone: (204) 983‐1300; Fax: (204) 983‐0724; E‐mail:
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247
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New hypotheses for the health-protective mechanisms of whole-grain cereals: what is beyond fibre? Nutr Res Rev 2010; 23:65-134. [PMID: 20565994 DOI: 10.1017/s0954422410000041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 593] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have clearly shown that whole-grain cereals can protect against obesity, diabetes, CVD and cancers. The specific effects of food structure (increased satiety, reduced transit time and glycaemic response), fibre (improved faecal bulking and satiety, viscosity and SCFA production, and/or reduced glycaemic response) and Mg (better glycaemic homeostasis through increased insulin secretion), together with the antioxidant and anti-carcinogenic properties of numerous bioactive compounds, especially those in the bran and germ (minerals, trace elements, vitamins, carotenoids, polyphenols and alkylresorcinols), are today well-recognised mechanisms in this protection. Recent findings, the exhaustive listing of bioactive compounds found in whole-grain wheat, their content in whole-grain, bran and germ fractions and their estimated bioavailability, have led to new hypotheses. The involvement of polyphenols in cell signalling and gene regulation, and of sulfur compounds, lignin and phytic acid should be considered in antioxidant protection. Whole-grain wheat is also a rich source of methyl donors and lipotropes (methionine, betaine, choline, inositol and folates) that may be involved in cardiovascular and/or hepatic protection, lipid metabolism and DNA methylation. Potential protective effects of bound phenolic acids within the colon, of the B-complex vitamins on the nervous system and mental health, of oligosaccharides as prebiotics, of compounds associated with skeleton health, and of other compounds such as alpha-linolenic acid, policosanol, melatonin, phytosterols and para-aminobenzoic acid also deserve to be studied in more depth. Finally, benefits of nutrigenomics to study complex physiological effects of the 'whole-grain package', and the most promising ways for improving the nutritional quality of cereal products are discussed.
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248
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Nemeth C, Freeman J, Jones HD, Sparks C, Pellny TK, Wilkinson MD, Dunwell J, Andersson AA, Åman P, Guillon F, Saulnier L, Mitchell RA, Shewry PR. Down-regulation of the CSLF6 gene results in decreased (1,3;1,4)-beta-D-glucan in endosperm of wheat. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 152:1209-18. [PMID: 20089768 PMCID: PMC2832239 DOI: 10.1104/pp.109.151712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2009] [Accepted: 01/09/2010] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
(1,3;1,4)-beta-d-Glucan (beta-glucan) accounts for 20% of the total cell walls in the starchy endosperm of wheat (Triticum aestivum) and is an important source of dietary fiber for human nutrition with potential health benefits. Bioinformatic and array analyses of gene expression profiles in developing caryopses identified the CELLULOSE SYNTHASE-LIKE F6 (CSLF6) gene as encoding a putative beta-glucan synthase. RNA interference constructs were therefore designed to down-regulate CSLF6 gene expression and expressed in transgenic wheat under the control of a starchy endosperm-specific HMW subunit gene promoter. Analysis of wholemeal flours using an enzyme-based kit and by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography after digestion with lichenase showed decreases in total beta-glucan of between 30% and 52% and between 36% and 53%, respectively, in five transgenic lines compared to three control lines. The content of water-extractable beta-glucan was also reduced by about 50% in the transgenic lines, and the M(r) distribution of the fraction was decreased from an average of 79 to 85 x 10(4) g/mol in the controls and 36 to 57 x 10(4) g/mol in the transgenics. Immunolocalization of beta-glucan in semithin sections of mature and developing grains confirmed that the impact of the transgene was confined to the starchy endosperm with little or no effect on the aleurone or outer layers of the grain. The results confirm that the CSLF6 gene of wheat encodes a beta-glucan synthase and indicate that transgenic manipulation can be used to enhance the health benefits of wheat products.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Peter R. Shewry
- Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom (C.N., J.F., H.D.J., C.S., T.K.P., M.D.W., R.A.C.M., P.R.S.); School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, Berkshire RG6 6AH, United Kingdom (J.D.); Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE–750 07 Uppsala, Sweden (A.A.M.A., P.A.); and INRA, UR 1268 Biopolymères, Interactions et Assemblages, 44316 Nantes cedex 03, France (F.G., L.S.)
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249
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Structural characterisation of pentosans from hemicellulose B of wheat varieties with varying chapati-making quality. Food Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.04.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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250
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Haskå L, Nyman M, Andersson R. Characterization of Indigestible Carbohydrates in Various Fractions from Wheat Processing. Cereal Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1094/cchem-87-2-0125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Haskå
- Applied Nutrition and Food Chemistry, Department of Food Technology, Engineering and Nutrition, Chemical Center, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
- Corresponding author. Phone: +46 46 222 8321. Fax: +46 46 222 4532. E-mail:
| | - M. Nyman
- Applied Nutrition and Food Chemistry, Department of Food Technology, Engineering and Nutrition, Chemical Center, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - R. Andersson
- Department of Food Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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