201
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Shao XY, Dong J, Zhang H, Wu YS, Zheng L. Prognostic Value and Potential Role of Alternative mRNA Splicing Events in Cervical Cancer. Front Genet 2020; 11:726. [PMID: 32793282 PMCID: PMC7394696 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Increasing evidence suggests that aberrant alternative splicing (AS) events are associated with progression of cancer. This study evaluated the prognostic value and clarify the role of AS events in cervical cancer (CC). Methods Based on RNA-seq AS event data and clinical information of CC patients in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database, we sought to identify prognosis-related AS events in this setting. We selected several survival-associated AS events to construct a prognostic predictor for CC through the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) and multivariate Cox regression. Moreover, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes and Gene Ontology analyses were performed on genes with prognosis-related AS events and constructed an AS-splicing factors (SFs) regulatory network. Results 2770 AS events were significantly correlated with overall survival (OS). The area under the curve (AUC) values of receiver-operator characteristic curve (ROC) for the final prognostic predictor were 0.926, 0.946 and 0.902 at 3, 5, and 10 years, respectively. These values indicated efficiency in prognostic risk stratification for patients with CC. The final prognostic predictor was an independent predictor of OS (HR: 1.24; 95% CI: 1.020–1.504; P < 0.05). The AS-SFs correlation network may reveal an underlying regulatory mechanism of AS events. Conclusion AS events are essential participants in the prognosis of CC and hold great potentials for the prognostic stratification and development of treatment strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Yang Shao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jin Dong
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Han Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying-Song Wu
- Institute of Antibody Engineering, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Zheng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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202
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Kostouros A, Koliarakis I, Natsis K, Spandidos DA, Tsatsakis A, Tsiaoussis J. Large intestine embryogenesis: Molecular pathways and related disorders (Review). Int J Mol Med 2020; 46:27-57. [PMID: 32319546 PMCID: PMC7255481 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2020.4583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The large intestine, part of the gastrointestinal tract (GI), is composed of all three germ layers, namely the endoderm, the mesoderm and the ectoderm, forming the epithelium, the smooth muscle layers and the enteric nervous system, respectively. Since gastrulation, these layers develop simultaneously during embryogenesis, signaling to each other continuously until adult age. Two invaginations, the anterior intestinal portal (AIP) and the caudal/posterior intestinal portal (CIP), elongate and fuse, creating the primitive gut tube, which is then patterned along the antero‑posterior (AP) axis and the radial (RAD) axis in the context of left‑right (LR) asymmetry. These events lead to the formation of three distinct regions, the foregut, midgut and hindgut. All the above‑mentioned phenomena are under strict control from various molecular pathways, which are critical for the normal intestinal development and function. Specifically, the intestinal epithelium constitutes a constantly developing tissue, deriving from the progenitor stem cells at the bottom of the intestinal crypt. Epithelial differentiation strongly depends on the crosstalk with the adjacent mesoderm. Major molecular pathways that are implicated in the embryogenesis of the large intestine include the canonical and non‑canonical wingless‑related integration site (Wnt), bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), Notch and hedgehog systems. The aberrant regulation of these pathways inevitably leads to several intestinal malformation syndromes, such as atresia, stenosis, or agangliosis. Novel theories, involving the regulation and homeostasis of intestinal stem cells, suggest an embryological basis for the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer (CRC). Thus, the present review article summarizes the diverse roles of these molecular factors in intestinal embryogenesis and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonios Kostouros
- Laboratory of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71110 Heraklion
| | - Ioannis Koliarakis
- Laboratory of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71110 Heraklion
| | - Konstantinos Natsis
- Department of Anatomy and Surgical Anatomy, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki
| | | | - Aristidis Tsatsakis
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71409 Heraklion, Greece
| | - John Tsiaoussis
- Laboratory of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71110 Heraklion
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203
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Aneuploid Circulating Tumor-Derived Endothelial Cell (CTEC): A Novel Versatile Player in Tumor Neovascularization and Cancer Metastasis. Cells 2020; 9:cells9061539. [PMID: 32599893 PMCID: PMC7349247 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematogenous and lymphogenous cancer metastases are significantly impacted by tumor neovascularization, which predominantly consists of blood vessel-relevant angiogenesis, vasculogenesis, vasculogenic mimicry, and lymphatic vessel-related lymphangiogenesis. Among the endothelial cells that make up the lining of tumor vasculature, a majority of them are tumor-derived endothelial cells (TECs), exhibiting cytogenetic abnormalities of aneuploid chromosomes. Aneuploid TECs are generated from “cancerization of stromal endothelial cells” and “endothelialization of carcinoma cells” in the hypoxic tumor microenvironment. Both processes crucially engage the hypoxia-triggered epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndoMT). Compared to the cancerization process, endothelialization of cancer cells, which comprises the fusion of tumor cells with endothelial cells and transdifferentiation of cancer cells into TECs, is the dominant pathway. Tumor-derived endothelial cells, possessing the dual properties of cancerous malignancy and endothelial vascularization ability, are thus the endothelialized cancer cells. Circulating tumor-derived endothelial cells (CTECs) are TECs shed into the peripheral circulation. Aneuploid CD31+ CTECs, together with their counterpart CD31- circulating tumor cells (CTCs), constitute a unique pair of cellular circulating tumor biomarkers. This review discusses a proposed cascaded framework that focuses on the origins of TECs and CTECs in the hypoxic tumor microenvironment and their clinical implications for tumorigenesis, neovascularization, disease progression, and cancer metastasis. Aneuploid CTECs, harboring hybridized properties of malignancy, vascularization and motility, may serve as a unique target for developing a novel metastasis blockade cancer therapy.
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204
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Dinger TF, Chen O, Dittfeld C, Hetze L, Hüther M, Wondrak M, Löck S, Eicheler W, Breier G, Kunz-Schughart LA. Microenvironmentally-driven Plasticity of CD44 isoform expression determines Engraftment and Stem-like Phenotype in CRC cell lines. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:7599-7621. [PMID: 32685007 PMCID: PMC7359088 DOI: 10.7150/thno.39893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Theranostic biomarkers for putative cancer stem-like cells (CSC) in colorectal cancer (CRC) are of particular interest in translational research to develop patient-individualized treatment strategies. Surface proteins still under debate are CD44 and CD133. The structural and functional diversity of these antigens, as well as their plasticity, has only just begun to be understood. Our study aimed to gain novel insight into the plasticity of CD133/CD44, thereby proving the hypothesis of marker-associated tumorigenic and non-tumorigenic phenotypes to be environmentally driven. Methods: CD133/CD44 profiles of 20 CRC cell lines were monitored; three models with distinct surface patterns in vitro were systematically examined. CD133/CD44 subpopulations were isolated by FACS and analyzed upon in vitro growth and/or in limiting dilution engraftment studies. The experimental setup included biomarker analyses on the protein (flow cytometry, Western blotting, immunofluorescence) and mRNA levels (RT-/qPCR) as well as CD44 gene sequencing. Results: In general, we found that (i) the in vitro CD133/CD44 pattern never determined engraftment and (ii) the CD133/CD44 population distributions harmonized under in vivo conditions. The LS1034 cell line appeared as a unique model due to its de novo in vivo presentation of CD44. CD44v8-10 was identified as main transcript, which was stronger expressed in primary human CRC than in normal colon tissues. Biomarker pattern of LS1034 cells in vivo reflected secondary engraftment: the tumorigenic potential was highest in CD133+/CD44+, intermediate in CD133+/CD44- and entirely lost in CD133-/CD44- subfractions. Both CD44+ and CD44- LS1034 cells gave rise to tumorigenic and non-tumorigenic progeny and were convertible - but only as long as they expressed CD133 in vivo. The highly tumorigenic CD133+/CD44(v8-10)+ LS1034 cells were localized in well-oxygenated perivascular but not hypoxic regions. From a multitude of putative modulators, only the direct interaction with stromal fibroblasts triggered an essential, in vivo-like enhancement of CD44v8-10 presentation in vitro. Conclusion: Environmental conditions modulate CD133/CD44 phenotypes and tumorigenic potential of CRC subpopulations. The identification of fibroblasts as drivers of cancer-specific CD44 expression profile and plasticity sheds light on the limitation of per se dynamic surface antigens as biomarkers. It can also explain the location of putative CD133/CD44-positive CRC CSC in the perivascular niche, which is likely to comprise cancer-associated fibroblasts. The LS1034 in vitro/in vivo model is a valuable tool to unravel the mechanism of stromal-induced CD44v8-10 expression and identify further therapeutically relevant, mutual interrelations between microenvironment and tumorigenic phenotype.
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205
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Chen M, Xu K, Li B, Wang N, Zhang Q, Chen L, Zhang D, Yang L, Xu Z, Xu H. HMGA1 Regulates the Stem Cell-Like Properties of Circulating Tumor Cells from GIST Patients via Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:4943-4956. [PMID: 32606726 PMCID: PMC7296980 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s249063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) is the most common sarcoma of the digestive system. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) have been proven to be critical in the recurrence and metastasis of diseases; however, the characteristics of CTCs of GIST are still unclear. Methods We sorted out and verified the validity of CTCs from peripheral blood of gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) patients with or without heterochronous liver metastasis using flow cytometry (FCM). Differential genes were analyzed between the GIST patients with and without liver metastasis using next-generation sequencing (NGS). Results The preliminary study on the characteristics of CTCs revealed that CTCs of GIST patients with heterochronous liver metastasis had stronger stem cell-like properties (SC-like properties) than CTCs of those without liver metastasis. Furthermore, NGS followed with a series of assays revealed that HMGA1 played a critical role in regulating the SC-like properties of CTCs. Mechanistically, HMGA1 could activate Wnt/β-catenin pathway in vitro and vivo. Moreover, we found that the expression level of HMGA1 in CTCs was an independent risk factor probably influencing the prognosis of GIST patients. Conclusion Our findings indicate the significant role of HMGA1 in SC-like properties, IM resistance and eventually hepatic metastasis formation of CTCs. Targeting HMGA1 in CTCs may be a therapeutic strategy for GIST patients with hepatic metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Chen
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, People's Republic of China
| | - Kangjing Xu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, People's Republic of China
| | - Bowen Li
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, People's Republic of China
| | - Nuofan Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222000, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Diancai Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Yang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, People's Republic of China
| | - Zekuan Xu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Xu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, People's Republic of China
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206
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Baião A, Sousa F, Oliveira AV, Oliveira C, Sarmento B. Effective intracellular delivery of bevacizumab via PEGylated polymeric nanoparticles targeting the CD44v6 receptor in colon cancer cells. Biomater Sci 2020; 8:3720-3729. [PMID: 32500879 DOI: 10.1039/d0bm00556h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common and deadly cancers in the world, mainly due to its metastatic and metabolic ability. The CD44 receptor isoform containing exon 6 (CD44v6) is a transmembrane protein that plays an important role in the establishment of tumors and metastasis, which make this molecule a potential target for therapy and diagnosis of tumors. Aiming at a targeted therapy, the anti-VEGF monoclonal antibody (mAb) bevacizumab was loaded into poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)-polyethylene glycol (PLGA-PEG) nanoparticles (NPs) functionalized with an antibody fragment (Fab) specific for CD44v6-expressing human cancer cells. The sizes of NPs were in the range of 150-250 nm and they had a negative charge between -5 and -10 mV, with an association efficiency (AE) of bevacizumab of 86%. v6 Fab-PLGA-PEG NPs containing bevacizumab specifically bonded to the CD44v6 cell surface receptor and exhibited higher internalization into CD44v6+ epithelial cells than bare and (-) Fab-PLGA-PEG NPs. To understand the biological effect of NP targeting, the intracellular levels of bevacizumab and VEGF were evaluated after the incubation of targeted and untargeted NPs. The intracellular levels of bevacizumab were significantly higher in cells incubated with v6 Fab-PLGA-PEG NPs and these NPs resulted in a significant decrease in the intracellular VEGF compared to untargeted NPs and free bevacizumab. PLGA-PEG NPs, surface-functionalized with a v6-specific Fab, have the potential to intracellularly deliver bevacizumab into CD44v6 expressing cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Baião
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-393 Porto, Portugal.
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207
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Wuputra K, Ku CC, Wu DC, Lin YC, Saito S, Yokoyama KK. Prevention of tumor risk associated with the reprogramming of human pluripotent stem cells. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2020; 39:100. [PMID: 32493501 PMCID: PMC7268627 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-020-01584-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Human pluripotent embryonic stem cells have two special features: self-renewal and pluripotency. It is important to understand the properties of pluripotent stem cells and reprogrammed stem cells. One of the major problems is the risk of reprogrammed stem cells developing into tumors. To understand the process of differentiation through which stem cells develop into cancer cells, investigators have attempted to identify the key factors that generate tumors in humans. The most effective method for the prevention of tumorigenesis is the exclusion of cancer cells during cell reprogramming. The risk of cancer formation is dependent on mutations of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes during the conversion of stem cells to cancer cells and on the environmental effects of pluripotent stem cells. Dissecting the processes of epigenetic regulation and chromatin regulation may be helpful for achieving correct cell reprogramming without inducing tumor formation and for developing new drugs for cancer treatment. This review focuses on the risk of tumor formation by human pluripotent stem cells, and on the possible treatment options if it occurs. Potential new techniques that target epigenetic processes and chromatin regulation provide opportunities for human cancer modeling and clinical applications of regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenly Wuputra
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Rd., San-Ming District, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan.,Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chen Ku
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Rd., San-Ming District, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan.,Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Deng-Chyang Wu
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan.,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chu Lin
- School of Dentistry, School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Shigeo Saito
- Waseda University Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8480, Japan. .,Saito Laboratory of Cell Technology Institute, Yaita, Tochigi, 329-1571, Japan.
| | - Kazunari K Yokoyama
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Rd., San-Ming District, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan. .,Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan. .,Waseda University Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8480, Japan.
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208
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Mcgrath NA, Fu J, Gu SZ, Xie C. Targeting cancer stem cells in cholangiocarcinoma (Review). Int J Oncol 2020; 57:397-408. [PMID: 32468022 PMCID: PMC7307587 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2020.5074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of cholangiocarcinoma has been increasing steadily over the past 50 years, but the survival rates remained low due to the disease being highly resistant to non-surgical treatment interventions. Cancer stem cell markers are expressed in cholangiocarcinoma, suggesting that they serve a significant role in the physiology of the disease. Cancer stem cells are frequently implicated in tumor relapse and acquired resistance to a number of therapeutic strategies, including chemotherapy, radiation and immune checkpoint inhibitors. Novel targeted therapies to eradicate cancer stem cells may assist in overcoming treatment resistance in cholangiocarcinoma and reduce the rates of relapse and recurrence. Several signaling pathways have been previously documented to regulate the development and survival of cancer stem cells, including Notch, janus kinase/STAT, Hippo/yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1), Wnt and Hedgehog signaling. Although pharmacological agents have been developed to target these pathways, only modest effects were reported in clinical trials. The Hippo/YAP1 signaling pathway has come to the forefront in the field of cancer stem cell research due to its reported involvement in epithelium-mesenchymal transition, cell adhesion, organogenesis and tumorigenesis. In the present article, recent findings in terms of cancer stem cell research in cholangiocarcinoma were reviewed, where the potential therapeutic targeting of cancer stem cells in this disease was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A Mcgrath
- Thoracic and GI Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Jianyang Fu
- Thoracic and GI Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Sophie Z Gu
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 20215, USA
| | - Changqing Xie
- Thoracic and GI Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
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209
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Yasui M, Kunita A, Numakura S, Uozaki H, Ushiku T, Fukayama M. Cancer stem cells in Epstein-Barr virus-associated gastric carcinoma. Cancer Sci 2020; 111:2598-2607. [PMID: 32338409 PMCID: PMC7385383 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) play a decisive role in the development and progression of cancer. To investigate CSCs in Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated carcinoma (EBVaGC), we screened previously reported stem cell markers of gastric cancer in EBV-infected gastric cancer cell lines (TMK1 and NUGC3) and identified CD44v6v9 double positive cells as candidate CSCs. CD44v6/v9+/+ cells were sorted from EBVaGC cell line (SNU719) cells and EBV-infected TMK1 cells and these cell populations showed high spheroid-forming ability and tumor formation in SCID mice compared with the respective CD44v6/v9-/- cells. Sphere-forming ability was dependent on the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway, which was confirmed by decrease of sphere formation ability under BAY 11-7082. Small interfering RNA knockdown of latent membrane protein 2A (LMP2A), one of the latent gene products of EBV infection, decreased spheroid formation in SNU719 cells. Transfection of the LMP2A gene increased the sphere-forming ability of TMK1 cells, which was mediated through NF-κB signaling. Together, these results indicate that CD44v6v9+/+ cells are CSCs in EBVaGC that are maintained through the LMP2A/NF-κB pathway. Future studies should investigate CD44v6/v9+/+ cells in normal and neoplastic gastric epithelium to prevent and treat this specific subtype of gastric cancer infected with EBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Yasui
- Department Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department Pathology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akiko Kunita
- Department Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoe Numakura
- Department Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department Pathology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Uozaki
- Department Pathology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Ushiku
- Department Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masashi Fukayama
- Department Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Asahi Telepathology Centre, Asahi General Hospital, Asahi, Japan
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210
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Altered expression of fibroblast activation protein-α (FAP) in colorectal adenoma-carcinoma sequence and in lymph node and liver metastases. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:10337-10358. [PMID: 32428869 PMCID: PMC7346028 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a major health problem in elderly people because of its high incidence and high mortality rate. Despite early screening programs, more than half of CRC patients are diagnosed at advanced stages. Fibroblast activation protein-α (FAP) expression in cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) has been associated with a higher risk of metastases and poor survival. Here, we have analyzed the immunohistochemical expression of FAP in 41 adenoma-carcinoma sequences. In addition, FAP expression was analyzed individually and in combination with β-catenin (BCAT), CD44 and Cyclin-D1 expression in primary tumors and in their corresponding lymph node and liver metastases (n=294). Finally, soluble FAP (sFAP) levels in plasma from CRC patients (n=127) were also analyzed by ELISA. FAP was expressed only in CRC tissue and its expression level was found to be higher in tumors exhibiting deeper local invasion and poorer cancer cell differentiation. FAP and concomitant nuclear BCAT expression in cancer cells at the infiltrating front of primary tumors and in lymph node metastases was independently associated with 5- and 10-year cancer specific and disease-free survival. Moreover, lower sFAP levels correlated with poorer survival. These findings support the potential importance of FAP as a biomarker of CRC development and progression.
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211
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Gong J, Lin Y, Zhang H, Liu C, Cheng Z, Yang X, Zhang J, Xiao Y, Sang N, Qian X, Wang L, Cen X, Du X, Zhao Y. Reprogramming of lipid metabolism in cancer-associated fibroblasts potentiates migration of colorectal cancer cells. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:267. [PMID: 32327627 PMCID: PMC7181758 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-2434-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic interaction between cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and colorectal cancer (CRC) cells plays a major role in CRC progression. However, little is known about lipid alternations in CAFs and how these metabolic reprogramming affect CRC cells metastasis. Here, we uncover CAFs conditioned medium (CM) promote the migration of CRC cells compared with normal fibroblasts CM. CAFs undergo a lipidomic reprogramming, and accumulate more fatty acids and phospholipids. CAFs CM after protein deprivation still increase the CRC cells migration, which suggests small molecular metabolites in CAFs CM are responsible for CRC cells migration. Then, we confirm that CRC cells take up the lipids metabolites that are secreted from CAFs. Fatty acids synthase (FASN), a crucial enzyme in fatty acids synthesis, is significantly increased in CAFs. CAF-induced CRC cell migration is abolished by knockdown of FASN by siRNA or reducing the uptake of fatty acids by CRC cells by sulfo-N-succinimidyloleate sodium in vitro and CD36 monoclonal antibody in vivo. To conclude, our results provide a new insight into the mechanism of CRC metastasis and suggest FASN of CAFs or CD36 of CRC cells may be potential targets for anti-metastasis treatment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yiyun Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Huaqin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Chunqi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Zhong Cheng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xiaowei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jiamei Zhang
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yuanyuan Xiao
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Na Sang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xinying Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Liang Wang
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xiaobo Cen
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xiao Du
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China. .,Department of General Surgery, Ya an People's Hospital, Yaan, 625000, China.
| | - Yinglan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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212
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Alhabbab RY. Targeting Cancer Stem Cells by Genetically Engineered Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells. Front Genet 2020; 11:312. [PMID: 32391048 PMCID: PMC7188929 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The term cancer stem cell (CSC) starts 25 years ago with the evidence that CSC is a subpopulation of tumor cells that have renewal ability and can differentiate into several distinct linages. Therefore, CSCs play crucial role in the initiation and the maintenance of cancer. Moreover, it has been proposed throughout several studies that CSCs are behind the failure of the conventional chemo-/radiotherapy as well as cancer recurrence due to their ability to resist the therapy and their ability to re-regenerate. Thus, the need for targeted therapy to eliminate CSCs is crucial; for that reason, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells has currently been in use with high rate of success in leukemia and, to some degree, in patients with solid tumors. This review outlines the most common CSC populations and their common markers, in particular CD133, CD90, EpCAM, CD44, ALDH, and EGFRVIII, the interaction between CSCs and the immune system, CAR T cell genetic engineering and signaling, CAR T cells in targeting CSCs, and the barriers in using CAR T cells as immunotherapy to treat solid cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rowa Y. Alhabbab
- Division of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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213
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Wang C, Wang Z, Chen C, Fu X, Wang J, Fei X, Yan X, Xu R. A low MW inhibitor of CD44 dimerization for the treatment of glioblastoma. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:3009-3023. [PMID: 32080830 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE As a hallmark of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), CD44 plays a crucial role in promoting glioblastoma stem cell (GSC) stemness phenotypes and multiple drug resistance. The therapeutic potential of CD44 has been validated by the clinical successes of several CD44 inhibitors, including antibodies and hyaluronan-related drugs. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We used systemsDock software to predict verbascoside as a candidate CD44 inhibitor. Microscale thermophoresis was used to confirm the interaction between CD44 and verbascoside. Four glioblastoma cell lines and a patient-derived glioblastoma cell line were used to test the influences of verbascoside on glioblastoma. CD44-overexpressing and CD44-knockout cell lines were also used. Real-time quantitative PCR and western blot analyses were performed. A xenograft mouse model was used to test verbascoside. KEY RESULTS Verbascoside bound to CD44 and suppressed its dimerization. By inhibiting CD44 dimerization, verbascoside decreased the release of the CD44 intracellular domain (CD44ICD) and suppressed the expression of CD44 downstream genes. Verbascoside treatment suppressed the stemness phenotypes of cells with high CD44 expression. In a mouse model of glioma, verbascoside treatment highly reduced the growth of intracranial tumours and inhibited CD44ICD release. Both stem cell marker and mesenchymal GBM subtype marker genes were down-regulated in verbascoside-treated mice. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Verbascoside suppressed growth of glioblastoma cells by inhibiting CD44 dimerization. Stem cell-like cell properties and tumour cell growth were also suppressed by verbascoside, both in vitro and in vivo. Verbascoside significantly prolonged survival of xenografted mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongwu Wang
- The 7th Medical center of Chinese PLA general hospital, Chinese PLA General Hospital Afflicted the Seventh Medical Center, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaotao Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chen Chen
- The 7th Medical center of Chinese PLA general hospital, Chinese PLA General Hospital Afflicted the Seventh Medical Center, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojun Fu
- Chinese PLA General Hospital, Medicine School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Ji Wang
- School of basic medical science, Southern Medicine University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaowei Fei
- The 7th Medical center of Chinese PLA general hospital, Chinese PLA General Hospital Afflicted the Seventh Medical Center, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojing Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Ruxiang Xu
- The 7th Medical center of Chinese PLA general hospital, Chinese PLA General Hospital Afflicted the Seventh Medical Center, Beijing, China.,School of basic medical science, Southern Medicine University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
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214
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Dianat-Moghadam H, Azizi M, Eslami-S Z, Cortés-Hernández LE, Heidarifard M, Nouri M, Alix-Panabières C. The Role of Circulating Tumor Cells in the Metastatic Cascade: Biology, Technical Challenges, and Clinical Relevance. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12040867. [PMID: 32260071 PMCID: PMC7225923 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12040867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastases and cancer recurrence are the main causes of cancer death. Circulating Tumor Cells (CTCs) and disseminated tumor cells are the drivers of cancer cell dissemination. The assessment of CTCs’ clinical role in early metastasis prediction, diagnosis, and treatment requires more information about their biology, their roles in cancer dormancy, and immune evasion as well as in therapy resistance. Indeed, CTC functional and biochemical phenotypes have been only partially characterized using murine metastasis models and liquid biopsy in human patients. CTC detection, characterization, and enumeration represent a promising tool for tailoring the management of each patient with cancer. The comprehensive understanding of CTCs will provide more opportunities to determine their clinical utility. This review provides much-needed insights into this dynamic field of translational cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Dianat-Moghadam
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51368, Iran; (H.D.-M.); (M.N.)
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51368, Iran
| | - Mehdi Azizi
- Proteomics Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51368, Iran;
| | - Zahra Eslami-S
- Laboratory of Rare Human Circulating Cells (LCCRH), University Medical Centre of Montpellier, UPRES, EA2415, 34093 Montpellier, France (L.E.C.-H.)
| | - Luis Enrique Cortés-Hernández
- Laboratory of Rare Human Circulating Cells (LCCRH), University Medical Centre of Montpellier, UPRES, EA2415, 34093 Montpellier, France (L.E.C.-H.)
| | - Maryam Heidarifard
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 51368 Tabriz, Iran;
| | - Mohammad Nouri
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51368, Iran; (H.D.-M.); (M.N.)
| | - Catherine Alix-Panabières
- Laboratory of Rare Human Circulating Cells (LCCRH), University Medical Centre of Montpellier, UPRES, EA2415, 34093 Montpellier, France (L.E.C.-H.)
- Correspondence:
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215
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Pereira C, Ferreira D, Mendes N, Granja PL, Almeida GM, Oliveira C. Expression of CD44v6-Containing Isoforms Influences Cisplatin Response in Gastric Cancer Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12040858. [PMID: 32252293 PMCID: PMC7226224 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12040858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
CD44v6-containing isoforms are frequently de novo expressed in gastric cancer (GC). Whether CD44v6 has a central role in GC transformation and/or progression, whether it conditions response to therapy or whether it is only a bystander marker is still not known. Therefore, we aimed to clarify the role of CD44v6 in GC. We generated GC isogenic cell lines stably expressing CD44s or CD44v6 and tested them for different cancer hallmarks and response to cisplatin, and we further confirmed our findings in cells that endogenously express CD44v6. No correlation between overexpression of CD44v6 and the tested cancer hallmarks was observed, suggesting CD44v6 is not a driver of GC progression. Upon cisplatin treatment, CD44v6+ cells survive better and have lower apoptosis levels than CD44v6− cells, possibly due to concomitant activation of STAT3 and P38. In co-culture experiments, we discovered that CD44v6+ cells are involved in GC cell overgrowth after cisplatin treatment. In conclusion, we show that CD44v6 expression increases cell survival in response to cisplatin treatment in GC cells and that these cells override CD44v6-negative cells after cisplatin-treatment. This suggests that tumor expression of CD44v6-containing variants may condition the outcome of GC patients treated with chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Pereira
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (C.P.); (D.F.); (N.M.); (P.L.G.)
- IPATIMUP - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Daniel Ferreira
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (C.P.); (D.F.); (N.M.); (P.L.G.)
- IPATIMUP - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, 4200-180 Porto, Portugal
| | - Nuno Mendes
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (C.P.); (D.F.); (N.M.); (P.L.G.)
- IPATIMUP - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro L. Granja
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (C.P.); (D.F.); (N.M.); (P.L.G.)
- INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, 4200-180 Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS - Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Gabriela M. Almeida
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (C.P.); (D.F.); (N.M.); (P.L.G.)
- IPATIMUP - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- FMUP - Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence: (G.M.A.); (C.O.); Tel.: +351-225-570-785 (C.O.)
| | - Carla Oliveira
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (C.P.); (D.F.); (N.M.); (P.L.G.)
- IPATIMUP - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- FMUP - Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence: (G.M.A.); (C.O.); Tel.: +351-225-570-785 (C.O.)
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216
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Lizárraga-Verdugo E, Avendaño-Félix M, Bermúdez M, Ramos-Payán R, Pérez-Plasencia C, Aguilar-Medina M. Cancer Stem Cells and Its Role in Angiogenesis and Vasculogenic Mimicry in Gastrointestinal Cancers. Front Oncol 2020; 10:413. [PMID: 32296643 PMCID: PMC7136521 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are able to promote initiation, survival and maintenance of tumor growth and have been involved in gastrointestinal cancers (GICs) such as esophageal, gastric and colorectal. It is well known that blood supply facilitates cancer progression, recurrence, and metastasis. In this regard, tumor-induced angiogenesis begins with expression of pro-angiogenic molecules such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which in turn lead to neovascularization and thus to tumor growth. Another pattern of blood supply is called vasculogenic mimicry (VM). It is a reminiscent of the embryonic vascular network and is carried out by CSCs that have the capability of transdifferentiate and form vascular-tube structures in absence of endothelial cells. In this review, we discuss the role of CSCs in angiogenesis and VM, since these mechanisms represent a source of tumor nutrition, oxygenation, metabolic interchange and facilitate metastasis. Identification of CSCs mechanisms involved in angiogenesis and VM could help to address therapeutics for GICs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Lizárraga-Verdugo
- Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán, Mexico
| | - Melisa Avendaño-Félix
- Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán, Mexico
| | - Mercedes Bermúdez
- Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán, Mexico
| | - Rosalio Ramos-Payán
- Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán, Mexico
| | | | - Maribel Aguilar-Medina
- Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán, Mexico
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217
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Koulis C, Yap R, Engel R, Jardé T, Wilkins S, Solon G, Shapiro JD, Abud H, McMurrick P. Personalized Medicine-Current and Emerging Predictive and Prognostic Biomarkers in Colorectal Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12040812. [PMID: 32231042 PMCID: PMC7225926 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12040812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer diagnosed worldwide and is heterogeneous both morphologically and molecularly. In an era of personalized medicine, the greatest challenge is to predict individual response to therapy and distinguish patients likely to be cured with surgical resection of tumors and systemic therapy from those resistant or non-responsive to treatment. Patients would avoid futile treatments, including clinical trial regimes and ultimately this would prevent under- and over-treatment and reduce unnecessary adverse side effects. In this review, the potential of specific biomarkers will be explored to address two key questions—1) Can the prognosis of patients that will fare well or poorly be determined beyond currently recognized prognostic indicators? and 2) Can an individual patient’s response to therapy be predicted and those who will most likely benefit from treatment/s be identified? Identifying and validating key prognostic and predictive biomarkers and an understanding of the underlying mechanisms of drug resistance and toxicity in CRC are important steps in order to personalize treatment. This review addresses recent data on biological prognostic and predictive biomarkers in CRC. In addition, patient cohorts most likely to benefit from currently available systemic treatments and/or targeted therapies are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Koulis
- Cabrini Monash University Department of Surgery, Cabrini Health, Malvern 3144, VIC, Australia; (R.Y.); (R.E.); (S.W.); (G.S.); (P.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-03-9508-3547
| | - Raymond Yap
- Cabrini Monash University Department of Surgery, Cabrini Health, Malvern 3144, VIC, Australia; (R.Y.); (R.E.); (S.W.); (G.S.); (P.M.)
| | - Rebekah Engel
- Cabrini Monash University Department of Surgery, Cabrini Health, Malvern 3144, VIC, Australia; (R.Y.); (R.E.); (S.W.); (G.S.); (P.M.)
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton 3800, VIC, Australia; (T.J.); (H.A.)
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Stem Cells and Development Program, Monash University, Clayton 3800, VIC, Australia
| | - Thierry Jardé
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton 3800, VIC, Australia; (T.J.); (H.A.)
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Stem Cells and Development Program, Monash University, Clayton 3800, VIC, Australia
- Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton 3168, VIC, Australia
| | - Simon Wilkins
- Cabrini Monash University Department of Surgery, Cabrini Health, Malvern 3144, VIC, Australia; (R.Y.); (R.E.); (S.W.); (G.S.); (P.M.)
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne 3000, VIC, Australia
| | - Gemma Solon
- Cabrini Monash University Department of Surgery, Cabrini Health, Malvern 3144, VIC, Australia; (R.Y.); (R.E.); (S.W.); (G.S.); (P.M.)
| | - Jeremy D. Shapiro
- Cabrini Haematology and Oncology Centre, Cabrini Health, Malvern 3144, VIC, Australia;
| | - Helen Abud
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton 3800, VIC, Australia; (T.J.); (H.A.)
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Stem Cells and Development Program, Monash University, Clayton 3800, VIC, Australia
| | - Paul McMurrick
- Cabrini Monash University Department of Surgery, Cabrini Health, Malvern 3144, VIC, Australia; (R.Y.); (R.E.); (S.W.); (G.S.); (P.M.)
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218
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The Cancer Stem Cell in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12030684. [PMID: 32183251 PMCID: PMC7140091 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12030684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The recognition of intra-tumoral cellular heterogeneity has given way to the concept of the cancer stem cell (CSC). According to this concept, CSCs are able to self-renew and differentiate into all of the cancer cell lineages present within the tumor, placing the CSC at the top of a hierarchical tree. The observation that these cells—in contrast to bulk tumor cells—are able to exclusively initiate new tumors, initiate metastatic spread and resist chemotherapy implies that CSCs are solely responsible for tumor recurrence and should be therapeutically targeted. Toward this end, dissecting and understanding the biology of CSCs should translate into new clinical therapeutic approaches. In this article, we review the CSC concept in cancer, with a special focus on hepatocellular carcinoma.
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219
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Yu J, Xu L, Yan J, Yu J, Wu X, Dai J, Guo J, Kong Y. MUC4 isoforms expression profiling and prognosis value in Chinese melanoma patients. Clin Exp Med 2020; 20:299-311. [PMID: 32172429 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-020-00619-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mucin 4 (MUC4), a type I membrane-bound mucin, blocks apoptosis, promotes invasion, proliferation and migration and causes chemo-resistance in epithelial cancers. However, the expression profiling and clinical implications of MUC4 alternative splicing during cancer pathogenesis, including melanoma, remain obscure. We examined the mRNA expression profiling of MUC4 isoforms in gastrointestinal cancer cell lines, melanoma cell lines, human epidermal melanocyte cells, as well as 138 cases of human melanoma tissues by RT-qPCR. Then we analyzed the relationship of mRNA expression of MUC4 isoforms to clinicopathological characteristics and survival of patients. The dynamic mRNA expression profiling of MUC4 isoforms was found in melanoma. We identified MUC4 isoform f was highly expressed in melanoma cell lines but negative in gastrointestinal cancer cell lines. Clinical analysis based on 138 cases of human melanomas showed that MUC4 isoform d was related with melanoma subtypes (p = 0.028) and TNM stage (p = 0.036). MUC4 isoform e was related with tumor thickness (p = 0.004) and T stage (p = 0.036). The Kaplan-Meier assay showed that the median overall survival (OS) for patients with MUC4 isoform f high expression was significantly shorter than that of patients with low expression (p = 0.024). And the median PFS of the patients with high expression of MUC4 isoform d or e was significantly shorter than that of with low expression (p = 0.012 and 0.035, respectively). Multivariate analysis indicated that high level of MUC4 isoform f was an independent prognostic factor for OS, and MUC4 isoform d was an independent prognostic factor for PFS of patients treated with chemotherapy. In conclusion, our results indicate that the dynamic MUC4 isoforms expressed in melanoma, and MUC4 isoform d and f might be served as a novel prognostic indicator of melanoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyu Yu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Renal Cancer and Melanoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Longwen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Renal Cancer and Melanoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Junya Yan
- Department of Oncology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jiayi Yu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Radiation Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaowen Wu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Renal Cancer and Melanoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Dai
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Renal Cancer and Melanoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Guo
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Renal Cancer and Melanoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Beijing, China.
| | - Yan Kong
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Renal Cancer and Melanoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Beijing, China.
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220
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Fumagalli A, Oost KC, Kester L, Morgner J, Bornes L, Bruens L, Spaargaren L, Azkanaz M, Schelfhorst T, Beerling E, Heinz MC, Postrach D, Seinstra D, Sieuwerts AM, Martens JWM, van der Elst S, van Baalen M, Bhowmick D, Vrisekoop N, Ellenbroek SIJ, Suijkerbuijk SJE, Snippert HJ, van Rheenen J. Plasticity of Lgr5-Negative Cancer Cells Drives Metastasis in Colorectal Cancer. Cell Stem Cell 2020; 26:569-578.e7. [PMID: 32169167 PMCID: PMC7118369 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2020.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer stem cells (CSCs) express Lgr5 and display extensive stem cell-like multipotency and self-renewal and are thought to seed metastatic disease. Here, we used a mouse model of colorectal cancer (CRC) and human tumor xenografts to investigate the cell of origin of metastases. We found that most disseminated CRC cells in circulation were Lgr5− and formed distant metastases in which Lgr5+ CSCs appeared. This plasticity occurred independently of stemness-inducing microenvironmental factors and was indispensable for outgrowth, but not establishment, of metastases. Together, these findings show that most colorectal cancer metastases are seeded by Lgr5− cells, which display intrinsic capacity to become CSCs in a niche-independent manner and can restore epithelial hierarchies in metastatic tumors. The majority of disseminating cells of colorectal cancer are Lgr5− Lgr5− cancer cells are the main seeds of colorectal cancer metastatic lesions Long-term metastatic growth from Lgr5− cells requires appearance of Lgr5+ cells Lgr5− metastases have the intrinsic capacity to re-establish the cellular hierarchy
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Fumagalli
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Oncode Institute, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Koen C Oost
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Oncode Institute, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Molecular Cancer Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, Oncode Insitute, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Lennart Kester
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Oncode Institute, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jessica Morgner
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Oncode Institute, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Laura Bornes
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Oncode Institute, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lotte Bruens
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Oncode Institute, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Molecular Cancer Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, Oncode Insitute, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Lisa Spaargaren
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Oncode Institute, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Maria Azkanaz
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Oncode Institute, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tim Schelfhorst
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Oncode Institute, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Evelyne Beerling
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Oncode Institute, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Maria C Heinz
- Molecular Cancer Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, Oncode Insitute, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Daniel Postrach
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Oncode Institute, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Danielle Seinstra
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Oncode Institute, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anieta M Sieuwerts
- Department of Medical Oncology and Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - John W M Martens
- Department of Medical Oncology and Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Stefan van der Elst
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW & University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Martijn van Baalen
- Flow Cytometry Facility, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Debajit Bhowmick
- Flow Cytometry Facility, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nienke Vrisekoop
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Center of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 EA Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Saskia I J Ellenbroek
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Oncode Institute, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Saskia J E Suijkerbuijk
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Oncode Institute, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hugo J Snippert
- Molecular Cancer Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, Oncode Insitute, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jacco van Rheenen
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Oncode Institute, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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Saggioro M, D'Angelo E, Bisogno G, Agostini M, Pozzobon M. Carcinoma and Sarcoma Microenvironment at a Glance: Where We Are. Front Oncol 2020; 10:76. [PMID: 32195166 PMCID: PMC7063801 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells and extracellular matrix (ECM) components represent the multifaceted and dynamic environment that distinguishes each organ. Cancer is characterized by the dysregulation of the composition and structure of the tissues, giving rise to the tumor milieu. In this review, we focus on the microenvironmental analysis of colorectal cancer (CRC) and rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS), two different solid tumors. While a lot is known about CRC environment, for RMS, this aspect is mostly unexplored. Following the example of the more complete CRC microenvironmental characterization, we collected and organized data on RMS for a better awareness of how tissue remodeling affects disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Saggioro
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Città Della Speranza, Padova, Italy.,Department of Women and Children Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Edoardo D'Angelo
- First Surgical Clinic, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,NanoInspired Biomedicine Lab, Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Città della Speranza, Padova, Italy.,LIFELAB Program, Consorzio per la Ricerca Sanitaria-CORIS, Padova, Italy
| | - Gianni Bisogno
- Department of Women and Children Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Marco Agostini
- First Surgical Clinic, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,NanoInspired Biomedicine Lab, Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Città della Speranza, Padova, Italy.,LIFELAB Program, Consorzio per la Ricerca Sanitaria-CORIS, Padova, Italy
| | - Michela Pozzobon
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Città Della Speranza, Padova, Italy.,Department of Women and Children Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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222
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Qin Y, Shembrey C, Smith J, Paquet-Fifield S, Behrenbruch C, Beyit LM, Thomson BNJ, Heriot AG, Cao Y, Hollande F. Laminin 521 enhances self-renewal via STAT3 activation and promotes tumor progression in colorectal cancer. Cancer Lett 2020; 476:161-169. [PMID: 32105676 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Remodeling of basement membrane proteins contributes to tumor progression towards the metastatic stage. One of these proteins, laminin 521 (LN521), sustains embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cell self-renewal, but its putative role in cancer is poorly described. In the present study we found that LN521 promotes colorectal cancer (CRC) cell self-renewal and invasion. siRNA-mediated knockdown of endogenously-produced laminin alpha 5, as well as treatment with neutralizing antibodies against integrin α3β1 and α6β1, were able to reverse the effect of LN521 on self-renewal. Exposure of CRC cells to LN521 enhanced STAT3 phosphorylation, and incubation with STAT3 inhibitors Napabucasin and Stattic was sufficient to block the LN521-driven self-renewal increase. Robust expression of laminin alpha 5 was detected in 7/10 liver metastases tissue sections collected from CRC patients as well as in mouse liver metastasis xenografts, in most cases within areas expressing metastasis cancer stem cell markers such as c-KIT and CD44v6. Finally, retrospective analysis of multiple CRC datasets highlighted the significant association between high LN521 mRNA expression and poor clinical outcome in colorectal cancer patients. Collectively our results indicate that high Laminin 521 expression is a frequent feature of metastatic dissemination in CRC and that it promotes cell invasion and self-renewal, the latter through engagement of integrin isoforms and activation of STAT3 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Qin
- Department of Clinical Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC3000, Australia; University of Melbourne Centre for Cancer Research, The University of Melbourne, Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC3000, Australia
| | - Carolyn Shembrey
- Department of Clinical Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC3000, Australia; University of Melbourne Centre for Cancer Research, The University of Melbourne, Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC3000, Australia
| | - Jai Smith
- Department of Clinical Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC3000, Australia; University of Melbourne Centre for Cancer Research, The University of Melbourne, Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC3000, Australia
| | - Sophie Paquet-Fifield
- Department of Clinical Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC3000, Australia; University of Melbourne Centre for Cancer Research, The University of Melbourne, Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC3000, Australia
| | - Corina Behrenbruch
- Department of Clinical Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC3000, Australia; University of Melbourne Centre for Cancer Research, The University of Melbourne, Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC3000, Australia; Division of Cancer Surgery, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Laura M Beyit
- Department of Clinical Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC3000, Australia; University of Melbourne Centre for Cancer Research, The University of Melbourne, Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC3000, Australia
| | - Benjamin N J Thomson
- Division of Cancer Surgery, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; University of Melbourne Department of Surgery, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Grattan Street, Parkville, VIC3010, Australia
| | - Alexander G Heriot
- Division of Cancer Surgery, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Yuan Cao
- Department of Clinical Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC3000, Australia; University of Melbourne Centre for Cancer Research, The University of Melbourne, Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC3000, Australia
| | - Frédéric Hollande
- Department of Clinical Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC3000, Australia; University of Melbourne Centre for Cancer Research, The University of Melbourne, Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC3000, Australia.
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223
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Zou J, Chen S, Li Y, Zeng L, Lian G, Li J, Chen S, Huang K, Chen Y. Nanoparticles modified by triple single chain antibodies for MRI examination and targeted therapy in pancreatic cancer. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:4473-4490. [PMID: 32031201 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr04976b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Precise diagnosis and effective treatment are crucial to the prognosis of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) are superior magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents, while antibodies are significant immunotherapy reagents. Herein, we firstly generated a novel nanocomposite combining triple single chain antibodies (scAbs) and IONPs for the detection and treatment of PDAC. METHODS Triple scAbs (scAbMUC4, scAbCEACAM6, scFvCD44v6, MCC triple scAbs) were conjugated to the surface of polyethylene glycol modified IONPs (IONPs-PEG), forming the IONPs-PEG-MCC triple scAbs nanocomposite. Characterization of the nanocomposite was performed, and its cytotoxicity, specificity, and apoptosis induction were evaluated. In vivo MRI study and anti-pancreatic cancer effect assessment were performed in tumor-bearing nude mice. RESULTS The size of the IONPs-PEG-MCC triple scAbs nanocomposite was about 23.6 nm. The nanocomposite was non-toxic to normal pancreatic ductal epithelial cells, and could specifically bind to and be internalized by MUC4/CEACAM6/CD44v6-expressing PDAC cells. With an r2 relaxivity of 104.2 mM-1 s-1, the IONPs-PEG-MCC triple scAbs nanocomposite could significantly shorten the MRI T2-weighted signal intensity both in vitro and in vivo. The IONPs-PEG-MCC triple scAbs nanocomposite also showed a favorable anti-pancreatic cancer effect. CONCLUSION In the present study, the IONPs-PEG-MCC triple scAbs nanocomposite was firstly confirmed as a bi-functional nanocomposite in both MRI and treatment, providing its critical clinical transformation potential in PDAC detection and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinmao Zou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120 China.
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Inhibiting WNT and NOTCH in renal cancer stem cells and the implications for human patients. Nat Commun 2020; 11:929. [PMID: 32066735 PMCID: PMC7026425 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14700-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Current treatments for clear cell renal cell cancer (ccRCC) are insufficient because two-thirds of patients with metastases progress within two years. Here we report the identification and characterization of a cancer stem cell (CSC) population in ccRCC. CSCs are quantitatively correlated with tumor aggressiveness and metastasis. Transcriptional profiling and single cell sequencing reveal that these CSCs exhibit an activation of WNT and NOTCH signaling. A significant obstacle to the development of rational treatments has been the discrepancy between model systems and the in vivo situation of patients. To address this, we use CSCs to establish non-adherent sphere cultures, 3D tumor organoids, and xenografts. Treatment with WNT and NOTCH inhibitors blocks the proliferation and self-renewal of CSCs in sphere cultures and organoids, and impairs tumor growth in patient-derived xenografts in mice. These findings suggest that our approach is a promising route towards the development of personalized treatments for individual patients. Cancer stem cells are thought to be largely resistant to treatment and can be responsible for tumour recurrence. Here, using renal cancer organoids, self-renewing sphere cultures and PDX from patients, the authors show that the proliferation of stem cells within organoids, PDX and spheres can be blocked by the concomitant inhibition of the NOTCH and WNT pathways.
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225
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Truffi M, Sorrentino L, Corsi F. Fibroblasts in the Tumor Microenvironment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1234:15-29. [PMID: 32040852 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-37184-5_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The implications of a tumor microenvironment in cancer initiation and progression have drawn interest in recent years. Within the tumor stroma, fibroblasts represent a predominant cell type and are responsible for the majority of extracellular components within the tumor microenvironment, such as matrix and soluble factors. A switch from quiescent fibroblasts to cancer-associated fibroblasts triggers a large variety of pro-tumorigenic signals that support tumor progression and shape the surrounding pathological stroma, with the remodeling of tissue architecture and repression of the local immune response. The heterogeneous nature of cancer-associated fibroblasts and their multiple functions are subject of active research as they could represent promising targets for cutting-edge therapeutic approaches to cancer and the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Truffi
- Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia, Italy.,Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "Luigi Sacco", Università degli studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Luca Sorrentino
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "Luigi Sacco", Università degli studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Fabio Corsi
- Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia, Italy. .,Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "Luigi Sacco", Università degli studi di Milano, Milano, Italy.
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226
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Cole AJ, Fayomi AP, Anyaeche VI, Bai S, Buckanovich RJ. An evolving paradigm of cancer stem cell hierarchies: therapeutic implications. Theranostics 2020; 10:3083-3098. [PMID: 32194856 PMCID: PMC7053211 DOI: 10.7150/thno.41647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Over a decade of research has confirmed the critical role of cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) in tumor initiation, chemoresistance, and metastasis. Increasingly, CSC hierarchies have begun to be defined with some recurring themes. This includes evidence that these hierarchies are 'flexible,' with both cell state transitions and dedifferentiation events possible. These findings pose therapeutic hurdles and opportunities. Here, we review cancer stem cell hierarchies and their interactions with the tumor microenvironment. We also discuss the current therapeutic approaches designed to target CSC hierarchies and initial clinical trial results for CSC targeting agents. While cancer stem cell targeted therapies are still in their infancy, we are beginning to see encouraging results that suggest a positive outlook for CSC-targeting approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Cole
- Department of Internal Medicine and Magee-Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Adetunji P Fayomi
- Department of Internal Medicine and Magee-Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Shoumei Bai
- Department of Internal Medicine and Magee-Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ronald J Buckanovich
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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227
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Multifunctional, CD44v6-Targeted ORMOSIL Nanoparticles Enhance Drugs Toxicity in Cancer Cells. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10020298. [PMID: 32050605 PMCID: PMC7075197 DOI: 10.3390/nano10020298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Drug-loaded, PEGylated, organic-modified silica (ORMOSIL) nanoparticles prepared by microemulsion condensation of vinyltriethoxysilane (VTES) were investigated as potential nanovectors for cancer therapy. To target cancer stem cells, anti-CD44v6 antibody and hyaluronic acid (HA) were conjugated to amine-functionalized PEGylated ORMOSIL nanoparticles through thiol-maleimide and amide coupling chemistries, respectively. Specific binding and uptake of conjugated nanoparticles were studied on cells overexpressing the CD44v6 receptor. Cytotoxicity was subsequently evaluated in the same cells after the uptake of the nanoparticles. Internalization of nanocarriers loaded with the anticancer drug 3N-cyclopropylmethyl-7-phenyl-pyrrolo- quinolinone (MG2477) into cells resulted in a substantial increase of the cytotoxicity with respect to the free formulation. Targeting with anti-CD44v6 antibodies or HA yielded nanoparticles with similar effectiveness, in their optimized formulation.
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228
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Yang L, Shi P, Zhao G, Xu J, Peng W, Zhang J, Zhang G, Wang X, Dong Z, Chen F, Cui H. Targeting cancer stem cell pathways for cancer therapy. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2020; 5:8. [PMID: 32296030 PMCID: PMC7005297 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-0110-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 886] [Impact Index Per Article: 221.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Since cancer stem cells (CSCs) were first identified in leukemia in 1994, they have been considered promising therapeutic targets for cancer therapy. These cells have self-renewal capacity and differentiation potential and contribute to multiple tumor malignancies, such as recurrence, metastasis, heterogeneity, multidrug resistance, and radiation resistance. The biological activities of CSCs are regulated by several pluripotent transcription factors, such as OCT4, Sox2, Nanog, KLF4, and MYC. In addition, many intracellular signaling pathways, such as Wnt, NF-κB (nuclear factor-κB), Notch, Hedgehog, JAK-STAT (Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription), PI3K/AKT/mTOR (phosphoinositide 3-kinase/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin), TGF (transforming growth factor)/SMAD, and PPAR (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor), as well as extracellular factors, such as vascular niches, hypoxia, tumor-associated macrophages, cancer-associated fibroblasts, cancer-associated mesenchymal stem cells, extracellular matrix, and exosomes, have been shown to be very important regulators of CSCs. Molecules, vaccines, antibodies, and CAR-T (chimeric antigen receptor T cell) cells have been developed to specifically target CSCs, and some of these factors are already undergoing clinical trials. This review summarizes the characterization and identification of CSCs, depicts major factors and pathways that regulate CSC development, and discusses potential targeted therapy for CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, 400716, Chongqing, China
- Cancer Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, 400716, Chongqing, China
| | - Pengfei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, 400716, Chongqing, China
- Cancer Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, 400716, Chongqing, China
| | - Gaichao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, 400716, Chongqing, China
- Cancer Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, 400716, Chongqing, China
| | - Jie Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, 400716, Chongqing, China
- Cancer Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, 400716, Chongqing, China
| | - Wen Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, 400716, Chongqing, China
- Cancer Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, 400716, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiayi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, 400716, Chongqing, China
- Cancer Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, 400716, Chongqing, China
| | - Guanghui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, 400716, Chongqing, China
- Cancer Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, 400716, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaowen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, 400716, Chongqing, China
- Cancer Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, 400716, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhen Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, 400716, Chongqing, China
- Cancer Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, 400716, Chongqing, China
| | - Fei Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Hongjuan Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, 400716, Chongqing, China.
- Cancer Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, 400716, Chongqing, China.
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229
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Abad E, Graifer D, Lyakhovich A. DNA damage response and resistance of cancer stem cells. Cancer Lett 2020; 474:106-117. [PMID: 31968219 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The cancer stem cell (CSC) model defines tumors as hierarchically organized entities, containing a small population of tumorigenic CSC, or tumour-initiating cells, placed at the apex of this hierarchy. These cells may share common qualities with chemo- and radio-resistant cancer cells and contribute to self-renewal activities resulting in tumour formation, maintenance, growth and metastasis. Yet, it remains obscure what self-defense mechanisms are utilized by these cells against the chemotherapeutic drugs or radiotherapy. Recently, attention has been focused on the pivotal role of the DNA damage response (DDR) in tumorigenesis. In line with this note, an increased DDR that prevents CSC and chemoresistant cells from genotoxic pressure of chemotherapeutic drugs or radiation may be responsible for cancer metastasis. In this review, we focus on the current knowledge concerning the role of DDR in CSC and resistant cancer cells and describe the existing opportunities of re-sensitizing such cells to modulate therapeutic treatment effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etna Abad
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Alex Lyakhovich
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia; Vall D'Hebron Institut de Recerca, 08035, Barcelona, Spain.
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230
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CD44 variant 6 is associated with prostate cancer growth and chemo-/radiotherapy response in vivo. Exp Cell Res 2020; 388:111850. [PMID: 31954695 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2020.111850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that CD44 variant 6 (CD44v6) is associated with prostate cancer (CaP) growth and therapeutic resistance in vitro, however, the role of CD44v6 in CaP in vivo is not fully understood. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of CD44v6 on CaP growth and chemo-/radiotherapy response in NOD/SCID mouse models in vivo and to validate its role as a therapeutic target for CaP therapy. CD44v6 was knocked down in PC-3M CaP cell line using short hairpin RNA. Subcutaneous (s.c.) and orthotopic CaP mouse xenografts were established. The effect of CD44v6 knockdown (KD) on tumour growth was evaluated in both s.c. and orthotopic models. Chemo-/radiotherapy response was evaluated in the s.c. model. Association of CD44v6 with PI3K/Akt pathway was validated using immunohistochemistry staining. We found that KD of CD44v6 significantly reduced tumour growth in both models, and enhanced the sensitivity of tumours to chemotherapy and radiotherapy in the s.c. model. In addition, we demonstrated that KD of CD44v6 is associated with downregulation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. Our data confirm that CaP growth and chemo-/radiosensitivity in vivo is associated with CD44v6, which holds great promises as a therapeutic target in the treatment of CaP.
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231
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Huisman BW, Burggraaf J, Vahrmeijer AL, Schoones JW, Rissmann RA, Sier CFM, van Poelgeest MIE. Potential targets for tumor-specific imaging of vulvar squamous cell carcinoma: A systematic review of candidate biomarkers. Gynecol Oncol 2020; 156:734-743. [PMID: 31928804 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2019.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Vulvar squamous cell carcinoma (VSCC) is a rare malignancy with an increasing incidence, especially in young women. Surgical treatment of VSCC is associated with significant morbidity and high recurrence rates, which is related to the limited ability to distinguish (pre)malignant from healthy tissue. There is a need for new tools for specific real-time detection of occult tumor lesions and localization of cancer margins in patients with VSCC. Several tumor-specific imaging techniques are developed to recognize malignant tissue by targeting tumor markers. We present a systematic review to identify, evaluate, and summarize potential markers for tumor-specific imaging of VSCC. METHODS Relevant papers were identified by a systematic cross-database literature search developed with assistance of an experienced librarian. Data were extracted from eligible papers and reported based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. VSCC-specific tumor markers were valued based on a weighted scoring system, in which each biomarker was granted points based on ranked eligibility criteria: I) percentage expression, II) sample size, and III) in vivo application. RESULTS In total 627 papers were included of which 22 articles met the eligibility criteria. Twelve VSCC-specific tumor markers were identified and of these 7 biomarkers were considered most promising: EGFR, CD44v6, GLUT1, MRP1, MUC1, CXCR-4 and VEGF-A. DISCUSSION This overview identified 7 potential biomarkers that can be used in the development of VSCC-specific tracers for real-time and precise localization of tumor tissue before, during, and after treatment. These biomarkers were identified in a small number of samples, without discriminating for VSCC-specific hallmarks such as HPV-status. Before clinical development, experimental studies should first aim at validation of these biomarkers using immunohistochemistry and cell line-based examination, discriminating for HPV-status and the expression rate in lymph nodes and precursor lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- B W Huisman
- Centre for Human Drug Research, Zernikedreef 8, 2333CL Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Gynecology, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - J Burggraaf
- Centre for Human Drug Research, Zernikedreef 8, 2333CL Leiden, the Netherlands; Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einstein weg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - A L Vahrmeijer
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - J W Schoones
- Walaeus Library, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC, the Netherlands.
| | - R A Rissmann
- Centre for Human Drug Research, Zernikedreef 8, 2333CL Leiden, the Netherlands; Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einstein weg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - C F M Sier
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - M I E van Poelgeest
- Centre for Human Drug Research, Zernikedreef 8, 2333CL Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Gynecology, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands.
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Gastric squamous-columnar junction contains a large pool of cancer-prone immature osteopontin responsive Lgr5 -CD44 + cells. Nat Commun 2020; 11:84. [PMID: 31901081 PMCID: PMC6941991 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13847-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Areas of a junction between two types of epithelia are known to be cancer-prone in many organ systems. However, mechanisms for preferential malignant transformation at the junction areas remain insufficiently elucidated. Here we report that inactivation of tumor suppressor genes Trp53 and Rb1 in the gastric squamous-columnar junction (SCJ) epithelium results in preferential formation of metastatic poorly differentiated neoplasms, which are similar to human gastroesophageal carcinoma. Unlike transformation-resistant antral cells, SCJ cells contain a highly proliferative pool of immature Lgr5−CD44+ cells, which are prone to transformation in organoid assays, comprise early dysplastic lesions, and constitute up to 30% of all neoplastic cells. CD44 ligand osteopontin (OPN) is preferentially expressed in and promotes organoid formation ability and transformation of the SCJ glandular epithelium. OPN and CD44 overexpression correlate with the worst prognosis of human gastroesophageal carcinoma. Thus, detection and selective targeting of the active OPN-CD44 pathway may have direct clinical relevance. Cancers arising from the gastric squamous-columnar junction have high incidence and are characterized by a poor prognosis. Here, the authors use genetic mouse models to show that loss of p53 and Rb1 expression results in preferential tumour development at the gastric squamous-columnar junction that contains a large pool of osteopontin responsive Lgr5-CD44+ cells.
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Chen KL, Li D, Lu TX, Chang SW. Structural Characterization of the CD44 Stem Region for Standard and Cancer-Associated Isoforms. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E336. [PMID: 31947887 PMCID: PMC6982006 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
CD44 is widely expressed in most vertebrate cells, whereas the expression of CD44v6 is restricted to only a few tissues and has been considered to be associated with tumor progression and metastasis. Thus, CD44v6 has been recognized as a promising prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target for various cancers for more than a decade. However, despite many experimental studies, the structural dynamics and differences between CD44s and CD44v6, particularly in their stem region, still remain elusive. Here, a computational study was conducted to address these problems. We found that the stem of CD44s adopted predominantly two conformations, one featuring antiparallel β-sheets and the other featuring parallel β-sheets, whereas the stem of CD44v6 adopted mainly one conformation with relatively highly suppressed β-sheet contents. Moreover, Phe215 was found to be essential in the β-sheets of both CD44s and CD44v6. We finally found intramolecular Phe215-Trp224 hydrogen-bonding interactions and hydrophobic interactions with Phe215 that cooperatively drove conformational differences upon the addition of the v6 region to CD44. Our study elucidated the structural differences between the stem regions of CD44s and CD44v6 and thus can offer useful structural information for drug design to specifically target CD44v6 in promising clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Lin Chen
- Department of Engineering Science and Ocean Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan;
| | - Deng Li
- Department of Civil Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan;
| | - Ting-Xuan Lu
- Department and Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan;
| | - Shu-Wei Chang
- Department of Civil Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan;
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234
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Hu S, Cao M, He Y, Zhang G, Liu Y, Du Y, Yang C, Gao F. CD44v6 Targeted by miR-193b-5p in the Coding Region Modulates the Migration and Invasion of Breast Cancer Cells. J Cancer 2020; 11:260-271. [PMID: 31892992 PMCID: PMC6930394 DOI: 10.7150/jca.35067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that CD44 containing variant exon v6 (CD44v6) is highly expressed in many cancers and is related to tumor metastasis. However, the detailed mechanism of the regulatory pattern of CD44v6 in breast cancer remains unclear. Here, we found that CD44v6 was significantly upregulated in invasive breast cancer cell lines compared with low-invasive breast cancer cell lines. Cell migration and invasion could be suppressed by CD44v6 downregulation. MiRWalk and RNAhybrid software revealed miR-193b-5p as a miRNA targeting CD44v6 by binding to the exon v6 region. We found that the overexpression of miR-193b-5p inhibited the migration and invasion of Hs-578t and BT-549 cells, which could be rescued by restoring the expression of CD44v6. Next, we determined the potential of miR-193b-5p as an in vitro biomarker for breast cancer. Serum samples were obtained from 58 breast cancer patients, 36 patients with benign disease and 58 age-matched cancer-free controls. The results showed that the expression of miR-193b-5p in the serum was significantly lower in breast cancer patients than in controls and could distinguish cancer from cancer-free samples. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) for miR-193b-5p was 0.762(95% confidence interval: 0.674-0.851), which was higher than that of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and cancer antigen 15-3 (CA15-3). Combining miR-193b-5p with CEA or CA15-3 could improve the diagnostic efficiency compared with the CEA and CA15-3 combination. Taken together, our results suggest that miR-193b-5p could function as a tumor-suppressive miRNA by targeting CD44v6 in breast cancer and that serum miR-193b-5p may serve as a biomarker for breast cancer diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Hu
- Department of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Manlin Cao
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Yiqing He
- Department of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Guoliang Zhang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Yiwen Liu
- Department of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Yan Du
- Department of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Cuixia Yang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China.,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
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235
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Wang Y, Zhang H, Jiao B, Nie J, Li X, Wang W, Wang H. The Roles of Alternative Splicing in Tumor-immune Cell Interactions. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2020; 20:729-740. [PMID: 32560607 PMCID: PMC8388066 DOI: 10.2174/1568009620666200619123725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Alternative splicing (AS) plays a significant role in the hallmarks of cancer and can provide neoantigens for immunotherapy. Here, we summarize recent advances in immune system associated tumor specific-antigens (TSAs) produced by AS. We further discuss the regulating mechanisms involved in AS-mediated innate and adaptive immune responses and the anti-tumoral and protumoral roles in different types of cancer. For example, ULBP1_RI, MLL5Δ21spe, NKp44-1Δ5, MHC-IΔ7, CD200SΔ1, 2, PVR α/β/γ/δ and IL-33 variants 1/2/3 act as regulators in solid tumors and IPAK4-L and, FOXP1ΔN100 exhibit functions in hematological cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Honglei Zhang
- Address correspondence to these authors at Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; 32 Jiaochang E. Road, Kunming, Yunnan, China; Tel: +86-871-68191706; E-mail: ; and Department of Breast Cancer, Third Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University, 519 Kunzhou Road, Kunming, Yunnan, China; Tel: +86-13608815577; E-mail:
| | - Baowei Jiao
- Address correspondence to these authors at Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; 32 Jiaochang E. Road, Kunming, Yunnan, China; Tel: +86-871-68191706; E-mail: ; and Department of Breast Cancer, Third Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University, 519 Kunzhou Road, Kunming, Yunnan, China; Tel: +86-13608815577; E-mail:
| | - Jianyun Nie
- Address correspondence to these authors at Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; 32 Jiaochang E. Road, Kunming, Yunnan, China; Tel: +86-871-68191706; E-mail: ; and Department of Breast Cancer, Third Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University, 519 Kunzhou Road, Kunming, Yunnan, China; Tel: +86-13608815577; E-mail:
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236
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Silva AL, Faria M, Matos P. Inflammatory Microenvironment Modulation of Alternative Splicing in Cancer: A Way to Adapt. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1219:243-258. [PMID: 32130703 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-34025-4_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between inflammation and cancer has been long recognized by the medical and scientific community. In the last decades, it has returned to the forefront of clinical oncology since a wealth of knowledge has been gathered about the cells, cytokines and physiological processes that are central to both inflammation and cancer. It is now robustly established that chronic inflammation can induce certain cancers but also that solid tumors, in turn, can initiate and perpetuate local inflammatory processes that foster tumor growth and dissemination. Inflammation is the hallmark of the innate immune response to tissue damage or infection, but also mediates the activation, expansion and recruitment to the tissues of cells and antibodies of the adaptive immune system. The functional integration of both components of the immune response is crucial to identify and subdue tumor development, progression and dissemination. When this tight control goes awry, altered cells can avoid the immune surveillance and even subvert the innate immunity to promote their full oncogenic transformation. In this chapter, we make a general overview of the most recent data linking the inflammatory process to cancer. We start with the overall inflammatory cues and processes that influence the relationship between tumor and the microenvironment that surrounds it and follow the ever-increasing complexity of processes that end up producing subtle changes in the splicing of certain genes to ascertain survival advantage to cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Luísa Silva
- Serviço de Endocrinologia, Diabetes e Metabolismo do CHLN-Hospital Santa Maria, Lisbon, Portugal
- ISAMB-Instituto de Saúde Ambiental, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Márcia Faria
- Serviço de Endocrinologia, Diabetes e Metabolismo do CHLN-Hospital Santa Maria, Lisbon, Portugal
- Faculdade de Ciências, BioISI-Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Paulo Matos
- Faculdade de Ciências, BioISI-Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Departamento de Genética Humana, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal
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237
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Stern LA, Jonsson VD, Priceman SJ. CAR T Cell Therapy Progress and Challenges for Solid Tumors. Cancer Treat Res 2020; 180:297-326. [PMID: 32215875 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-38862-1_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The past two decades have marked the beginning of an unprecedented success story for cancer therapy through redirecting antitumor immunity [1]. While the mechanisms that control the initial and ongoing immune responses against tumors remain a strong research focus, the clinical development of technologies that engage the immune system to target and kill cancer cells has become a translational research priority. Early attempts documented in the late 1800s aimed at sparking immunity with cancer vaccines were difficult to interpret but demonstrated an opportunity that more than 100 years later has blossomed into the current field of cancer immunotherapy. Perhaps the most recent and greatest illustration of this is the widespread appreciation that tumors actively shut down antitumor immunity, which has led to the emergence of checkpoint pathway inhibitors that re-invigorate the body's own immune system to target cancer [2, 3]. This class of drugs, with first FDA approvals in 2011, has demonstrated impressive durable clinical responses in several cancer types, including melanoma, lung cancer, Hodgkin's lymphoma, and renal cell carcinoma, with the ongoing investigation in others. The biology and ultimate therapeutic successes of these drugs led to the 2018 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, awarded to Dr. James Allison and Dr. Tasuku Honjo for their contributions to cancer therapy [4]. In parallel to the emerging science that aided in unleashing the body's own antitumor immunity with checkpoint pathway inhibitors, researchers were also identifying ways to re-engineer antitumor immunity through adoptive cellular immunotherapy approaches. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-based T cell therapy has achieved an early head start in the field, with two recent FDA approvals in 2017 for the treatment of B-cell malignancies [5]. There is an explosion of preclinical and clinical efforts to expand the therapeutic indications for CAR T cell therapies, with a specific focus on improving their clinical utility, particularly for the treatment of solid tumors. In this chapter, we will highlight the recent progress, challenges, and future perspectives surrounding the development of CAR T cell therapies for solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence A Stern
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Vanessa D Jonsson
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Saul J Priceman
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA.
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238
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Repurposing Antibacterial AM404 as a Potential Anticancer Drug for Targeting Colorectal Cancer Stem-Like Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 12:cancers12010106. [PMID: 31906201 PMCID: PMC7017077 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12010106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumour-promoting inflammation is involved in colorectal cancer (CRC) development and therapeutic resistance. However, the antibiotics and antibacterial drugs and signalling that regulate the potency of anticancer treatment upon forced differentiation of cancer stem-like cell (CSC) are not fully defined yet. We screened an NIH-clinical collection of the small-molecule compound library of antibacterial/anti-inflammatory agents that identified potential candidate drugs targeting CRC-SC for differentiation. Selected compounds were validated in both in vitro organoids and ex vivo colon explant models for their differentiation induction, impediment on neoplastic cell growth, and to elucidate the mechanism of their anticancer activity. We initially focused on AM404, an anandamide uptake inhibitor. AM404 is a metabolite of acetaminophen with antibacterial activity, which showed high potential in preventing CRC-SC features, such as stemness/de-differentiation, migration and drug-resistance. Furthermore, AM404 suppressed the expression of FBXL5 E3-ligase, where AM404 sensitivity was mimicked by FBXL5-knockout. This study uncovers a new molecular mechanism for AM404-altering FBXL5 oncogene which mediates chemo-resistance and CRC invasion, thereby proposes to repurpose antibacterial AM404 as an anticancer agent.
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239
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Wang X, Wang R, Bai S, Xiong S, Li Y, Liu M, Zhao Z, Wang Y, Zhao Y, Chen W, Billiar TR, Cheng B. Musashi2 contributes to the maintenance of CD44v6+ liver cancer stem cells via notch1 signaling pathway. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2019; 38:505. [PMID: 31888685 PMCID: PMC6936093 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1508-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liver cancer stem cells (LCSCs) contribute to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development, metastasis, and drug resistance. MSI2 and Notch1 signaling are involved in the maintenance of CSCs. However, it is unknown whether MSI2 and Notch1 are involved in the maintenance of CD44v6+ LCSCs. Therefore, we investigated the clinical significance and function of MSI2 and its relationship with Notch1 signaling in the maintenance of stemness properties in CD44v6+ LCSCs. METHODS The expression of MSI2 and CD44v6 were detected by fresh specimens and a HCC tissue microarray. The tissue microarray containing 82 HCC samples was used to analyze the correlation between CD44v6 and MSI2. CD44v6+/- cells were isolated using microbeads sorting. We explored the roles of MSI2 and Notch1 signaling in CD44v6+ LCSCs by sphere formation assay, transwell assay, clone formation assay in vitro, and xenograft tumor models in vivo. A Notch RT2 PCR Array, Co-immunoprecipitation, and RNA-immunoprecipitation were used to further investigate the molecular mechanism of MSI2 in activating Notch1 signaling. RESULTS Here, we found MSI2 expression was positively correlated with high CD44v6 expression in HCC tissues, and further correlated with tumor differentiation. CD44v6+ cells isolated from HCC cell lines exhibited increased self-renewal, proliferation, migration and invasion, resistance to Sorafenib and tumorigenic capacity. Both MSI2 and Notch1 signaling were elevated in sorted CD44v6+ cells than CD44v6- cells and played essential roles in the maintenance of stemness of CD44v6+ LCSCs. Mechanically, MSI2 directly bound to Lunatic fringe (LFNG) mRNA and protein, resulting in Notch1 activation. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrated that MSI2 maintained the stemness of CD44v6+ LCSCs by activating Notch1 signaling through the interaction with LFNG, which could be a potential molecular target for stem cell-targeted therapy for liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiju Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China, 430030
| | - Ronghua Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China, 430030
| | - Shuya Bai
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China, 430030
| | - Si Xiong
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China, 430030
| | - Yawen Li
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China, 430030
| | - Man Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China, 430030
| | - Zhenxiong Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China, 430030
| | - Yun Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China, 430030
| | - Yuchong Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China, 430030
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China, 430030
| | - Timothy R Billiar
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Bin Cheng
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China, 430030.
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240
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Alvarado-Ortiz E, Sarabia-Sánchez MÁ, García-Carrancá A. Molecular Mechanisms Underlying the Functions of Cellular Markers Associated with the Phenotype of Cancer Stem Cells. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2019; 14:405-420. [PMID: 30147013 DOI: 10.2174/1574888x13666180821154752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cancer Stem Cells (CSC) generally constitute a minor cellular population within tumors that exhibits some capacities of normal Stem Cells (SC). The existence of CSC, able to self-renew and differentiate, influences central aspects of tumor biology, in part because they can continue tumor growth, give rise to metastasis, and acquire drug and radioresistance, which open new avenues for therapeutics. It is well known that SC constantly interacts with their niche, which includes mesenchymal cells, extracellular ligands, and the Extra Cellular Matrix (ECM). These interactions regularly lead to homeostasis and maintenance of SC characteristics. However, the exact participation of each of these components for CSC maintenance is not clear, as they appear to be context- or cell-specific. In the recent past, surface cellular markers have been fundamental molecular tools for identifying CSC and distinguishing them from other tumor cells. Importantly, some of these cellular markers have been shown to possess functional roles that affect central aspects of CSC. Likewise, some of these markers can participate in regulating the interaction of CSC with their niche, particularly the ECM. We focused this review on the molecular mechanisms of surface cellular markers commonly employed to identify CSC, highlighting the signaling pathways and mechanisms involved in CSC-ECM interactions, through each of the cellular markers commonly used in the study of CSC, such as CD44, CD133, CD49f, CD24, CXCR4, and LGR5. Their presence does not necessarily implicate them in CSC biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Alvarado-Ortiz
- Programa de Maestría y Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, México.,Laboratory of Virus and Cancer, Unidad de Investigacion Biomedica en Cáncer, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico & Subdireccion de Investigacion Basica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerologia, Secretaria de Salud, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Miguel Á Sarabia-Sánchez
- Laboratory of Virus and Cancer, Unidad de Investigacion Biomedica en Cáncer, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico & Subdireccion de Investigacion Basica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerologia, Secretaria de Salud, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico.,Programa de Maestría y Doctorado en Ciencias Bioquímicas, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, , México City, México
| | - Alejandro García-Carrancá
- Laboratory of Virus and Cancer, Unidad de Investigacion Biomedica en Cáncer, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico & Subdireccion de Investigacion Basica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerologia, Secretaria de Salud, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
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241
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Conciatori F, Bazzichetto C, Falcone I, Ferretti G, Cognetti F, Milella M, Ciuffreda L. Colorectal cancer stem cells properties and features: evidence of interleukin-8 involvement. CANCER DRUG RESISTANCE (ALHAMBRA, CALIF.) 2019; 2:968-979. [PMID: 35582268 PMCID: PMC9019202 DOI: 10.20517/cdr.2019.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) still remains a disease with high percentage of death, principally due to therapy resistance and metastasis. During the time the hypothesis has been reinforced that CRC stem cells (CRCSC) are involved in allowing intratumoral heterogeneity, drug escape mechanisms and secondary tumors. CRCSC are characterized by specific surface markers (i.e., CD44 and CD133), signaling pathways activation (i.e., Wnt and Notch) and gene expression (i.e., Oct4 and Snail), which confer to CRCSC self-renewal abilities and pluripotent capacity. Interleukin (IL)-8 is correlated to CRC progression, development of liver metastases and chemoresistance; moreover, IL-8 modulates not only stemness maintenance but also stemness promotion, such as epithelial-mesenchymal transition. This review wants to give a brief and up-to-date overview on IL-8 implication in CRCSC cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Conciatori
- Medical Oncology 1, IRCCS - Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome 00144, Italy
| | - Chiara Bazzichetto
- Medical Oncology 1, IRCCS - Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome 00144, Italy
| | - Italia Falcone
- Medical Oncology 1, IRCCS - Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome 00144, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Ferretti
- Medical Oncology 1, IRCCS - Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome 00144, Italy
| | - Francesco Cognetti
- Medical Oncology 1, IRCCS - Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome 00144, Italy
| | - Michele Milella
- Section of Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona School of Medicine and Verona University Hospital Trust, Verona 37126, Italy
| | - Ludovica Ciuffreda
- Medical Oncology 1, IRCCS - Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome 00144, Italy.,SAFU, Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostics, and Technological Innovation, IRCCS - Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome 00144, Italy
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242
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Francescangeli F, De Angelis ML, Zeuner A. Dietary Factors in the Control of Gut Homeostasis, Intestinal Stem Cells, and Colorectal Cancer. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11122936. [PMID: 31816977 PMCID: PMC6950549 DOI: 10.3390/nu11122936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third commonly diagnosed cancer and the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Global CRC burden is expected to increase by 60% in the next decade, with low-income countries experiencing an escalation of CRC incidence and mortality in parallel to the adoption of western lifestyles. CRC incidence is also sharply increasing in individuals younger than 50 years, often presenting at advanced stages and with aggressive features. Both genetic and environmental factors have been recognized as major contributors for the development of CRC, the latter including diet-related conditions such as chronic inflammation and obesity. In particular, a diet rich in fat and sugars (Western-style diet, WSD) has been shown to induce multiple pathophysiological changes in the intestine linked to an increased risk of CRC. In this scenario, dietary factors have been recently shown to play novel unexpected roles in the regulation of intestinal stem cells (ISCs) and of the gut microbiota, which represent the two main biological systems responsible for intestinal homeostasis. Furthermore, diet is increasingly recognized to play a key role in the neoplastic transformation of ISCs and in the metabolic regulation of colorectal cancer stem cells. This review illustrates novel discoveries on the role of dietary components in regulating intestinal homeostasis and colorectal tumorigenesis. Particular focus is dedicated to new areas of research with potential clinical relevance including the effect of food components on ISCs and cancer stem cells (CSCs), the existence of CRC-specific microbial signatures and the alterations of intestinal homeostasis potentially involved in early-onset CRC. New insights on the role of dietary factors in intestinal regulation will provide new tools not only for the prevention and early diagnosis of CRC but also for improving the effectiveness of current CRC therapies.
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243
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Vincent A, Ouelkdite-Oumouchal A, Souidi M, Leclerc J, Neve B, Van Seuningen I. Colon cancer stemness as a reversible epigenetic state: Implications for anticancer therapies. World J Stem Cells 2019; 11:920-936. [PMID: 31768220 PMCID: PMC6851010 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v11.i11.920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent discovery of cancer cell plasticity, i.e. their ability to reprogram into cancer stem cells (CSCs) either naturally or under chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy, has changed, once again, the way we consider cancer treatment. If cancer stemness is a reversible epigenetic state rather than a genetic identity, opportunities will arise for therapeutic strategies that remodel epigenetic landscapes of CSCs. However, the systematic use of DNA methyltransferase and histone deacetylase inhibitors, alone or in combination, in advanced solid tumors including colorectal cancers, regardless of their molecular subtypes, does not seem to be the best strategy. In this review, we first summarize the knowledge researchers have gathered on the epigenetic signatures of CSCs with the difficulty of isolating rare populations of cells. We raise questions about the relevant use of currently available epigenetic inhibitors (epidrugs) while the expression of numerous cancer stem cell markers are often repressed by epigenetic mechanisms. These markers include the three cluster of differentiation CD133, CD44 and CD166 that have been extensively used for the isolation of colon CSCs.and . Finally, we describe current treatment strategies using epidrugs, and we hypothesize that, using correlation tools comparing associations of relevant CSC markers with chromatin modifier expression, we could identify better candidates for epienzyme targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Vincent
- Lille University, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172-Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, Lille F-59000, France
| | - Aïcha Ouelkdite-Oumouchal
- Lille University, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172-Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, Lille F-59000, France
| | - Mouloud Souidi
- Lille University, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172-Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, Lille F-59000, France
| | - Julie Leclerc
- Lille University, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172-Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, Lille F-59000, France
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Lille University Hospital, Lille F-59000, France
| | - Bernadette Neve
- Lille University, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172-Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, Lille F-59000, France
| | - Isabelle Van Seuningen
- Lille University, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172-Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, Lille F-59000, France
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244
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Ravindran S, Rasool S, Maccalli C. The Cross Talk between Cancer Stem Cells/Cancer Initiating Cells and Tumor Microenvironment: The Missing Piece of the Puzzle for the Efficient Targeting of these Cells with Immunotherapy. CANCER MICROENVIRONMENT 2019; 12:133-148. [PMID: 31758404 PMCID: PMC6937350 DOI: 10.1007/s12307-019-00233-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cancer Stem Cells/Cancer Initiating Cells (CSCs/CICs) is a rare sub-population within a tumor that is responsible for tumor formation, progression and resistance to therapies. The interaction between CSCs/CICs and tumor microenvironment (TME) can sustain “stemness” properties and promote their survival and plasticity. This cross-talk is also pivotal in regulating and modulating CSC/CIC properties. This review will provide an overview of the mechanisms underlying the mutual interaction between CSCs/CICs and TME. Particular focus will be dedicated to the immunological profile of CSCs/CICs and its role in orchestrating cancer immunosurveillance. Moreover, the available immunotherapy strategies that can target CSCs/CICs and of their possible implementation will be discussed. Overall, the dissection of the mechanisms regulating the CSC/CIC-TME interaction is warranted to understand the plasticity and immunoregulatory properties of stem-like tumor cells and to achieve complete eradications of tumors through the optimization of immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpa Ravindran
- Research Department, Sidra Medicine, Al Luqta Street, PO Box 26999, Doha, Qatar
| | - Saad Rasool
- Research Department, Sidra Medicine, Al Luqta Street, PO Box 26999, Doha, Qatar
| | - Cristina Maccalli
- Research Department, Sidra Medicine, Al Luqta Street, PO Box 26999, Doha, Qatar.
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245
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Heldin P, Kolliopoulos C, Lin CY, Heldin CH. Involvement of hyaluronan and CD44 in cancer and viral infections. Cell Signal 2019; 65:109427. [PMID: 31654718 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2019.109427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hyaluronan and its major receptor CD44 are ubiquitously distributed. They have important structural as well as signaling roles, regulating tissue homeostasis, and their expression levels are tightly regulated. In addition to signaling initiated by the interaction of the intracellular domain of CD44 with cytoplasmic signaling molecules, CD44 has important roles as a co-receptor for different types of receptors of growth factors and cytokines. Dysregulation of hyaluronan-CD44 interactions is seen in diseases, such as inflammation and cancer. In the present communication, we discuss the mechanism of hyaluronan-induced signaling via CD44, as well as the involvement of hyaluronan-engaged CD44 in malignancies and in viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paraskevi Heldin
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Box 582, Uppsala University, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Constantinos Kolliopoulos
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Box 582, Uppsala University, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Chun-Yu Lin
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Box 582, Uppsala University, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University Department of Surgery, Uppsala University, Sweden; Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Akademiska Hospital, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Carl-Henrik Heldin
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Box 582, Uppsala University, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden.
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246
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Jain Singhai N, Ramteke S. CNTs mediated CD44 targeting; a paradigm shift in drug delivery for breast cancer. Genes Dis 2019; 7:205-216. [PMID: 32215290 PMCID: PMC7083711 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2019.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The breast cancer is one of the most common cancer affecting millions of lives worldwide. Though the prevalence of breast cancer is worldwide; however, the developing nations are having a comparatively higher percentage of breast cancer cases and associated complications. The molecular etiology behind breast cancer is complex and involves several regulatory molecules and their downstream signaling. Studies have demonstrated that the CD44 remains one of the major molecule associated not only in breast cancer but also several other kinds of tumors. The complex structure and functioning of CD44 posed a challenge to develop and deliver precise anti-cancerous drugs against targeted tissue. There are more than 20 isoforms of CD44 reported till date associated with several kinds of tumor in the using breast cancer. The success of any anti-cancerous therapy largely depends on the precise drug delivery system, and in modern days nanotechnology-based drug delivery vehicles are the first choice not only for cancer but several other chronic diseases as well. The Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have shown tremendous scope in delivering the drug by targeting a particular receptor and molecules. Functionalized CNTs including both SWCNTs and MWCNTs are a pioneer in drug delivery with higher efficacy. The present work emphasized mainly on the potential of CNTs including both SWCNTs and MWCNTs in drug delivery for anti-cancerous therapy. The review provides a comprehensive overview of the development of various CNTs and their validation for effective drug delivery. The work focus on drug delivery approaches for breast cancer, precisely targeting CD44 molecule.
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Key Words
- Anti-cancerous therapy
- BBB, Blood–Brain Barrier
- Breast cancer
- CD 44, Cluster of Differentiation
- CD44
- DNA, Deoxyribonucleic acid
- Delivery
- Drug
- HA, hyaluronic acid
- HNSCC, Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
- MMPs, Matrix metalloproteinase
- MWCNTs, Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes
- Multiwalled carbon nanotubes
- PDT, Photodynamic Therapy
- PTT, Photothermal Therapy
- SWCNTs, Single-walled Carbon Nanotubes
- siRNA, Small Interfering RNA
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247
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San Juan BP, Garcia-Leon MJ, Rangel L, Goetz JG, Chaffer CL. The Complexities of Metastasis. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1575. [PMID: 31623163 PMCID: PMC6826702 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11101575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapies that prevent metastatic dissemination and tumor growth in secondary organs are severely lacking. A better understanding of the mechanisms that drive metastasis will lead to improved therapies that increase patient survival. Within a tumor, cancer cells are equipped with different phenotypic and functional capacities that can impact their ability to complete the metastatic cascade. That phenotypic heterogeneity can be derived from a combination of factors, in which the genetic make-up, interaction with the environment, and ability of cells to adapt to evolving microenvironments and mechanical forces play a major role. In this review, we discuss the specific properties of those cancer cell subgroups and the mechanisms that confer or restrict their capacity to metastasize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz P San Juan
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst 2010, Australia.
- St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales Medicine, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst 2010, Australia.
| | - Maria J Garcia-Leon
- INSERM UMR_S1109, Tumor Biomechanics, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
- Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
- Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), 67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Laura Rangel
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst 2010, Australia.
- St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales Medicine, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst 2010, Australia.
| | - Jacky G Goetz
- INSERM UMR_S1109, Tumor Biomechanics, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
- Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
- Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), 67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Christine L Chaffer
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst 2010, Australia.
- St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales Medicine, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst 2010, Australia.
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248
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Dzobo K, Thomford NE, Senthebane DA. Targeting the Versatile Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway in Cancer Biology and Therapeutics: From Concept to Actionable Strategy. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2019; 23:517-538. [PMID: 31613700 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2019.0147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This expert review offers a critical synthesis of the latest insights and approaches at targeting the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in various cancers such as colorectal cancer, melanoma, leukemia, and breast and lung cancers. Notably, from organogenesis to cancer, the Wnt/β-catenin signaling displays varied and highly versatile biological functions in animals, with virtually all tissues requiring the Wnt/β-catenin signaling in one way or the other. Aberrant expression of the members of the Wnt/β-catenin has been implicated in many pathological conditions, particularly in human cancers. Mutations in the Wnt/β-catenin pathway genes have been noted in diverse cancers. Biochemical and genetic data support the idea that inhibition of Wnt/β-catenin signaling is beneficial in cancer therapeutics. The interaction of this important pathway with other signaling systems is also noteworthy, but remains as an area for further research and discovery. In addition, formation of different complexes by components of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and the precise roles of these complexes in the cytoplasmic milieu are yet to be fully elucidated. This article highlights the latest medical technologies in imaging, single-cell omics, use of artificial intelligence (e.g., machine learning techniques), genome sequencing, quantum computing, molecular docking, and computational softwares in modeling interactions between molecules and predicting protein-protein and compound-protein interactions pertinent to the biology and therapeutic value of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. We discuss these emerging technologies in relationship to what is currently needed to move from concept to actionable strategies in translating the Wnt/β-catenin laboratory discoveries to Wnt-targeted cancer therapies and diagnostics in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Dzobo
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town, South Africa.,Division of Medical Biochemistry and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nicholas Ekow Thomford
- Pharmacogenetics Research Group, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology and Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Dimakatso A Senthebane
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town, South Africa.,Division of Medical Biochemistry and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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249
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Wang C, Shi M, Ji J, Cai Q, Jiang J, Zhang H, Zhu Z, Zhang J. A self-enforcing HOXA11/Stat3 feedback loop promotes stemness properties and peritoneal metastasis in gastric cancer cells. Am J Cancer Res 2019; 9:7628-7647. [PMID: 31695791 PMCID: PMC6831465 DOI: 10.7150/thno.36277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Peritoneal metastasis is one of the most common and life-threatening metastases in gastric cancer patients. The disseminated gastric cancer cells forming peritoneal metastasis exhibit a variety of characteristics that contrast with those of adjacent epithelial cell of gastric mucosa and even primary gastric cancer cells. We hypothesized that the gene expression profiles of peritoneal foci could reveal the identities of genes that might function as metastatic activator. Methods: In this study, we show, using in vitro, in vivo, in silico and gastric cancer tissues studies in humans and mice, that Homoebox A11 (HOXA11) potently promote peritoneal metastasis of gastric cancer cells. Results: Its mechanism of action involves alternation of cancer stemness and subsequently enhancement of the adhesion, migration and invasion and anti-apoptosis. This is achieved, mainly, through formation of a positive feedback loop between HOXA11 and Stat3, which is involved in the stimulation of Stat3 signaling pathway. Conclusions: These observations uncover a novel peritoneal metastatic activator and demonstrate the association between HOXA11, Stat3 and cancer stemness of gastric cancer cells, thereby revealing a previously undescribed mechanism of peritoneal metastasis.
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250
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Targeting chemoresistant colorectal cancer via systemic administration of a BMP7 variant. Oncogene 2019; 39:987-1003. [PMID: 31591478 PMCID: PMC6989400 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-1047-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Despite intense research and clinical efforts, patients affected by advanced colorectal cancer (CRC) have still a poor prognosis. The discovery of colorectal (CR) cancer stem cell (CSC) as the cell compartment responsible for tumor initiation and propagation may provide new opportunities for the development of new therapeutic strategies. Given the reduced sensitivity of CR-CSCs to chemotherapy and the ability of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP) to promote colonic stem cell differentiation, we aimed to investigate whether an enhanced variant of BMP7 (BMP7v) could sensitize to chemotherapy-resistant CRC cells and tumors. Thirty-five primary human cultures enriched in CR-CSCs, including four from chemoresistant metastatic lesions, were used for in vitro studies and to generate CR-CSC-based mouse avatars to evaluate tumor growth and progression upon treatment with BMP7v alone or in combination with standard therapy or PI3K inhibitors. BMP7v treatment promotes CR-CSC differentiation and recapitulates the cell differentiation-related gene expression profile by suppressing Wnt pathway activity and reducing mesenchymal traits and survival of CR-CSCs. Moreover, in CR-CSC-based mouse avatars, BMP7v exerts an antiangiogenic effect and sensitizes tumor cells to standard chemotherapy regardless of the mutational, MSI, and CMS profiles. Of note, tumor harboring PIK3CA mutations were affected to a lower extent by the combination of BMP7v and chemotherapy. However, the addition of a PI3K inhibitor to the BMP7v-based combination potentiates PIK3CA-mutant tumor drug response and reduces the metastatic lesion size. These data suggest that BMP7v treatment may represent a useful antiangiogenic and prodifferentiation agent, which renders CSCs sensitive to both standard and targeted therapies.
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