201
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Li M, Ransohoff RM. The roles of chemokine CXCL12 in embryonic and brain tumor angiogenesis. Semin Cancer Biol 2008; 19:111-5. [PMID: 19038344 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2008.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2008] [Revised: 11/03/2008] [Accepted: 11/03/2008] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The formation of blood vessels in embryos and tumors are different processes but under the control of common molecular mechanisms. Chemokine CXCL12 involved in both embryonic and tumor angiogenesis. In this review, we summarize recent advances in understanding the roles of CXCL12 in brain tumor angiogenesis/vasculogenesis. CXCL12 and its cognate receptors are abnormally induced in brain tumors, in particular in tumor cells and endothelium. Pathologically enhanced CXCL12 signaling may promote the formation of new vessels through recruiting circulating endothelial progenitor cells or directly enhancing the migration/growth of endothelial cells. Therefore, CXCL12 signaling represents an important mechanism that regulates brain tumor angiogenesis/vasculogenesis and may provide potential targets for anti-angiogenic therapy in malignant gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meizhang Li
- Neuroinflammation Research Center, Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Mail Code NC30, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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202
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Jiang HW, Ling JQ, Gong QM. The Expression of Stromal Cell–derived Factor 1 (SDF-1) in Inflamed Human Dental Pulp. J Endod 2008; 34:1351-1354. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2008.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2008] [Revised: 07/23/2008] [Accepted: 07/27/2008] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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203
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Kässmeyer S, Plendl J, Custodis P, Bahramsoltani M. New insights in vascular development: vasculogenesis and endothelial progenitor cells. Anat Histol Embryol 2008; 38:1-11. [PMID: 18983622 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0264.2008.00894.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In the course of new blood vessel formation, two different processes--vasculogenesis and angiogenesis--have to be distinguished. The term vasculogenesis describes the de novo emergence of a vascular network by endothelial progenitors, whereas angiogenesis corresponds to the generation of vessels by sprouting from pre-existing capillaries. Until recently, it was thought that vasculogenesis is restricted to the prenatal period. During the last decade, one of the most fascinating innovations in the field of vascular biology was the discovery of endothelial progenitor cells and vasculogenesis in the adult. This review aims at introducing the concept of adult vasculogenesis and discusses the efforts to identify and characterize adult endothelial progenitors. The different sources of adult endothelial progenitors like haematopoietic stem cells, myeloid cells, multipotent progenitors of the bone marrow, side population cells and tissue-residing pluripotent stem cells are considered. Moreover, a survey of cellular and molecular control mechanisms of vasculogenesis is presented. Recent advances in research on endothelial progenitors exert a strong impact on many different disciplines and provide the knowledge for functional concepts in basic fields like anatomy, histology as well as embryology.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kässmeyer
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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204
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Fine LG, Norman JT. Chronic hypoxia as a mechanism of progression of chronic kidney diseases: from hypothesis to novel therapeutics. Kidney Int 2008; 74:867-72. [DOI: 10.1038/ki.2008.350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 358] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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205
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Abstract
Inflammation underlies a wide variety of physiological and pathological processes. Although the pathological aspects of many types of inflammation are well appreciated, their physiological functions are mostly unknown. The classic instigators of inflammation - infection and tissue injury - are at one end of a large range of adverse conditions that induce inflammation, and they trigger the recruitment of leukocytes and plasma proteins to the affected tissue site. Tissue stress or malfunction similarly induces an adaptive response, which is referred to here as para-inflammation. This response relies mainly on tissue-resident macrophages and is intermediate between the basal homeostatic state and a classic inflammatory response. Para-inflammation is probably responsible for the chronic inflammatory conditions that are associated with modern human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruslan Medzhitov
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, TAC S-669, 300 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA.
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206
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Lai P, Li T, Yang J, Xie C, Zhu X, Xie H, Ding X, Lin S, Tang S. Upregulation of stromal cell–derived factor 1 (SDF-1) expression in microvasculature endothelial cells in retinal ischemia-reperfusion injury. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2008; 246:1707-13. [DOI: 10.1007/s00417-008-0907-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2008] [Revised: 06/18/2008] [Accepted: 07/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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207
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Wagner PL, Moo TA, Arora N, Liu YF, Zarnegar R, Scognamiglio T, Fahey TJ. The chemokine receptors CXCR4 and CCR7 are associated with tumor size and pathologic indicators of tumor aggressiveness in papillary thyroid carcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol 2008; 15:2833-41. [PMID: 18696160 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-008-0064-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2008] [Revised: 06/16/2008] [Accepted: 06/17/2008] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Functional chemokine receptors are expressed in many malignant tumors, including papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). These receptors promote tumor growth and metastasis in response to endogenous chemokines. The purpose of this study was to examine the expression of two chemokine receptors-CXCR4 and CCR7-in a series of PTCs. We hypothesized that CXCR4 and CCR7 would correlate with indicators of tumor aggressiveness, including tumor size, extrathyroidal extension (ETE), angiolymphatic invasion (ALI), and lymph node metastasis. METHODS CXCR4 and CCR7, as well as their specific chemokine ligands (CXCL12 and CCL21, respectively), were assessed in 88 PTCs from 65 patients using a semiquantitative measure of immunohistochemical (IHC) staining intensity for each molecule. Staining intensity was compared with clinicopathologic features including patient age, gender, tumor size, multifocality, ETE, ALI, and lymph node metastasis. Differences in CXCR4 and CCR7 mRNA levels were sought in a subset of tumors using gene microarrays and quantitative RT-PCR. [ STATISTICS t test, Mann-Whitney U test; P < .05]. RESULTS High-intensity IHC staining for CXCR4 was associated with larger tumor size (P = .02), while PTCs exhibiting ETE, ALI, or lymph node metastasis showed higher-intensity IHC staining for CCR7 than those without (P = .01, .03, and .01, respectively). CCR7 mRNA levels were also higher in tumors with ALI (P = .04). CONCLUSION Expression of CXCR4 and CCR7 by PTCs is associated with indicators of tumor aggressiveness, including tumor size, ETE, ALI, and lymph node metastasis. Further studies are necessary to define the mechanisms underlying this association and to determine its potential prognostic and therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick L Wagner
- Department of Surgery, New York-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical Center, 525 E. 68th St., K-707, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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208
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Santhanam AVR, d’Uscio LV, Peterson TE, Katusic ZS. Activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase is critical for erythropoietin-induced mobilization of progenitor cells. Peptides 2008; 29:1451-5. [PMID: 18448202 PMCID: PMC2570495 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2008.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2008] [Revised: 03/13/2008] [Accepted: 03/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to define the ability of erythropoietin (EPO) to mobilize hematopoietic stem cells (c-kit(+)/sca-1(+)/lin-1(-); KSL-cells) and hematopoietic progenitor cells (CD34(+) cells), including vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 expressing hematopoietic progenitor cells (CD34(+)/Flk-1(+) cells). We also sought to determine the role of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in EPO-induced mobilization. Wild type (WT) and eNOS(-/-) mice were injected bi-weekly with recombinant erythropoietin (EPO, 1000U/kg, s.c.) for 14 days. EPO increased the number of KSL, CD34(+), CD34(+)/Flk-1(+) cells in circulating blood of wild type mice. These effects of EPO were abolished in eNOS(-/-) mice. Our results demonstrate that, EPO stimulates mobilization of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. This effect of EPO is critically dependent on activation of eNOS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Zvonimir S Katusic
- Author for Correspondence: Dr. Zvonimir S. Katusic, Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, , Phone: 507-255-5156, Fax: 507-255-7300
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209
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Bellik L, Musilli C, Vinci MC, Ledda F, Parenti A. Human mature endothelial cells modulate peripheral blood mononuclear cell differentiation toward an endothelial phenotype. Exp Cell Res 2008; 314:2965-74. [PMID: 18692498 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2008.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2008] [Revised: 07/17/2008] [Accepted: 07/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) can contribute to neovascularization, even if the mechanisms by which they interact with mature endothelial cells remain unclear. The interactions between human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) during their early differentiation towards an EPC phenotype were investigated. A co-culture model, in which the two cell types share the same culture medium in the absence of any exogenous angiogenic stimulus, was used. The role of hypoxia was assessed by pretreating HCAECs with 3% O(2) before co-culture setting. Since we have previously shown that both adherent and suspended PBMCs display a significant increase in endothelial marker expression within the 2nd day of culture in an angiogenic environment, the role of HCAECs on early PBMC differentiation was evaluated in both adherent and suspended cell fractions. A 3-day co-culture period increased the expression of VEGF-R2, VE-cadherin, alpha(v)beta(3)- and alpha(5)-integrin in both the adherent and suspended PBMCs, assessed by cytofluorimetric analysis, and up-regulated VEGF-R1 mRNA assessed by real-time RT-PCR. HCAECs influenced PBMC adhesion, transendothelial migration and cell organization on Matrigel. Hypoxia modulated either PBMC differentiation or their functional properties. These data strongly suggest that endothelium may support the differentiation of PBMCs into EPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Bellik
- Department of Preclinical and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Florence, Vaile G. Pieraccini, 650139 Florence, Italy
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210
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Yockman JW, Kastenmeier A, Erickson HM, Brumbach JG, Whitten MG, Albanil A, Li DY, Kim SW, Bull DA. Novel polymer carriers and gene constructs for treatment of myocardial ischemia and infarction. J Control Release 2008; 132:260-6. [PMID: 18662730 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2008.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2008] [Accepted: 06/25/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The number one cause of mortality in the US is cardiovascular related disease. Future predictions do not see a reduction in this rate especially with the continued rise in obesity [P. Poirier, et al., Obesity and cardiovascular disease: pathophysiology, evaluation, and effect of weight loss, Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 26(5), (2006) 968-976.; K. Obunai, S. Jani, G.D. Dangas, Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality of the metabolic syndrome, Med.Clin. North Am., 91(6), (2007) 1169-1184]. Even so, potential molecular therapeutic targets for cardiac gene delivery are in no short supply thanks to continuing advances in molecular cardiology. However, efficient and safe delivery remains a bottleneck in clinical gene therapy [O.J. Muller, H.A. Katus, R. Bekeredjian, Targeting the heart with gene therapy-optimized gene delivery methods, Cardiovasc Res, 73(3), (2007) 453-462]. Viral vectors are looked upon favorably for their high transduction efficiency, although their ability to elicit toxic immune responses remains [C.F. McTiernan, et al., Myocarditis following adeno-associated viral gene expression of human soluble TNF receptor (TNFRII-Fc) in baboon hearts, Gene Ther, 14(23), (2007) 1613-1622]. However, this high transduction does not necessarily translate into improved efficacy [X. Hao, et al., Myocardial angiogenesis after plasmid or adenoviral VEGF-A(165) gene transfer in rat myocardial infarction model, Cardiovasc Res., 73(3), (2007) 481-487]. Naked DNA remains the preferred method of DNA delivery to cardiac myocardium and has been explored extensively in clinical trials. The results from these trials have demonstrated efficacy in regard to secondary end-points of reduced symptomatology and perfusion, but have failed to establish significant angiogenesis or an increase in myocardial function [P.B. Shah, D.W. Losordo, Non-viral vectors for gene therapy: clinical trials in cardiovascular disease, Adv Genet, 54, (2005) 339-361]. This may be due in part to reduced transfection efficiency but can also be attributed to use of suboptimal candidate genes. Currently, polymeric non-viral gene delivery to cardiac myocardium remains underrepresented. In the past decade several advances in non-viral vector development has demonstrated increased transfection efficiency [O.J. Muller, H.A. Katus, R. Bekeredjian, Targeting the heart with gene therapy-optimized gene delivery methods, Cardiovasc Res, 73(3), (2007) 453-462]. Of these polymers, those that employ lipid modifications to improve transfection or target cardiovascular tissues have proven themselves to be extremely beneficial. Water-soluble lipopolymer (WSLP) consists of a low molecular weight branched PEI (1800) and cholesterol. The cholesterol moiety adds extra condensation by forming stable micellular complexes and was later employed for myocardial gene therapy to exploit the high expression of lipoprotein lipase found within cardiac tissue. Use of WSLP to deliver hypoxia-responsive driven expression of hVEGF to ischemic rabbit myocardium has proven to provide for even better expression in cardiovascular cells than Terplex and has demonstrated a significant reduction in infarct size (13+/-4%, p<0.001) over constitutive VEGF expression (32+/-7%, p=0.007) and sham-injected controls (48+/-7%). A significant reduction in apoptotic values and an increase in capillary growth were also seen in surrounding tissue. Recently, investigations have begun using bioreducible polymers made of poly(amido polyethylenimines) (SS-PAEI). SS-PAEIs breakdown within the cytoplasm through inherent redox mechanisms and provide for high transfection efficiencies (upwards to 60% in cardiovascular cell types) with little to no demonstrable toxicity. In vivo transfections in normoxic and hypoxic rabbit myocardium have proven to exceed those results of WSLP transfections by 2-5 fold [L.V. Christensen, et al., Reducible poly(amido ethylenediamine) for hypoxia-inducible VEGF delivery, J Control Release, 118(2), (2007) 254-261]. This new breed of polymer(s) may allow for decreased doses and use of new molecular mechanisms not previously available due to low transfection efficiencies. Little development has been seen in the use of new gene agents for treatment of myocardial ischemia and infarction. Current treatment consists of using mitogenic factors, described decades earlier, alone or in combination to spur angiogenesis or modulating intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis through SERCA2a but to date, failed to demonstrate clinical efficacy. Recent data suggests that axonal guidance cues also act on vasculature neo-genesis and provide a new means of investigation for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Yockman
- Center for Controlled Chemical Delivery, Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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211
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Das B, Tsuchida R, Malkin D, Koren G, Baruchel S, Yeger H. Hypoxia enhances tumor stemness by increasing the invasive and tumorigenic side population fraction. Stem Cells 2008; 26:1818-30. [PMID: 18467664 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2007-0724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Although advances have been made in understanding the role of hypoxia in the stem cell niche, almost nothing is known about a potentially similar role of hypoxia in maintaining the tumor stem cell (TSC) niche. Here we show that a highly tumorigenic fraction of side population (SP) cells is localized in the hypoxic zones of solid tumors in vivo. We first identified a highly migratory, invasive, and tumorigenic fraction of post-hypoxic side population cells (SPm([hox]) fraction) in a diverse group of solid tumor cell lines, including neuroblastoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, and small-cell lung carcinoma. To identify the SPm((hox)) fraction, we used an "injured conditioned medium" derived from bone marrow stromal cells treated with hypoxia and oxidative stress. We found that a highly tumorigenic SP fraction migrates to the injured conditioned medium in a Boyden chamber. We show that as few as 100 SPm((hox)) cells form rapidly growing tumors in vivo. In vitro exposure to hypoxia increases the SPm((hox)) fraction significantly. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunofluorescence studies showed that SPm((hox)) cells expressed Oct-4, a "stemness" gene having a potential role in TSC maintenance. In nude mice xenografts, SPm((hox)) cells were localized to the hypoxic zones, as demonstrated after quantum dot labeling. These results suggest that a highly tumorigenic SP fraction migrates to the area of hypoxia; this migration is similar to the migration of normal bone marrow SP fraction to the area of injury/hypoxia. Furthermore, the hypoxic microenvironment may serve as a niche for the highly tumorigenic fraction of SP cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bikul Das
- Department of Pediatric Laboratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada
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212
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Egan CG, Lavery R, Caporali F, Fondelli C, Laghi-Pasini F, Dotta F, Sorrentino V. Generalised reduction of putative endothelial progenitors and CXCR4-positive peripheral blood cells in type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 2008; 51:1296-305. [PMID: 18286257 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-008-0939-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2007] [Accepted: 01/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS In patients with type 2 diabetes, reduced levels of circulating endothelial progenitor cells have been reported and these have been correlated with disease severity. In this study, we examined a panel of markers widely used to identify progenitor and/or stem cells, and determined their association with disease severity in diabetic patients. Since expression of chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 4 (CXCR4) has been associated with mobilisation and recruitment of progenitor cells, CXCR4 expression was also analysed. METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 98 patients with type 2 diabetes and 39 control individuals were analysed by flow cytometry for surface marker expression. RESULTS Cells expressing different combinations of progenitor and/or stem cell markers were severely reduced in PBMCs of diabetic patients compared with those of control participants. Moreover, a number of these putative progenitor cell populations were negatively associated with disease severity. Reduced expression of CXCR4 and CD34/CXCR4-positive cells was also observed in diabetic patients. PBMCs expressing CXCR4 positively correlated with levels of progenitor cells in control participants but not in diabetic patients. Levels of putative progenitor and CXCR4-positive cells were further decreased in patients with diabetic complications, including cardiovascular and microvascular diseases. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION A generalised decrease in a range of progenitor cell populations was observed in type 2 diabetic patients. This reduction was also negatively associated with disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- C G Egan
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Siena, via A. Moro, 53100, Siena, Italy
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213
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Tare RS, Babister JC, Kanczler J, Oreffo ROC. Skeletal stem cells: phenotype, biology and environmental niches informing tissue regeneration. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2008; 288:11-21. [PMID: 18395331 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2008.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2007] [Revised: 02/18/2008] [Accepted: 02/25/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Advances in our knowledge of the biology of skeletal stem cells, together with an increased understanding of the regeneration of normal tissue offer exciting new therapeutic approaches in musculoskeletal repair. Skeletal stem cells from various adult tissues such as bone marrow can be identified and isolated based on their expression of a panel of markers associated with smooth muscle cells, pericytes and endothelial cells. Thus, skeletal stem cell-like populations within bone marrow may share a common perivascular stem cell niche within the microvascular network. To date, the environmental niche that nurtures and maintains the stromal stem cell at different anatomical sites remains poorly understood. However, an understanding of the osteogenic and perivascular niches will inform identification of the key growth factors, matrix constituents and physiological conditions that will enhance the ex vivo amplification and differentiation of osteogenic stem cells to mimic native tissue critical for tissue repair. This review will examine skeletal stem cell biology, the advances in our understanding of the skeletal and perivascular niche and interactions therein and the opportunities to harness that knowledge for musculoskeletal regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul S Tare
- Bone and Joint Research Group, Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Developmental Origins of Health and Disease, Institute of Developmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
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214
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Hasegawa T, McLeod DS, Prow T, Merges C, Grebe R, Lutty GA. Vascular precursors in developing human retina. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2008; 49:2178-92. [PMID: 18436851 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.07-0632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Prior investigation has demonstrated that angioblasts are present in the inner retinas of human embryos and fetuses and that they differentiate and organize to form the primordial retinal vasculature. The purpose of this study was to characterize these angioblasts further and examine ligands that might control their migration and differentiation. METHODS Immunohistochemistry was used to localize stroma-derived factor-1 (SDF-1), its receptor CXCR4, stem cell factor (SCF), and its receptor c-Kit on sections obtained from human eyes at from 6 to 23 weeks' gestation (WG). Coexpression of CD39 (marker for retinal angioblasts and endothelial cells) and CXCR4 or c-Kit was investigated by confocal microscopy. RESULTS SDF-1 was prominent in inner retina with the greatest reaction product near the internal limiting membrane (ILM). SCF immunoreactivity was also confined to the inner retina and increased significantly between 7 and 12 WG. The level of both ligands declined by 22 WG. A layer of CXCR4(+) and c-Kit(+) precursors, some of which coexpressed CD39, existed in the inner retina from 7 to 12 WG. With migration, c-Kit was downregulated, whereas CD39(+) cells continued to express CXCR4 as they formed cords. With canalization, CXCR4 expression was downregulated. CONCLUSIONS Embryonic human retina has a pool of precursors (CXCR4(+) and c-Kit(+)) that enlarged centrifugally during fetal development. From this pool emerges angioblasts, which migrate anteriorly into the nerve fiber layer where SDF-1 and SCF levels are highest. c-Kit expression declines with apparent migration, and CXCR4 expression declines with canalization of new vessels. Both SCF and SDF-1 are associated with the differentiation of retinal precursors into angioblasts and their migration to sites of vessel assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Hasegawa
- Wilmer Ophthalmological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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215
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Silvestre JS. Vascular progenitor cells and diabetes: role in postischemic neovascularisation. DIABETES & METABOLISM 2008; 34 Suppl 1:S33-6. [PMID: 18358425 DOI: 10.1016/s1262-3636(08)70101-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2007] [Accepted: 11/15/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Advances in the field of vascular biology lead to the identification of endothelial progenitor cells (EPC) and to the development of EPC-based cell therapy to induce new vessel formation in ischemic tissues and to accelerate re-endothelialisation of injured vessels in human and various animals models. However, recent studies have shown that age and other risk factors for cardiovascular diseases, such as diabetes, reduce the availability of EPC and impair their function to varying degrees, leading to reduction in postischemic vessel growth. This review focus on the cellular and molecular mechanisms governing EPC-related functions and analyzes the impact of diabetes in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-S Silvestre
- Centre de Recherche Cardiovasculaire INSERM Lariboisière, INSERM U689, Hôpital Lariboisière, 41, bd de la Chapelle, 75475 Paris cedex 10, France.
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216
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CXCR4 signaling in the regulation of stem cell migration and development. J Neuroimmunol 2008; 198:31-8. [PMID: 18508132 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2008.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2008] [Accepted: 04/10/2008] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The regulated migration of stem cells is a feature of the development of all tissues and also of a number of pathologies. In the former situation the migration of stem cells over large distances is required for the correct formation of the embryo. In addition, stem cells are deposited in niche like regions in adult tissues where they can be called upon for tissue regeneration and repair. The migration of cancer stem cells is a feature of the metastatic nature of this disease. In this article we discuss observations that have demonstrated the important role of chemokine signaling in the regulation of stem cell migration in both normal and pathological situations. It has been demonstrated that the chemokine receptor CXCR4 is expressed in numerous types of embryonic and adult stem cells and the chemokine SDF-1/CXCL12 has chemoattractant effects on these cells. Animals in which SDF-1/CXCR4 signaling has been interrupted exhibit numerous phenotypes that can be explained as resulting from inhibition of SDF-1 mediated chemoattraction of stem cells. Hence, CXCR4 signaling is a key element in understanding the functions of stem cells in normal development and in diverse pathological situations.
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217
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Nishi K, Oda T, Takabuchi S, Oda S, Fukuda K, Adachi T, Semenza GL, Shingu K, Hirota K. LPS induces hypoxia-inducible factor 1 activation in macrophage-differentiated cells in a reactive oxygen species-dependent manner. Antioxid Redox Signal 2008; 10:983-95. [PMID: 18199003 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2007.1825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
A prominent feature of various inflamed and diseased tissue is the presence of low oxygen tension (hypoxia). Effector cells of the innate immune system must maintain their viability and physiologic functions in a hypoxic microenvironment. Monocytes circulating in the bloodstream differentiate into macrophages. During this process, cells acquire the ability to exert effects at hypoxic sites of inflammation. The transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) mediates adaptive responses to reduced oxygen availability. In this study, we demonstrated that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces HIF-1 activation by enhancing both HIF-1alpha protein expression through a translation-dependent pathway and HIF-1alpha transcriptional activity in THP-1 human myeloid cells that have undergone macrophage differentiation but not in undifferentiated monocytic THP-1 cells. LPS-induced HIF-1 activation was blocked by treatment with antioxidant (N-acetylcysteine or thioredoxin-1), NADPH oxidase inhibitor (diphenyleneiodonium), indicating that reactive oxygen species generated in response to LPS are essential in this process. LPS-mediated activation of HIF-1 was independent of NF-kappaB activity. LPS-induced ROS generation and HIF-1 activation required the expression of Toll-like receptor 4 or myeloid differentiation factor (MyD) 88, thus providing a molecular basis for the selective activation of HIF-1 in differentiated THP-1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichiro Nishi
- Department of Anesthesia, The Tazuke Kofukai Medical Research Institute Kitano Hospital, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan
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218
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Hypoxia enhances CXCR4 expression favoring microglia migration via HIF-1alpha activation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 371:283-8. [PMID: 18435916 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.04.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2008] [Accepted: 04/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Migration toward pathological area is the first critical step in microglia engagement during the central nervous system (CNS) injury, although the molecular mechanisms underlying microglia mobilization have not been fully understood. Here, we report that hypoxia promotes stromal cell-derived factor-1alpha (SDF-1alpha) induced microglia migration by inducing the CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) expression. Exposure to hypoxia significantly enhanced CXCR4 expression levels in N9 microglia cell. Then, cell migration induced by SDF-1, a CXCR4-specific ligand, was observed accelerated. Blockade of hypoxia inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha) activation by inhibitors of phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathway abrogated both of hypoxia-induced CXCR4 up-regulation and cell-migration acceleration. These results point to a crucial role of Hypoxia-HIF-1alpha-CXCR4 pathway during microglia migration.
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219
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Ricciardi A, Elia AR, Cappello P, Puppo M, Vanni C, Fardin P, Eva A, Munroe D, Wu X, Giovarelli M, Varesio L. Transcriptome of hypoxic immature dendritic cells: modulation of chemokine/receptor expression. Mol Cancer Res 2008; 6:175-85. [PMID: 18314479 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-07-0391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia is a condition of low oxygen tension occurring in inflammatory tissues. Dendritic cells (DC) are professional antigen-presenting cells whose differentiation, migration, and activities are intrinsically linked to the microenvironment. DCs will home and migrate through pathologic tissues before reaching their final destination in the lymph node. We studied the differentiation of human monocytes into immature DCs (iDCs) in a hypoxic microenvironment. We generated iDC in vitro under normoxic (iDCs) or hypoxic (Hi-DCs) conditions and examined the hypoxia-responsive element in the promoter, gene expression, and biochemical KEGG pathways. Hi-DCs had an interesting phenotype represented by up-regulation of genes associated with cell movement/migration. In addition, the Hi-DC cytokine/receptor pathway showed a dichotomy between down-regulated chemokines and up-regulated chemokine receptor mRNA expression. We showed that CCR3, CX3CR1, and CCR2 are hypoxia-inducible genes and that CCL18, CCL23, CCL26, CCL24, and CCL14 are inhibited by hypoxia. A strong chemotactic response to CCR2 and CXCR4 agonists distinguished Hi-DCs from iDCs at a functional level. The hypoxic microenvironment promotes the differentiation of Hi-DCs, which differs from iDCs for gene expression profile and function. The most prominent characteristic of Hi-DCs is the expression of a mobility/migratory rather than inflammatory phenotype. We speculate that Hi-DCs have the tendency to leave the hypoxic tissue and follow the chemokine gradient toward normoxic areas where they can mature and contribute to the inflammatory process.
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Abstract
Vascular progenitor cells have been the focus of much attention in recent years; both from the point of view of their pathophysiological roles and their potential as therapeutic agents. However, there is as yet no definitive description of either endothelial or vascular smooth muscle progenitor cells. Cells with the ability to differentiate into mature endothelial and vascular smooth muscle reportedly reside within a number of different tissues, including bone marrow, spleen, cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. Within these niches, vascular progenitor cells remain quiescent, until mobilized in response to injury or disease. Once mobilized, these progenitor cells enter the circulation and migrate to sites of damage, where they contribute to the remodelling process. It is generally perceived that endothelial progenitors are reparative, acting to restore vascular homeostasis, while smooth muscle progenitors contribute to pathological changes. Indeed, the number of circulating endothelial progenitor cells inversely correlates with exposure to cardiovascular risk factors and numbers of animal models and human studies have demonstrated therapeutic roles for endothelial progenitor cells, which can be enhanced by manipulating them to overexpress vasculo-protective genes. It remains to be determined whether smooth muscle progenitor cells, which are less well studied than their endothelial counterparts, can likewise be manipulated to achieve therapeutic benefit. This review outlines our current understanding of endothelial and smooth muscle progenitor cell biology, their roles in vascular disease and their potential as therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jevon
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK.
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221
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Jiang M, Wang B, Wang C, He B, Fan H, Shao Q, Gao L, Liu Y, Yan G, Pu J. In vivo enhancement of angiogenesis by adenoviral transfer of HIF-1alpha-modified endothelial progenitor cells (Ad-HIF-1alpha-modified EPC for angiogenesis). Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2008; 40:2284-95. [PMID: 18450499 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2008.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2007] [Revised: 02/26/2008] [Accepted: 03/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-1alpha over-expression may have beneficial effects in cell therapy of hypoxia-induced pathophysiological processes, such as ischemic disease. Our previous study showed the feasibility of ex vivo modification of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) by HIF-1alpha transfection. In this study, we sought to determine if such ex vivo modified EPCs facilitated functional therapeutic neovascularization. Ad-HIF-1alpha was transduced in human EPC in vitro. HIF-1alpha-transduced EPCs were administered to nude mice with hindlimb ischemia. BrdU-labeling of these EPCs showed that they enhanced neovascularization in vivo. Limb and toe necrosis was significantly reduced in HIF-1alpha-EPC group compared to GFP-EPC group and medium control group at 14 days after transplantation (both P<0.05). A statistically significant difference was still observed in the HIF-1alpha group until 1 and 2 months of follow-up. Neovascularization was improved by both histological and physiological assessments. Exogenous EPC homing was observed. HIF-1alpha over-expression enhanced its mRNA and protein expression in the ischemia zone. The expression of genes downstream of HIF-1alpha was examined to explore the possible mechanism of EPC homing. In conclusion, HIF-1alpha-EPC gene transfer augments impaired neovascularization in experimentally induced mouse hindlimb ischemia in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Jiang M, Wang B, Wang C, He B, Fan H, Guo TB, Shao Q, Gao L, Liu Y. Angiogenesis by transplantation of HIF-1 alpha modified EPCs into ischemic limbs. J Cell Biochem 2008; 103:321-34. [PMID: 17541946 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1 alpha) is a key determinant of oxygen-dependent gene regulation in angiogenesis. HIF-1 alpha overexpression may be beneficial in cell therapy of hypoxia-induced pathophysiological processes, such as ischemic heart disease. To address this issue, human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNCs) were induced to differentiate into endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), and then were transfected with either an HIF-1 alpha-expressing or a control vector and cultured under normoxia or hypoxia. Hypoxia-induced HIF-1 alpha mRNA and protein expression was increased after HIF-1 alpha transfection. This was accompanied by VEGF mRNA induction and increased VEGF secretion. Hypoxia-stimulated VEGF mRNA induction was significantly abrogated by HIF-1 alpha-specific siRNA. Functional studies showed that HIF-1 alpha overexpression further promoted hypoxia-induced EPC differentiation, proliferation and migration. The expressions of endothelial cell markers CD31, VEGFR2 (Flk-1) and eNOS as well as VEGF and NO secretions were also increased. Furthermore, in an in vivo model of hindlimb ischemia, HIF-1 alpha-transfected EPCs homed to the site of ischemia. A higher revascularization potential was also demonstrated by increased capillary density at the injury site. Our results revealed that endothelial progenitor cells ex vivo modification by hypoxia inducible factor-1 alpha gene transfection is feasible and may offer significant advantages in terms of EPC expansion and treatment efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
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Cau J, Favreau F, Tillement JP, Lerman LO, Hauet T, Goujon JM. Trimetazidine reduces early and long-term effects of experimental renal warm ischemia: a dose effect study. J Vasc Surg 2008; 47:852-860. [PMID: 18280092 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2007.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2007] [Revised: 10/19/2007] [Accepted: 10/21/2007] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Renal ischemia reperfusion (IR) injury (IRI) is an important mechanism of acute renal failure (ARF) and a crucial factor of tissue damage during vascular surgery. IR may lead to tissue destruction and influence the early and long-term outcome of organs. The anti-anginal medication trimetazidine (TMZ) is a drug, the protective effects of which have been already assessed during cold preservation and warm ischemia (WI). The objective of this dose-effect study was to assess the role of TMZ in severe renal WI model. MATERIALS AND METHODS We have used an established WI pig kidney model associated with a uninephrectomy condition and studied the dose-dependent role of TMZ (1, 5, and 10 mg/Kg, i.v. for 24 hours before WI) against deleterious effects of WI (60 minutes of WI followed by reperfusion) compared with sham-operated (control) and uninephrectomized animals (unif). Direct effect of TMZ was determined using different variables: renal function (creatinine clearance; C(cr)) and indirectly, the consequences on inflammation (cells infiltration), rate of apoptosis, fibrosis development, and renal epithelial cells change into myofibroblast, which defined epithelial to mesenchymal transition (alpha-smooth muscle actin [alpha-SMA] and vimentin expression). RESULTS TMZ (5 or 10 mg/Kg) significantly increased C(cr) and reduced the inflammatory response prevalent in ischemic kidney injury and rate of apoptosis expression. In addition, the limitation of initial IRI was correlated with an earlier and greater expression of hypoxia-inducible transcription factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha), which is a hypoxia marker during kidney regeneration. A reduction of the tubulointerstitial development of fibrosis and a limitation of the alpha-smooth muscle actin expression (alpha-SMA) was observed with TMZ treatment. At 3 months, vimentin expression was increased in WI groups without TMZ or low TMZ dose treatment compared with 5 or 10 mg/Kg treated groups. CONCLUSION Collectively, these data suggest that TMZ made the warm ischemic kidneys more resistant to the deleterious impact of a single episode of IR and could have a role in preserving the ischemic kidney from long-term damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome Cau
- Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
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Strong TD, Gebska MA, Champion HC, Burnett AL, Bivalacqua TJ. Stem and endothelial progenitor cells in erection biology. Int J Impot Res 2008; 20:243-54. [DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijir.3901635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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225
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Yu DH, Mace KA, Hansen SL, Boudreau N, Young DM. Effects of decreased insulin-like growth factor-1 stimulation on hypoxia inducible factor 1-alpha protein synthesis and function during cutaneous repair in diabetic mice. Wound Repair Regen 2008; 15:628-35. [PMID: 17971008 DOI: 10.1111/j.1524-475x.2007.00274.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor-1 (Igf-1), a critical mediator of tissue repair, is significantly decreased in diabetic wounds. Furthermore, decreased levels of hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (Hif-1alpha) and its target genes are also associated with impaired wound healing in diabetic mice. The aim of our study was to examine whether the reduced levels of Igf-1 are responsible for the reduction in Hif-1alpha protein synthesis and activity in diabetic wounds. We provide evidence that Igf-1 regulates Hif-1alpha protein synthesis and activity during wound repair. In addition, Igf-1 stimulated phosphytidylinositol 3-kinase activity in diabetic fibroblasts, which, in turn, increased activation of the translational regulatory protein, p70 S6 kinase. Moreover, improved healing of diabetic wounds by addition of recombinant IGF-1 protein was associated with an increase in Hif-1alpha protein synthesis and function in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana H Yu
- Surgical Research Laboratory at San Francisco General Hospital, Department of Surgery, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143-1302, USA
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226
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Ceradini DJ, Yao D, Grogan RH, Callaghan MJ, Edelstein D, Brownlee M, Gurtner GC. Decreasing intracellular superoxide corrects defective ischemia-induced new vessel formation in diabetic mice. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:10930-8. [PMID: 18227068 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m707451200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue ischemia promotes vasculogenesis through chemokine-induced recruitment of bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs). Diabetes significantly impairs this process. Because hyperglycemia increases reactive oxygen species in a number of cell types, and because many of the defects responsible for impaired vasculogenesis involve HIF1-regulated genes, we hypothesized that HIF1 function is impaired in diabetes because of reactive oxygen species-induced modification of HIF1alpha by the glyoxalase 1 (GLO1) substrate methylglyoxal. Decreasing superoxide in diabetic mice by either transgenic expression of manganese superoxide dismutase or by administration of an superoxide dismutase mimetic corrected post-ischemic defects in neovascularization, oxygen delivery, and chemokine expression, and normalized tissue survival. In hypoxic fibroblasts cultured in high glucose, overexpression of GLO1 prevented reduced expression of both the EPC mobilizing chemokine stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) and of vascular epidermal growth factor, which modulates growth and differentiation of recruited EPCs. In hypoxic EPCs cultured in high glucose, overexpression of GLO1 prevented reduced expression of both the SDF-1 receptor CXCR4, and endothelial nitric-oxide synthase, an enzyme essential for EPC mobilization. HIF1alpha modification by methylglyoxal reduced heterodimer formation and HIF1alpha binding to all relevant promoters. These results provide a basis for the rational design of new therapeutics to normalize impaired ischemia-induced vasculogenesis in patients with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Ceradini
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5148, USA
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227
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Endothelial precursor cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 3:218-25. [PMID: 17917135 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-007-0007-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/1999] [Revised: 11/30/1999] [Accepted: 11/30/1999] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The discovery and subsequent characterization of endothelial precursor cells (EPCs) has stimulated interest in their potential use in older persons. Understanding the mechanisms that underlie EPC availability and function has important clinical implications for this age group. In this review, we discuss aspects of EPCs that are relevant to their role in angiogenesis and cardiovascular disease. We then review the limited data on features of EPCs that are known to be altered in aging and might better define their clinical utility in older persons.
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228
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Hidalgo A. Hematopoietic stem cell homing: The long, winding and adhesive road to the bone marow. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s0213-9626(08)70046-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Abstract
In the Western world, peripheral vascular disease (PVD) has a high prevalence and is associated with high morbidity and mortality. More patients are presenting with critical limb ischemia (CLI), the end stage of PVD, because of an increased life expectancy owing to improved medical care. In a large percentage of these patients, lower limb amputation is still required, despite current advances in surgery and interventional radiology. Studies of ischemic skeletal muscles disclosed evidence of endogenous angiogenesis and adaptive skeletal muscle metabolic changes in response to hypoxia. Many of the genes responsible for these responses are regulated by hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1. HIF-1, consisting of HIF-1alpha and HIF-1beta subunits, is a major transcription factor that functions as a master regulator of oxygen homeostasis that plays essential roles in cellular and systemic pathophysiology. HIF-1alpha expression and HIF-1 transcriptional activity increase exponentially as cellular oxygen concentration is decreased. More than 60 target genes that are transactivated by HIF-1 have been identified. Many of the target genes, such as vascular endothelial growth factor, have been studied extensively, especially in tumors. However, only recently that interest in HIF-1 is growing in relation to ischemic diseases. Most of the studies concentrated mainly on the angiogenic property of HIF-1. In contrast, there is a lack of information on the role of HIF-1 in skeletal muscle metabolic adaptive changes as the end-organ in PVD. This review aims to summarize our current understanding of HIF-1 roles and the therapeutic potential in PVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teik K Ho
- Department of Surgery, The Royal Free Hospital, The Royal Free & University College Medical School, London, UK
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Golledge J, Van Campenhout A, Pal S, Rush C. Bone marrow-derived cells and arterial disease. J Vasc Surg 2007; 46:590-600. [PMID: 17826253 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2007.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2007] [Accepted: 04/07/2007] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews the association between bone and artery disease, with particular relevance to progenitor cells. The review was based on insight gained by analysis of previous publications and on-going work by the authors. A large number of studies have demonstrated a correlation between bone pathology, particularly osteoporosis, and atherosclerosis. In this review we highlight the particular aspect of bone marrow progenitor cells in the bone-artery link. Progenitor cells, primarily those believed to give rise to endothelial cells, have been inversely correlated with atherosclerosis severity and risk factors. Therapeutic approaches aimed at manipulating progenitor cells in revascularization and vascular repair have demonstrated some promising results. Subtypes of progenitor cells have also been linked with vascular pathology, however, and further studies are required to assess relative beneficial and pathologic effects of bone marrow-derived progenitors. Further understanding of the link between bone and artery pathophysiology is likely to be of significant value in developing new therapies for vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Golledge
- Vascular Biology Unit, School of Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia.
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233
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Ciulla MM, Cortiana M, Silvestris I, Matteucci E, Ridolfi E, Giofrè F, Zanardelli M, Paliotti R, Cortelezzi A, Pierini A, Magrini F, Desiderio MA. Effects of simulated altitude (normobaric hypoxia) on cardiorespiratory parameters and circulating endothelial precursors in healthy subjects. Respir Res 2007; 8:58. [PMID: 17686146 PMCID: PMC1976104 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-8-58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2007] [Accepted: 08/08/2007] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Circulating Endothelial Precursors (PB-EPCs) are involved in the maintenance of the endothelial compartment being promptly mobilized after injuries of the vascular endothelium, but the effects of a brief normobaric hypoxia on PB-EPCs in healthy subjects are scarcely studied. METHODS Clinical and molecular parameters were investigated in healthy subjects (n = 8) in basal conditions (T0) and after 1 h of normobaric hypoxia (T1), with Inspiratory Fraction of Oxygen set at 11.2% simulating 4850 mt of altitude. Blood samples were obtained at T0 and T1, as well as 7 days after hypoxia (T2). RESULTS In all studied subjects we observed a prompt and significant increase in PB-EPCs, with a return to basal value at T2. The induction of hypoxia was confirmed by Alveolar Oxygen Partial Pressure (PAO2) and Spot Oxygen Saturation decreases. Heart rate increased, but arterial pressure and respiratory response were unaffected. The change in PB-EPCs percent from T0 to T1 was inversely related to PAO2 at T1. Rapid (T1) increases in serum levels of hepatocyte growth factor and erythropoietin, as well as in cellular PB-EPCs-expression of Hypoxia Inducible Factor-1alpha were observed. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the endothelial compartment seems quite responsive to standardized brief hypoxia, possibly important for PB-EPCs activation and recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele M Ciulla
- Istituto di Medicina Cardiovascolare, Centro Interuniversitario di Fisiologia Clinica e Ipertensione, University of Milan, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Mangiagalli e Regina Elena, Fondazione IRCCS, Via F. Sforza 35 – 20122 Milano, Italy
| | - Michela Cortiana
- Dipartimento di Ematologia, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Mangiagalli e Regina Elena, Fondazione IRCCS, Via F. Sforza 35 – 20122 Milano, Italy
| | - Ilaria Silvestris
- Dipartimento di Ematologia, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Mangiagalli e Regina Elena, Fondazione IRCCS, Via F. Sforza 35 – 20122 Milano, Italy
| | - Emanuela Matteucci
- Istituto di Patologia Generale, University of Milan, Via L. Mangiagalli, 31 – 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Elisa Ridolfi
- Istituto di Patologia Generale, University of Milan, Via L. Mangiagalli, 31 – 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Giofrè
- Istituto di Medicina Cardiovascolare, Centro Interuniversitario di Fisiologia Clinica e Ipertensione, University of Milan, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Mangiagalli e Regina Elena, Fondazione IRCCS, Via F. Sforza 35 – 20122 Milano, Italy
| | - Maddalena Zanardelli
- Istituto di Malattie Respiratorie, University of Milan, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Mangiagalli e Regina Elena, Fondazione IRCCS, Via F. Sforza 35 – 20122 Milano, Italy
| | - Roberta Paliotti
- Istituto di Medicina Cardiovascolare, Centro Interuniversitario di Fisiologia Clinica e Ipertensione, University of Milan, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Mangiagalli e Regina Elena, Fondazione IRCCS, Via F. Sforza 35 – 20122 Milano, Italy
| | - Agostino Cortelezzi
- Dipartimento di Ematologia, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Mangiagalli e Regina Elena, Fondazione IRCCS, Via F. Sforza 35 – 20122 Milano, Italy
| | - Alberto Pierini
- Istituto di Medicina Cardiovascolare, Centro Interuniversitario di Fisiologia Clinica e Ipertensione, University of Milan, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Mangiagalli e Regina Elena, Fondazione IRCCS, Via F. Sforza 35 – 20122 Milano, Italy
| | - Fabio Magrini
- Istituto di Medicina Cardiovascolare, Centro Interuniversitario di Fisiologia Clinica e Ipertensione, University of Milan, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Mangiagalli e Regina Elena, Fondazione IRCCS, Via F. Sforza 35 – 20122 Milano, Italy
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Piccoli C, D'Aprile A, Ripoli M, Scrima R, Boffoli D, Tabilio A, Capitanio N. The hypoxia-inducible factor is stabilized in circulating hematopoietic stem cells under normoxic conditions. FEBS Lett 2007; 581:3111-9. [PMID: 17568584 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2007.05.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2006] [Revised: 05/22/2007] [Accepted: 05/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) transcriptional system enables cell adaptation to limited O(2) availability, transducing this signal into patho-physiological responses such as angiogenesis, erythropoiesis, vasomotor control, and altered energy metabolism, as well as cell survival decisions. However, other factors beyond hypoxia are known to activate this pleiotropic transcription factor. The aim of this study was to characterize HIF in human hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and evidence is provided that granulocyte colony stimulating factor-mobilized CD34+- and CD133+-HSCs express a stabilized cytoplasmic form of HIF-1alpha under normoxic conditions. It is shown that HIF-1alpha stabilization correlates with down-regulation of the tumour suppressor von Hippel-Lindau protein (pVHL) and is positively controlled by NADPH-oxidase-dependent production of reactive oxygen species, indicating a specific O(2)-independent post-transcriptional control of HIF in mobilized HSCs. This novel finding is discussed in the context of the proposed role of HIF as a mediator of progenitor cell recruitment to injured ischemic tissues and/or in the control of the maintenance of the undifferentiated state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Piccoli
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
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Vincent KA, Jiang C, Boltje I, Kelly RA. Gene therapy progress and prospects: therapeutic angiogenesis for ischemic cardiovascular disease. Gene Ther 2007; 14:781-9. [PMID: 17476300 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
During the past decade, both in vitro and in vivo studies have provided new insights into the cellular and molecular mechanisms that govern angiogenesis and arteriogenesis. However, therapeutic angiogenesis clinical trials using recombinant protein or gene therapy formulations of single angiogenic growth factors have yielded at best only modest success to date. Among the second generation of angiogenic agents are therapeutic transgenes that enhance expression of two or more proangiogenic cytokines. These include synthetic constructs that mimic that activity of endogenous transcriptional regulators and other upstream, regulatory factors that have the potential to induce formation of morphologically and physiologically functional vessels. These agents are now beginning to be evaluated in clinical trials for patients with advanced ischemic cardiac and peripheral vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Vincent
- Genzyme Corporation, Framingham, MA 01701-9322, USA
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236
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Woo LL, Hijaz A, Kuang M, Penn MS, Damaser MS, Rackley RR. Over expression of stem cell homing cytokines in urogenital organs following vaginal distention. J Urol 2007; 177:1568-72. [PMID: 17382780 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2006.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Vaginal delivery is a risk factor for stress urinary incontinence. Rat models of simulated childbirth demonstrated hypoxia of the urogenital organs as well as the development of stress urinary incontinence following vaginal distention. Stromal derived factor-1 and monocyte chemotactic protein-3 were identified as cytokines that are over expressed after myocardial ischemia and signal stem cell migration to ischemic sites in a rat cardiac model. Given the focal hypoxia observed with vaginal distention, we characterized stromal derived factor-1 and monocyte chemotactic protein-3 expression by pelvic organ tissues after vaginal distention. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 16 female rats were randomized into 4 groups. Two groups underwent vaginal distention with harvest of pelvic tissues immediately or 24 hours after vaginal distention, a sham group underwent anesthesia only and a control group underwent no intervention. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction was performed on RNA extracted from the urogenital organs. RESULTS Monocyte chemotactic protein-3 expression in the urethra was increased 20 and 6-fold immediately and 24 hours after vaginal distention, respectively. Monocyte chemotactic protein-3 was 8 and 4-fold increased in the vagina after vaginal distention. There was no difference in monocyte chemotactic protein-3 expression in the rectum or bladder in any group. Stromal derived factor-1 was significantly under expressed immediately after vaginal distention in all tissues. CONCLUSIONS Monocyte chemotactic protein-3 is significantly over expressed in rat urethral and vaginal tissues immediately following vaginal distention with above normal but decreasing expression 24 hours later. The association between monocyte chemotactic protein-3 over expression and targeted stem cell migration is under investigation. Successful characterization and control of such a repair mechanism in the lower urinary tract would introduce the potential for novel nonoperative treatments and/or preventive measures for stress urinary incontinence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn L Woo
- Glickman Urological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44120, USA.
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Crigler L, Kazhanie A, Yoon TJ, Zakhari J, Anders J, Taylor B, Virador VM. Isolation of a mesenchymal cell population from murine dermis that contains progenitors of multiple cell lineages. FASEB J 2007; 21:2050-63. [PMID: 17384147 PMCID: PMC2034200 DOI: 10.1096/fj.06-5880com] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The skin contains two known subpopulations of stem cells/epidermal progenitors: a basal keratinocyte population found in the interfollicular epithelium and cells residing in the bulge region of the hair follicle. The major role of the interfollicular basal keratinocyte population may be epidermal renewal, whereas the bulge population may only be activated and recruited to form a cutaneous epithelium in case of trauma. Using 3-dimensional cultures of murine skin under stress conditions in which only reserve epithelial cells would be expected to survive and expand, we demonstrate that a mesenchymal population resident in neonatal murine dermis has the unique potential to develop an epidermis in vitro. In monolayer culture, this dermal subpopulation has long-term survival capabilities in restricted serum and an inducible capacity to evolve into multiple cell lineages, both epithelial and mesenchymal, depending on culture conditions. When grafted subcutaneously, this dermal subpopulation gave rise to fusiform structures, reminiscent of disorganized muscle, that stained positive for smooth muscle actin and desmin; on typical epidermal grafts, abundant melanocytes appeared throughout the dermis that were not associated with hair follicles. The multipotential cells can be repeatedly isolated from neonatal murine dermis by a sequence of differential centrifugation and selective culture conditions. These results suggest that progenitors capable of epidermal differentiation exist in the mesenchymal compartment of an abundant tissue source and may have a function in mesenchymal-epithelial transition upon insult. Moreover, these cells could be available in sufficient quantities for lineage determination or tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Crigler
- Laboratory of Cellular Carcinogenesis and Tumor Promotion. Center for Cancer Research. National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892. US
| | - Amita Kazhanie
- Laboratory of Cellular Carcinogenesis and Tumor Promotion. Center for Cancer Research. National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892. US
| | - Tae-Jin Yoon
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, KOREA
| | - Julia Zakhari
- Laboratory of Cellular Carcinogenesis and Tumor Promotion. Center for Cancer Research. National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892. US
| | - Joanna Anders
- Laboratory of Cellular Carcinogenesis and Tumor Promotion. Center for Cancer Research. National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892. US
| | - Barbara Taylor
- Laboratory of Cellular Carcinogenesis and Tumor Promotion. Center for Cancer Research. National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892. US
| | - Victoria M. Virador
- Laboratory of Cellular Carcinogenesis and Tumor Promotion. Center for Cancer Research. National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892. US
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238
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Zhang L, Yeger H, Das B, Irwin MS, Baruchel S. Tissue microenvironment modulates CXCR4 expression and tumor metastasis in neuroblastoma. Neoplasia 2007; 9:36-46. [PMID: 17325742 PMCID: PMC1803034 DOI: 10.1593/neo.06670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2006] [Revised: 11/27/2006] [Accepted: 11/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma (NB) is derived from intrinsic migratory neural crest cells and has a high potential for distant metastasis. Growing evidence has implicated chemokine receptors, especially CXCR4, which normally control immune and inflammatory cell migration, as having important roles in tumor progression. In this study, we investigated the expression of CXCR4 in eight different NB cell lines and found that CXCR4 expression is dynamically regulated in NB and can be modulated by different tissue stromata. In addition, we demonstrate that IL-5 and IFN-gamma are released from stromal cells and act as differential mediators for CXCR4 expression. We also overexpressed CXCR4 in two NB cell lines, NUB-7 and SK-N-BE(2), and studied the role of CXCR4 in NB metastasis both in vitro and in vivo. In vitro transwell invasion assay showed that CXCR4 overexpression promoted NB cell migration preferentially toward a bone marrow stromal cell-conditioned medium. Using an in vivo xenograft model, CXCR4-overexpressing cells showed an increased incidence of metastasis, most notably bone marrow metastasis. Our studies reveal critical roles for CXCR4 in NB metastasis and provide insights into the regulatory mechanism of chemokine receptors in NB and the importance of the tissue microenvironment in modulating tumor cell behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libo Zhang
- New Agent and Innovative Therapy Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Pediatric Laboratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Herman Yeger
- Department of Pediatric Laboratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Bikul Das
- New Agent and Innovative Therapy Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Pediatric Laboratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Meredith S Irwin
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sylvain Baruchel
- New Agent and Innovative Therapy Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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239
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Deshane J, Chen S, Caballero S, Grochot-Przeczek A, Was H, Li Calzi S, Lach R, Hock TD, Chen B, Hill-Kapturczak N, Siegal GP, Dulak J, Jozkowicz A, Grant MB, Agarwal A. Stromal cell-derived factor 1 promotes angiogenesis via a heme oxygenase 1-dependent mechanism. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 204:605-18. [PMID: 17339405 PMCID: PMC1855437 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20061609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1) plays a major role in the migration, recruitment, and retention of endothelial progenitor cells to sites of ischemic injury and contributes to neovascularization. We provide direct evidence demonstrating an important role for heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) in mediating the proangiogenic effects of SDF-1. Nanomolar concentrations of SDF-1 induced HO-1 in endothelial cells through a protein kinase C zeta-dependent and vascular endothelial growth factor-independent mechanism. SDF-1-induced endothelial tube formation and migration was impaired in HO-1-deficient cells. Aortic rings from HO-1(-/-) mice were unable to form capillary sprouts in response to SDF-1, a defect reversed by CO, a byproduct of the HO-1 reaction. Phosphorylation of vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein was impaired in HO-1(-/-) cells, an event that was restored by CO. The functional significance of HO-1 in the proangiogenic effects of SDF-1 was confirmed in Matrigel plug, wound healing, and retinal ischemia models in vivo. The absence of HO-1 was associated with impaired wound healing. Intravitreal adoptive transfer of HO-1-deficient endothelial precursors showed defective homing and reendothelialization of the retinal vasculature compared with HO-1 wild-type cells following ischemia. These findings demonstrate a mechanistic role for HO-1 in SDF-1-mediated angiogenesis and provide new avenues for therapeutic approaches in vascular repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessy Deshane
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Research and Training Center and Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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240
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Kopp HG, Ramos CA, Rafii S. Contribution of endothelial progenitors and proangiogenic hematopoietic cells to vascularization of tumor and ischemic tissue. Curr Opin Hematol 2006; 13:175-81. [PMID: 16567962 PMCID: PMC2945883 DOI: 10.1097/01.moh.0000219664.26528.da] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW During the last several years, a substantial amount of evidence from animal as well as human studies has advanced our knowledge of how bone marrow derived cells contribute to neoangiogenesis. In the light of recent findings, we may have to redefine our thinking of endothelial cells as well as of perivascular mural cells. RECENT FINDINGS Inflammatory hematopoietic cells, such as macrophages, have been shown to promote neoangiogenesis during tumor growth and wound healing. Dendritic cells, B lymphocytes, monocytes, and other immune cells have also been found to be recruited to neoangiogenic niches and to support neovessel formation. These findings have led to the concept that subsets of hematopoietic cells comprise proangiogenic cells that drive adult revascularization processes. While evidence of the importance of endothelial progenitor cells in adult vasculogenesis increased further, the role of these comobilized hematopoietic cells has been intensely studied in the last few years. SUMMARY Angiogenic factors promote mobilization of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1-positive hematopoietic cells through matrix metalloproteinase-9 mediated release of soluble kit-ligand and recruit these proangiogenic cells to areas of hypoxia, where perivascular mural cells present stromal-derived factor 1 (CXCL-12) as an important retention signal. The same factors are possibly involved in mobilization of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2-positive endothelial precursors that may participate in neovessel formation. The complete characterization of mechanisms, mediators and signaling pathways involved in these processes will provide novel targets for both anti and proangiogenic therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Georg Kopp
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, USA
| | - Carlos A. Ramos
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - Shahin Rafii
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, USA
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241
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Abstract
In chronic renal failure (CRF), renal impairment correlates with tubulointerstitial fibrosis characterized by inflammation, interstitial expansion with accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM), tubular atrophy and vascular obliteration. Tubulointerstitial injury subsequent to glomerular sclerosis may be induced by proteinuria, leakage of glomerular filtrate or injury to the post-glomerular peritubular capillaries (hypoxia). In vivo data in animal models suggest that CRF is associated with hypoxia, with the decline in renal Po2 preceding ECM accumulation. Chronic renal failure is characterized by loss of microvascular profiles but, in the absence of microvascular obliteration, hypoxia can occur by a variety of complementary mechanisms, including anaemia, decreased capillary flow, increased vasoconstriction, increased metabolic demand and increased diffusion distances due to ECM deposition. Hypoxia regulates a wide array of genes, including many fibrogenic factors. Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF) are the major, but not the sole, transcriptional regulators in the hypoxic response. In CRF, hypoxia may play a role in the sustained inflammatory response. In vitro studies in tubulointerstitial cells suggest that hypoxia can induce profibrogenic changes in proximal tubular epithelial cells and interstitial fibroblasts consistent with changes observed in CRF in vivo. The effect of hypoxia on renal microvascular cells warrants investigation. Hypoxia may play a role in the recruitment, retention and differentiation of circulating progenitor cells to the kidney contributing to the disease process and may also affect intrinsic stem cell populations. Chronic hypoxia in CRF fails to induce a sustained angiogenic response. Therapeutic manipulation of the hypoxic response may be of benefit in slowing progression of CRF. Potential therapies include correction of anaemia, inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system, administration of exogenous pro-angiogenic factors to protect the microvasculature, activation of HIF and hypoxia-mediated targeting of engineered progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill T Norman
- Centre for Nephrology, Division of Medicine, Royal Free and University College Medical School, University College London, London, UK.
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242
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Fadini GP, Sartore S, Schiavon M, Albiero M, Baesso I, Cabrelle A, Agostini C, Avogaro A. Diabetes impairs progenitor cell mobilisation after hindlimb ischaemia-reperfusion injury in rats. Diabetologia 2006; 49:3075-84. [PMID: 17072586 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-006-0401-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2006] [Accepted: 07/04/2006] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS A reduction in the number of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) is considered a plausible cause of increased cardiovascular risk in diabetes mellitus. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that weak bone marrow mobilisation is responsible for the decrease in circulating EPCs in diabetes. MATERIALS AND METHODS We employed a model of hindlimb ischaemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury to study mobilisation of EPCs in control and streptozotocin diabetic rats. EPCs were defined by flow cytometry as Sca-1(+) and Sca-1(+)c-kit(+) peripheral blood cells and further characterised by the expression of CD31, von Willebrand factor and fetal liver kinase-1. Capillary density was evaluated by immunofluorescent staining of vWF. We also determined plasma levels of stromal cell-derived factor (SDF-1) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) by ELISA and muscle expression of hypoxia-induced factor (HIF-1alpha) by Western blotting. RESULTS In control rats, EPCs showed a mobilisation curve within 7 days, while diabetic rats were completely unable to mobilise EPCs after I/R injury. As a consequence, diabetic rats showed no compensatory increase in muscle capillary density. Defective EPC mobilisation in diabetes was associated with altered release of SDF-1 and VEGF and inability to upregulate muscle HIF-1alpha. Both insulin administration and premedication with granulocyte-colony stimulating factor and stem cell factor led to partial recovery in post-ischaemic mobilisation of EPCs in diabetic rats. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Defective ischaemia-induced bone marrow mobilisation of EPCs impedes compensatory angiogenesis in ischaemic tissues of diabetic animals. Growth factor administration together with blood glucose control may offer a rational therapeutic strategy for diabetic ischaemic syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- G P Fadini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Metabolic Diseases Division, University of Padua Medical School, Via Giustiniani, 2, Padua, Italy.
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243
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Mendelson K, Schoen FJ. Heart valve tissue engineering: concepts, approaches, progress, and challenges. Ann Biomed Eng 2006; 34:1799-819. [PMID: 17053986 PMCID: PMC1705506 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-006-9163-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2006] [Accepted: 07/11/2006] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Potential applications of tissue engineering in regenerative medicine range from structural tissues to organs with complex function. This review focuses on the engineering of heart valve tissue, a goal which involves a unique combination of biological, engineering, and technological hurdles. We emphasize basic concepts, approaches and methods, progress made, and remaining challenges. To provide a framework for understanding the enabling scientific principles, we first examine the elements and features of normal heart valve functional structure, biomechanics, development, maturation, remodeling, and response to injury. Following a discussion of the fundamental principles of tissue engineering applicable to heart valves, we examine three approaches to achieving the goal of an engineered tissue heart valve: (1) cell seeding of biodegradable synthetic scaffolds, (2) cell seeding of processed tissue scaffolds, and (3) in-vivo repopulation by circulating endogenous cells of implanted substrates without prior in-vitro cell seeding. Lastly, we analyze challenges to the field and suggest future directions for both preclinical and translational (clinical) studies that will be needed to address key regulatory issues for safety and efficacy of the application of tissue engineering and regenerative approaches to heart valves. Although modest progress has been made toward the goal of a clinically useful tissue engineered heart valve, further success and ultimate human benefit will be dependent upon advances in biodegradable polymers and other scaffolds, cellular manipulation, strategies for rebuilding the extracellular matrix, and techniques to characterize and potentially non-invasively assess the speed and quality of tissue healing and remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Mendelson
- />Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Frederick J. Schoen
- />Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
- />Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115 USA
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244
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Segret A, Rücker-Martin C, Pavoine C, Flavigny J, Deroubaix E, Châtel MA, Lombet A, Renaud JF. Structural localization and expression of CXCL12 and CXCR4 in rat heart and isolated cardiac myocytes. J Histochem Cytochem 2006; 55:141-50. [PMID: 17046839 DOI: 10.1369/jhc.6a7050.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
CXCL12 (SDF-1), which binds CXCR4, is involved in several physiological and pathophysiological processes. In heart, this axis seems to play a key role in cardiogenesis and is involved in the neovascularization of ischemic tissues. Rats have three known CXCL12 mRNA isoforms, of which only alpha and gamma are present in the normal heart. However, little is known about CXCL12 protein expression and localization. We investigated the pattern of protein expression and the localization of both CXCR4 and CXCL12 in the heart, using isolated cardiomyocytes and a rat myocardial infarction model. Western blots showed that cardiomyocytes contained a specific 67-kDa CXCR4 isoform and a 12-kDa CXCL12 isoform. Confocal and electron microscopy clearly showed that CXCR4 was present at the plasmalemma and CXCL12 in continuity of the Z-line, in the proximal part of T-tubules. In conclusion, we provide the first description of the expression and fine localization of CXCR4 and CXCL12 proteins in normal rat heart and cardiomyocytes. These results suggest that the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis may be involved in cardiomyocyte calcium homeostasis regulation. Our work and the well-known chemoattraction properties of the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis highlight the importance of deciphering the function of this axis in both normal and pathological hearts.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Chemokine CXCL12
- Chemokines, CXC/biosynthesis
- Chemokines, CXC/metabolism
- Male
- Microscopy, Confocal
- Microscopy, Electron, Transmission
- Myocardial Infarction/metabolism
- Myocardium/metabolism
- Myocardium/ultrastructure
- Myocytes, Cardiac/metabolism
- Myocytes, Cardiac/ultrastructure
- Protein Isoforms/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptors, CXCR4/biosynthesis
- Receptors, CXCR4/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Segret
- CNRS-UMR 8162, Université Paris XI Sud, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, 133 avenue de la Résistance, 92350 Le Plessis-Robinson, France.
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245
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Jiang M, Wang B, Wang C, He B, Fan H, Guo TB, Shao Q, Gao L, Liu Y. Inhibition of hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha and endothelial progenitor cell differentiation by adenoviral transfer of small interfering RNA in vitro. J Vasc Res 2006; 43:511-21. [PMID: 17008771 DOI: 10.1159/000095964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2006] [Accepted: 08/05/2006] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA interference is applied to study gene function in different organisms and in various cell types. Little is known about the effect of RNA interference on human endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) in vitro. To address this issue, short hairpin RNA targeting the human hypoxia inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha) was transferred into human EPCs by an adenoviral vector. HIF-1alpha mRNA and protein expression was dramatically and specifically downregulated after adeno-small interfering RNA (siRNA)-HIF-1alpha infection in cells under hypoxia, a condition in which HIF-1alpha would have been induced. This effect persisted for at least 72 h and was accompanied by suppression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) mRNA and protein expression. The expression of endothelial cell markers CD31, VEGF receptor 2 (Flk-1) and eNOS as well as NO production were also markedly decreased. Functional studies showed HIF-1alpha knockdown via adenoviral siRNA transfer inhibited EPC colony formation, differentiation, proliferation and migration. These data indicate that specific gene knockdown via adenoviral transfer of siRNA is feasible in EPCs, and the effect is long-lasting. Our findings raise the possibility that such long-term modified human EPCs may be used to treat hypoxic tumor metastases that are known to be resistant to conventional therapeutic regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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246
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Ratajczak MZ, Reca R, Wysoczynski M, Yan J, Ratajczak J. Modulation of the SDF-1-CXCR4 axis by the third complement component (C3)--implications for trafficking of CXCR4+ stem cells. Exp Hematol 2006; 34:986-95. [PMID: 16863905 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2006.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2006] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Several organs including hematopoietic ones may regenerate by attracting stem cells that are mobilized from their niches in response to stress related to tissue/organ damage and after mobilization circulate in the peripheral blood. The trafficking of these cells is regulated by alpha-chemokine stromal derived factor-1 (SDF-1) that is upregulated in damaged organs and binds to seven-transmembrane-span G-protein-coupled CXCR4 receptor that is expressed on circulating stem cells. In parallel, evidence has accumulated that the complement (C) system, which is part of innate immunity, may also orchestrate regeneration. C becomes activated with the release of the third complement component (C3) cleavage fragments (e.g., C3a, desArgC3a, and iC3b) during tissue/organ injury. Our recent work demonstrated that these fragments modulate responsiveness of CXCR4+ stem cells to an SDF-1 gradient. Thus the high concentration of both SDF-1 and C3 cleavage fragments in damaged organs results in the formation of an optimal gradient for chemoattracting circulating CXCR4+ stem cells. In this review we will focus on interactions between the SDF-1-CXCR4 axis and the C3 cleavage fragments in a model of mobilization, trafficking, and homing of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Z Ratajczak
- Stem Cell Biology Program, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
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247
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Abstract
Metastasis follows the inappropriate activation of a genetic programme termed invasive growth, which is a physiological process that occurs during embryonic development and post-natal organ regeneration. Burgeoning evidence indicates that invasive growth is also executed by stem and progenitor cells, and is usurped by cancer stem cells. The MET proto-oncogene, which is expressed in both stem and cancer cells, is a key regulator of invasive growth. Recent findings indicate that the MET tyrosine-kinase receptor is a sensor of adverse microenvironmental conditions (such as hypoxia) and drives cell invasion and metastasis through the transcriptional activation of a set of genes that control blood coagulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Boccaccio
- Institute for Cancer Research and Treatment (IRCC), University of Turin Medical School, Str. Prov. 142, 10060 Candiolo, Italy.
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248
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You D, Waeckel L, Ebrahimian TG, Blanc-Brude O, Foubert P, Barateau V, Duriez M, Lericousse-Roussanne S, Vilar J, Dejana E, Tobelem G, Lévy BI, Silvestre JS. Increase in vascular permeability and vasodilation are critical for proangiogenic effects of stem cell therapy. Circulation 2006; 114:328-38. [PMID: 16847153 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.105.589937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proangiogenic cell therapy based on administration of bone marrow-derived mononuclear cells (BMCs) or endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) is now under investigation in humans for the treatment of ischemic diseases. However, mechanisms leading to the beneficial effects of BMCs and EPCs remain unclear. METHODS AND RESULTS BMC- and CD34+-derived progenitor cells interacted with ischemic femoral arteries through SDF-1 and CXCR4 signaling and released nitric oxide (NO) via an endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS)-dependent pathway. BMC-induced NO production promoted a marked vasodilation and disrupted vascular endothelial-cadherin/beta-catenin complexes, leading to increased vascular permeability. NO-dependent vasodilation and hyperpermeability were critical for BMC infiltration in ischemic tissues and their proangiogenic potential in a model of hindlimb ischemia in mice. CONCLUSIONS Our results propose a new concept that proangiogenic progenitor cell activity does not rely only on their ability to differentiate into endothelial cells but rather on their capacity to modulate the function of preexisting vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong You
- Cardiovascular Research Center, INSERM U689, Hopital Lariboisière, 41 boulevard de la chapelle, 75475 Paris Cedex 10, France
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