201
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Trannoy S, Redt-Clouet C, Dura JM, Preat T. Parallel processing of appetitive short- and long-term memories in Drosophila. Curr Biol 2011; 21:1647-53. [PMID: 21962716 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2011.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Revised: 08/15/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
It is broadly accepted that long-term memory (LTM) is formed sequentially after learning and short-term memory (STM) formation, but the nature of the relationship between early and late memory traces remains heavily debated [1-5]. To shed light on this issue, we used an olfactory appetitive conditioning in Drosophila, wherein starved flies learned to associate an odor with the presence of sugar [6]. We took advantage of the fact that both STM and LTM are generated after a unique conditioning cycle [7, 8] to demonstrate that appetitive LTM is able to form independently of STM. More specifically, we show that (1) STM retrieval involves output from γ neurons of the mushroom body (MB), i.e., the olfactory memory center [9, 10], whereas LTM retrieval involves output from αβ MB neurons; (2) STM information is not transferred from γ neurons to αβ neurons for LTM formation; and (3) the adenylyl cyclase RUT, which is thought to operate as a coincidence detector between the olfactory stimulus and the sugar stimulus [11-14], is required independently in γ neurons to form appetitive STM and in αβ neurons to form LTM. Taken together, these results demonstrate that appetitive short- and long-term memories are formed and processed in parallel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Séverine Trannoy
- Genes and Dynamics of Memory Systems Group, Neurobiology Unit, CNRS, ESPCI, 10 Rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France
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202
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Ganzella M, Moreira JD, Almeida RF, Böhmer AE, Saute JAM, Holmseth S, Souza DO. Effects of 3 weeks GMP oral administration on glutamatergic parameters in mice neocortex. Purinergic Signal 2011; 8:49-58. [PMID: 21881961 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-011-9258-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2011] [Accepted: 08/11/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Overstimulation of the glutamatergic system (excitotoxicity) is involved in various acute and chronic brain diseases. Several studies support the hypothesis that guanosine-5'-monophosphate (GMP) can modulate glutamatergic neurotransmission. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of chronically administered GMP on brain cortical glutamatergic parameters in mice. Additionally, we investigated the neuroprotective potential of the GMP treatment submitting cortical brain slices to oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD). Moreover, measurements of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) purine levels were performed after the treatment. Mice received an oral administration of saline or GMP during 3 weeks. GMP significantly decreases the cortical brain glutamate binding and uptake. Accordingly, GMP reduced the immunocontent of the glutamate receptors subunits, NR2A/B and GluR1 (NMDA and AMPA receptors, respectively) and glutamate transporters EAAC1 and GLT1. GMP treatment significantly reduced the immunocontent of PSD-95 while did not affect the content of Snap 25, GLAST and GFAP. Moreover, GMP treatment increased the resistance of neocortex to OGD insult. The chronic GMP administration increased the CSF levels of GMP and its metabolites. Altogether, these findings suggest a potential modulatory role of GMP on neocortex glutamatergic system by promoting functional and plastic changes associated to more resistance of mice neocortex against an in vitro excitotoxicity event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Ganzella
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-anexo, 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil,
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203
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Transport of animals between rooms: A little-noted aspect of laboratory procedure that may interfere with memory. Behav Processes 2011; 88:12-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2011.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2010] [Revised: 05/31/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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204
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Hong I, Kim J, Song B, Park S, Lee J, Kim J, An B, Lee S, Choi S. Modulation of fear memory by retrieval and extinction: a clue for memory deconsolidation. Rev Neurosci 2011; 22:205-29. [PMID: 21476941 DOI: 10.1515/rns.2011.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Memories are fragile and easily forgotten at first, but after a consolidation period of hours to weeks, are inscribed in our brains as stable traces, no longer vulnerable to conventional amnesic treatments. Retrieval of a memory renders it labile, akin to the early stages of consolidation. This phenomenon has been explored as memory reactivation, in the sense that the memory is temporarily 'deconsolidated', allowing a short time window for amnesic intervention. This window closes again after reconsolidation, which restores the stability of the memory. In contrast to this 'transient deconsolidation' and the short-spanned amnesic effects of consolidation blockers, some specific treatments can disrupt even consolidated memory, leading to apparent amnesia. We propose the term 'amnesic deconsolidation' to describe such processes that lead to disruption of consolidated memory and/or consolidated memory traces. We review studies of these 'amnesic deconsolidation' treatments that enhance memory extinction, alleviate relapse, and reverse learning-induced plasticity. The transient deconsolidation that memory retrieval induces and the amnesic deconsolidation that these regimes induce both seem to dislodge a component that stabilizes consolidated memory. Characterizing this component, at both molecular and network levels, will provide a key to developing clinical treatments for memory-related disorders and to defining the consolidated memory trace.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingie Hong
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
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205
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Moncada D, Ballarini F, Martinez MC, Frey JU, Viola H. Identification of transmitter systems and learning tag molecules involved in behavioral tagging during memory formation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:12931-6. [PMID: 21768371 PMCID: PMC3150922 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1104495108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term memory (LTM) consolidation requires the synthesis of plasticity-related proteins (PRPs). In addition, we have shown recently that LTM formation also requires the setting of a "learning tag" able to capture those PRPs. Weak training, which results only in short-term memory, can set a tag to use PRPs derived from a temporal-spatial closely related event to promote LTM formation. Here, we studied the involvement of glutamatergic, dopaminergic, and noradrenergic inputs on the setting of an inhibitory avoidance (IA) learning tag and the synthesis of PRPs. Rats explored an open field (PRP donor) followed by weak (tag inducer) or strong (tag inducer plus PRP donor) IA training. Throughout pharmacological interventions around open-field and/or IA sessions, we found that hippocampal dopamine D1/D5- and β-adrenergic receptors are specifically required to induce PRP synthesis. Moreover, activation of the glutamatergic NMDA receptors is required for setting the learning tags, and this machinery further required α-Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II and PKA but not ERK1/2 activity. Together, the present findings emphasize an essential role of the induction of PRPs and learning tags for LTM formation. The existence of only the PRP or the tag was insufficient for stabilization of the mnemonic trace.
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MESH Headings
- 1-(5-Isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-Methylpiperazine/analogs & derivatives
- 1-(5-Isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-Methylpiperazine/pharmacology
- 2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate/analogs & derivatives
- 2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate/pharmacology
- Adrenergic beta-Antagonists/pharmacology
- Animals
- Avoidance Learning/physiology
- Benzazepines/pharmacology
- CA1 Region, Hippocampal/metabolism
- Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 2/metabolism
- Dobutamine/pharmacology
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists/pharmacology
- Exploratory Behavior/physiology
- Male
- Memory, Long-Term/drug effects
- Memory, Long-Term/physiology
- Memory, Short-Term/drug effects
- Memory, Short-Term/physiology
- Neuronal Plasticity/physiology
- Propranolol/pharmacology
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/metabolism
- Receptors, Dopamine D1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Dopamine D1/metabolism
- Receptors, Dopamine D5/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Dopamine D5/metabolism
- Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Moncada
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencias, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas de Argentina, CP 1121 Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Department of Neurophysiology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, 39118 Magdeburg, Germany; and
| | - Fabricio Ballarini
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencias, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas de Argentina, CP 1121 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Cecilia Martinez
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencias, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas de Argentina, CP 1121 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Julietta U. Frey
- Department of Neurophysiology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, 39118 Magdeburg, Germany; and
| | - Haydee Viola
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencias, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas de Argentina, CP 1121 Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CP 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
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206
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Davoodi FG, Motamedi F, Akbari E, Ghanbarian E, Jila B. Effect of reversible inactivation of reuniens nucleus on memory processing in passive avoidance task. Behav Brain Res 2011; 221:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2011.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Revised: 02/08/2011] [Accepted: 02/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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207
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Azizbeigi R, Ahmadi S, Babapour V, Rezayof A, Zarrindast MR. Nicotine restores morphine-induced memory deficit through the D1 and D2 dopamine receptor mechanisms in the nucleus accumbens. J Psychopharmacol 2011; 25:1126-33. [PMID: 21616978 DOI: 10.1177/0269881111405354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Involvement of the dopamine D1 and D2 receptors in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) with interaction between morphine and nicotine on inhibitory avoidance (IA) memory was investigated. A step-through type of inhibitory avoidance tasks was used to assess memory in male Wistar rats. The results showed that subcutaneous (s.c.) administration of morphine (7.5 mg/kg) after training decreased retrieval of IA memory in the animals when tested 24 h later. Pre-test administration of the same dose of morphine significantly reversed the deficiency in retrieval. The results also showed that pre-test administration of nicotine (0.2 and 0.4 mg/kg, s.c.) by itself mimicked the effect of pre-test morphine, and lower doses of nicotine (0.1 and 0.2 mg/kg) also improved the effect of a low dose of morphine (2.5 mg/kg) on retrieval of IA memory. Pre-test intra-NAc administration of the dopamine D1 receptor antagonist, SCH 23390 (0.001 and 0.01 µg/rat), and the dopamine D2 receptor antagonist, sulpiride (0.5 and 1 µg/rat) caused no significant effects on IA memory by themselves, but both prevented reinstatement of the retrieval of IA memory by the effective dose of nicotine (0.4 mg/kg). It can be concluded that the dopaminergic mechanism(s) in the NAc is a crosslink for the effect of morphine and nicotine on reinstatement of retrieval of IA memory impaired by post-training administration of morphine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronak Azizbeigi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Specialized Veterinary Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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208
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do Prado-Lima PAS, Perrenoud MF, Kristensen CH, Cammarota M, Izquierdo I. Topiramate diminishes fear memory consolidation and extinguishes conditioned fear in rats. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2011; 36:250-5. [PMID: 21392483 PMCID: PMC3120893 DOI: 10.1503/jpn.100115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Topiramate has been recognized as a drug that can induce memory and cognitive impairment. Using the one-trial inhibitory avoidance task, we sought to verify the effect of topiramate on consolidation and extinction of aversive memory. Our hypothesis was that topiramate inhibits the consolidation and enhances the extinction of this fear memory. METHODS In experiment 1, which occured immediately or 3 hours after training, topiramate was administered to rats, and consolidation of memory was verified 18 days after the conditioning session. In experiment 2, which occured 18-22 days after the training session, rats were submitted to the extinction protocol. Rats received topiramate 14 days before or during the extinction protocol. RESULTS Topiramate blocked fear memory retention (p < 0.01) and enhanced fear memory extinction (p < 0.001) only when administered during the extinction protocol. LIMITATIONS This experimental design did not allow us to determine whether topiramate also blocked the reconsolidation of fear memory. CONCLUSION Topira mate diminishes fear memory consolidation and promotes extinction of inhibitory avoidance memory.
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209
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Jafari-Sabet M. Involvement of dorsal hippocampal muscarinic cholinergic receptors on muscimol state-dependent memory of passive avoidance in mice. Life Sci 2011; 88:1136-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2011.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2010] [Revised: 03/24/2011] [Accepted: 04/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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210
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Sultan S, Lefort JM, Sacquet J, Mandairon N, Didier A. Acquisition of an olfactory associative task triggers a regionalized down-regulation of adult born neuron cell death. Front Neurosci 2011; 5:52. [PMID: 21577252 PMCID: PMC3088868 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2011.00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2011] [Accepted: 03/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Associative olfactory learning increased survival of adult born granule interneurons in the olfactory bulb (OB) at regions which are specific to the learned odorant. However, the mechanism shaping this odor-specific distribution of newborn neurons and its temporal relationship with the learning process are unknown. In the present study, using Bromodeoxyuridine or activated-caspase3 labeling, newborn and apoptotic cells respectively were mapped in the granule cell layer (GCL) of the OB, just before, during, and at the end of odor conditioning or pseudo-conditioning in adult mice. Results indicate that before and during training, when the task is not yet acquired, conditioned and pseudo-conditioned animals displayed the same density of newborn neurons. However, at the end of the conditioning, when the animals mastered the task, the density of newborn cells remained elevated in conditioned animals while it decreased in pseudo-conditioned animals suggesting newborn cell death in that group. Indeed, using Activated-Caspase3/BrdU co-labeling, we found that the proportion of newborn cells among dying cells was reduced in conditioned animals mastering the task compared to non-expert conditioned or pseudo-conditioned animals. The overall level of cell death did not change across training and was similar in conditioned and pseudo-conditioned groups, indicating that BrdU-positive cells were spared to the detriment of non-labeled cells. In addition, a fine analysis of cell distribution showed an uneven distribution of apoptotic cells, with lower densities in the medial part of the GCL where the density of newborn cells is high in conditioned animals. We conclude that acquisition of the task triggered the rescue of newborn neurons by a targeted regulation of cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Sultan
- CNRS, UMR5020; INSERM, U1028; Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Neuroplasticity and Neuropathology of olfactory perception Team, University of Lyon, Lyon; University Lyon1 Villeurbanne, France
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211
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Zoladz PR, Park CR, Halonen JD, Salim S, Alzoubi KH, Srivareerat M, Fleshner M, Alkadhi KA, Diamond DM. Differential expression of molecular markers of synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, and amygdala in response to spatial learning, predator exposure, and stress-induced amnesia. Hippocampus 2011; 22:577-89. [DOI: 10.1002/hipo.20922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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212
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Munguba H, Cabral A, Leão A, Barbosa F, Izídio G, Ribeiro A, Silva R. Pre-training anandamide infusion within the basolateral amygdala impairs plus-maze discriminative avoidance task in rats. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2011; 95:527-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2011.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Revised: 02/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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213
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Vignisse J, Steinbusch HWM, Bolkunov A, Nunes J, Santos AI, Grandfils C, Bachurin S, Strekalova T. Dimebon enhances hippocampus-dependent learning in both appetitive and inhibitory memory tasks in mice. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2011; 35:510-22. [PMID: 21163318 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2010.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2010] [Revised: 12/07/2010] [Accepted: 12/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Pre-clinical and clinical studies on dimebon (dimebolin or latrepirdine) have demonstrated its use as a cognitive enhancer. Here, we show that dimebon administered to 3-month-old C57BL6N mice 15 min prior to training in both appetitive and inhibitory learning tasks via repeated (0.1 mg/kg) and acute (0.5 mg/kg) i.p. injections, respectively, increases memory scores. Acute treatment with dimebon was found to enhance inhibitory learning, as also shown in the step-down avoidance paradigm in 7-month-old mice. Bolus administration of dimebon did not affect the animals' locomotion, exploration or anxiety-like behaviour, with the exception of exploratory behaviour in older mice in the novel cage test. In a model of appetitive learning, a spatial version of the Y-maze, dimebon increased the rate of correct choices and decreased the latency of accessing a water reward after water deprivation, and increased the duration of drinking behaviour during training/testing procedures. Repeated treatment with dimebon did not alter the behaviours in other tests or water consumption. Acute treatment of water-deprived and non-water-deprived mice with dimebon also did not affect their water intake. Our data suggest that dimebon enhances hippocampus-dependent learning in both appetitive and inhibitory tasks in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Vignisse
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, NL 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
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214
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Robinson L, Platt B, Riedel G. Involvement of the cholinergic system in conditioning and perceptual memory. Behav Brain Res 2011; 221:443-65. [PMID: 21315109 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2011.01.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Accepted: 01/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The cholinergic systems play a pivotal role in learning and memory, and have been the centre of attention when it comes to diseases containing cognitive deficits. It is therefore not surprising, that the cholinergic transmitter system has experienced detailed examination of its role in numerous behavioural situations not least with the perspective that cognition may be rescued with appropriate cholinergic 'boosters'. Here we reviewed the literature on (i) cholinergic lesions, (ii) pharmacological intervention of muscarinic or nicotinic system, or (iii) genetic deletion of selective receptor subtypes with respect to sensory discrimination and conditioning procedures. We consider visual, auditory, olfactory and somatosensory processing first before discussing more complex tasks such as startle responses, latent inhibition, negative patterning, eye blink and fear conditioning, and passive avoidance paradigms. An overarching reoccurring theme is that lesions of the cholinergic projection neurones of the basal forebrain impact negatively on acquisition learning in these paradigms and blockade of muscarinic (and to a lesser extent nicotinic) receptors in the target structures produce similar behavioural deficits. While these pertain mainly to impairments in acquisition learning, some rare cases extend to memory consolidation. Such single case observations warranted replication and more in-depth studies. Intriguingly, receptor blockade or receptor gene knockout repeatedly produced contradictory results (for example in fear conditioning) and combined studies, in which genetically altered mice are pharmacological manipulated, are so far missing. However, they are desperately needed to clarify underlying reasons for these contradictions. Consistently, stimulation of either muscarinic (mainly M(1)) or nicotinic (predominantly α7) receptors was beneficial for learning and memory formation across all paradigms supporting the notion that research into the development and mechanisms of novel and better cholinomimetics may prove useful in the treatment of neurodegenerative or psychiatric disorders with cognitive endophenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianne Robinson
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK.
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215
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Oşan R, Chen G, Feng R, Tsien JZ. Differential consolidation and pattern reverberations within episodic cell assemblies in the mouse hippocampus. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16507. [PMID: 21347227 PMCID: PMC3039647 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2010] [Accepted: 01/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
One hallmark feature of consolidation of episodic memory is that only a fraction
of original information, which is usually in a more abstract form, is selected
for long-term memory storage. How does the brain perform these differential
memory consolidations? To investigate the neural network mechanism that governs
this selective consolidation process, we use a set of distinct fearful events to
study if and how hippocampal CA1 cells engage in selective memory encoding and
consolidation. We show that these distinct episodes activate a unique assembly
of CA1 episodic cells, or neural cliques, whose response-selectivity ranges from
general-to-specific features. A series of parametric analyses further reveal
that post-learning CA1 episodic pattern replays or reverberations are mostly
mediated by cells exhibiting event intensity-invariant responses, not by the
intensity-sensitive cells. More importantly, reactivation cross-correlations
displayed by intensity-invariant cells encoding general episodic features during
immediate post-learning period tend to be stronger than those displayed by
invariant cells encoding specific features. These differential reactivations
within the CA1 episodic cell populations can thus provide the hippocampus with a
selection mechanism to consolidate preferentially more generalized knowledge for
long-term memory storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remus Oşan
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of
Mathematics and Statistics, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United
States of America
| | - Guifen Chen
- Brain and Behavior Discovery Institute and
Department of Neurology, MCG, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta,
Georgia, United States of America
| | - Ruiben Feng
- Brain and Behavior Discovery Institute and
Department of Neurology, MCG, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta,
Georgia, United States of America
| | - Joe Z. Tsien
- Brain and Behavior Discovery Institute and
Department of Neurology, MCG, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta,
Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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216
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Piri M, Zarrindast M. Nitric oxide in the ventral tegmental area is involved in retrieval of inhibitory avoidance memory by nicotine. Neuroscience 2011; 175:154-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.11.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2010] [Revised: 11/29/2010] [Accepted: 11/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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217
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Functional interaction of mGlu5 and NMDA receptors in aversive learning in rats. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2010; 95:73-9. [PMID: 21093598 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2010.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2010] [Revised: 10/23/2010] [Accepted: 11/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGlu5) has been implicated in a variety of learning processes and is important for inhibitory avoidance and conditioned taste aversion learning. MGlu5 receptors are physically connected with NMDA receptors and they interact with, and modulate, the function of one another in several brain regions. The present studies used systemic co-administration of an mGlu5 receptor positive allosteric modulator, 3-cyano-N-(1,3-diphenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)benzamide (CDPPB) and an NMDA receptor antagonist dizocilpine maleate (MK-801) to characterize the interactions of these receptors in two aversive learning tasks. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were trained in a single-trial step-down inhibitory avoidance or conditioned taste aversion task. CDPPB (3 or 10mg/kg, s.c.), delivered by itself prior to the conditioning trial, did not have any effect on performance in either task 48 h after training. However, CDPPB (at 3mg/kg) attenuated the MK-801 (0.2mg/kg, i.p.) induced learning deficit in both tasks. CDPPB also reduced MK-801-induced hyperactivity. These results underlie the importance of mGlu5 and NMDA receptor interactions in modulating memory processing, and are consistent with findings showing the efficacy of positive allosteric modulators of mGlu5 receptors in reversing the negative effects of NMDA receptor antagonists on other behaviors such as stereotypy, sensorimotor gating, or working, spatial and recognition memory.
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218
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Izquierdo I, Cammarota M, Medina JH. Long-term memory persistence. FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2010. [DOI: 10.2217/fnl.10.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Memories lasting 6–24 h or more are usually called long-term memories. Some of them, however, persist just a couple of days, and others last months or years. Recent studies have described a delayed post-training phase that induces memory persistence. Two mechanisms have been described in rodents immediately after hippocampal cellular consolidation is over that have been suggested to pave the way for systems consolidation. One consists of the single, delayed activation of a hippocampal set of processes initiated by the local release and action of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, triggered by D1 receptor activation by dopaminergic fibers coming from the ventral tegmental area 12 h after acquisition. The other involves a circadian activation of another mechanism that involves repeated cyclic AMP and ERK activation, also in the hippocampus. Both mechanisms may be related; brain-derived neurotrophic factor action is mediated by ERKs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin Cammarota
- Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Memory Center, Brain Institute, Av. Ipiranga 6690, 2nd floor, 90610–000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Neurociência Translacional, CNPq, Brazil
| | - Jorge H Medina
- Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Memory Center, Brain Institute, Av. Ipiranga 6690, 2nd floor, 90610–000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Neurociência Translacional, CNPq, Brazil
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219
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Il-Han J, Janes T, Lukowiak K. The role of serotonin in the enhancement of long-term memory resulting from predator detection in Lymnaea. J Exp Biol 2010; 213:3603-14. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.048256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY
Serotonergic systems play important roles in modulating stress-induced arousal and vigilance behaviours. The pond snail, Lymnaea, shows multiple defensive vigilance behaviours in response to the stress associated with predator detection. Predator detection elicited by crayfish effluent (CE), increases the time to re-emerge from the shell and enhances the shadow withdrawal response. More importantly, in Lymnaea, CE enhances the ability to form long-term memory (LTM). We investigated the role of the serotonergic system in these anti-predator responses in Lymnaea. Using a serotonin-receptor antagonist, mianserin, we found that two defensive vigilance behaviours (e.g. increasing the time to re-emerge from their shell and shadow response) elicited by CE were not observed when the serotonergic system was disrupted. Also, methysergide, another serotonin antagonist, blocked the enhanced LTM formation after training in CE. Importantly, mianserin did not alter LTM formation in pond water (PW). These data suggest that a serotonergic system is activated only when Lymnaea detect a predator. When snails were trained in CE using a training procedure that in PW produces a 24-h LTM, a more persistent form of LTM (5 days) occurred. This more persistent form of LTM was abolished after mianserin treatment. Increasing 5-HT levels in the snail by the injection of 5-HT was also associated with enhanced LTM formation. Lastly, we tested whether the osphradium is implicated in CE detection and subsequent enhanced formation of LTM. Cutting the osphradial nerve to the CNS resulted in the loss of the ability to form enhanced LTM in CE. Together, these findings support the hypothesis that the serotonergic system plays a key role in modulating the predator-induced stress responses in Lymnaea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Il-Han
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive, NW Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Tara Janes
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive, NW Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Ken Lukowiak
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive, NW Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
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220
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Aversive memory in sepsis survivor rats. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2010; 118:213-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-010-0502-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2010] [Accepted: 10/05/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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221
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Profile of Ivan Izquierdo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:14947-9. [DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1010117107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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222
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Kermen F, Sultan S, Sacquet J, Mandairon N, Didier A. Consolidation of an olfactory memory trace in the olfactory bulb is required for learning-induced survival of adult-born neurons and long-term memory. PLoS One 2010; 5:e12118. [PMID: 20730099 PMCID: PMC2921340 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2010] [Accepted: 07/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has recently been proposed that adult-born neurons in the olfactory bulb, whose survival is modulated by learning, support long-term olfactory memory. However, the mechanism used to select which adult-born neurons following learning will participate in the long-term retention of olfactory information is unknown. We addressed this question by investigating the effect of bulbar consolidation of olfactory learning on memory and neurogenesis. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Initially, we used a behavioral ecological approach using adult mice to assess the impact of consolidation on neurogenesis. Using learning paradigms in which consolidation time was varied, we showed that a spaced (across days), but not a massed (within day), learning paradigm increased survival of adult-born neurons and allowed long-term retention of the task. Subsequently, we used a pharmacological approach to block consolidation in the olfactory bulb, consisting in intrabulbar infusion of the protein synthesis inhibitor anisomycin, and found impaired learning and no increase in neurogenesis, while basic olfactory processing and the basal rate of adult-born neuron survival remained unaffected. Taken together these data indicate that survival of adult-born neurons during learning depends on consolidation processes taking place in the olfactory bulb. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE We can thus propose a model in which consolidation processes in the olfactory bulb determine both survival of adult-born neurons and long-term olfactory memory. The finding that adult-born neuron survival during olfactory learning is governed by consolidation in the olfactory bulb strongly argues in favor of a role for bulbar adult-born neurons in supporting olfactory memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Kermen
- Université Lyon 1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 5020 Neurosciences Sensorielles, Comportement, Cognition, Lyon, France.
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223
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Furini CR, Rossato JI, Bitencourt LL, Medina JH, Izquierdo I, Cammarota M. Beta-adrenergic receptors link NO/sGC/PKG signaling to BDNF expression during the consolidation of object recognition long-term memory. Hippocampus 2010; 20:672-83. [PMID: 19533679 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.20656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The nitric oxide (NO)/soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC)/protein kinase G (PKG) pathway is important for memory processing, but the identity of its downstream effectors as well as its actual participation in the consolidation of nonaversive declarative long-term memory (LTM) remain unknown. Here, we show that training rats in an object recognition (OR) learning task rapidly increased nitrites/nitrates (NOx) content in the CA1 region of the dorsal hippocampus while posttraining intra-CA1 microinfusion of the neuronal NO synthase (nNOS) inhibitor L-NN hindered OR LTM retention without affecting memory retrieval or other behavioral variables. The amnesic effect of L-NN was not state dependent, was mimicked by the sGC inhibitor LY83583 and the PKG inhibitor KT-5823, and reversed by coinfusion of the NO donor S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP) and the PKG activator 8-bromoguanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (8Br-cGMP). SNAP did not affect the amnesic effect of LY83583 and KT-5823. Conversely, 8Br-cGMP overturned the amnesia induced by LY83583 but not that caused by KT-5823. Intra-CA1 infusion of the beta-adrenergic receptor blocker timolol right after training hindered OR LTM and, although coadministration of noradrenaline reversed the amnesia caused by L-NN, LY83583, and KT5823, the amnesic effect of timolol was unaffected by coinfusion of 8Br-cGMP or SNAP, indicating that hippocampal beta-adrenergic receptors act downstream NO/sGC/PKG signaling. We also found that posttraining intra-CA1 infusion of function-blocking anti-brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) antibodies hampered OR LTM retention, whereas OR training increased CA1 BDNF levels in a nNOS- and beta-adrenergic receptor-dependent manner. Taken together, our results demonstrate that NO/sGC/PKG signaling in the hippocampus is essential for OR memory consolidation and suggest that beta-adrenergic receptors link the activation of this pathway to BDNF expression during the consolidation of declarative memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane R Furini
- Centro de Memória, Instituto do Cérebro, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul and Instituto Nacional de Neurociência Translacional, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
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224
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Romero-Granados R, Fontán-Lozano A, Delgado-García JM, Carrión AM. From learning to forgetting: behavioral, circuitry, and molecular properties define the different functional states of the recognition memory trace. Hippocampus 2010; 20:584-95. [PMID: 19603520 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.20669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Neuropsychological analyses of amnesic patients, as well as lesion experiments, indicate that the temporal lobe is essential for the encoding, storage, and expression of object recognition memory (ORM). However, temporal lobe structures directly involved in the consolidation and reconsolidation of these memories are not yet well-defined. We report here that systemic administration of a protein synthesis inhibitor before or up to 4 h after training or reactivation sessions impairs consolidation and reconsolidation of ORM, without affecting short-term memory. We have also observed that ORM reconsolidation is sensitive to protein synthesis inhibition, independently of the ORM trace age. Using bdnf and egr-1 gene expression analysis, we defined temporal lobe areas related to consolidation and reconsolidation of ORM. Training and reactivation 21 days after ORM acquisition sessions provoked changes in bdnf mRNA in somatosensory, perirhinal, and hippocampal cortices. Reactivation 2 days after the training session elicited changes in bdnf and egr-1 mRNA in entorhinal and prefrontal cortices, while reactivation 9 days post-training provoked an increase in egr-1 transcription in somatosensory and entorhinal cortices. The differences in activated circuits and in the capacity to recall the memory trace after 9 or 21 days post-training suggest that memory trace suffers functional changes in this period of time. All these results indicate that the functional state of the recognition memory trace, from acquisition to forgetting, can be specifically defined by behavioral, circuitry, and molecular properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Romero-Granados
- División de Neurociencias, Universidad Pablo de Olavide de Sevilla, Carretera de Utrera, Km. 1, 41013-Sevilla, Spain
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225
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Andrade C, Bhakta SG, Fernandes PP. Familial vulnerability to an unusual cognitive adverse effect of topiramate: Discussion of mechanisms. Indian J Psychiatry 2010; 52:260-3. [PMID: 21180413 PMCID: PMC2990828 DOI: 10.4103/0019-5545.70986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some patients experience cognitive disturbances with topiramate. CASE HISTORIES A 19-year-old bipolar woman and her 46-year-old mother with paranoid personality disorder both used topiramate (25-50 mg/day) off-label for weight loss. Both women suffer from learning disorders, and both are excessively sensitive to the sedative adverse effects of psychotropic medications. RESULTS Within days of starting topiramate, the women began to exhibit troublesome word- and phrase-repetition and word substitution, both occurring only in their written expression. The symptoms were associated with mild sedation, persisted during two weeks of topiramate treatment, and remitted days after topiramate was withdrawn. DISCUSSION The presence of the learning disorders and the sensitivity to the sedative adverse effects of drugs may explain why cognitive adverse effects, known to occur with topiramate, developed at the low dose of 25-50 mg/day. The proclivity of topiramate to affect language functions and a possible familial vulnerability herein may explain why the women explained similar, language-specific symptoms. An investigation of topiramate-induced cognitive impairments in family members with epilepsy may throw light on the subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chittaranjan Andrade
- Department of Psychopharmacology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
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226
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Myskiw JC, Fiorenza NG, Izquierdo LA, Izquierdo I. Molecular mechanisms in hippocampus and basolateral amygdala but not in parietal or cingulate cortex are involved in extinction of one-trial avoidance learning. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2010; 94:285-91. [PMID: 20601026 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2010.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2010] [Revised: 06/05/2010] [Accepted: 06/25/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The establishment of extinction of one-trial avoidance involves the dorsal hippocampus (DH) and basolateral amygdala (BLA), two areas that participate in its original consolidation. The posterior parietal (PARIE) and posterior cingulate (CING) cortices also participate in consolidation of this task but their role in extinction has not been explored. Here we study the effect on the extinction of one-trial avoidance in rats of three different drugs infused bilaterally into DH, BLA, PARIE or CING 5min before the first of four daily unreinforced test sessions: The glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist, AP5 (5.0microg/side),and the inhibitors of calcium-calmodulin dependent kinase II (CaMKII), KN-93 (0.3microg/side), or of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA), Rp-cAMPs (0.5microg/side) hindered extinction when given into DH or BLA. Levels of pPKA and pCaMKII increased in DH after the first extinction trial; in BLA only the CaMKII increase was seen. Thus, this pathway appears to participate in extinction in BLA at the "basal" levels, and at enhanced levels in DH. None of the treatments affected extinction when given into PARIE or CING. The present findings indicate that: (1) the DH and BLA are important for the initiation of extinction at the time of the first unreinforced retrieval session; (2) both the CaMKII and the PKA signaling pathway are necessary for the development of extinction in the two regions; (3) PARIE and CING are probably unrelated to extinction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jociane C Myskiw
- Centro de Memória, Instituto do Cérebro, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga 6690, 2nd floor, 90610-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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227
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The Intra-Hippocampal Leucine Administration Impairs Memory Consolidation and LTP Generation in Rats. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2010; 30:1067-75. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-010-9538-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2009] [Accepted: 06/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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228
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Rezayat M, Niasari H, Ahmadi S, Parsaei L, Zarrindast MR. N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors are involved in lithium-induced state-dependent learning in mice. J Psychopharmacol 2010; 24:915-21. [PMID: 19164491 DOI: 10.1177/0269881108100093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown lithium-induced state-dependent learning in a step-down inhibitory avoidance task. In the present study, the effects of intracerebroventricular injections of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor agents on the lithium-induced state-dependent learning have been investigated. A single-trial step-down inhibitory avoidance task was used to assess memory in male Naval Medical Research Institute (NMRI) mice. The results showed that post-training lithium (10 mg/kg) decreased the step-down latency on the test day, which was reversed by pre-test administration of the same dose of the drug; indicating state-dependent learning induced by lithium. Pre-test administration of NMDA (0.0001, 0.001 and 0.01 microg/mouse, intracerebroventricular) could also substitute for pre-test lithium to reverse the decrease of the step-down latency induced by post-training lithium. Furthermore, pre-test co-administration of an ineffective dose of NMDA (0.00001 microg/mouse, intracerebroventricular.) with lower doses of lithium (1.25, 2.5 and 5 mg/kg, intraperitoneally.) synergistically reversed the decrease of the step-down latency. On the contrary, pre-test injections of NMDA receptor antagonist D-AP5 (0.25, 0.5, 1 and 2 microg/mouse, intracerebroventricular.) disrupted state-dependent learning induced by lithium. The results suggest that NMDA receptors may be involved, at least partly, in the lithium-induced state-dependent learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rezayat
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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229
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Almeida RF, Cereser VH, Faraco RB, Böhmer AE, Souza DO, Ganzella M. Systemic administration of GMP induces anxiolytic-like behavior in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2010; 96:306-11. [PMID: 20566406 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2010.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2010] [Revised: 05/18/2010] [Accepted: 05/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The glutamatergic system has received considerable attention over the last few years as potential target to develop anxiolytic drugs. Guanine based purines (GBPs) play an important neurmodulatory effect in the glutamatergic system. Several studies have shown the ability of the GBPs to reduce glutamatergic activity. In the present study, we investigated the anxiolytic effect of GBPs - by Guanosina Monophosphate (GMP) administration - in rodents. Adult male Wistar rats were pretreated with GMP (10, 25, 50, 100 and 150mg/kg: i.p.); or saline (NaCl 0.9%; i.p.) (control); or, diazepam (2mg/kg: i.p.) (positive control). One hour after the injection, the anxiety-related behaviors for each animal was evaluated in the light/dark, elevated plus-maze, and open field tasks. Additionally, purines concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was verified. The administration of 25 and 50mg/kg GMP was able to promote anxiolytic-like behavior, in the light/dark and elevated plus-maze task, similar to diazepam effect. However, no changes in the open field task, or CSF purines concentration were found for either GMP or diazepam treated animals, when compared with saline group. Thus, this study suggests that acute administration of GMP was able to decrease the levels of anxiety in classical behavioral tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Farina Almeida
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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230
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Carlini VP, Perez MF, Salde E, Schiöth HB, Ramirez OA, de Barioglio SR. Ghrelin induced memory facilitation implicates nitric oxide synthase activation and decrease in the threshold to promote LTP in hippocampal dentate gyrus. Physiol Behav 2010; 101:117-23. [PMID: 20451534 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2010.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2009] [Revised: 04/01/2010] [Accepted: 04/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Although the hypothalamus has been long considered the main ghrelin (Ghr) target organ mediating orexigenic effects, recently it has been shown that in-vivo Ghr hippocampus administration improves learning and memory in the inhibitory avoidance paradigm. However, the possible mechanisms underlying this memory facilitation effect have not been clarified. Given that the biochemical memory cascade into the hippocampus involves nitric oxide (NO) synthesis via NO synthase (NOS) activation, we investigated 1) if Ghr administration modulated NOS activity in the hippocampus; and 2) if hippocampal NOS inhibition influenced Ghr-induced memory facilitation, using a behavioral paradigm, biochemical determinations and an electrophysiological model. Our results showed that intra-hippocampal Ghr administration increased the NOS activity in a dose dependent manner, and reduced the threshold for LTP generation in dentate gyrus of rat hippocampus. Moreover, pre-administration of NG-nitro-l-arginine (l-NOArg) in the hippocampus partially prevented the Ghr-induced memory improvement, abolished the increase in NOS activity, and prevented the decreased threshold to generate LTP induced by Ghr. These findings suggest that activation of the NOS/NO pathway in hippocampus participates in the effects of Ghr on memory consolidation and is related with plastic properties of the hippocampal three-synaptic loop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria P Carlini
- IFEC, CONICET, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, UNC, Córdoba, Argentina.
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231
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Azami NS, Piri M, Oryan S, Jahanshahi M, Babapour V, Zarrindast MR. Involvement of dorsal hippocampal α-adrenergic receptors in the effect of scopolamine on memory retrieval in inhibitory avoidance task. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2010; 93:455-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2010.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2009] [Revised: 01/02/2010] [Accepted: 01/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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232
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Mahmoodi G, Ahmadi S, Pourmotabbed A, Oryan S, Zarrindast MR. Inhibitory avoidance memory deficit induced by scopolamine: Interaction of cholinergic and glutamatergic systems in the ventral tegmental area. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2010; 94:83-90. [PMID: 20403448 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2010.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2009] [Revised: 04/08/2010] [Accepted: 04/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Interaction of cholinergic and glutamatergic inputs in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) influencing a learned behavior is a topic of great interest. In the present study the effect of intra-VTA administration of a nonselective muscarinic acetylcholine antagonist, scopolamine, and N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor agents by themselves as well as their interactions on consolidation and retrieval of inhibitory avoidance (IA) memory have been investigated. A step-through inhibitory avoidance task was used for memory assessment in male Wistar rats. The results showed that intra-VTA administration of scopolamine (1 and 2microg/rat) and NMDA receptor antagonist, MK-801 (0.75 and 1microg/rat) immediately after training, impaired consolidation of IA memory. Interestingly, co-administration of an ineffective dose of MK-801 (0.5microg/rat) with ineffective doses of scopolamine (0.25 and 0.5microg/rat) significantly decreased the consolidation process. Post-training intra-VTA injections of NMDA (0.001 and 0.01microg/rat) had no effects by itself, whereas its co-administration with scopolamine (2microg/rat) prevented the effect of the later drug. The results also showed that pre-test intra-VTA administration of scopolamine (3 and 4microg/rat) and MK-801 (1 and 2microg/rat) impaired retrieval of the IA memory. Moreover, co-administration of an ineffective dose of MK-801 (0.5microg/rat) with ineffective doses of scopolamine (1 and 2microg/rat) increasingly reduced the retrieval of the IA memory. On the contrary to its post-training treatment, pre-test administration of NMDA either alone or in combination with scopolamine caused no significant effect on retrieval of IA memory. It can be concluded that muscarinic acetylcholine and NMDA glutamate receptors in the VTA are involved in the mechanism(s) underlying consolidation and retrieval of the IA memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gelavij Mahmoodi
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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233
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Gibbs ME, Maksel D, Gibbs Z, Hou X, Summers RJ, Small DH. Memory loss caused by β-amyloid protein is rescued by a β3-adrenoceptor agonist. Neurobiol Aging 2010; 31:614-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2008.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2007] [Revised: 04/20/2008] [Accepted: 05/21/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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234
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Bourdiec ASL, Muto V, Mascetti L, Foret A, Matarazzo L, Kussé C, Maquet P. Contribution of sleep to memory consolidation. FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2010. [DOI: 10.2217/fnl.10.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The contribution of sleep to memory processing is being characterized at increasingly detailed levels. At a behavioral level, better performance at retrieval is usually observed after sleep, relative to a period of wakefulness. At a brainsystems level, functional neuroimaging techniques have demonstrated that the distribution of regional brain activity is influenced by previous waking experience. At present, the selective effects of sleep components, such as slow waves or spindles are being characterized. These effects are framed in terms of neural firing patterns and also in terms of the molecular mechanisms underpinning the effects of sleep on brain plasticity. Collectively, the available data indicate a positive influence of sleep on memory consolidation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vincenzo Muto
- Cyclotron Research Centre, University of Liège, Belgium
| | | | - Ariane Foret
- Cyclotron Research Centre, University of Liège, Belgium
| | | | | | - Pierre Maquet
- Cyclotron Research Centre (B30), University of Liège, Allée du 6 Août, 4000 Liège, Belgium
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235
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Almeida CSD, Valentini NC. Integração de informação e reativação da memória: impacto positivo de uma intervenção cognitivo-motora em bebês. REVISTA PAULISTA DE PEDIATRIA 2010. [DOI: 10.1590/s0103-05822010000100004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJETIVO: Investigar os efeitos de uma intervenção cognitivo-motora na integração de informação e reativação da memória de bebês. MÉTODOS: Participaram do estudo 40 bebês de seis a oito meses de idade, nascidos a termo e matriculados em creches, permanecendo nelas sete horas por dia com relação educador/bebê de 1/6, provenientes de famílias numerosas e de baixa renda que não participavam de programas interventivos. Uma intervenção cognitivo-motora foi propiciada ao Grupo Interventivo com atividades de perseguição visual, manipulação de brinquedo e controle postural. Para o Grupo Controle, nenhuma intervenção foi propiciada. As atividades da rotina da creche foram mantidas para os dois grupos. Três atividades de manipulação foram avaliadas no início do programa, um mês depois (retenção) e três dias após a retenção. Para a análise dos dados, foram utilizados o teste do qui-quadrado com correção de Yates, o teste exato de Fisher e o de Cochran. RESULTADOS: O Grupo Interventivo demonstrou desempenho significativamente superior ao Grupo Controle em evocar informações da memória na retenção e pós-retenção em duas atividades. Mudanças significativas e positivas também foram observadas para o Grupo Interventivo no fator tempo. Os bebês mais velhos do Grupo Interventivo demonstraram melhor capacidade de evocar informação em relação aos mais jovens. Essa tendência não foi observada para o Grupo Controle. CONCLUSÕES: Para potencializar o desenvolvimento global de bebês, as intervenções deveriam ser organizadas implementando tarefas diversificadas com intervalos de aprendizagem apropriados, os quais levem em consideração a capacidade dos bebês de manterem a informação e integrarem essa informação a novos desafios
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Skilhan de Almeida
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul; Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, Brasil
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Vianna MRM, Coitinho A, Izquierdo L, Izquierdo I. Effects of intrahippocampal administration of the phosphatase inhibitor okadaic acid: Dual effects on memory formation. Dement Neuropsychol 2010; 4:23-27. [PMID: 29213656 PMCID: PMC5619526 DOI: 10.1590/s1980-57642010dn40100004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation mediated by serine-threonine kinases in the hippocampus
is crucial to the synaptic modifications believed to underlie memory formation.
The role of phosphatases has been the focus of comparatively little study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica R M Vianna
- Faculty of Biosciences, National Institute of Translational Medicine
| | - Adriana Coitinho
- Faculty of Biosciences, National Institute of Translational Medicine
| | - Luciana Izquierdo
- Memory Center, Brain Institute and National Institute of Translational Neuroscience, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre RS, Brazil
| | - Ivan Izquierdo
- Memory Center, Brain Institute and National Institute of Translational Neuroscience, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre RS, Brazil
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237
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Paul C, Stratil C, Hofmann F, Kleppisch T. cGMP-dependent protein kinase type I promotes CREB/CRE-mediated gene expression in neurons of the lateral amygdala. Neurosci Lett 2010; 473:82-6. [PMID: 20171263 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2010.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2009] [Revised: 01/22/2010] [Accepted: 02/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The process transforming newly learned information into stable long-term memory is called memory consolidation and, like the underlying long-term synaptic plasticity, critically depends on de novo RNA and protein synthesis. We have shown recently that the cGMP-dependent protein kinase Type I (cGKI) plays an important role for the consolidation of amygdala-dependent fear memory and long-term potentiation (LTP) in the lateral amygdala. Signalling downstream of cGKI at the level of transcriptional regulation remained unclear. A transcription factor of major importance for learning and memory is the cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB). The representation of fear memory in the lateral amygdala strikingly depends on the activity of CREB in individual neurons. Moreover, findings from in vitro experiments demonstrate CREB phosphorylation by cGK. In the hippocampus, CREB phosphorylation increases following activation of NO/cGMP signalling contributing to the late phase of LTP. To demonstrate a link from cGKI to activation of CREB and CREB-dependent transcription in neurons of the lateral amygdala as a possible mechanism for cGKI-mediated fear memory consolidation, we examined the effect of cGMP on activation of CREB/CRE using immunohistochemical staining specific for phospho-CREB and a reporter gene in control and cGKI-deficient mice, respectively. Supporting our hypothesis, marked CREB phosphorylation and CRE-mediated transcription was induced by cGMP in the lateral amygdala of control mice, but not in cGKI-deficient mice. It has been proposed that activation of cGKI is followed by its nuclear translocation that would allow direct phosphorylation of CREB. Therefore, we examined the cellular localisation of cGKI in neurons of the lateral amygdala in the presence of cGMP by double staining for cGKI and a nuclear marker in sections from areas showing prominent CREB phosphorylation, and did not observe prominent nuclear translocation of the enzyme. In summary, we provide evidence that cytosolic cGKI can support fear memory consolidation and LTP in neurons of the lateral amygdala via activation of CREB and CRE-dependent transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Paul
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie der Technischen Universität München, Biedersteiner Strasse 29, 80802 München, Germany
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238
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Plastic modifications induced by object recognition memory processing. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:2652-7. [PMID: 20133798 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0915059107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term potentiation (LTP) phenomenon is widely accepted as a cellular model of memory consolidation. Object recognition (OR) is a particularly useful way of studying declarative memory in rodents because it makes use of their innate preference for novel over familiar objects. In this study, mice had electrodes implanted in the hippocampal Schaffer collaterals-pyramidal CA1 pathway and were trained for OR. Field EPSPs evoked at the CA3-CA1 synapse were recorded at the moment of training and at different times thereafter. LTP-like synaptic enhancement was found 6 h posttraining. A testing session was conducted 24 h after training, in the presence of one familiar and one novel object. Hippocampal synaptic facilitation was observed during exploration of familiar and novel objects. A short depotentiation period was observed early after the test and was followed by a later phase of synaptic efficacy enhancement. Here, we show that OR memory consolidation is accompanied by transient potentiation in the hippocampal CA3-CA1 synapses, while reconsolidation of this memory requires a short-lasting phase of depotentiation that could account for its well described vulnerability. The late synaptic enhancement phase, on the other hand, would be a consequence of memory restabilization.
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239
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Abstract
Visual perceptual learning (VPL) is defined as a long-term improvement in performance on a visual task. In recent years, the idea that conscious effort is necessary for VPL to occur has been challenged by research suggesting the involvement of more implicit processing mechanisms, such as reinforcement-driven processing and consolidation. In addition, we have learnt much about the neural substrates of VPL and it has become evident that changes in visual areas and regions beyond the visual cortex can take place during VPL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Sasaki
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
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240
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Komissarova NV, Tiunova AA, Anokhin KV. Selective Impairments to Memory Consolidation in Chicks Produced by 5′-Iodo-2′-Deoxyuridine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 40:215-23. [DOI: 10.1007/s11055-009-9237-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2007] [Accepted: 06/09/2008] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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241
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A rodent model of appetitive discrimination with concomitant evaluation of anxiety-like behavior. J Neurosci Methods 2009; 185:82-8. [PMID: 19772875 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2009.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2009] [Revised: 09/14/2009] [Accepted: 09/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The plus-maze discriminative avoidance paradigm has been used to study the relationship between aversive memory and anxiety. The present study aims to verify if the elevated plus-maze can provide information about appetitive memory and anxiety-like behavior, through a task motivated by food reward. Animals were allowed to explore an elevated plus-maze and received reinforcement in one of the enclosed arms. In a test session performed 24h later, in the absence of reward, rats showed preference for the previously rewarded enclosed arm over the neutral enclosed arm. The administration of diazepam and pentylenetetrazole before training induced, respectively, anxiolytic and anxiogenic effects (as evaluated by open-arm exploration). Both drugs induced amnestic effects, i.e., lack of preference for the rewarded arm in the test session. The results suggest that appetitive memory can be influenced by anxiety levels as well. The plus-maze appetitive discrimination task seems to be a useful model to investigate the relationship between memory and anxiety.
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242
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Timing in the absence of supraspinal input II: regularly spaced stimulation induces a lasting alteration in spinal function that depends on the NMDA receptor, BDNF release, and protein synthesis. J Neurosci 2009; 29:14383-93. [PMID: 19923273 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3583-09.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The detection of temporal regularity allows organisms to predict the occurrence of future events. When events occur in an irregular manner, uncertainty is increased, and negative outcomes can ensue (e.g., stress). The present study shows that spinal neurons can discriminate between variable- and fixed-spaced stimulation and that the detection of regularity requires training and engages a form of NMDA receptor-mediated plasticity. The impact of stimulus exposure was assessed using a spinally mediated instrumental response, wherein spinally transected rats are given legshock whenever one hindlimb is extended. Over time, they learn to maintain the leg in a flexed position that minimizes net shock exposure. Prior exposure to 180-900 tailshocks given in a variable (unpredictable) manner inhibited this learning. A learning deficit was not observed when 900 tailshocks were applied using a fixed (predictable) spacing. Fixed-spaced stimulation did not have a divergent effect when fewer (180) shocks were presented, implying that the abstraction of temporal regularity required repeated exposure (training). Moreover, fixed-spaced stimulation both prevented and reversed the learning deficit. The protective effect of fixed-spaced shock lasted 48 h, and was prevented by pretreatment with the NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801. Administration of the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide after training blocked the long-term effect. Inhibiting BDNF function, using TrkB-IgG, also eliminated the beneficial effect of fixed-spaced stimulation. The results suggest that spinal systems can detect regularity and that this type of stimulation promotes adaptive plasticity, which may foster recovery after spinal injury.
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243
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Rial D, Duarte F, Xikota J, Schmitz A, Dafré A, Figueiredo C, Walz R, Prediger R. Cellular prion protein modulates age-related behavioral and neurochemical alterations in mice. Neuroscience 2009; 164:896-907. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2009] [Revised: 08/10/2009] [Accepted: 09/01/2009] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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244
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Rico EP, de Oliveira DL, Rosemberg DB, Mussulini BH, Bonan CD, Dias RD, Wofchuk S, Souza DO, Bogo MR. Expression and functional analysis of Na(+)-dependent glutamate transporters from zebrafish brain. Brain Res Bull 2009; 81:517-23. [PMID: 19941938 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2009.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2009] [Revised: 11/09/2009] [Accepted: 11/18/2009] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
High-affinity excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs) regulate extracellular glutamate levels. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) provides an excellent model to study the function of different neurotransmitter systems. Although the identification of the EAAT family is well established in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS), EAAT-related genes and their expression profile in zebrafish have not yet been reported. Here we identify and describe the expression profile of EAATs-related genes and functional properties of glutamate uptake in three major brain structures from zebrafish (telencephalon, optic tectum and cerebellum). Searches on zebrafish genome databases and a phylogenetic analysis confirmed the presence of several EAAT-related genes (EAAT2, EAAT3, three EAAT1 paralogs and two EAAT5 sequences). All sequences identified were expressed in the structures analyzed. EAAT2 and EAAT3 were the most prominent glutamate transporters expressed in all brain areas. A uniform expression was observed for EAAT1A, whereas higher EAAT1B transcript levels were detected in telencephalon. Lower amounts of EAAT1C transcripts were observed in cerebellum when compared to other structures. No EAAT4-related sequence was found in the zebrafish genome. The EAAT5A expression was similar to EAAT5B in the telencephalon, while EAAT5B was less expressed than EAAT5A in optic tectum and cerebellum. Moreover, the glutamate uptake was significantly higher in optic tectum, which indicates functional differences within zebrafish brain structures. Altogether, the study of glutamate uptake in zebrafish could be important to evaluate the modulation of glutamatergic signaling through pharmacological and toxicological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Pacheco Rico
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 90035-003 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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245
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Solntseva SV, Nikitin VP. Neurochemical mechanisms of consolidation of associative aversive training to food in the common snail. NEUROSCIENCE AND BEHAVIORAL PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 39:865-72. [PMID: 19830573 DOI: 10.1007/s11055-009-9207-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The effects of the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide and serotonin and NMDA glutamate receptor antagonists on the processes of consolidation of an associative skill consisting of refusing a particular foodstuff were studied in the common snail. When animals were trained on the background of cycloheximide, the skill was not acquired. Repeat training of "amnestic" snails to refuse the same food without the inhibitor also failed to produce the skill. Training of snails on the background of the nonselective serotonin receptor antagonist methiothepin or the NMDA glutamate receptor antagonist MK-801 (dizocilpine maleate) did not lead to acquisition of the conditioned reflex to food. However, on repeat training, the skill was formed more quickly. The studies included the first observation that using a single type of training, treatments addressing different molecular mechanisms evoke reversible or irreversible impairments to the mechanisms of consolidation of long-term memory. It is suggested that the reversible effect is associated with suppression of the processes of reproduction, while the irreversible effect is linked with impairment to engram storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- S V Solntseva
- P. K. Anokhin Research Institute of Normal Physiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Building 4, 11 Mokhovaya Street, 125009, Moscow, Russia
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246
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Pamplona FA, Pandolfo P, Savoldi R, Prediger RDS, Takahashi RN. Environmental enrichment improves cognitive deficits in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats (SHR): relevance for Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2009; 33:1153-60. [PMID: 19549550 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2009.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2009] [Revised: 06/08/2009] [Accepted: 06/14/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The interaction between genes and environment seems to be relevant for the development of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), one of the most prevalent childhood psychiatric diseases. The occurrence of ADHD is typically associated with poor academic performance, probably reflecting learning difficulties and/or cognitive impulsiveness. The inbred Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats (SHR) strain has often been considered as an animal model of ADHD, since they 'naturally' display the main ADHD symptomatology. Although pharmacological agents improve SHR's cognitive deficits, little is known about the involvement of environmental factors in SHR disabilities and to what extent 'protective' non-pharmacological factors may be considered as strategy for ADHD prevention. Here we investigated whether the rearing environment during neurodevelopment may counteract later cognitive deficits presented by adult SHR. Wistar (WIS) rats were also used to investigate whether the putative effects of environmental enrichment depend on a specific genetic background. The animals were reared in enriched environment (EE) or standard environment (SE) from the post-natal day 21 until 3 months of age (adulthood) and tested for cognitive and non-cognitive phenotypes. EE improved SHR's performance in open field habituation, water maze spatial reference, social and object recognition tasks, while non-cognitive traits, such as nociception and hypertension, were not affected by EE. Response of WIS rats was generally not affected by the present EE. These results show that the general low cognitive performance presented by SHR rats strongly depends on the rearing environment and they may suggest modifications of the familial environment as a putative preventive strategy to cope with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrício A Pamplona
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
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247
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Wise RA. Roles for nigrostriatal--not just mesocorticolimbic--dopamine in reward and addiction. Trends Neurosci 2009; 32:517-24. [PMID: 19758714 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2009.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 332] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2009] [Revised: 06/02/2009] [Accepted: 06/02/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Forebrain dopamine circuitry has traditionally been studied by two largely independent specialist groups: students of Parkinson's disease who study the nigrostriatal dopamine system that originates in the substantia nigra (SN), and students of motivation and addiction who study the role of the mesolimbic and mesocortical dopamine systems that originate in the ventral tegmental area (VTA). The anatomical evidence for independent nigrostriatal and mesolimbic dopamine systems has, however, long been obsolete. There is now compelling evidence that both nominal "systems" participate in reward function and addiction. Electrical stimulation of both SN and VTA is rewarding, blockade of glutamatergic or cholinergic input to either SN or VTA attenuates the habit-forming effects of intravenous cocaine, and dopamine in both nigrostriatal and mesocorticolimbic terminal fields participates in the defining property of rewarding events: the reinforcement of memory consolidation. Thus, the similarities between nigrostriatal and mesolimbic dopamine systems can be as important as their differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy A Wise
- Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, USA.
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248
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de Castro MR, Lima JV, de Freitas DPS, Valente RDS, Dummer NS, de Aguiar RB, dos Santos LC, Marins LF, Geracitano LA, Monserrat JM, Barros DM. Behavioral and neurotoxic effects of arsenic exposure in zebrafish (Danio rerio, Teleostei: Cyprinidae). Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2009; 150:337-42. [PMID: 19501674 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2009.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2009] [Revised: 05/20/2009] [Accepted: 05/21/2009] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the passive avoidance conditioning in zebrafish (Danio rerio). An instrument was developed for measuring escape responses triggered by a conditioned stimulus. This system allowed quantification of latency of crossing from a light to a dark zone. Zebrafish were trained to swim from an illuminated to a dark compartment, where they received a body shock (training session). The proposed methodology was efficient for evaluation of working, short, and long-term memory formation of an aquatic animal model. The possibility of employing memory measurements in toxicity tests, in order to obtain an ecologically meaningful biomarker response, was also analyzed. In this experiment, immediately after the training session, fish were exposed to three arsenic (As(V)) concentrations. After the test session, the brain was removed for biochemical analyses. A control group was kept in tap water. After exposure, animals were submitted to a one-trial inhibitory avoidance test for measurement of long-term memory (LTM). Results from behavioral and biochemical analyses showed that the three As(V) concentrations impaired LTM (p<0.05) and increased protein oxidation, which suggests an amnesic and pro-oxidant effect of As(V). Evaluation of behavior parameters in aquatic models is an important complement in studies concerning the environmental impact of chemical substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micheli Rosa de Castro
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Fisiologia Animal Comparada, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
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249
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Fuchs RA, Bell GH, Ramirez DR, Eaddy JL, Su ZI. Basolateral amygdala involvement in memory reconsolidation processes that facilitate drug context-induced cocaine seeking. Eur J Neurosci 2009; 30:889-900. [PMID: 19712099 PMCID: PMC2759304 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2009.06888.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the neurobiological underpinnings of putative memory stabilization processes that maintain context-response-cocaine associations in long-term memory and underlie contextual control over addictive behavior is of great interest from an addiction treatment perspective. Using an instrumental animal model of contextual drug relapse we show that the protein synthesis inhibitor anisomycin, administered into the basolateral amygdala (BLA) immediately after limited (15- or 60-min) re-exposure to a previously cocaine-paired context, subsequently disrupted the ability of the previously cocaine-paired context to reinstate extinguished cocaine-seeking behavior relative to vehicle. Consistent with a BLA-mediated memory reconsolidation deficit, a similar impairment in cocaine-seeking behavior was not observed in (i) 'no-reactivation' control groups that received anisomycin into the BLA after (re)exposure to either a novel unpaired or an extinction-paired context or in (ii) a neuroanatomical control group that received anisomycin into the posterior caudate-putamen, dorsally adjacent to the BLA, after re-exposure to the cocaine-paired context. Furthermore, anisomycin administered into the BLA after brief (5-min) or extensive (120-min) re-exposure to the cocaine-paired context (which was sufficient to extinguish cocaine-seeking behavior in a vehicle control group) also failed to alter responding. Together, these findings suggest that re-exposure to a cocaine-paired context in the absence of cocaine reinforcement is sufficient to trigger memory reconsolidation processes that support future drug-seeking behavior. The presence and duration of drug-related memory reactivation critically influences, and anisomycin-sensitive mechanisms in the BLA selectively control, this phenomenon. These findings support the feasibility of novel pharmacotherapeutic approaches that selectively inhibit the reconsolidation of cocaine-related memories in order to prevent drug relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita A. Fuchs
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Guinevere H. Bell
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Donna R. Ramirez
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jessica L. Eaddy
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Zu-In Su
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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250
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Zhang X, Liu Y, Feng C, Yang S, Wang Y, Wu AS, Yue Y. Proteomic profiling of the insoluble fractions in the rat hippocampus post-propofol anesthesia. Neurosci Lett 2009; 465:165-70. [PMID: 19682543 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2009.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2009] [Revised: 08/04/2009] [Accepted: 08/08/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive dysfunction after propofol anesthesia has been previously found. The underlying mechanisms of this sequel remain unclear. Insoluble proteins as major targets of anesthetics participated in various pathophysiological processes. This study aimed to provide evidence that changes in insoluble proteome in rat hippocampus may be involved in molecular mechanism of cognitive dysfunction following propofol anesthesia. Proteins extracted from rat hippocampus were separated by two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE). Their expression patterns were observed at 1, 6, 24 h and 7 days after 3 h of propofol anesthesia. Differentially expressed protein spots among groups were submitted to matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometer (MALDI-TOF MS) assay and peptide mass fingerprinting (PMF) identification. Identified proteins were further analyzed through Gene Ontology (GO). Results of 2-DE were selectively assayed using Western blot and RT-PCR. Fifty-nine differentially expressed proteins were detected, among which 43 were identified through MALDI-TOF MS. Most identified proteins were distributed in organelles and membranes. According to biological process category, 27 proteins were involved in metabolic process, 19 in developmental process, 14 in stimulus-response, and 21 in biological regulation. Most changes took place within 24 h, with more down-regulation within 6 h. Twelve proteins did not restore to the basic level until the 7th day after propofol anesthesia. Expressions of insoluble proteome dynamically changed following propofol anesthesia. Down-regulations at early stage might produce depressive effects, which may be involved in molecular mechanism of cognitive dysfunction after propofol anesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuena Zhang
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, PR China
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