201
|
Priyadarshini M, Villa SR, Fuller M, Wicksteed B, Mackay CR, Alquier T, Poitout V, Mancebo H, Mirmira RG, Gilchrist A, Layden BT. An Acetate-Specific GPCR, FFAR2, Regulates Insulin Secretion. Mol Endocrinol 2015; 29:1055-66. [PMID: 26075576 DOI: 10.1210/me.2015-1007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors have been well described to contribute to the regulation of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). The short-chain fatty acid-sensing G protein-coupled receptor, free fatty acid receptor 2 (FFAR2), is expressed in pancreatic β-cells, and in rodents, its expression is altered during insulin resistance. Thus, we explored the role of FFAR2 in regulating GSIS. First, assessing the phenotype of wild-type and Ffar2(-/-) mice in vivo, we observed no differences with regard to glucose homeostasis on normal or high-fat diet, with a marginally significant defect in insulin secretion in Ffar2(-/-) mice during hyperglycemic clamps. In ex vivo insulin secretion studies, we observed diminished GSIS from Ffar2(-/-) islets relative to wild-type islets under high-glucose conditions. Further, in the presence of acetate, the primary endogenous ligand for FFAR2, we observed FFAR2-dependent potentiation of GSIS, whereas FFAR2-specific agonists resulted in either potentiation or inhibition of GSIS, which we found to result from selective signaling through either Gαq/11 or Gαi/o, respectively. Lastly, in ex vivo insulin secretion studies of human islets, we observed that acetate and FFAR2 agonists elicited different signaling properties at human FFAR2 than at mouse FFAR2. Taken together, our studies reveal that FFAR2 signaling occurs by divergent G protein pathways that can selectively potentiate or inhibit GSIS in mouse islets. Further, we have identified important differences in the response of mouse and human FFAR2 to selective agonists, and we suggest that these differences warrant consideration in the continued investigation of FFAR2 as a novel type 2 diabetes target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Medha Priyadarshini
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine (M.P., S.R.V., M.F., B.T.L.), Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611; Kovler Diabetes Center (B.W.), The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637; Monash University (C.R.M.), Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; Montreal Diabetes Research Center, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and Department of Medicine (T.A., V.P.), University of Montreal, Quebec, H2X 0A9 Canada; Multispan (H.M.), Hayward, California 94545; Department of Pediatrics and the Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research (R.G.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 4602; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (R.G.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202; Department of Medicine (R.G.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (A.G.), Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Illinois 60515; and Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center (B.T.L.), Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Stephanie R Villa
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine (M.P., S.R.V., M.F., B.T.L.), Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611; Kovler Diabetes Center (B.W.), The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637; Monash University (C.R.M.), Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; Montreal Diabetes Research Center, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and Department of Medicine (T.A., V.P.), University of Montreal, Quebec, H2X 0A9 Canada; Multispan (H.M.), Hayward, California 94545; Department of Pediatrics and the Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research (R.G.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 4602; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (R.G.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202; Department of Medicine (R.G.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (A.G.), Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Illinois 60515; and Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center (B.T.L.), Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Miles Fuller
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine (M.P., S.R.V., M.F., B.T.L.), Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611; Kovler Diabetes Center (B.W.), The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637; Monash University (C.R.M.), Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; Montreal Diabetes Research Center, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and Department of Medicine (T.A., V.P.), University of Montreal, Quebec, H2X 0A9 Canada; Multispan (H.M.), Hayward, California 94545; Department of Pediatrics and the Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research (R.G.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 4602; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (R.G.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202; Department of Medicine (R.G.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (A.G.), Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Illinois 60515; and Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center (B.T.L.), Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Barton Wicksteed
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine (M.P., S.R.V., M.F., B.T.L.), Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611; Kovler Diabetes Center (B.W.), The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637; Monash University (C.R.M.), Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; Montreal Diabetes Research Center, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and Department of Medicine (T.A., V.P.), University of Montreal, Quebec, H2X 0A9 Canada; Multispan (H.M.), Hayward, California 94545; Department of Pediatrics and the Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research (R.G.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 4602; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (R.G.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202; Department of Medicine (R.G.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (A.G.), Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Illinois 60515; and Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center (B.T.L.), Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Charles R Mackay
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine (M.P., S.R.V., M.F., B.T.L.), Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611; Kovler Diabetes Center (B.W.), The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637; Monash University (C.R.M.), Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; Montreal Diabetes Research Center, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and Department of Medicine (T.A., V.P.), University of Montreal, Quebec, H2X 0A9 Canada; Multispan (H.M.), Hayward, California 94545; Department of Pediatrics and the Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research (R.G.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 4602; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (R.G.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202; Department of Medicine (R.G.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (A.G.), Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Illinois 60515; and Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center (B.T.L.), Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Thierry Alquier
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine (M.P., S.R.V., M.F., B.T.L.), Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611; Kovler Diabetes Center (B.W.), The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637; Monash University (C.R.M.), Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; Montreal Diabetes Research Center, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and Department of Medicine (T.A., V.P.), University of Montreal, Quebec, H2X 0A9 Canada; Multispan (H.M.), Hayward, California 94545; Department of Pediatrics and the Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research (R.G.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 4602; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (R.G.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202; Department of Medicine (R.G.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (A.G.), Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Illinois 60515; and Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center (B.T.L.), Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Vincent Poitout
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine (M.P., S.R.V., M.F., B.T.L.), Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611; Kovler Diabetes Center (B.W.), The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637; Monash University (C.R.M.), Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; Montreal Diabetes Research Center, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and Department of Medicine (T.A., V.P.), University of Montreal, Quebec, H2X 0A9 Canada; Multispan (H.M.), Hayward, California 94545; Department of Pediatrics and the Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research (R.G.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 4602; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (R.G.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202; Department of Medicine (R.G.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (A.G.), Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Illinois 60515; and Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center (B.T.L.), Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Helena Mancebo
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine (M.P., S.R.V., M.F., B.T.L.), Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611; Kovler Diabetes Center (B.W.), The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637; Monash University (C.R.M.), Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; Montreal Diabetes Research Center, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and Department of Medicine (T.A., V.P.), University of Montreal, Quebec, H2X 0A9 Canada; Multispan (H.M.), Hayward, California 94545; Department of Pediatrics and the Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research (R.G.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 4602; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (R.G.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202; Department of Medicine (R.G.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (A.G.), Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Illinois 60515; and Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center (B.T.L.), Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Raghavendra G Mirmira
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine (M.P., S.R.V., M.F., B.T.L.), Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611; Kovler Diabetes Center (B.W.), The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637; Monash University (C.R.M.), Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; Montreal Diabetes Research Center, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and Department of Medicine (T.A., V.P.), University of Montreal, Quebec, H2X 0A9 Canada; Multispan (H.M.), Hayward, California 94545; Department of Pediatrics and the Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research (R.G.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 4602; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (R.G.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202; Department of Medicine (R.G.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (A.G.), Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Illinois 60515; and Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center (B.T.L.), Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Annette Gilchrist
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine (M.P., S.R.V., M.F., B.T.L.), Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611; Kovler Diabetes Center (B.W.), The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637; Monash University (C.R.M.), Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; Montreal Diabetes Research Center, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and Department of Medicine (T.A., V.P.), University of Montreal, Quebec, H2X 0A9 Canada; Multispan (H.M.), Hayward, California 94545; Department of Pediatrics and the Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research (R.G.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 4602; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (R.G.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202; Department of Medicine (R.G.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (A.G.), Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Illinois 60515; and Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center (B.T.L.), Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Brian T Layden
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine (M.P., S.R.V., M.F., B.T.L.), Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611; Kovler Diabetes Center (B.W.), The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637; Monash University (C.R.M.), Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; Montreal Diabetes Research Center, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and Department of Medicine (T.A., V.P.), University of Montreal, Quebec, H2X 0A9 Canada; Multispan (H.M.), Hayward, California 94545; Department of Pediatrics and the Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research (R.G.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 4602; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (R.G.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202; Department of Medicine (R.G.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (A.G.), Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Illinois 60515; and Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center (B.T.L.), Chicago, Illinois 60612
| |
Collapse
|
202
|
Padayachee A, Day L, Howell K, Gidley MJ. Complexity and health functionality of plant cell wall fibers from fruits and vegetables. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2015; 57:59-81. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2013.850652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Padayachee
- Department of Agriculture and Food Systems, Melbourne School of Land and Environment, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - L. Day
- CSIRO Animal, Food and Health Sciences, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | - K. Howell
- Department of Agriculture and Food Systems, Melbourne School of Land and Environment, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - M. J. Gidley
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
203
|
Abstract
Tremendous progress has been made in characterizing the bidirectional interactions between the central nervous system, the enteric nervous system, and the gastrointestinal tract. A series of provocative preclinical studies have suggested a prominent role for the gut microbiota in these gut-brain interactions. Based on studies using rodents raised in a germ-free environment, the gut microbiota appears to influence the development of emotional behavior, stress- and pain-modulation systems, and brain neurotransmitter systems. Additionally, microbiota perturbations by probiotics and antibiotics exert modulatory effects on some of these measures in adult animals. Current evidence suggests that multiple mechanisms, including endocrine and neurocrine pathways, may be involved in gut microbiota-to-brain signaling and that the brain can in turn alter microbial composition and behavior via the autonomic nervous system. Limited information is available on how these findings may translate to healthy humans or to disease states involving the brain or the gut/brain axis. Future research needs to focus on confirming that the rodent findings are translatable to human physiology and to diseases such as irritable bowel syndrome, autism, anxiety, depression, and Parkinson's disease.
Collapse
|
204
|
Carding S, Verbeke K, Vipond DT, Corfe BM, Owen LJ. Dysbiosis of the gut microbiota in disease. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY IN HEALTH AND DISEASE 2015; 26:26191. [PMID: 25651997 PMCID: PMC4315779 DOI: 10.3402/mehd.v26.26191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 717] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
There is growing evidence that dysbiosis of the gut microbiota is associated with the pathogenesis of both intestinal and extra-intestinal disorders. Intestinal disorders include inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and coeliac disease, while extra-intestinal disorders include allergy, asthma, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, and obesity. In many of these conditions, the mechanisms leading to disease development involves the pivotal mutualistic relationship between the colonic microbiota, their metabolic products, and the host immune system. The establishment of a ‘healthy’ relationship early in life appears to be critical to maintaining intestinal homeostasis. Whilst we do not yet have a clear understanding of what constitutes a ‘healthy’ colonic microbiota, a picture is emerging from many recent studies identifying particular bacterial species associated with a healthy microbiota. In particular, the bacterial species residing within the mucus layer of the colon, either through direct contact with host cells, or through indirect communication via bacterial metabolites, may influence whether host cellular homeostasis is maintained or whether inflammatory mechanisms are triggered. In addition to inflammation, there is some evidence that perturbations in the gut microbiota is involved with the development of colorectal cancer. In this case, dysbiosis may not be the most important factor, rather the products of interaction between diet and the microbiome. High-protein diets are thought to result in the production of carcinogenic metabolites from the colonic microbiota that may result in the induction of neoplasia in the colonic epithelium. Ever more sensitive metabolomics methodologies reveal a suite of small molecules produced in the microbiome which mimic or act as neurosignallers or neurotransmitters. Coupled with evidence that probiotic interventions may alter psychological endpoints in both humans and in rodent models, these data suggest that CNS-related co-morbidities frequently associated with GI disease may originate in the intestine as a result of microbial dysbiosis. This review outlines the current evidence showing the extent to which the gut microbiota contributes to the development of disease. Based on evidence to date, we can assess the potential to positively modulate the composition of the colonic microbiota and ameliorate disease activity through bacterial intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Carding
- Institute of Food Research, Norwich, UK.,Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Kristin Verbeke
- Translational Research in GastroIntestinal Disorders, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Daniel T Vipond
- Institute of Food Research, Norwich, UK.,Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Bernard M Corfe
- Molecular Gastroenterology Research Group, Department of Oncology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.,Insigneo Institute for in silico Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK;
| | - Lauren J Owen
- Human Nutrition Unit, Department of Oncology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| |
Collapse
|
205
|
Abstract
The short chain fatty acid (SCFA) receptor (free fatty acid receptor-3; FFAR3) is expressed in pancreatic β cells; however, its role in insulin secretion is not clearly defined. Here, we examined the role of FFAR3 in insulin secretion. Using islets from global knockout FFAR3 (Ffar3(-/-)) mice, we explored the role of FFAR3 and ligand-induced FFAR3 signaling on glucose stimulated insulin secretion. RNA sequencing was also performed to gain greater insight into the impact of FFAR3 deletion on the islet transcriptome. First exploring insulin secretion, it was determined that Ffar3(-/-) islets secrete more insulin in a glucose-dependent manner as compared to wildtype (WT) islets. Next, exploring its primary endogenous ligand, propionate, and a specific agonist for FFAR3, signaling by FFAR3 inhibited glucose-dependent insulin secretion, which occurred through a Gαi/o pathway. To help understand these results, transcriptome analyses by RNA-sequencing of Ffar3(-/-) and WT islets observed multiple genes with well-known roles in islet biology to be altered by genetic knockout of FFAR3. Our data shows that FFAR3 signaling mediates glucose stimulated insulin secretion through Gαi/o sensitive pathway. Future studies are needed to more rigorously define the role of FFAR3 by in vivo approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Medha Priyadarshini
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine; Chicago, IL USA
| | - Brian T Layden
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine; Chicago, IL USA
- Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center; Chicago, IL USA
- Correspondence to: Brian T Layden;
| |
Collapse
|
206
|
Shi G, Sun C, Gu W, Yang M, Zhang X, Zhai N, Lu Y, Zhang Z, Shou P, Zhang Z, Ning G. Free fatty acid receptor 2, a candidate target for type 1 diabetes, induces cell apoptosis through ERK signaling. J Mol Endocrinol 2014; 53:367-80. [PMID: 25298143 DOI: 10.1530/jme-14-0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent reports have highlighted the roles of free fatty acid receptor 2 (FFAR2) in the regulation of metabolic and inflammatory processes. However, the potential function of FFAR2 in type 1 diabetes (T1D) remains unexplored. Our results indicated that the mRNA level of FFAR2 was upregulated in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of T1D patients. The human FFAR2 promoter regions were cloned, and luciferase reporter assays revealed that NFκB activation induced FFAR2 expression. Furthermore, we showed that FFAR2 activation by overexpression induced cell apoptosis through ERK signaling. Finally, treatment with the FFAR2 agonists acetate or phenylacetamide 1 attenuated the inflammatory response in multiple-low-dose streptozocin-induced diabetic mice, and improved the impaired glucose tolerance. These results indicate that FFAR2 may play a protective role by inducing apoptosis of infiltrated macrophage in the pancreas through its feedback upregulation and activation, thus, in turn, improving glucose homeostasis in diabetic mice. These findings highlight FFAR2 as a potential therapeutic target of T1D, representing a link between immune response and glucose homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guojun Shi
- Shanghai Institute of Endocrinology and MetabolismEndocrine and Metabolic E-Institutes of Shanghai Universities (EISU), Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases and Key Laboratory for Endocrinology and Metabolism of Chinese Health Ministry, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197th Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai 200025, ChinaLaboratory of Endocrinology and MetabolismKey Laboratory of Stem Cell BiologyInstitute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China Shanghai Institute of Endocrinology and MetabolismEndocrine and Metabolic E-Institutes of Shanghai Universities (EISU), Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases and Key Laboratory for Endocrinology and Metabolism of Chinese Health Ministry, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197th Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai 200025, ChinaLaboratory of Endocrinology and MetabolismKey Laboratory of Stem Cell BiologyInstitute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Sun
- Shanghai Institute of Endocrinology and MetabolismEndocrine and Metabolic E-Institutes of Shanghai Universities (EISU), Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases and Key Laboratory for Endocrinology and Metabolism of Chinese Health Ministry, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197th Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai 200025, ChinaLaboratory of Endocrinology and MetabolismKey Laboratory of Stem Cell BiologyInstitute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China Shanghai Institute of Endocrinology and MetabolismEndocrine and Metabolic E-Institutes of Shanghai Universities (EISU), Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases and Key Laboratory for Endocrinology and Metabolism of Chinese Health Ministry, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197th Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai 200025, ChinaLaboratory of Endocrinology and MetabolismKey Laboratory of Stem Cell BiologyInstitute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiqiong Gu
- Shanghai Institute of Endocrinology and MetabolismEndocrine and Metabolic E-Institutes of Shanghai Universities (EISU), Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases and Key Laboratory for Endocrinology and Metabolism of Chinese Health Ministry, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197th Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai 200025, ChinaLaboratory of Endocrinology and MetabolismKey Laboratory of Stem Cell BiologyInstitute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Minglan Yang
- Shanghai Institute of Endocrinology and MetabolismEndocrine and Metabolic E-Institutes of Shanghai Universities (EISU), Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases and Key Laboratory for Endocrinology and Metabolism of Chinese Health Ministry, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197th Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai 200025, ChinaLaboratory of Endocrinology and MetabolismKey Laboratory of Stem Cell BiologyInstitute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaofang Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Endocrinology and MetabolismEndocrine and Metabolic E-Institutes of Shanghai Universities (EISU), Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases and Key Laboratory for Endocrinology and Metabolism of Chinese Health Ministry, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197th Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai 200025, ChinaLaboratory of Endocrinology and MetabolismKey Laboratory of Stem Cell BiologyInstitute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Nan Zhai
- Shanghai Institute of Endocrinology and MetabolismEndocrine and Metabolic E-Institutes of Shanghai Universities (EISU), Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases and Key Laboratory for Endocrinology and Metabolism of Chinese Health Ministry, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197th Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai 200025, ChinaLaboratory of Endocrinology and MetabolismKey Laboratory of Stem Cell BiologyInstitute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Lu
- Shanghai Institute of Endocrinology and MetabolismEndocrine and Metabolic E-Institutes of Shanghai Universities (EISU), Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases and Key Laboratory for Endocrinology and Metabolism of Chinese Health Ministry, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197th Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai 200025, ChinaLaboratory of Endocrinology and MetabolismKey Laboratory of Stem Cell BiologyInstitute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhijian Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Endocrinology and MetabolismEndocrine and Metabolic E-Institutes of Shanghai Universities (EISU), Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases and Key Laboratory for Endocrinology and Metabolism of Chinese Health Ministry, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197th Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai 200025, ChinaLaboratory of Endocrinology and MetabolismKey Laboratory of Stem Cell BiologyInstitute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Peishun Shou
- Shanghai Institute of Endocrinology and MetabolismEndocrine and Metabolic E-Institutes of Shanghai Universities (EISU), Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases and Key Laboratory for Endocrinology and Metabolism of Chinese Health Ministry, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197th Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai 200025, ChinaLaboratory of Endocrinology and MetabolismKey Laboratory of Stem Cell BiologyInstitute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiguo Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Endocrinology and MetabolismEndocrine and Metabolic E-Institutes of Shanghai Universities (EISU), Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases and Key Laboratory for Endocrinology and Metabolism of Chinese Health Ministry, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197th Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai 200025, ChinaLaboratory of Endocrinology and MetabolismKey Laboratory of Stem Cell BiologyInstitute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guang Ning
- Shanghai Institute of Endocrinology and MetabolismEndocrine and Metabolic E-Institutes of Shanghai Universities (EISU), Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases and Key Laboratory for Endocrinology and Metabolism of Chinese Health Ministry, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197th Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai 200025, ChinaLaboratory of Endocrinology and MetabolismKey Laboratory of Stem Cell BiologyInstitute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China Shanghai Institute of Endocrinology and MetabolismEndocrine and Metabolic E-Institutes of Shanghai Universities (EISU), Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases and Key Laboratory for Endocrinology and Metabolism of Chinese Health Ministry, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197th Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai 200025, ChinaLaboratory of Endocrinology and MetabolismKey Laboratory of Stem Cell BiologyInstitute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
207
|
Han J, Lin K, Sequeira C, Borchers CH. An isotope-labeled chemical derivatization method for the quantitation of short-chain fatty acids in human feces by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 854:86-94. [PMID: 25479871 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 332] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are produced by anaerobic gut microbiota in the large bowel. Qualitative and quantitative measurements of SCFAs in the intestinal tract and the fecal samples are important to understand the complex interplay between diet, gut microbiota and host metabolism homeostasis. To develop a new LC-MS/MS method for sensitive and reliable analysis of SCFAs in human fecal samples, 3-nitrophenylhydrazine (3NPH) was employed for pre-analytical derivatization to convert ten C2-C6 SCFAs to their 3-nitrophenylhydrazones under a single set of optimized reaction conditions and without the need of reaction quenching. The derivatives showed excellent in-solution chemical stability. They were separated on a reversed-phase C18 column and quantitated by negative-ion electrospray ionization - multiple-reaction monitoring (MRM)/MS. To achieve accurate quantitation, the stable isotope-labeled versions of the derivatives were synthesized in a single reaction vessel from (13)C6-3NPH, and were used as internal standard to compensate for the matrix effects in ESI. Method validation showed on-column limits of detection and quantitation over the range from low to high femtomoles for the ten SCFAs, and the intra-day and inter-day precision for determination of nine of the ten SCFAs in human fecal samples was ≤8.8% (n=6). The quantitation accuracy ranged from 93.1% to 108.4% (CVs≤4.6%, n=6). This method was used to determine the SCFA concentrations and compositions in six human fecal samples. One of the six samples, which was collected from a clinically diagnosed type 2 diabetes patient showed a significantly high molar ratio of branch-chain SCFAs to straight-chain SCFAs than the others. In summary, this work provides a new LC-MS/MS method for precise and accurate quantitation of SCFAs in human feces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Han
- University of Victoria - Genome BC Proteomics Centre, University of Victoria, Vancouver Island Technology Park, 3101-4464 Markham Street, Victoria, BC V8Z 7X8, Canada
| | - Karen Lin
- University of Victoria - Genome BC Proteomics Centre, University of Victoria, Vancouver Island Technology Park, 3101-4464 Markham Street, Victoria, BC V8Z 7X8, Canada
| | - Carita Sequeira
- University of Victoria - Genome BC Proteomics Centre, University of Victoria, Vancouver Island Technology Park, 3101-4464 Markham Street, Victoria, BC V8Z 7X8, Canada
| | - Christoph H Borchers
- University of Victoria - Genome BC Proteomics Centre, University of Victoria, Vancouver Island Technology Park, 3101-4464 Markham Street, Victoria, BC V8Z 7X8, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Petch Building Room 207, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
208
|
Sonnenburg ED, Sonnenburg JL. Starving our microbial self: the deleterious consequences of a diet deficient in microbiota-accessible carbohydrates. Cell Metab 2014; 20:779-786. [PMID: 25156449 PMCID: PMC4896489 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 496] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The gut microbiota of a healthy person may not be equivalent to a healthy microbiota. It is possible that the Western microbiota is actually dysbiotic and predisposes individuals to a variety of diseases. The asymmetric plasticity between the relatively stable human genome and the more malleable gut microbiome suggests that incompatibilities between the two could rapidly arise. The Western lifestyle, which includes a diet low in microbiota-accessible carbohydrates (MACs), has selected for a microbiota with altered membership and functionality compared to those of groups living traditional lifestyles. Interactions between resident microbes and host leading to immune dysregulation may explain several diseases that share inflammation as a common basis. The low-MAC Western diet results in poor production of gut microbiota-generated short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which attenuate inflammation through a variety of mechanisms in mouse models. Studies focused on modern and traditional societies, combined with animal models, are needed to characterize the connection between diet, microbiota composition, and function. Differentiating between an optimal microbiota, one that increases disease risk, and one that is causative or potentiates disease will be required to further understand both the etiology and possible treatments for health problems related to microbiota dysbiosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erica D Sonnenburg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 259 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Justin L Sonnenburg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 259 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
209
|
Abstract
The ketone body β-hydroxybutyrate (βOHB) is a convenient carrier of energy from adipocytes to peripheral tissues during fasting or exercise. However, βOHB is more than just a metabolite, having important cellular signaling roles as well. βOHB is an endogenous inhibitor of histone deacetylases (HDACs) and a ligand for at least two cell surface receptors. In addition, the downstream products of βOHB metabolism including acetyl-CoA, succinyl-CoA, and NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) themselves have signaling activities. These regulatory functions of βOHB serve to link the outside environment to cellular function and gene expression, and have important implications for the pathogenesis and treatment of metabolic diseases including type 2 diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John C Newman
- Division of Geriatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Gladstone Institutes, University of California San Francisco, 1650 Owens St., San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Eric Verdin
- Gladstone Institutes, University of California San Francisco, 1650 Owens St., San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
210
|
Hurst NR, Kendig DM, Murthy KS, Grider JR. The short chain fatty acids, butyrate and propionate, have differential effects on the motility of the guinea pig colon. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2014; 26:1586-96. [PMID: 25223619 PMCID: PMC4438679 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colonic microbiota digest resistant starches producing short chain fatty acids (SCFAs). The main SCFAs produced are acetate, propionate, and butyrate. Both excitatory and inhibitory effects of SCFAs on motility have been reported. We hypothesized that the effect of SCFAs on colonic motility varies with chain length and aimed to determine the effects of SCFAs on propagating and non-propagating contractions of guinea pig proximal and distal colon. METHODS In isolated proximal colonic segments, Krebs solution alone or containing 10-100 mM acetate, propionate, or butyrate was injected into the lumen, motility was videorecorded over 10 min, and spatiotemporal maps created. In distal colon, the lumen was perfused with the same solutions of SCFAs at 0.1 mL/min, the movement of artificial fecal pellets videorecorded, and velocity of propulsion calculated. KEY RESULTS In proximal colon, butyrate increased the frequency of full-length propagations, decreased short propagations, and had a biphasic effect on non-propagating contractions. Propionate blocked full and short propagations and had a biphasic effect on non-propagating contractions. Acetate decreased short and total propagations. In distal colon, butyrate increased and propionate decreased velocity of propulsion. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES The data suggest that luminal SCFAs have differing effects on proximal and distal colonic motility depending on chain length. Thus, the net effect of SCFAs on colonic motility would depend on the balance of SCFAs produced by microbial digestion of resistant starches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Norm R Hurst
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, VCU Program in Enteric Neuromuscular Science (VPENS), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
211
|
|
212
|
Priyadarshini M, Thomas A, Reisetter AC, Scholtens DM, Wolever TMS, Josefson JL, Layden BT. Maternal short-chain fatty acids are associated with metabolic parameters in mothers and newborns. Transl Res 2014; 164:153-7. [PMID: 24530607 PMCID: PMC4156825 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2014.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
During the course of pregnancy, dynamic remodeling of the gut microbiota occurs and contributes to maternal metabolic changes through an undefined mechanism. Because short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are a major product of gut microbiome fermentation, we investigated whether serum SCFA levels during pregnancy are related to key metabolic parameters in mothers and newborns. In this prospective study, 20 pregnant women without gestational diabetes were evaluated at 36-38 weeks of gestation, and their newborns were assessed after parturition. In this cohort, which included normal (n = 10) and obese (n = 10) subjects based on prepregnancy body mass index, serum levels of SCFAs (acetate, propionate, and butyrate), maternal adipokines, maternal glucose, and C-peptide were measured at 36-38 weeks of gestation. Maternal weight gain and newborn anthropometrics were also determined. Data were analyzed using linear regression to test for associations, adjusting for prepregnancy obesity. In this cohort, serum acetate levels were associated with maternal weight gain and maternal adiponectin levels. In addition, serum propionate correlated negatively with maternal leptin levels, newborn length, and body weight. Taken together, this study observed that novel relationships exist among maternal SCFA levels and multiple interrelated maternal/newborn metabolic parameters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Medha Priyadarshini
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Alexandra Thomas
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Anna C Reisetter
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Denise M Scholtens
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Thomas M S Wolever
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jami L Josefson
- Division of Endocrinology, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Brian T Layden
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL.
| |
Collapse
|
213
|
Zaura E, Nicu EA, Krom BP, Keijser BJF. Acquiring and maintaining a normal oral microbiome: current perspective. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2014; 4:85. [PMID: 25019064 PMCID: PMC4071637 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2014.00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The oral microbiota survives daily physical and chemical perturbations from the intake of food and personal hygiene measures, resulting in a long-term stable microbiome. Biological properties that confer stability in the microbiome are important for the prevention of dysbiosis—a microbial shift toward a disease, e.g., periodontitis or caries. Although processes that underlie oral diseases have been studied extensively, processes involved in maintaining of a normal, healthy microbiome are poorly understood. In this review we present our hypothesis on how a healthy oral microbiome is acquired and maintained. We introduce our view on the prenatal development of tolerance for the normal oral microbiome: we propose that development of fetal tolerance toward the microbiome of the mother during pregnancy is the major factor for a successful acquisition of a normal microbiome. We describe the processes that influence the establishment of such microbiome, followed by our perspective on the process of sustaining a healthy oral microbiome. We divide microbiome-maintenance factors into host-derived and microbe-derived, while focusing on the host. Finally, we highlight the need and directions for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Egija Zaura
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Elena A Nicu
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Bastiaan P Krom
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Bart J F Keijser
- Microbiology and Systems Biology, TNO Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences Zeist, Netherlands ; Top Institute Food and Nutrition Wageningen, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
214
|
De Vadder F, Mithieux G. Les fibres alimentaires induisent des bénéfices métaboliques via l’activation de la néoglucogenèse intestinale. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11690-014-0451-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
215
|
Mayer EA, Savidge T, Shulman RJ. Brain-gut microbiome interactions and functional bowel disorders. Gastroenterology 2014; 146:1500-12. [PMID: 24583088 PMCID: PMC4114504 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2014.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 289] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in the bidirectional interactions between the intestine and the nervous system have important roles in the pathogenesis of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). A body of largely preclinical evidence suggests that the gut microbiota can modulate these interactions. A small and poorly defined role for dysbiosis in the development of IBS symptoms has been established through characterization of altered intestinal microbiota in IBS patients and reported improvement of subjective symptoms after its manipulation with prebiotics, probiotics, or antibiotics. It remains to be determined whether IBS symptoms are caused by alterations in brain signaling from the intestine to the microbiota or primary disruption of the microbiota, and whether they are involved in altered interactions between the brain and intestine during development. We review the potential mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of IBS in different groups of patients. Studies are needed to better characterize alterations to the intestinal microbiome in large cohorts of well-phenotyped patients, and to correlate intestinal metabolites with specific abnormalities in gut-brain interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emeran A Mayer
- Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.
| | - Tor Savidge
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; Texas Children's Microbiome Center, Department of Pathology, Houston, Texas; Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Robert J Shulman
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; Children's Nutrition Research Center, Houston, Texas; Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
216
|
Patole S, Keil AD, Chang A, Nathan E, Doherty D, Simmer K, Esvaran M, Conway P. Effect of Bifidobacterium breve M-16V supplementation on fecal bifidobacteria in preterm neonates--a randomised double blind placebo controlled trial. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89511. [PMID: 24594833 PMCID: PMC3940439 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Probiotic supplementation significantly reduces the risk of necrotising enterocolitis (NEC) and all cause mortality in preterm neonates. Independent quality assessment is important before introducing routine probiotic supplementation in this cohort. AIM To assess product quality, and confirm that Bifidobacterium breve (B. breve) M-16V supplementation will increase fecal B. breve counts without adverse effects. METHODS AND PARTICIPANTS Strain identity (16S rRNA gene sequencing), viability over 2 year shelf-life were confirmed, and microbial contamination of the product was ruled out. In a controlled trial preterm neonates (Gestation <33 weeks) ready to commence or on feeds for <12 hours were randomly allocated to either B. breve M-16V (3×109 cfu/day) or placebo (dextrin) supplementation until the corrected age 37 weeks. Stool samples were collected before (S1) and after 3 weeks of supplementation (S2) for studying fecal B. breve levels using quantitative PCR (Primary outcome). Secondary outcomes included total fecal bifidobacteria and NEC≥Stage II. Categorical and continuous outcomes were analysed using Chi-square and Mann-Whitney tests, and McNemar and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests for paired comparisons. RESULTS A total of 159 neonates (Probiotic: 79, Placebo: 80) were enrolled. Maternal and neonatal demographic characteristics were comparable between the groups. The proportion of neonates with detectable B. breve increased significantly post intervention: Placebo: [S1:2/66 (3%), S2: 25/66 (38%), p<0.001] Probiotic: [S1: 29/74 (40%), S2: 67/74 (91%), p<0.001]. Median S1 B. breve counts in both groups were below detection (<4.7 log cells x g(-1)), increasing significantly in S2 for the probiotic group (log 8.6) while remaining <4.7 log in the control group (p<0.001). There were no adverse effects including probiotic sepsis and no deaths. NEC≥Stage II occurred in only 1 neonate (placebo group). CONCLUSION B. breve M-16V is a suitable probiotic strain for routine use in preterm neonates. TRIAL REGISTRATION Australia New Zealand Clinical Trial Registry ACTRN 12609000374268.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Patole
- Department of Neonatal Paediatrics, KEM Hospital for Women, Perth, Australia
- Centre for Neonatal Research and Education, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Anthony D. Keil
- PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, KEM Hospital for Women, Perth, Australia
| | - Annie Chang
- Department of Neonatal Paediatrics, KEM Hospital for Women, Perth, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Nathan
- Women and Infants Research Foundation, KEM Hospital for Women, Perth, Australia
| | - Dorota Doherty
- Women and Infants Research Foundation, KEM Hospital for Women, Perth, Australia
- School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Karen Simmer
- Department of Neonatal Paediatrics, KEM Hospital for Women, Perth, Australia
- Centre for Neonatal Research and Education, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
217
|
Puertollano E, Kolida S, Yaqoob P. Biological significance of short-chain fatty acid metabolism by the intestinal microbiome. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2014; 17:139-44. [PMID: 24389673 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0000000000000025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Evidence suggests that short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) derived from microbial metabolism in the gut play a central role in host homeostasis. The present review describes the current understanding and physiological implications of SCFAs derived from microbial metabolism of nondigestible carbohydrates. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies indicate a role for SCFAs, in particular propionate and butyrate, in metabolic and inflammatory disorders such as obesity, diabetes and inflammatory bowel diseases, through the activation of specific G-protein-coupled receptors and modification of transcription factors. Established prebiotics, such as fructooligosaccharides and galactooligosaccharides, which support the growth of Bifidobacteria, mainly mediate acetate production. Thus, recent identification of prebiotics which are able to stimulate the production of propionate and butyrate by benign saccharolytic populations in the colon is of interest. SUMMARY Manipulation of saccharolytic fermentation by prebiotic substrates is beginning to provide information on structure-function relationships relating to the production of SCFAs, which have multiple roles in host homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Puertollano
- Department of Food & Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
218
|
β-Hydroxybutyrate modulates N-type calcium channels in rat sympathetic neurons by acting as an agonist for the G-protein-coupled receptor FFA3. J Neurosci 2014; 33:19314-25. [PMID: 24305827 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3102-13.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Free fatty acids receptor 3 (FFA3, GPR41) and 2 (FFA2, GPR43), for which the short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) acetate and propionate are agonist, have emerged as important G-protein-coupled receptors influenced by diet and gut flora composition. A recent study (Kimura et al., 2011) demonstrated functional expression of FFA3 in the rodent sympathetic nervous system (SNS) providing a potential link between nutritional status and autonomic function. However, little is known of the source of endogenous ligands, signaling pathways, or effectors in sympathetic neurons. In this study, we found that FFA3 and FFA2 are unevenly expressed in the rat SNS with higher transcript levels in prevertebral (e.g., celiac-superior mesenteric and major pelvic) versus paravertebral (e.g., superior cervical and stellate) ganglia. FFA3, whether heterologously or natively expressed, coupled via PTX-sensitive G-proteins to produce voltage-dependent inhibition of N-type Ca(2+) channels (Cav2.2) in sympathetic neurons. In addition to acetate and propionate, we show that β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), a metabolite produced during ketogenic conditions, is also an FFA3 agonist. This contrasts with previous interpretations of BHB as an antagonist at FFA3. Together, these results indicate that endogenous BHB levels, especially when elevated under certain conditions, such as starvation, diabetic ketoacidosis, and ketogenic diets, play a potentially important role in regulating the activity of the SNS through FFA3.
Collapse
|
219
|
De Vadder F, Kovatcheva-Datchary P, Goncalves D, Vinera J, Zitoun C, Duchampt A, Bäckhed F, Mithieux G. Microbiota-generated metabolites promote metabolic benefits via gut-brain neural circuits. Cell 2014; 156:84-96. [PMID: 24412651 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2013.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1444] [Impact Index Per Article: 144.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Soluble dietary fibers promote metabolic benefits on body weight and glucose control, but underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Recent evidence indicates that intestinal gluconeogenesis (IGN) has beneficial effects on glucose and energy homeostasis. Here, we show that the short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) propionate and butyrate, which are generated by fermentation of soluble fiber by the gut microbiota, activate IGN via complementary mechanisms. Butyrate activates IGN gene expression through a cAMP-dependent mechanism, while propionate, itself a substrate of IGN, activates IGN gene expression via a gut-brain neural circuit involving the fatty acid receptor FFAR3. The metabolic benefits on body weight and glucose control induced by SCFAs or dietary fiber in normal mice are absent in mice deficient for IGN, despite similar modifications in gut microbiota composition. Thus, the regulation of IGN is necessary for the metabolic benefits associated with SCFAs and soluble fiber.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Filipe De Vadder
- Institut de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U855, Lyon 69372, France; Université de Lyon, Lyon 69008, France; Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne 69622, France
| | - Petia Kovatcheva-Datchary
- Wallenberg Laboratory and Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg 41345, Sweden
| | - Daisy Goncalves
- Institut de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U855, Lyon 69372, France; Université de Lyon, Lyon 69008, France; Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne 69622, France
| | - Jennifer Vinera
- Institut de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U855, Lyon 69372, France; Université de Lyon, Lyon 69008, France; Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne 69622, France
| | - Carine Zitoun
- Institut de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U855, Lyon 69372, France; Université de Lyon, Lyon 69008, France; Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne 69622, France
| | - Adeline Duchampt
- Institut de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U855, Lyon 69372, France; Université de Lyon, Lyon 69008, France; Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne 69622, France
| | - Fredrik Bäckhed
- Wallenberg Laboratory and Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg 41345, Sweden; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section for Metabolic Receptology and Enteroendocrinology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Gilles Mithieux
- Institut de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U855, Lyon 69372, France; Université de Lyon, Lyon 69008, France; Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne 69622, France.
| |
Collapse
|
220
|
Zhu Y, Cong W, Shen L, Wei H, Wang Y, Wang L, Ruan K, Wu F, Feng Y. Fecal metabonomic study of a polysaccharide, MDG-1 from Ophiopogon japonicus on diabetic mice based on gas chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC TOF/MS). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 10:304-12. [DOI: 10.1039/c3mb70392d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
|
221
|
Newman JC, Verdin E. Ketone bodies as signaling metabolites. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2014; 25:42-52. [PMID: 24140022 PMCID: PMC4176946 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2013.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 623] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Revised: 09/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Traditionally, the ketone body β-hydroxybutyrate (βOHB) has been looked upon as a carrier of energy from liver to peripheral tissues during fasting or exercise. However, βOHB also signals via extracellular receptors and acts as an endogenous inhibitor of histone deacetylases (HDACs). These recent findings support a model in which βOHB functions to link the environment, in this case the diet, and gene expression via chromatin modifications. We review the regulation and functions of ketone bodies, the relationship between ketone bodies and calorie restriction, and the implications of HDAC inhibition by the ketone body βOHB in the modulation of metabolism and in diseases of aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John C Newman
- Gladstone Institutes and University of California San Francisco, 1650 Owens Street, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Eric Verdin
- Gladstone Institutes and University of California San Francisco, 1650 Owens Street, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
222
|
Synthesis and properties of macrocyclic butanoic acid conjugates as a promising delivery formulation for the nutrition of colon. ScientificWorldJournal 2013; 2013:914234. [PMID: 24163636 PMCID: PMC3791671 DOI: 10.1155/2013/914234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Butanoic acid plays a significant role in the maintenance of mucosal health and is the preferred energy substrate for the cells in the colon. Here, butanoic acid was selectively conjugated to the secondary hydroxyl group of β -cyclodextrin through ester bond using sodium hydride as the deprotonation reagent. The preliminary release behaviors of butanoic acid in rat gastrointestinal tract contents were investigated at 37°C within 12 h. In the contents of stomach, the conjugates did seldom release butanoic acid, released butanoic acid only 5.8% in the contents of small intestine, and released butanoic acid significantly up to 38.4% in the contents of colon. These results indicate that the conjugate activation took place site specifically in the rat colonic contents, via the biodegradation by glycosidases and hydrolases in the colon. Therefore, the β -cyclodextrin conjugates of butanoic acid may be of value as an orally administered colon-specific formulation for the nutrition of colon.
Collapse
|
223
|
Liou AP, Paziuk M, Luevano JM, Machineni S, Turnbaugh PJ, Kaplan LM. Conserved shifts in the gut microbiota due to gastric bypass reduce host weight and adiposity. Sci Transl Med 2013; 5:178ra41. [PMID: 23536013 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3005687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 671] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) results in rapid weight loss, reduced adiposity, and improved glucose metabolism. These effects are not simply attributable to decreased caloric intake or absorption, but the mechanisms linking rearrangement of the gastrointestinal tract to these metabolic outcomes are largely unknown. Studies in humans and rats have shown that RYGB restructures the gut microbiota, prompting the hypothesis that some of the effects of RYGB are caused by altered host-microbial interactions. To test this hypothesis, we used a mouse model of RYGB that recapitulates many of the metabolic outcomes in humans. 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing of murine fecal samples collected after RYGB surgery, sham surgery, or sham surgery coupled to caloric restriction revealed that alterations to the gut microbiota after RYGB are conserved among humans, rats, and mice, resulting in a rapid and sustained increase in the relative abundance of Gammaproteobacteria (Escherichia) and Verrucomicrobia (Akkermansia). These changes were independent of weight change and caloric restriction, were detectable throughout the length of the gastrointestinal tract, and were most evident in the distal gut, downstream of the surgical manipulation site. Transfer of the gut microbiota from RYGB-treated mice to nonoperated, germ-free mice resulted in weight loss and decreased fat mass in the recipient animals relative to recipients of microbiota induced by sham surgery, potentially due to altered microbial production of short-chain fatty acids. These findings provide the first empirical support for the claim that changes in the gut microbiota contribute to reduced host weight and adiposity after RYGB surgery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alice P Liou
- Obesity, Metabolism & Nutrition Institute and Gastrointestinal Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
224
|
Sun Y, O'Riordan MXD. Regulation of bacterial pathogenesis by intestinal short-chain Fatty acids. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2013; 85:93-118. [PMID: 23942149 PMCID: PMC4029053 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407672-3.00003-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The human gut microbiota is inextricably linked to health and disease. One important function of the commensal organisms living in the intestine is to provide colonization resistance against invading enteric pathogens. Because of the complex nature of the interaction between the microbiota and its host, multiple mechanisms likely contribute to resistance. In this review, we dissect the biological role of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), which are fermentation end products of the intestinal microbiota, in host-pathogen interactions. SCFA exert an extensive influence on host physiology through nutritional, regulatory, and immunomodulatory functions and can also affect bacterial fitness as a form of acid stress. Moreover, SCFA act as a signal for virulence gene regulation in common enteric pathogens. Taken together, these studies highlight the importance of the chemical environment where the biology of the host, the microbiota, and the pathogen intersects, which provides a basis for designing effective infection prevention and control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Sun
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|