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Tamoor M, Samak NA, Jia Y, Mushtaq MU, Sher H, Bibi M, Xing J. Potential Use of Microbial Enzymes for the Conversion of Plastic Waste Into Value-Added Products: A Viable Solution. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:777727. [PMID: 34917057 PMCID: PMC8670383 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.777727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The widespread use of commercial polymers composed of a mixture of polylactic acid and polyethene terephthalate (PLA-PET) in bottles and other packaging materials has caused a massive environmental crisis. The valorization of these contaminants via cost-effective technologies is urgently needed to achieve a circular economy. The enzymatic hydrolysis of PLA-PET contaminants plays a vital role in environmentally friendly strategies for plastic waste recycling and degradation. In this review, the potential roles of microbial enzymes for solving this critical problem are highlighted. Various enzymes involved in PLA-PET recycling and bioconversion, such as PETase and MHETase produced by Ideonella sakaiensis; esterases produced by Bacillus and Nocardia; lipases produced by Thermomyces lanuginosus, Candida antarctica, Triticum aestivum, and Burkholderia spp.; and leaf-branch compost cutinases are critically discussed. Strategies for the utilization of PLA-PET's carbon content as C1 building blocks were investigated for the production of new plastic monomers and different value-added products, such as cyclic acetals, 1,3-propanediol, and vanillin. The bioconversion of PET-PLA degradation monomers to polyhydroxyalkanoate biopolymers by Pseudomonas and Halomonas strains was addressed in detail. Different solutions to the production of biodegradable plastics from food waste, agricultural residues, and polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB)-accumulating bacteria were discussed. Fuel oil production via PLA-PET thermal pyrolysis and possible hybrid integration techniques for the incorporation of thermostable plastic degradation enzymes for the conversion into fuel oil is explained in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Tamoor
- CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Nadia A. Samak
- CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Biofilm Centre, Aquatic Microbiology Department, Faculty of Chemistry, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Yunpu Jia
- CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Muhammad Umar Mushtaq
- CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Wah Engineering College, University of Wah, Wah Cantt, Pakistan
| | - Hassan Sher
- CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Maryam Bibi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Wah Engineering College, University of Wah, Wah Cantt, Pakistan
| | - Jianmin Xing
- CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Shantou, China
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202
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Abstract
Each year, more than 330 million tons of plastic are produced worldwide. The main consumers of plastics are the packaging (40%), building (20%) and automotive (8%) industries, as well as for the manufacture of household appliances. The vast majority of industrial plastics are not biodegradable and, therefore, create environmental problems due to the increase in the amount of solid waste. Studies have been conducted to produce biodegradable materials such as bioplastics to overcome this environmental problem. Bioplastics are defined as materials that are bio-based, biodegradable, or both; they can provide excellent biodegradability and can be used to help alleviate environmental problems. Therefore, this article presents an overview of the introduction of bioplastic materials and classifications, and a comprehensive review of their drawbacks and areas of importance, including basic and applied research, as well as biopolymer mixtures and biocomposites developed in the last decade. At the same time, this article provides insights into the development of bioplastics research to meet the needs of many industries, especially in the packaging industry in Malaysia. This review paper also focuses generally on bioplastic packaging applications such as food and beverage, healthcare, cosmetics, etc.
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203
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Birania S, Kumar S, Kumar N, Attkan AK, Panghal A, Rohilla P, Kumar R. Advances in development of biodegradable food packaging material from agricultural and
agro‐industry
waste. J FOOD PROCESS ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpe.13930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sapna Birania
- Department of Processing and Food Engineering College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University Hisar Haryana India
| | - Sunil Kumar
- AICRP on Post Harvest Engineering & Technology (Hisar Centre), Department of Processing and Food Engineering College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University Hisar Haryana India
| | - Nitin Kumar
- Department of Processing and Food Engineering College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University Hisar Haryana India
| | - Arun Kumar Attkan
- Department of Processing and Food Engineering College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University Hisar Haryana India
| | - Anil Panghal
- AICRP on Post Harvest Engineering & Technology (Hisar Centre), Department of Processing and Food Engineering College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University Hisar Haryana India
| | - Priyanka Rohilla
- Centre of Food Science and Technology, College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University Hisar Haryana India
| | - Ravi Kumar
- Department of Processing and Food Engineering College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University Hisar Haryana India
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204
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Patrício Silva AL, Prata JC, Mouneyrac C, Barcelò D, Duarte AC, Rocha-Santos T. Risks of Covid-19 face masks to wildlife: Present and future research needs. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 792:148505. [PMID: 34465061 PMCID: PMC8217904 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The use of disposable face masks became essential to fight against the COVID-19 pandemic, resulting in an unprecedented rise in their production and, unfortunately, to a new form of environmental contamination due to improper disposal. Recent publications reported the abundance of COVID-19-related litter in several environments, wildlife interaction with such items, and the contaminants that can be released from such protective equipment that has the potential to induce ecotoxicological effects. This paper provides a critical review of COVID-19 face mask occurrence in diverse environments and their adverse physiological and ecotoxicological effects on wildlife. It also outlines potential remediation strategies to mitigate the environmental challenge impose by COVID-19-related litter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana L Patrício Silva
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Joana C Prata
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Catherine Mouneyrac
- Mer Molécules Sante (MMS), Université Catholique de l'Ouest, 3 place André Leroy, BP10808, 49008 Angers CEDEX 01, France
| | - Damià Barcelò
- Catalan Institute for Water research (ICRA-CERCA), H2O Building, Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, Emili Grahit 101,17003 Girona, Spain; Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Armando C Duarte
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Teresa Rocha-Santos
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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205
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Qin ZH, Mou JH, Chao CYH, Chopra SS, Daoud W, Leu SY, Ning Z, Tso CY, Chan CK, Tang S, Hathi ZJ, Haque MA, Wang X, Lin CSK. Biotechnology of Plastic Waste Degradation, Recycling, and Valorization: Current Advances and Future Perspectives. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:4103-4114. [PMID: 34137191 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202100752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Although fossil-based plastic products have many attractive characteristics, their production has led to severe environmental burdens that require immediate solutions. Despite these plastics being non-natural chemical compounds, they can be degraded and metabolized by some microorganisms, which suggests the potential application of biotechnologies based on the mechanism of plastic biodegradation. In this context, microbe-based strategies for the degradation, recycling, and valorization of plastic waste offer a feasible approach for alleviating environmental challenges created by the accumulation of plastic waste. This Minireview highlights recent advances in the biotechnology-based biodegradation of both traditional polymers and bio-based plastics, focusing on the mechanisms of biodegradation. From an application perspective, this Minireview also summarizes recent progress in the recycling and valorization of plastic waste, which are feasible solutions for tackling the plastic waste dilemma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Hao Qin
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Jin-Hua Mou
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | | | | | - Walid Daoud
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Shao-Yuan Leu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - Zhi Ning
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong
| | - Chi Yan Tso
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Chak Keung Chan
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Shixing Tang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510632, P. R. China
| | | | - Md Ariful Haque
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Xiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, P. R. China
| | - Carol Sze Ki Lin
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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206
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Payne J, Jones MD. The Chemical Recycling of Polyesters for a Circular Plastics Economy: Challenges and Emerging Opportunities. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:4041-4070. [PMID: 33826253 PMCID: PMC8518041 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202100400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Whilst plastics have played an instrumental role in human development, growing environmental concerns have led to increasing public scrutiny and demands for outright bans. This has stimulated considerable research into renewable alternatives, and more recently, the development of alternative waste management strategies. Herein, the aim was to highlight recent developments in the catalytic chemical recycling of two commercial polyesters, namely poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET). The concept of chemical recycling is first introduced, and associated opportunities/challenges are discussed within the context of the governing depolymerisation thermodynamics. Chemical recycling methods for PLA and PET are then discussed, with a particular focus on upcycling and the use of metal-based catalysts. Finally, the attention shifts to the emergence of new materials with the potential to modernise the plastics economy. Emerging opportunities and challenges are discussed within the context of industrial feasibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Payne
- Centre for Sustainable and Circular TechnologiesUniversity of Bath Claverton DownBathBA2 7AYUK
| | - Matthew D. Jones
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Bath Claverton DownBathBA2 7AYUK
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207
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Cucina M, de Nisi P, Tambone F, Adani F. The role of waste management in reducing bioplastics' leakage into the environment: A review. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 337:125459. [PMID: 34320741 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Bioplastics are becoming more and more widespread as substitutes for petroleum-derived plastics due to their biodegradability. Bioplastics degradation under different environments has been described and reported to depend mainly on bioplastics' compositions and the environmental conditions. Incomplete degradation during waste management processes and leakage of bioplastics into the environment are becoming major concerns that need to be further investigated. In this context, the present paper aimed to review recent literature dealing with biodegradation of bioplastics under industrial (e.g. anaerobic digestion and composting) and natural (e.g. soil and water) environments, and to link it to the potential bioplastics' leakage into the environment. Reviewed data were used to estimate the potential role of waste management processes in decreasing the potential leakage of bioplastics. Depending on bioplastics' type and processing conditions, waste management can effectively reduce bioplastics' potential leakage, decreasing the concentration of these materials that can reach the natural environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Cucina
- Gruppo Ricicla Lab. - DiSAA - Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Patrizia de Nisi
- Gruppo Ricicla Lab. - DiSAA - Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Fulvia Tambone
- Gruppo Ricicla Lab. - DiSAA - Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Adani
- Gruppo Ricicla Lab. - DiSAA - Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy
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208
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Cucina M, De Nisi P, Trombino L, Tambone F, Adani F. Degradation of bioplastics in organic waste by mesophilic anaerobic digestion, composting and soil incubation. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 134:67-77. [PMID: 34416672 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2021.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to assess the effects of high concentrations (10 % w/w, data projected for 2030) of commercial bioplastics, i.e. starch based shopping bags (SBSB) and polylactic acid (PLA) tableware, in the organic fraction of municipal solid wastes (MSW) on compost quality obtained by pilot-scale dry mesophilic anaerobic digestion and subsequent composting of the digestate. After the biological processes, 48.1 % total solids (TS) of SBSB and 15 % TS of PLA degraded, resulting in a high bioplastics content (about 18 % TS) in compost. Subsequent compost incubation in soils indicated that bioplastics degraded by pseudo-zero order kinetics (0.014 and 0.010 mg C cm-2 d-1 for SBSB and PLA, respectively), i.e. complete degradation was expected in 1.6 years (SBSB) and 7.2 years (PLA), confirming the intrinsic biodegradability of bioplastics. Nevertheless, enhancing the rate and amount of bioplastics degradation during waste management represents a goal to decrease the amount of bioplastics reaching the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Cucina
- Gruppo Ricicla Lab. - DiSAA - Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Patrizia De Nisi
- Gruppo Ricicla Lab. - DiSAA - Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Luca Trombino
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra Ardito Desio - Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 34, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Fulvia Tambone
- Gruppo Ricicla Lab. - DiSAA - Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Adani
- Gruppo Ricicla Lab. - DiSAA - Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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209
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Purahong W, Wahdan SFM, Heinz D, Jariyavidyanont K, Sungkapreecha C, Tanunchai B, Sansupa C, Sadubsarn D, Alaneed R, Heintz-Buschart A, Schädler M, Geissler A, Kressler J, Buscot F. Back to the Future: Decomposability of a Biobased and Biodegradable Plastic in Field Soil Environments and Its Microbiome under Ambient and Future Climates. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:12337-12351. [PMID: 34486373 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c02695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Decomposition by microorganisms of plastics in soils is almost unexplored despite the fact that the majority of plastics released into the environment end up in soils. Here, we investigate the decomposition process and microbiome of one of the most promising biobased and biodegradable plastics, poly(butylene succinate-co-adipate) (PBSA), under field soil conditions under both ambient and future predicted climates (for the time between 2070 and 2100). We show that the gravimetric and molar mass of PBSA is already largely reduced (28-33%) after 328 days under both climates. We provide novel information on the PBSA microbiome encompassing the three domains of life: Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya (fungi). We show that PBSA begins to decompose after the increase in relative abundances of aquatic fungi (Tetracladium spp.) and nitrogen-fixing bacteria. The PBSA microbiome is distinct from that of surrounding soils, suggesting that PBSA serves as a new ecological habitat. We conclude that the microbial decomposition process of PBSA in soil is more complex than previously thought by involving interkingdom relationships, especially between bacteria and fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Witoon Purahong
- Department of Soil Ecology, UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, Halle (Saale) D-06120, Germany
| | - Sara Fareed Mohamed Wahdan
- Department of Soil Ecology, UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, Halle (Saale) D-06120, Germany
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Daniel Heinz
- Department of Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale) D-06099, Germany
| | - Katalee Jariyavidyanont
- Center of Engineering Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale) D-06099, Germany
| | - Chanita Sungkapreecha
- Center of Engineering Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale) D-06099, Germany
| | - Benjawan Tanunchai
- Department of Soil Ecology, UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, Halle (Saale) D-06120, Germany
| | - Chakriya Sansupa
- Department of Soil Ecology, UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, Halle (Saale) D-06120, Germany
| | - Dolaya Sadubsarn
- Department of Soil Ecology, UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, Halle (Saale) D-06120, Germany
| | - Razan Alaneed
- Department of Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale) D-06099, Germany
| | - Anna Heintz-Buschart
- Department of Soil Ecology, UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, Halle (Saale) D-06120, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, Leipzig D-04103, Germany
| | - Martin Schädler
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, Leipzig D-04103, Germany
- Department of Community Ecology, UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, Halle (Saale) D-06120, Germany
| | - Andreas Geissler
- Department of Macromolecular Chemistry and Paper Chemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt D-64287, Germany
| | - Joerg Kressler
- Department of Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale) D-06099, Germany
| | - François Buscot
- Department of Soil Ecology, UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, Halle (Saale) D-06120, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, Leipzig D-04103, Germany
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210
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Vea EB, Fabbri S, Spierling S, Owsianiak M. Inclusion of multiple climate tipping as a new impact category in life cycle assessment of polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA)-based plastics. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 788:147544. [PMID: 34038855 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The merits of temporary carbon storage are often debated for bio-based and biodegradable plastics. We employed life cycle assessment (LCA) to assess environmental performance of polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA)-based plastics, considering multiple climate tipping as a new life cycle impact category. It accounts for the contribution of GHG emissions to trigger climate tipping points in the Earth system, considering in total 13 tipping elements that could pass a tipping point with increasing warming. The PHA was either laminated with poly(lactic acid), or metallized with aluminum or aluminum oxides to lower permeability of the resulting plastics toward oxygen, water vapor and aromas. The assessments were made accounting for potential differences in kinetics of evolution of greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4) from bioplastic degradation in the end-of-life. Results show that: (1) PHA films with high biodegradability perform best in relation to the climate tipping, but are not necessarily the best in relation to radiative forcing increase or global temperature change; (2) sugar beet molasses used as feedstock is an environmental hot spot, contributing significantly to a wide range of environmental problems; (3) increasing PHA production scale from pilot to full commercial scale increases environmental impacts, mainly due to decreasing PHA yield; and (4) further process optimization is necessary for the PHA-based plastics to become attractive alternatives to fossil-based plastics. Our study suggests that multiple climate tipping is a relevant impact category for LCA of biodegradable bioplastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eldbjørg Blikra Vea
- Division for Sustainability, Department of Technology, Management and Economics, Technical University of Denmark, Produktionstorvet, Building 424, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Serena Fabbri
- Division for Sustainability, Department of Technology, Management and Economics, Technical University of Denmark, Produktionstorvet, Building 424, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Sebastian Spierling
- Institute of Plastics and Circular Economy, Leibniz Universität Hannover, An der Universität 2, 30823 Garbsen, Germany.
| | - Mikołaj Owsianiak
- Division for Sustainability, Department of Technology, Management and Economics, Technical University of Denmark, Produktionstorvet, Building 424, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
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211
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Zhang X, Li Y, Ouyang D, Lei J, Tan Q, Xie L, Li Z, Liu T, Xiao Y, Farooq TH, Wu X, Chen L, Yan W. Systematical review of interactions between microplastics and microorganisms in the soil environment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 418:126288. [PMID: 34102358 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Terrestrial ecosystems are widely contaminated by microplastics due to extensive usage and poor handling of plastic materials, but the subsequent fate and remediate strategy of these pollutants are far from fully understood. In soil environments, microplastics pose a potential threat to the survival, growth, and reproduction of soil microbiota that in turn threaten the biodiversity, function, and services of terrestrial ecosystems. Meanwhile, microorganisms are sensitive to microplastics due to the adaptability to changes in substrates and soil properties. Through the metabolic and mineralization processes, microorganisms are also crucial participator to the plastic biodegradation. In this review, we present current knowledges and research results of interactions between microplastics and microorganisms (both fungi and bacteria) in soil environments and mainly discuss the following: (1) effects of microplastics on microbial habitats via changes in soil physical, chemical, and biological properties; (2) effects of microplastics on soil microbial communities and functions; and (3) soil microbial-mediated plastic degradation with the likely mechanisms and potential remediation strategies. We aim to analyze the mechanisms driving these interactions and subsequent ecological effects, propose future directives for the study of microplastic in soils, and provide valuable information on the plastic bioremediation in contaminated soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuyuan Zhang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Applied Forest Ecological Technology in Southern China, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Yong Li
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Applied Forest Ecological Technology in Southern China, Changsha 410004, China; Laboratory of Urban Forest Ecology of Hunan Province, Changsha 410004, China.
| | - Dan Ouyang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Junjie Lei
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Qianlong Tan
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Lingli Xie
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Ziqian Li
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Ting Liu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Yunmu Xiao
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Taimoor Hassan Farooq
- National Engineering Laboratory for Applied Forest Ecological Technology in Southern China, Changsha 410004, China; Bangor College China, a joint unit of Bangor University, Wales, UK and Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Xiaohong Wu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Applied Forest Ecological Technology in Southern China, Changsha 410004, China; Laboratory of Urban Forest Ecology of Hunan Province, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Applied Forest Ecological Technology in Southern China, Changsha 410004, China; Laboratory of Urban Forest Ecology of Hunan Province, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Wende Yan
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Applied Forest Ecological Technology in Southern China, Changsha 410004, China; Laboratory of Urban Forest Ecology of Hunan Province, Changsha 410004, China.
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Liao J, Chen Q. Biodegradable plastics in the air and soil environment: Low degradation rate and high microplastics formation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 418:126329. [PMID: 34118549 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the promotion and use of biodegradable plastics (BPs) are growing into a general trend. Here the degradation performance of different types of BPs was investigated in the natural environment. Their degradation levels followed the order of pure BPs> BP blends> claimed "BP"≈ non-biodegradable plastic after 6-month incubation. Photo- and biodegradation were the main degradation mechanisms of these plastics in the air and soil, respectively. Poly(p-dioxanone) (PPDO) exhibited the highest weight loss potentials in both air (54.7 ± 9.1%) and soil (56.8 ± 4.8%), due to its special ether bond and the rich and diverse microorganisms on its biofilms. The microbiota on PPDO was distinct and enriched with Chloroflexi and Firmicutes that responsible for carbon cycle and organic degradation. The weight loss was only 1.1-8.0% for poly(lactic acid), and 0.8-6.8% for poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate), and other plastics are basically non-degradable. Of note, numerous microplastics were formed after PPDO degradation, with 441 ± 326 and 2103 ± 131 item/g plastic in the air and soil, respectively. Taken together, the monitoring of BP biodegradation in the natural environment is of vital importance, and it is risky to promote large-scale application of BPs if the knowledge gap of their environmental behavior has not been well addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 200241, China; Shanghai Polar Moment Science and Technology Education Company, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Qiqing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 200241, China.
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213
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Chen X, Kroell N, Li K, Feil A, Pretz T. Influences of bioplastic polylactic acid on near-infrared-based sorting of conventional plastic. WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOLID WASTES AND PUBLIC CLEANSING ASSOCIATION, ISWA 2021; 39:1210-1213. [PMID: 33832373 PMCID: PMC8488636 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x211003969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Bioplastics are developed to replace oil-derived plastics due to the high consumption of oil and related environmental impacts of oil-derived plastics. It was predicted that bioplastics can potentially replace 94% of conventional plastic production. With their increasing market share, more bioplastics will end in conventional post-consumer plastic waste streams. Although part of bioplastics is biodegradable and could be biologically decomposed, mechanical recycling achieves higher ecological benefits mainly because of its low pollution risk and the reduction in requirement for virgin feedstock. In this study, the classification of lightweight packaging waste with inflow of bioplastics, more specifically polylactic acid (PLA), was analysed with near-infrared spectroscopy to evaluate the influence of bioplastics on sorting processes of conventional plastics. Besides which, the sortability of PLA was determined through investigating the physical and the spectroscopic characteristics of both non-degraded and degraded PLA. The results show that the classification of all the materials was possible with a pixel-based accuracy of higher than 97.4% and PLA does not influence the sorting process of conventional plastics regarding detection and classification. Furthermore, the sorting of PLA from post-consumer waste is possible, which makes further recycling theoretically achievable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozheng Chen
- Xiaozheng Chen, Department of Anthropogenic Material Cycles, RWTH Aachen University, Wuellnerstrasse 2, Aachen, 52062, Germany.
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214
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Cazaudehore G, Monlau F, Gassie C, Lallement A, Guyoneaud R. Methane production and active microbial communities during anaerobic digestion of three commercial biodegradable coffee capsules under mesophilic and thermophilic conditions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 784:146972. [PMID: 33892320 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Biodegradable plastics market is increasing these last decades, including for coffee capsules. Anaerobic digestion, as a potential end-of-life scenario for plastic waste, has to be investigated. For this purpose, mesophilic (38 °C) and thermophilic (58 °C) anaerobic digestion tests on three coffee capsules made up with biodegradable plastic (Beanarella®, Launay® or Tintoretto®) and spent coffee (control) were compared by their methane production and the microbial communities active during the process. Mesophilic biodegradation of the capsules was slow and did not reach completion after 100 days, methane production ranged between 67 and 127 NL (CH4) kg-1 (VS). Thermophilic anaerobic digestion resulted in a better biodegradation and reached completion around 100 days, methane productions were between 257 and 294 NL (CH4) kg-1 (VS). The microbial populations from the reactors fed with plastics versus spent coffee grounds were significantly different, under both the mesophilic and the thermophilic conditions. However, the different biodegradable plastics only had a small impact on the main microbial community composition at a similar operational temperature and sampling time. Interestingly, the genus Tepidimicrobium was identified as a potential key microorganisms involved in the thermophilic conversion of biodegradable plastic in methane.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Cazaudehore
- APESA, Pôle Valorisation, Cap Ecologia, 64230 Lescar, France; Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour/E2S UPPA/CNRS, IPREM UMR5254, Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physicochimie pour l'Environnement et les Matériaux, Chimie et Microbiologie de l'Environnement, 64000 Pau, France
| | - F Monlau
- APESA, Pôle Valorisation, Cap Ecologia, 64230 Lescar, France
| | - C Gassie
- Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour/E2S UPPA/CNRS, IPREM UMR5254, Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physicochimie pour l'Environnement et les Matériaux, Chimie et Microbiologie de l'Environnement, 64000 Pau, France
| | - A Lallement
- APESA, Pôle Valorisation, Cap Ecologia, 64230 Lescar, France
| | - R Guyoneaud
- Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour/E2S UPPA/CNRS, IPREM UMR5254, Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physicochimie pour l'Environnement et les Matériaux, Chimie et Microbiologie de l'Environnement, 64000 Pau, France.
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215
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Viera JSC, Marques MRC, Nazareth MC, Jimenez PC, Sanz-Lázaro C, Castro ÍB. Are biodegradable plastics an environmental rip off? JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 416:125957. [PMID: 34492874 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
While the use of biodegradable polymers is recognized as a global strategy to minimize plastic pollution, the technical standards (TS) used to attest their biodegradability may not be in compliance with most environmental parameters observed aquatic ecosystems. Indeed, through a careful assessment of the TS currently in use, this study evidenced that these guidelines cover only a fraction of the biogeochemical parameters seen in nature and largely disregard those that occur in the deep-sea. Thus, these TS may not be able to ensure the degradation of such polymers in natural environments, where microbial activity, pH, temperature, salinity, UV radiation and pressure are highly variable. This raises environmental concern, since relevant parcel of plastic ends up in the oceans reaching deep zones. Therefore, there is an urgent need to revise these TS, which must consider the actual fate of most plastic debris and include assessments under the challenging conditions found at these types of environment, alongside microplastic formation and ecotoxicology effects. Moreover, the next generation of biodegradability tests must be designed to enable a cost-effective implementation and incorporate accurate analytical techniques to assess polymer transformation. Furthermore, certification should provide information on time scale and degradation rates and, preferably, be globally harmonized.
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Affiliation(s)
- João S C Viera
- Instituto do Mar, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (IMAR-UNIFESP), Rua Maria Máximo, 11030-100 Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - Mônica R C Marques
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química do Instituto de Química, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rua São Francisco Xavier, 524 Pavilhão Haroldo Lisboa da Cunha, 20559-900 RJ, Brazil
| | - Monick Cruz Nazareth
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química do Instituto de Química, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rua São Francisco Xavier, 524 Pavilhão Haroldo Lisboa da Cunha, 20559-900 RJ, Brazil
| | - Paula Christine Jimenez
- Instituto do Mar, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (IMAR-UNIFESP), Rua Maria Máximo, 11030-100 Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos Sanz-Lázaro
- Department of Ecology, University of Alicante, PO Box 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain
| | - Ítalo Braga Castro
- Instituto do Mar, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (IMAR-UNIFESP), Rua Maria Máximo, 11030-100 Santos, SP, Brazil.
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216
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Manfra L, Marengo V, Libralato G, Costantini M, De Falco F, Cocca M. Biodegradable polymers: A real opportunity to solve marine plastic pollution? JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 416:125763. [PMID: 33839500 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Plastic is a ubiquitous material in our life, and its durability represents a great problem for the environment. Several studies reported the occurrence of plastic litter in different environmental compartments and, consequently, numerous efforts are currently focused on how improving its recycling process and produce environmentally friendly solutions. In recent years, biodegradable polymers/plastics (BPs) have been proposed to reduce environmental impacts in specific applications (e.g., when conventional plastics are difficult or expensive to remove from the environment). Their wide use in commercial products, especially in the packaging sector, is causing new pollution alarm. Research studies are ongoing to improve BPs manufacturing and characteristics, but few data are reported about their behavior and toxicity into the marine environment. This paper reviewed the current state of the art highlighting that, even though the degradation of BPs in simulated or real marine environments is quite investigated, only eleven papers reported their effects on marine organisms (e.g., behavioral and oxidative stress and potential cascading effects on marine ecosystems). Presently, the main benefits of BPs are linked to waste management (including collection and recycling of organic waste). Due to the existing knowledge gaps, BPs cannot be deemed yet as a solution to marine plastic pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loredana Manfra
- Institute for Environmental Protection and Research (ISPRA), Via Vitaliano Brancati 48, 00144 Rome, Italy; Department of Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Marengo
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy
| | - Giovanni Libralato
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy; Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cinthia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Maria Costantini
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Francesca De Falco
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council of Italy, Via Campi Flegri, 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, NA, Italy.
| | - Mariacristina Cocca
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council of Italy, Via Campi Flegri, 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, NA, Italy
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217
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Przybysz-Romatowska M, Barczewski M, Mania S, Tercjak A, Haponiuk J, Formela K. Morphology, Thermo-Mechanical Properties and Biodegradibility of PCL/PLA Blends Reactively Compatibilized by Different Organic Peroxides. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14154205. [PMID: 34361398 PMCID: PMC8347303 DOI: 10.3390/ma14154205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Reactive blending is a promising approach for the sustainable development of bio-based polymer blends and composites, which currently is gaining more and more attention. In this paper, biodegradable blends based on poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) and poly(lactic acid) (PLA) were prepared via reactive blending performed in an internal mixer. The PCL and PLA content varied in a ratio of 70/30 and 55/45. Reactive modification of PCL/PLA via liquid organic peroxides (OP) including 0.5 wt.% of tert-butyl cumyl peroxide (BU), 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di-(tert-butylperoxy)-hexane (HX), and tert-butyl peroxybenzoate (PB) is reported. The materials were characterized by rotational rheometer, atomic force microscopy (AFM), thermogravimetry (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), tensile tests and biodegradability tests. It was found that the application of peroxides improves the miscibility between PCL and PLA resulted in enhanced mechanical properties and more uniform morphology. Moreover, it was observed that the biodegradation rate of PCL/PLA blends reactively compatibilized was lower comparing to unmodified samples and strongly dependent on the blend ratio and peroxide structure. The presented results confirmed that reactive blending supported by organic peroxide is a promising approach for tailoring novel biodegradable polymeric systems with controllable biodegradation rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Przybysz-Romatowska
- Department of Polymer Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland;
- Correspondence: (M.P.-R.); (K.F.)
| | - Mateusz Barczewski
- Institute of Materials Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, 61-138 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Szymon Mania
- Department of Chemistry, Technology and Biochemistry of Food, Faculty of Chemistry, Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Agnieszka Tercjak
- Group ‘Materials + Technologies’ (GMT), Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Pza Europa 1, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain;
| | - Józef Haponiuk
- Department of Polymer Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Krzysztof Formela
- Department of Polymer Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland;
- Correspondence: (M.P.-R.); (K.F.)
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218
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Dias YJ, Robles JR, Sinha-Ray S, Abiade J, Pourdeyhimi B, Niemczyk-Soczynska B, Kolbuk D, Sajkiewicz P, Yarin AL. Solution-Blown Poly(hydroxybutyrate) and ε-Poly-l-lysine Submicro- and Microfiber-Based Sustainable Nonwovens with Antimicrobial Activity for Single-Use Applications. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 7:3980-3992. [PMID: 34310108 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c00594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial nonwovens for single use applications (e.g., diapers, sanitary napkins, medical gauze, etc.) are of utmost importance as the first line of defense against bacterial infections. However, the utilization of petrochemical nondegradable polymers in such nonwovens creates sustainability-related issues. Here, sustainable poly(hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) and ε-poly-l-lysine (ε-PLL) submicro- and microfiber-based antimicrobial nonwovens produced by a novel industrially scalable process, solution blowing, have been proposed. In such nonwovens, ε-PLL acts as an active material. In particular, it was found that most of ε-PLL is released within the first hour of deployment, as is desirable for the applications of interest. The submicro- and microfiber mat was tested against C. albicans and E. coli, and it was found that ε-PLL-releasing microfibers result in a significant reduction of bacterial colonies. It was also found that ε-PLL-releasing antimicrobial submicro- and microfiber nonwovens are safe for human cells in fibroblast culture. Mechanical characterization of these nonwovens revealed that, even though they are felt as soft and malleable, they possess sufficient strength, which is desirable in the end-user applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin Juliane Dias
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, 842 W. Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607-7022, United States
| | - Jaqueline Rojas Robles
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, 842 W. Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607-7022, United States
| | - Suman Sinha-Ray
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, 842 W. Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607-7022, United States
| | - Jeremiah Abiade
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, 842 W. Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607-7022, United States
| | - Behnam Pourdeyhimi
- The Nonwovens Institute, North Carolina State University, Box 8301, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8301, United States
| | - Beata Niemczyk-Soczynska
- Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5b Street, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dorota Kolbuk
- Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5b Street, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Pawel Sajkiewicz
- Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5b Street, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Alexander L Yarin
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, 842 W. Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607-7022, United States
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219
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Bangar SP, Whiteside WS. Nano-cellulose reinforced starch bio composite films- A review on green composites. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 185:849-860. [PMID: 34237362 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Plastic-based food packaging is generating a serious environmental problem by accumulating large amounts of plastic in the surroundings. Ecological and health concerns are driving research efforts for developing biodegradable films. There are few alternatives that could reduce the environmental impact; one of them is to substitute petroleum-based plastic with starch-based film. Starch has remarkable properties, including biodegradability, sustainability, abundancy, and capable of being modified or blended with other polymers. However, low mechanical strength and low water resistance restrict its application in food packaging. Nanocellulose isolated from lignocellulosic fibers has attracted tremendous interest in the field of science due to high crystallinity and mechanical strength, unique morphology along with abundancy, renewability, and biodegradability. Therefore, nano cellulose as a reinforcer proved to be a good option for fabricating biocomposites for food packaging. The current review will give a critical snapshot of the potential application of nanocellulose in food packaging and discuss new challenges and opportunities for starch biocomposites enriched with nano cellulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneh Punia Bangar
- Department of Food, Nutrition and Packaging Sciences, Clemson University, USA.
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220
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Sadler JC, Wallace S. Microbial synthesis of vanillin from waste poly(ethylene terephthalate). GREEN CHEMISTRY : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL AND GREEN CHEMISTRY RESOURCE : GC 2021; 23:4665-4672. [PMID: 34276250 PMCID: PMC8256426 DOI: 10.1039/d1gc00931a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) is an abundant and extremely useful material, with widespread applications across society. However, there is an urgent need to develop technologies to valorise post-consumer PET waste to tackle plastic pollution and move towards a circular economy. Whilst PET degradation and recycling technologies have been reported, examples focus on repurposing the resultant monomers to produce more PET or other second-generation materials. Herein, we report a novel pathway in engineered Escherichia coli for the direct upcycling of PET derived monomer terephthalic acid into the value-added small molecule vanillin, a flavour compound ubiquitous in the food and cosmetic industries, and an important bulk chemical. After process optimisation, 79% conversion to vanillin from TA was achieved, a 157-fold improvement over our initial conditions. Parameters such as temperature, cell permeabilisation and in situ product removal were key to maximising vanillin titres. Finally, we demonstrate the conversion of post-consumer PET from a plastic bottle into vanillin by coupling the pathway with enzyme-catalysed PET hydrolysis. This work demonstrates the first biological upcycling of post-consumer plastic waste into vanillin using an engineered microorganism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna C Sadler
- Institute of Quantitative Biology, Biochemistry and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh Roger Land Building Alexander Crum Brown Road King's Buildings Edinburgh EH9 3FF UK
| | - Stephen Wallace
- Institute of Quantitative Biology, Biochemistry and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh Roger Land Building Alexander Crum Brown Road King's Buildings Edinburgh EH9 3FF UK
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221
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Mtibe A, Motloung MP, Bandyopadhyay J, Ray SS. Synthetic Biopolymers and Their Composites: Advantages and Limitations-An Overview. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021; 42:e2100130. [PMID: 34216411 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Recently, polymer science and engineering research has shifted toward the development of environmentally benign polymers to reduce the impact of plastic leakage on the ecosystems. Stringent regulations and concerns regarding conventional polymers are the main driving forces for the development of renewable, biodegradable, sustainable, and environmentally benign materials. Although biopolymers can alleviate plastic-related pollution, several factors dictate the utilization of biopolymers. Herein, an overview of the potential and limitations of synthetic biopolymers and their composites in the context of environmentally benign materials for a sustainable future are presented. The synthetic biopolymer market, technical advancements for different applications, lifecycle analysis, and biodegradability are covered. The current trends, challenges, and opportunities for bioplastic recycling are also discussed. In summary, this review is expected to provide guidelines for future development related to synthetic biopolymer-based sustainable polymeric materials suitable for various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asanda Mtibe
- Centre for Nanostructures and Advanced Materials, DSI-CSIR Nanotechnology Innovation Centre, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
| | - Mpho Phillip Motloung
- Centre for Nanostructures and Advanced Materials, DSI-CSIR Nanotechnology Innovation Centre, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa.,Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, 2028, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Jayita Bandyopadhyay
- Centre for Nanostructures and Advanced Materials, DSI-CSIR Nanotechnology Innovation Centre, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
| | - Suprakas Sinha Ray
- Centre for Nanostructures and Advanced Materials, DSI-CSIR Nanotechnology Innovation Centre, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
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222
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Faizan Muneer, Nadeem H, Arif A, Zaheer W. Bioplastics from Biopolymers: An Eco-Friendly and Sustainable Solution of Plastic Pollution. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES C 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1811238221010057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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223
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Freeze-Drying versus Heat-Drying: Effect on Protein-Based Superabsorbent Material. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9061076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine plasma protein is a by-product of the meat industry, which has already been applied in the manufacture of superabsorbent materials. The effects of plasticizer content (0%, 25%, 50%), together with those of the drying method (freeze-drying, thermal drying at 50 °C), during the processing of superabsorbent porcine plasma matrices were studied in this manuscript. Although the presence of glycerol accelerated the water absorption kinetics, the highest water absorption (~550%) was achieved by samples not containing any plasticizer. Viscoelasticity decreased at higher glycerol contents and especially after water absorption. When swollen samples were dried through freeze-drying, porous structures with a sponge-like appearance were obtained. Oppositely, thermally dried samples suffered an evident shrinkage that reduced porosity, displaying a more uniform surface. The effect of the drying method was observed since only freeze-dried samples can be rehydrated, displaying a superabsorbent ability (absorption higher than 1000%), which could be used in several applications (food, agriculture, personal care).
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224
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Anaerobic Degradability of Commercially Available Bio-Based and Oxo-Degradable Packaging Materials in the Context of their End of Life in the Waste Management Strategy. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13126818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
There are discrepancies concerning the time frame for biodegradation of different commercially available foils labeled as biodegradable; thus, it is essential to provide information about their biodegradability in the context of their end of life in waste management. Therefore, one-year mesophilic (37 °C) anaerobic degradation tests of two bio-based foils (based on starch (FS), polylactic acid (FPLA)) and oxo-degradable material (FOXO) were conducted in an OxiTop system. Biodegradation was investigated by measuring biogas production (BP) and analyzing structural changes with differential scanning calorimetry, polarizing and digital microscopic analyses, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. After 1 year, FOXO had not degraded; thus, there were no visible changes on its surface and no BP. The bio-based materials produced small amounts of biogas (25.2, FPLA, and 30.4 L/kg VS, FS), constituting 2.1–2.5% of theoretical methane potential. The foil pieces were still visible and only starting to show damage; some pores had appeared in their structure. The structure of FPLA became more heterogeneous due to water diffusing into the structure. In contrast, the structure of FS became more homogenous although individual cracks and fissures appeared. The color of FS had changed, indicating that it was beginning to biodegrade. The fact that FS and FPLA showed only minor structural damage after a one-year mesophilic degradation indicates that, in these conditions, these materials would persist for an unknown but long amount of time.
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225
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Maity S, Banerjee S, Biswas C, Guchhait R, Chatterjee A, Pramanick K. Functional interplay between plastic polymers and microbes: a comprehensive review. Biodegradation 2021; 32:487-510. [PMID: 34086181 DOI: 10.1007/s10532-021-09954-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Escalated production of plastic, their worldwide distribution and persistent nature finally results into their environmental accumulation causing severe threats to the ecological environment and biotic health. Thus, development of suitable measurements for environmental remediation of plastic may be an urgent issue in this plastic age. Some recent reviews have categorized the microbial species able to degrade different plastic polymers and the different factors effecting bio-degradation of plastic are poorly understood. This review comprehensively discusses bio-degradation of traditional and biodegradable plastic polymers both in natural and biological environment (gut microbes and fungi) to understand different factors regulating their degradation, and also shows how degradation of plastic polymers under abiotic factors influence subsequent biological degradation. Different physicochemical modifications like - breaking large polymers into small fragments by pre-treatment, functional groups enrichment, identifying potent microbial species (consortia) and engineering microbial enzymes might be crucial for bio-degradations of plastic. Effects of micro/nanoplastic and other chemical intermediates, formed during the bio-degradation of plastic, on species composition, abundance, growth, metabolism and enzymatic systems of microbes involved in the bio-degradation of plastic should be determined in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukhendu Maity
- Integrative Biology Research Unit (IBRU), Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata, India
| | - Sambuddha Banerjee
- Integrative Biology Research Unit (IBRU), Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata, India
| | - Chayan Biswas
- Integrative Biology Research Unit (IBRU), Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata, India
| | - Rajkumar Guchhait
- Integrative Biology Research Unit (IBRU), Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata, India.,Department of Zoology, Mahishadal Raj College, Purba Medinipur, India
| | - Ankit Chatterjee
- Integrative Biology Research Unit (IBRU), Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata, India
| | - Kousik Pramanick
- Integrative Biology Research Unit (IBRU), Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata, India.
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226
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Influence of photo-oxidation on the performance and soil degradation of oxo- and biodegradable polymer-based items for agricultural applications. Polym Degrad Stab 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2021.109578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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227
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Biodegradable Antimicrobial Films for Food Packaging: Effect of Antimicrobials on Degradation. Foods 2021; 10:foods10061256. [PMID: 34205937 PMCID: PMC8228111 DOI: 10.3390/foods10061256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The environmental problem generated by the massive consumption of plastics makes necessary the developing of biodegradable antimicrobial materials that can extend food shelf-life without having a negative impact on the environment. The current situation regarding the availability of biodegradable food packaging materials has been analysed, as well as different studies where antimicrobial compounds have been incorporated into the polymer matrix to control the growth of pathogenic or spoilage bacteria. Thus, the antimicrobial activity of active films based on different biodegradable polymers and antimicrobial compounds has been discussed. Likewise, relevant information on biodegradation studies carried out with different biopolymers in different environments (compost, soil, aquatic), and the effect of some antimicrobials on this behavior, are reviewed. In most of the studies, no relevant effect of the incorporated antimicrobials on the degradation of the polymer were observed, but some antimicrobials can delay the process. The changes in biodegradation pattern due to the presence of the antimicrobial are attributed to its influence on the microorganism population responsible for the process. More studies are required to know the specific influence of the antimicrobial compounds on the biodegradation behavior of polymers in different environments. No studies have been carried out or marine media to this end.
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228
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Martillanes S, Rocha-Pimienta J, Llera-Oyola J, Gil MV, Ayuso-Yuste MC, García-Parra J, Delgado-Adámez J. Control of Listeria monocytogenes in sliced dry-cured Iberian ham by high pressure processing in combination with an eco-friendly packaging based on chitosan, nisin and phytochemicals from rice bran. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.107933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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229
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Rodgers K, Mayes WM, Santoro O, Redshaw C, Mccumskay R, Parsons DR. Comparative assessment of marine weathering of ROP-derived biopolymers against conventional plastics. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 167:112272. [PMID: 33774483 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Bio-based plastics were designed to replace single-use plastics and to cause less post-consumer environmental damage. This paper assesses the weathering of four bio-based polymers created by ring opening polymerization (ROP) promoted by a previously reported Ti-based catalyst, to detect any problems before production was scaled up. Samples were aged in seawater to identify degradation products and monitor structural changes. Surfaces evidenced degradation and a range of leaching products was observed. Aside from compounds used in the preparation of the plastics (i.e. residual monomers and benzyl alcohol), the degradation products included carboxylic acids (often found in plastic leachate), oxacyclohexadecan-2-one (potentially toxic to aquatic life) and triphenylmethane (potential carcinogen). Overall, there were fewer structural changes in the fossil fuel based polymer (PS) and in the commercially available bio-based plastic studied for comparison purposes than the lab based bio-based polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Rodgers
- Plastics Collaboratory, Energy and Environment Institute, The University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull HU6 7RX, UK.
| | - William M Mayes
- Department of Geography, Geology and Environment, The University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull HU6 7RX, UK
| | - Orlando Santoro
- Plastics Collaboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull HU6 7RX, UK
| | - Carl Redshaw
- Plastics Collaboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull HU6 7RX, UK
| | - Rick Mccumskay
- Plastics Collaboratory, Energy and Environment Institute, The University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull HU6 7RX, UK
| | - Daniel R Parsons
- Plastics Collaboratory, Energy and Environment Institute, The University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull HU6 7RX, UK
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230
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Balla E, Daniilidis V, Karlioti G, Kalamas T, Stefanidou M, Bikiaris ND, Vlachopoulos A, Koumentakou I, Bikiaris DN. Poly(lactic Acid): A Versatile Biobased Polymer for the Future with Multifunctional Properties-From Monomer Synthesis, Polymerization Techniques and Molecular Weight Increase to PLA Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1822. [PMID: 34072917 PMCID: PMC8198026 DOI: 10.3390/polym13111822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental problems, such as global warming and plastic pollution have forced researchers to investigate alternatives for conventional plastics. Poly(lactic acid) (PLA), one of the well-known eco-friendly biodegradables and biobased polyesters, has been studied extensively and is considered to be a promising substitute to petroleum-based polymers. This review gives an inclusive overview of the current research of lactic acid and lactide dimer techniques along with the production of PLA from its monomers. Melt polycondensation as well as ring opening polymerization techniques are discussed, and the effect of various catalysts and polymerization conditions is thoroughly presented. Reaction mechanisms are also reviewed. However, due to the competitive decomposition reactions, in the most cases low or medium molecular weight (MW) of PLA, not exceeding 20,000-50,000 g/mol, are prepared. For this reason, additional procedures such as solid state polycondensation (SSP) and chain extension (CE) reaching MW ranging from 80,000 up to 250,000 g/mol are extensively investigated here. Lastly, numerous practical applications of PLA in various fields of industry, technical challenges and limitations of PLA use as well as its future perspectives are also reported in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Dimitrios N. Bikiaris
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece; (E.B.); (V.D.); (G.K.); (T.K.); (M.S.); (N.D.B.); (A.V.); (I.K.)
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231
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Li H, Yang R, Hao L, Wang C, Li M. CspB and CspC are induced upon cold shock in Bacillus cereus strain D2. Can J Microbiol 2021; 67:703-712. [PMID: 34058099 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2021-0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus cereus D2, a psychrotrophic strain, plays an essential role in the restoration of heavy metal-contaminated soils, especially at low temperatures. However, the cold shock response mechanisms of this strain are unclear. In this study, the cold shock response of B. cereus D2 was characterized; as per the Arrhenius curve, 10 °C was chosen as the cold shock temperature. Six cold shock-like proteins were found and temporarily named cold shock protein (Csp)1-6; the respective genes were cloned and identified. Quantitative real-time PCR results showed that csp1, csp2, csp3, and csp6 were overexpressed under cold shock conditions. Interestingly, after cloning the respective encoding genes into pET-28a (+) vector and their subsequent transformation into E. coli BL21 (DE3), the strains expressing Csp2 and Csp6 grew faster at 10 °C, showing a large number of bacteria. These results suggest that Csp2 and Csp6 are the major cold shock proteins in B. cereus D2. Of note, the comparison of amino acid sequences and structures showed that Csp2 and Csp6 belong to the CspB and CspC families, respectively. Additionally, we show that the number of hydrophobic residues is not a determining feature of major Csps, while, on the other hand, the formation of an α-helix in the context of a leucine residue is the most dominant difference between major, and other Bacillus and E. coli Csps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyang Li
- Jilin Agricultural University, 85112, Changchun, China;
| | - Rui Yang
- Jilin University, 12510, Changchun, China;
| | - Linlin Hao
- Jilin University, 12510, Changchun, China;
| | | | - Mingtang Li
- Jilin Agricultural University, 85112, Changchun, China, 130018;
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232
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Lee SM, Lee HJ, Kim SH, Suh MJ, Cho JY, Ham S, Song HS, Bhatia SK, Gurav R, Jeon JM, Yoon JJ, Choi KY, Kim JS, Lee SH, Yang YH. Engineering of Shewanella marisflavi BBL25 for biomass-based polyhydroxybutyrate production and evaluation of its performance in electricity production. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 183:1669-1675. [PMID: 34023371 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.05.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) is a biodegradable plastic with physical properties similar to petrochemically derived plastics. Here, Shewanella marisflavi BBL25 was engineered by inserting the pLW487 vector containing polyhydroxyalkanoates synthesis genes from Ralstonia eutropha H16. Under optimal conditions, the engineered S. marisflavi BBL25 produced 1.99 ± 0.05 g/L PHB from galactose. The strain showed high tolerance to various inhibitors and could utilize lignocellulosic biomass for PHB production. When barley straw hydrolysates were used as a carbon source, PHB production was 3.27 ± 0.19 g/L. In addition, PHB production under the microbial fuel cell system was performed to confirm electricity coproduction. The maximum electricity current output density was 1.71 mA/cm2, and dry cell weight (DCW) and PHB production were 11.4 g/L and 6.31 g/L, respectively. Our results demonstrated PHB production using various lignocellulosic biomass and the feasibility of PHB and electricity production, simultaneously, and it is the first example of PHB production in engineered Shewanella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Mi Lee
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong-Ju Lee
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hyun Kim
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Ju Suh
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang Yeon Cho
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Republic of Korea
| | - Sion Ham
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Republic of Korea
| | - Hun-Suk Song
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Republic of Korea
| | - Shashi Kant Bhatia
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Republic of Korea
| | - Ranjit Gurav
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Min Jeon
- Green & Sustainable Materials R&D Department, Research Institute of Clean Manufacturing System, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Jun Yoon
- Green & Sustainable Materials R&D Department, Research Institute of Clean Manufacturing System, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Republic of Korea
| | - Kwon-Young Choi
- Department of Environmental and Safety Engineering, College of Engineering, Ajou University, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Seok Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Ho Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jeju National University, Republic of Korea
| | - Yung-Hun Yang
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Republic of Korea.
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233
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García-Depraect O, Bordel S, Lebrero R, Santos-Beneit F, Börner RA, Börner T, Muñoz R. Inspired by nature: Microbial production, degradation and valorization of biodegradable bioplastics for life-cycle-engineered products. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 53:107772. [PMID: 34015389 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The global environmental pollution by micro- and macro-plastics reveals the consequences of an extensive use of recalcitrant plastic products together with inappropriate waste management practices that fail to sufficiently recycle the broad types of conventional plastic waste. Biobased and biodegradable plastics are experiencing an uprising as their properties offer alternative waste management solutions for a more circular material economy. However, although the production of such bioplastics has advanced on scale, the end-of-life (EOL) (bio)technologies to promote circularity are lacking behind. While composting and biogas plants are the only managed EOL options today, advanced biotechnological recycling technologies for biodegradable bioplastics are still in an embryonic stage. Thus, developing efficient biotechnologies capable of transforming bioplastic waste into high-value chemical building blocks or into the constituents of the original polymer offers promising routes towards life-cycle-engineered products. This review aims at providing a comprehensive state-of-the-art overview of microbial-based processes involved in the complete lifecycle of bioplastics. The current trends in the bioplastic market, the beginning and EOL scenarios of bioplastics, and a critical discussion on the key factors and mechanisms governing microbial degradation are systematically presented. Also, a critical evaluation of terminology and international standards to quantify polymer biodegradability is provided together with the latest biotechnological recycling strategies, including the use of different pre-treatments for (bio)plastic waste. Finally, the challenges and future perspectives for the development of life-cycle-engineered biobased and biodegradable plastic products are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Octavio García-Depraect
- Institute of Sustainable Processes, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina, s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Sergio Bordel
- Institute of Sustainable Processes, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina, s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Raquel Lebrero
- Institute of Sustainable Processes, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina, s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Fernando Santos-Beneit
- Institute of Sustainable Processes, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina, s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Rosa Aragão Börner
- Nestlé Research, Société des Produits Nestlé S.A, Route du Jorat 57, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tim Börner
- Nestlé Research, Société des Produits Nestlé S.A, Route du Jorat 57, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Raúl Muñoz
- Institute of Sustainable Processes, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina, s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain.
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234
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Choe S, Kim Y, Won Y, Myung J. Bridging Three Gaps in Biodegradable Plastics: Misconceptions and Truths About Biodegradation. Front Chem 2021; 9:671750. [PMID: 34055740 PMCID: PMC8160376 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.671750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the wake of plastic pollution increasing around the world, biodegradable plastics are one of the fastest-growing segments within the global plastics market. The biodegradation of these plastics depends on diverse factors including, but not limited to, the physicochemical structure of the materials, environmental conditions, and the microbial populations involved in the biodegradation. Although laboratory-based biodegradation tests simulate natural processes, they cannot precisely mimic the natural biodegradation of biodegradable plastics due to the disparity of several factors. In addition, the biodegradation levels claimed and/or reported by individuals and studies in different environments vary to a great extent. Biodegradable plastics are considered a sustainable alternative to non-biodegradable conventional plastics and are being promoted as an eco-friendlier choice for consumers. However, biodegradable plastics might not be as biodegradable as commonly believed, particularly in natural environments. This mini-review aims to bridge the following three gaps in biodegradable plastics by elucidating the common misconceptions and truths about biodegradation: i) the gaps among reported biodegradation level of biodegradable plastics; ii) the gaps between the biodegradation conditions in the controlled laboratory system and in the natural environment; and iii) the gaps between public perception and the actual environmental fate of biodegradable products. These gaps are critically reviewed with feasible solutions. This work will ease the assessment of biodegradable plastics and provide sound communication on corresponding claims–a prerequisite for successful market performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinhyeong Choe
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Yujin Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Yejin Won
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jaewook Myung
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, South Korea
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235
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Pokhrel S, Sigdel A, Lach R, Slouf M, Sirc J, Katiyar V, Bhattarai DR, Adhikari R. Starch-based biodegradable film with poly(butylene adipate- co-terephthalate): preparation, morphology, thermal and biodegradation properties. JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART A-PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10601325.2021.1920838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shanta Pokhrel
- Department of Chemistry, Tri-Chandra Multiple Campus, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Amrita Sigdel
- Department of Chemistry, Tri-Chandra Multiple Campus, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Ralf Lach
- PolymerService GmbH Merseburg, Merseburg, Germany
| | - Miroslav Slouf
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Sirc
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vimal Katiyar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Guwahati, India
| | - Dhruba Raj Bhattarai
- National Outreach Research Centre, Nepal Agricultural Research Council (NARC), Lalitpur, Nepal
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236
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Nikulin M, Švedas V. Prospects of Using Biocatalysis for the Synthesis and Modification of Polymers. Molecules 2021; 26:2750. [PMID: 34067052 PMCID: PMC8124709 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Trends in the dynamically developing application of biocatalysis for the synthesis and modification of polymers over the past 5 years are considered, with an emphasis on the production of biodegradable, biocompatible and functional polymeric materials oriented to medical applications. The possibilities of using enzymes not only as catalysts for polymerization but also for the preparation of monomers for polymerization or oligomers for block copolymerization are considered. Special attention is paid to the prospects and existing limitations of biocatalytic production of new synthetic biopolymers based on natural compounds and monomers from biomass, which can lead to a huge variety of functional biomaterials. The existing experience and perspectives for the integration of bio- and chemocatalysis in this area are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maksim Nikulin
- Belozersky Institute of Physicochemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lenin Hills 1, bldg. 40, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Vytas Švedas
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lenin Hills 1, bldg. 73, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Research Computing Center, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lenin Hills 1, bldg. 4, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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237
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Estévez-Alonso Á, Pei R, van Loosdrecht MCM, Kleerebezem R, Werker A. Scaling-up microbial community-based polyhydroxyalkanoate production: status and challenges. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 327:124790. [PMID: 33582521 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.124790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Conversion of organic waste and wastewater to polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) offers a potential to recover valuable resources from organic waste. Microbial community-based PHA production systems have been successfully applied in the last decade at lab- and pilot-scales, with a total of 19 pilot installations reported in the scientific literature. In this review, research at pilot-scale on microbial community-based PHA production is categorized and subsequently analyzed with focus on feedstocks, enrichment strategies, yields of PHA on substrate, biomass PHA content and polymer characterization. From this assessment, the challenges for further scaling-up of microbial community-based PHA production are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángel Estévez-Alonso
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands; Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Oostergoweg 9, 8911 MA, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
| | - Ruizhe Pei
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands; Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Oostergoweg 9, 8911 MA, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
| | - Mark C M van Loosdrecht
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Robbert Kleerebezem
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Alan Werker
- Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Oostergoweg 9, 8911 MA, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
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238
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Lee SY, Ten LN, Das K, You YH, Jung HY. Biodegradative Activities of Fungal Strains Isolated from Terrestrial Environments in Korea. MYCOBIOLOGY 2021; 49:285-293. [PMID: 36999090 PMCID: PMC10049743 DOI: 10.1080/12298093.2021.1903131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Polylactic acid (PLA) and polycaprolactone (PCL) are commercially available bioplastics that are exploited worldwide, and both are biodegradable. The PLA and PCL polymer-degrading activity of 30 fungal strains that were isolated from terrestrial environments were screened based on the formation of a clear zone around fungal colonies on agar plates containing emulsified PLA or PCL. Among them, five strains yielded positive results of biodegradation. Strains Korean Agricultural Culture Collection (KACC) 83034BP and KNUF-20-PPH03 exhibited PCL degradation; two other strains, KACC 83035BP and KNUF-20-PDG05, degraded PLA; and the fifth strain, KACC 83036BP, biodegraded both tested plastics. Based on phylogenetic analyses using various combinations of the sequences of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions, RPB2, LSU, CAL, and β-TUB genes, the above-mentioned strains were identified as Apiotrichum porosum, Penicillium samsonianum, Talaromyces pinophilus, Purpureocillium lilacinum, and Fusicolla acetilerea, respectively. Based on our knowledge, this is the first report on (i) plastic biodegraders among Apiotrichum and Fusicolla species, (ii) the capability of T. pinophilus to degrade biodegradable plastics, (iii) the biodegradative activity of P. samsonianum against PCL, and (iv) the accurate identification of P. lilacinum as a PLA biodegrader. Further studies should be conducted to determine how the fungal species can be utilized in Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Yeol Lee
- School of Applied Biosciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
- Institute of Plant Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Leonid N. Ten
- School of Applied Biosciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Kallol Das
- School of Applied Biosciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Young-Hyun You
- Microorganism Resources Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon, Korea
| | - Hee-Young Jung
- School of Applied Biosciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
- Institute of Plant Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
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A Review of Bioplastics and Their Adoption in the Circular Economy. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13081229. [PMID: 33920269 PMCID: PMC8069747 DOI: 10.3390/polym13081229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The European Union is working towards the 2050 net-zero emissions goal and tackling the ever-growing environmental and sustainability crisis by implementing the European Green Deal. The shift towards a more sustainable society is intertwined with the production, use, and disposal of plastic in the European economy. Emissions generated by plastic production, plastic waste, littering and leakage in nature, insufficient recycling, are some of the issues addressed by the European Commission. Adoption of bioplastics–plastics that are biodegradable, bio-based, or both–is under assessment as one way to decouple society from the use of fossil resources, and to mitigate specific environmental risks related to plastic waste. In this work, we aim at reviewing the field of bioplastics, including standards and life cycle assessment studies, and discuss some of the challenges that can be currently identified with the adoption of these materials.
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Omae N, Sameshima-Yamashita Y, Ushimaru K, Koike H, Kitamoto H, Morita T. Disruption of protease A and B orthologous genes in the basidiomycetous yeast Pseudozyma antarctica GB-4(0) yields a stable extracellular biodegradable plastic-degrading enzyme. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247462. [PMID: 33730094 PMCID: PMC7968665 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The yeast Pseudozyma antarctica (currently designated Moesziomyces antarcticus) secretes a xylose-induced biodegradable plastic-degrading enzyme (PaE). To suppress degradation of PaE during production and storage, we targeted the inhibition of proteolytic enzyme activity in P. antarctica. Proteases A and B act as upper regulators in the proteolytic network of the model yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We searched for orthologous genes encoding proteases A and B in the genome of P. antarctica GB-4(0) based on the predicted amino acid sequences. We found two gene candidates, PaPRO1 and PaPRO2, with conserved catalytically important domains and signal peptides indicative of vacuolar protease function. We then prepared gene-deletion mutants of strain GB-4(0), ΔPaPRO1 and ΔPaPRO2, and evaluated PaE stability in culture by immunoblotting analysis. Both mutants exhibited sufficient production of PaE without degradation fragments, while the parent strain exhibited the degradation fragments. Therefore, we concluded that the protease A and B orthologous genes are related to the degradation of PaE. To produce a large quantity of PaE, we made a PaPRO2 deletion mutant of a PaE-overexpression strain named XG8 by introducing a PaE high-production cassette into the strain GB-4(0). The ΔPaPRO2 mutant of XG8 was able to produce PaE without the degradation fragments during large-scale cultivation in a 3-L jar fermenter for 3 days at 30°C. After terminating the agitation, the PaE activity in the XG8 ΔPaPRO2 mutant culture was maintained for the subsequent 48 h incubation at 25°C regardless of remaining cells, while activity in the XG8 control was reduced to 55.1%. The gene-deleted mutants will be useful for the development of industrial processes of PaE production and storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsuki Omae
- Research Institute for Innovation in Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yuka Sameshima-Yamashita
- Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kazunori Ushimaru
- Research Institute for Innovation in Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hideaki Koike
- Bioprocess Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hiroko Kitamoto
- Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Tomotake Morita
- Research Institute for Innovation in Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
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242
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pH-Stat Titration: A Rapid Assay for Enzymatic Degradability of Bio-Based Polymers. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13060860. [PMID: 33799772 PMCID: PMC7998482 DOI: 10.3390/polym13060860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Bio-based polymers have been suggested as one possible opportunity to counteract the progressive accumulation of microplastics in the environments. The gradual substitution of conventional plastics by bio-based polymers bears a variety of novel materials. The application of bioplastics is determined by their stability and bio-degradability, respectively. With the increasing implementation of bio-based plastics, there is also a demand for rapid and non-elaborate methods to determine their bio-degradability. Here, we propose an improved pH Stat titration assay optimized for bio-based polymers under environmental conditions and controlled temperature. Exemplarily, suspensions of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) microparticles were incubated with proteolytic and lipolytic enzymes. The rate of hydrolysis, as determined by counter-titration with a diluted base (NaOH), was recorded for two hours. PLA was hydrolyzed by proteolytic enzymes but not by lipase. PBS, in contrast, showed higher hydrolysis rates with lipase than with proteases. The thermal profile of PLA hydrolysis by protease showed an exponential increase from 4 to 30 °C with a temperature quotient Q10 of 5.6. The activation energy was 110 kJ·mol-1. pH-Stat titration proved to be a rapid, sensitive, and reliable procedure supplementing established methods of determining the bio-degradability of polymers under environmental conditions.
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243
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Bandini F, Misci C, Taskin E, Cocconcelli PS, Puglisi E. Biopolymers modulate microbial communities in municipal organic waste digestion. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2021; 96:5902845. [PMID: 32897356 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiaa183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of biopolymers has raised issues about their recalcitrance in the environment. Their disposal is mainly carried out with the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) through thermophilic anaerobic digestion and aerobic composting, bioprocesses aimed at turning organic matter into biogas and compost. However, the effects of biopolymers on OFMSW treatment, on the final compost and on the microbial communities involved are partly unexplored. In this study, the OFMSW treatment was reproduced on a laboratory-scale respecting real plant conditions and testing the impacts of mixing polylactic acid (PLA) and starch-based bioplastic (SBB) separately. The dynamics of bacterial, archaeal and fungal communities during the process was screened by high-throughput sequencing (HTS) of phylogenetic amplicons. Starch-based bioplastic showed a minor and heterogeneous microbial diversity between the anaerobic and aerobic phases. Contrariwise, PLA treatment resulted in wider and more diverse bacterial and fungal communities for the compost and the aerobic biofilm. Since the biodiversity in compost may play a crucial role in its stability and safety, the modulation of environmental microbial communities induced by higher concentrations of PLA in OFMSW treatment can pose relevant issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Bandini
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Alimentari per la sostenibilità della filiera agro-alimentare (DISTAS), Facoltà di Scienze Agrarie Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Chiara Misci
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Alimentari per la sostenibilità della filiera agro-alimentare (DISTAS), Facoltà di Scienze Agrarie Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Eren Taskin
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Alimentari per la sostenibilità della filiera agro-alimentare (DISTAS), Facoltà di Scienze Agrarie Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Pier Sandro Cocconcelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Alimentari per la sostenibilità della filiera agro-alimentare (DISTAS), Facoltà di Scienze Agrarie Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Edoardo Puglisi
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Alimentari per la sostenibilità della filiera agro-alimentare (DISTAS), Facoltà di Scienze Agrarie Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122, Piacenza, Italy
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244
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Chitosan grafted/cross-linked with biodegradable polymers: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 178:325-343. [PMID: 33652051 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.02.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Public perception of polymers has been drastically changed with the improved plastic management at the end of their life. However, it is widely recognised the need of developing biodegradable polymers, as an alternative to traditional petrochemical polymers. Chitosan (CH), a biodegradable biopolymer with excellent physiological and structural properties, together with its immunostimulatory and antibacterial activity, is a good candidate to replace other polymers, mainly in biomedical applications. However, CH has also several drawbacks, which can be solved by chemical modifications to improve some of its characteristics such as solubility, biological activity, and mechanical properties. Many chemical modifications have been studied in the last decade to improve the properties of CH. This review focussed on a critical analysis of the state of the art of chemical modifications by cross-linking and graft polymerization, between CH or CH derivatives and other biodegradable polymers (polysaccharides or proteins, obtained from microorganisms, synthetized from biomonomers, or from petrochemical products). Both techniques offer the option of including a wide variety of functional groups into the CH chain. Thus, enhanced and new properties can be obtained in accordance with the requirements for different applications, such as the release of drugs, the improvement of antimicrobial properties of fabrics, the removal of dyes, or as scaffolds to develop bone tissues.
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245
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Wu M, Tang W, Wu S, Liu H, Yang C. Fate and effects of microplastics in wastewater treatment processes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 757:143902. [PMID: 33316531 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) have garnered growing attention of researchers, as they are proved to be hazardous to the environment and humans. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are deemed as an important releasing source of MPs to the environment, and thus it is of significance to study the behavior of MPs in WWTPs. In this review, the fate of MPs in WWTPs and their effects on different wastewater treatment processes have been comprehensively discussed. Studies have shown that the secondary treatment is the most efficient process to remove MPs from wastewaters with a removal rate around 98%. The presence of MPs can increase reagent addition dosage, inhibit nitrogen conversion rate, and cause membrane fouling in wastewater treatment processes. Besides, the influences of MPs on activated sludge mainly exert on nitrification and denitrification processes, sludge digestion, and microbial communities. However, it is worth noting that different methods have been employed to determine the concentrations of MPs in WWTPs. As a result, the removal performance on MPs in WWTPs is difficult to be accurately assessed. Moreover, complicated interaction among MPs and other environmental pollutants may expand the impacts of MPs on wastewater treatment processes, which still remains insufficiently investigated. Therefore, this review has also proposed some knowledge gaps existing in present MP studies in WWTPs, and would provide reference to alleviate the adverse effects of MPs for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjie Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Pollution Process and Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, Guangdong 525000, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Wenchang Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Pollution Process and Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, Guangdong 525000, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Shaohua Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Pollution Process and Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, Guangdong 525000, China.
| | - Hongyu Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Chunping Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Pollution Process and Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, Guangdong 525000, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China; Hunan Province Environmental Protection Engineering Center for Organic Pollution Control of Urban Water and Wastewater, Changsha, Hunan 410001, China.
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246
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Giubilini A, Bondioli F, Messori M, Nyström G, Siqueira G. Advantages of Additive Manufacturing for Biomedical Applications of Polyhydroxyalkanoates. Bioengineering (Basel) 2021; 8:29. [PMID: 33672131 PMCID: PMC7926534 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering8020029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, biopolymers have been attracting the attention of researchers and specialists from different fields, including biotechnology, material science, engineering, and medicine. The reason is the possibility of combining sustainability with scientific and technological progress. This is an extremely broad research topic, and a distinction has to be made among different classes and types of biopolymers. Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) is a particular family of polyesters, synthetized by microorganisms under unbalanced growth conditions, making them both bio-based and biodegradable polymers with a thermoplastic behavior. Recently, PHAs were used more intensively in biomedical applications because of their tunable mechanical properties, cytocompatibility, adhesion for cells, and controllable biodegradability. Similarly, the 3D-printing technologies show increasing potential in this particular field of application, due to their advantages in tailor-made design, rapid prototyping, and manufacturing of complex structures. In this review, first, the synthesis and the production of PHAs are described, and different production techniques of medical implants are compared. Then, an overview is given on the most recent and relevant medical applications of PHA for drug delivery, vessel stenting, and tissue engineering. A special focus is reserved for the innovations brought by the introduction of additive manufacturing in this field, as compared to the traditional techniques. All of these advances are expected to have important scientific and commercial applications in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Giubilini
- Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy;
| | - Federica Bondioli
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy;
| | - Massimo Messori
- Department of Engineering “Enzo Ferrari”, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy;
| | - Gustav Nyström
- Cellulose & Wood Materials Laboratory, Empa—Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland;
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Gilberto Siqueira
- Cellulose & Wood Materials Laboratory, Empa—Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland;
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247
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Abdelmoez W, Dahab I, Ragab EM, Abdelsalam OA, Mustafa A. Bio‐ and oxo‐degradable plastics: Insights on facts and challenges. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wael Abdelmoez
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering Minia University Minia Egypt
| | - Islam Dahab
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering Minia University Minia Egypt
| | - Esraa M. Ragab
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering Minia University Minia Egypt
| | - Omnia A. Abdelsalam
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering Minia University Minia Egypt
| | - Ahmad Mustafa
- Faculty of Engineering October University for Modern Sciences and Arts (MSA) 6th of October City Egypt
- Center of Excellence October University for Modern Sciences and Arts (MSA) 6th of October City Egypt
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248
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Park SL, Cho JY, Choi TR, Song HS, Bhatia SK, Gurav R, Park SH, Park K, Joo JC, Hwang SY, Yang YH. Improvement of polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) plate-based screening method for PHB degrading bacteria using cell-grown amorphous PHB and recovered by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 177:413-421. [PMID: 33607129 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.02.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) is a biobased and biodegradable plastic. Considering the environmental issues of petroleum-based plastics, PHB is promising as it can be degraded in a relatively short time by bacteria to water and carbon dioxide. Substantial efforts have been made to identify PHB-degrading bacteria. To identify PHB-degrading bacteria, solid-based growth or clear zone assays using PHB as the sole carbon source are the easiest methods; however, PHB is difficult to dissolve and distribute evenly, and bacteria grow slowly on PHB plates. Here, we suggest an improved PHB plate assay using cell-grown PHB produced by Halomonas sp. and recovered by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). Preparation using SDS resulted in evenly distributed PHB plates that could be used for sensitive depolymerase activity screening in less time compared with solvent-melted pellet or cell-grown PHB. With this method, we identified 15 new strains. One strain, Cutibacterium sp. SOL05 (98.4% 16S rRNA similarity to Cutibacterium acne), showed high PHB depolymerase activity in solid and liquid conditions. PHB degradation was confirmed by clear zone size, liquid culture, scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The results indicate this method can be used to easily identify PHB-degrading bacteria from various sources to strengthen the benefits of bioplastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sol Lee Park
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang Yeon Cho
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Rim Choi
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Hun-Suk Song
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Shashi Kant Bhatia
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea; Institute for Ubiquitous Information Technology and Applications, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Ranjit Gurav
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - See-Hyoung Park
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Hongik University, Sejong City, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungmoon Park
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Hongik University, Sejong City, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Chan Joo
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Yeon Hwang
- Research Center for Bio-based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan 44429, Republic of Korea
| | - Yung-Hun Yang
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea; Institute for Ubiquitous Information Technology and Applications, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.
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249
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Richert A, Dąbrowska GB. Enzymatic degradation and biofilm formation during biodegradation of polylactide and polycaprolactone polymers in various environments. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 176:226-232. [PMID: 33548326 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.01.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The present article presents the results of research on the susceptibility of polylactide, poly(ɛ-caprolactone) and mixtures to biodegradation in conditions imitating natural extracts of compost, activated sludge, sea and river water, determined by the biochemical oxygen consumption by microorganisms and susceptibility to enzymatic degradation with the use of enzyme solutions of fungal microbial origin. Analyzes of both types of degradation were carried out over a period of seven days and in four environments: compost, activated sludge, river and sea water, and four enzymatic solutions containing proteinase K, protease, esterase, and lipase. The amount of oxygen consumed by microorganisms in the presence of the tested films was determined, as well as the weight loss determined after the samples were incubated in enzymatic solutions. Images of the surface of individual samples, taken by fluorescence microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, confirm the formation of bacterial biofilm and the results of biochemical oxygen consumption by microorganisms, or weight loss. It was shown that the compost and activated sludge extract as well as the enzymes proteinase K from Engyodontium album (synonym Tritirachium album) and protease from Bacillus licheniformis had the greatest impact on the biodegradation of the tested materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Richert
- Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Veterinary Science, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland.
| | - Grażyna B Dąbrowska
- Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Veterinary Science, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
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250
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Abraham A, Park H, Choi O, Sang BI. Anaerobic co-digestion of bioplastics as a sustainable mode of waste management with improved energy production - A review. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 322:124537. [PMID: 33341713 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The world of bioplastics has expanded rapidly in recent decades, and the new waste stream generated is creating major barriers to waste processing. Anaerobic co-digestion is to be considered one of the best options for the efficient processing of bioplastic waste due to its minimal space requirements, lower degrees of environmental pollution, and renewable energy generation. The higher carbon to nitrogen (C/N) ratio of bioplastics poses a challenge to anaerobic digestion, but co-digestion with lower C/N ratio biowastes can efficiently degrade bioplastics and improve biogas production in the system. In the future, the collection of organic waste in biodegradable plastic bags makes the waste management process easier for anaerobic digestion plants. The present review paper discusses current trends of bioplastic usage, degradation strategies, and the potential of anaerobic co-digestion for waste management with improved energy production in anaerobic digesters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amith Abraham
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyojung Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Okkyoung Choi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung-In Sang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea.
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