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Janeway CA. Specific and nonspecific cooperation between M-locus-incompatible T and B cells during adoptive anti-hapten antibody responses in mice. Scand J Immunol 1976; 5:593-6. [PMID: 1085488 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.1976.tb00315.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
CBA and AKR mice are identical at the major histocompatibility locus (H-2) but differ at the strong, non-H-2, mixed leukocyte culture (MLC)-stimulating M-locus. Adoptive secondary in vivo antibody responses using immune spleen cells from mice of these strains demonstrate two interesting findings. One is a non-specific augmentation of the anti-hapten antibody response of CBA B cells by AKR T cells. This allogeneic effect is unidirectional in the same sense as the MLC between cells from these two strains. The second is that, despite an ongoing allogeneic effect, M-locus-incompatible T and B cells show strong specific cooperation. Thus, it seems unlikely that the failure of H-2-incompatible T and B cells to collaborate specifically is due to inhibitory allogenic reactions.
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Abstract
In this review we have considered the evidence for the existence of lymphokines and have focused on the specific mechanisms by which lymphokines modify the behavior of the various inflammatory cells. These mechanisms are based for the most part on in vitro observations. We have therefore discussed in detail data that document an in vivo role for various lymphokines. This evidence is based on experiments falling into two broad categories: the identification of lymphokines in tissue extracts and serum, and the demonstration of various biologic activities of exogenous lymphokines administered locally or systemically. The details of these kinds of experiments have been presented throughout the preceding discussion. The demonstration of lymphokines in vivo adds a new dimension to our ability to study human disease. The detection of migration inhibition factor in serum, for example, is technically simpler than studies of lymphocyte reactivity in patients with altered cellular immunity. Migration inhibition factor has already been found in the serum in several clinical settings, as described. The capacity of exogenous lymphokines for suppressing manifestations of delayed hypersensitivity may provide an explanation for the altered immunoreactivity often observed in some of those diseases. A final comment is in order regarding the significance of lymphokine production in the overall biologic scheme of things. In previous sections we noted that although activation of lymphocytes for lymphokine production by specific antigen is a property of T cells, B cells may be so activated nonspecifically by certain mitogens. Moreover, it has been shown that migration inhibition factor, or substances with similar biologic and physicochemical properties, may be found in certain replicating cultures of nonlymphoid cells. Also, we have recently shown that migration inhibitory activity, as well as certain other lymphokine-like activities such as macrophage and lymphocyte chemotaxis, may appear following the in vitro or in vivo infection of nonlymphoid as well as lymphoid cells by certain viruses. All these results suggest that lymphokine production, rather than "merely" representing an effector mechanism for cell mediated immunity and for certain kinds of helper functions in antibody synthesis, represents a general biologic phenomenon that may play a role in various aspects of host defense. Thus, such mediator substances should be more properly called "cytokines." Lymphokines represent a restricted set of cytokines made by one class of cells (lymphocytes) activated in certain unique ways. In this view the lmyphocyte has acquired some specialized means for triggering such production, not available to other cells.
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203
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Birnbaum G, Tsairis P. Suppressor lymphocytes in myasthenia gravis and effect of adult thymectomy. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1976; 274:527-35. [PMID: 134662 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1976.tb47713.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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204
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Tse H, Dutton RW. Separation of helper and suppressor T lymphocytes on a ficoll velocity sedimentation gradient. J Exp Med 1976; 143:1199-210. [PMID: 1083419 PMCID: PMC2190179 DOI: 10.1084/jem.143.5.1199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A 5-20% Ficoll velocity sedimentation gradient has been successfully applied to separate concanavalin A (Con A)-induced helper; and suppressor T cells. When titrated into a constant number of fresh normal spleen cells responding to sheep erythrocytes, cells from the top pool show stimulatory effects while those from the bottom pool show inhibitory activity. Both activities are found to be Con A dependent and anti-theta sensitive. We conclude that Con A-induced helper and suppressor T cells are distinct subpopulations and such separation will allow further characterization of these cell types.
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205
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Eardley DD, Staskawicz MO, Gershon RK. Suppressor cells: dependence on assay conditions for functional activity. J Exp Med 1976; 143:1211-9. [PMID: 1083420 PMCID: PMC2190185 DOI: 10.1084/jem.143.5.1211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Spleen cells educated in vitro with sheep red blood cells (SRBC) suppressed the plaque-forming cell response of Mishell-Dutton assay cultures challenged with optimal doses of SRBC. Changing conditions in the assay cultures changed the effect educated cells had on the assay culture responses. For example, educated cells helped rather than suppressed assay cultures of suboptimal numbers of spleen cells. Similarly, augmentation resulted upon addition of educated cells to assay cultures challenged with suboptimal doses of SRBC. Such a reversal of regulatory effects was not observed when assay cultures were challenged with supraoptimal antigen doses. Educated cells helped assay cultures of B spleen cells, and the addition of normal T cells reinstated suppression. Furthermore, maintenance of assay cultures under stationary rather than the usual rocking conditions allowed educated cells to help rather than suppress the antibody response of assay cultures. These results show that when the response of the target population (assay cultures) is low, the regulator (educated) cells augment the response, and vice versa, supporting the hypothesis that the effect regulator cells produce depends on the activity of the cells they regulate.
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206
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Katz DH, Dorf ME, Benacerraf B. Control of t-lymphocyte and B-lymphocyte activation by two complementing Ir-GLphi immune response genes. J Exp Med 1976; 143:906-18. [PMID: 1082920 PMCID: PMC2190165 DOI: 10.1084/jem.143.4.906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The possibility that the two complementing alpha- and beta-Ir-GLphi genes are independently responsible for controlling events in T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes, respectively, has been tested in double adoptive transfer experiments utilizing cells from appropriate inbred strains of mice. The results of these studies show that the functions of T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes and the cooperative interactions between T and B cells require the presence of both alpha- and beta-genes in each respective cell type. Moreover, evidence has been obtained in these studies that indicates a preference for the alpha- and beta-Ir-GLphi genes in the cis position to obtain the most effective T-B-cell interactions. The possible implications of these findings are discussed.
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207
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Kontiainen S, Feldmann M. Suppressor cell induction in vitro. I. Kinetics of induction of antigen-specific suppressor cells. Eur J Immunol 1976; 6:296-301. [PMID: 62667 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830060412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The induction of antigen-specific suppressor cells in vitro, using high concentrations (100 mug/ml) of keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) in Marbrook flasks is described. Spleen and cortisone-resistant thymocytes were the richest source of suppressor cell precursors, compared to lymph node cells, peripheral blood lymphocytes or thoracic duct lymphocytes. Suppressor cells induced with KLH only suppressed KLH-reactive helper cells, and not B cells or helper cells of other specificity. The suppressor cells were T cells, as judged by their sensitivity to anti-Thy-1.2, heterologous anti-T, but not anti-B antisera.
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208
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Lawrence DA, Weigle WO. Stimulation of antibody production to the hapten, 2,4-dinitrobenzene by affinity-labeled murine lymphoid cells. II. Suppressive activity of an excess of thymocytes. Cell Immunol 1976; 23:117-25. [PMID: 1083771 DOI: 10.1016/0008-8749(76)90176-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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209
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Rich RR, Rich SS. Suppression of mixed lymphocyte reactions by alloantigen-activated spleen-localizing thymocytes. Cell Immunol 1976; 22:358-68. [PMID: 132277 DOI: 10.1016/0008-8749(76)90037-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Plate JM. Cellular responses to murine alloantigens of the major histocompatibility complex: the role of cell subpopulations that express different quantities of H-2 associated antigenic markers. Eur J Immunol 1976; 6:180-7. [PMID: 136356 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830060308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Subsets of lymphoid cells that function in the initiation and differentiation of cell-mediated responses to H-2-coded alloantigens were defined with an antiserum raised between congenic resistant lines of mice that differed for a limited number of components of the H-2 complex. Only those cells that express "Ia markers" can stimulate responses to H-2K, D and/or I region antigens in mixed lymphoid cell cultures, even though all lymphoid cells apparently express the H-2K and H-2D-coded private antigens. Ia markers, therefore, serve to distinguish the subset of cells which includes as its members the stimulating cells. The Ia marker(s) is expressed on the cell membrane of at least one of the two T cell subsets that collaborate in the development of T effector cells to H-2-associated alloantigens, i.e. precursors and helpers. The cells remaining after lysis with our antiserum plus complement no longer can respond in the MLR. Syngeneic non-T cells cannot reconstitute the response. Most activated and proliferating cells express the Ia determinant(s). A proportion of T effector or killer cells, however, does not express the Ia markers. We suggest, therefore, that the MLR-responsive cell in normal lymph nodes is an "activated" cell and the "Ia markers" are involved in the differentiation of T precursor to T effector cells. The end stage T effector probably is devoid of the Ia marker.
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Osborne BM, Pierce CW, Katz DH. The allogeneic effect in inbred mice. V. Analysis of B cell immunoglobulin classes influenced by non-specific and carrier-specific T cell stimuli. Cell Immunol 1976; 22:121-7. [PMID: 776411 DOI: 10.1016/0008-8749(76)90013-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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213
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Khaitov RM, Petrov RV, Gambarov SS, Norimov AS, Blinov VA. Stem cells and T and B lymphocytes during tumor growth. Cell Immunol 1976; 22:1-10. [PMID: 6150 DOI: 10.1016/0008-8749(76)90001-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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214
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Goodfellow P, Barnstable C, Jones E, Bodmer WF, Crumpton MJ, Snary D. Production of specific antisera to human B lymphocytes. TISSUE ANTIGENS 1976; 7:105-17. [PMID: 775683 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.1976.tb01039.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Antisera have been prepared, in mice and rabbits, to membrane and sub-membrane fractions of human B lymphocyte derived lymphoid lines. Antisera to a protein subfraction were, after only minimal absorption, specific for human peripheral B lymphocytes, monocytes and B cell derived lymphoid lines. The antigen(s) recognised by these antisera were not the same as the previously described B-cell markers; immunoglobulin, Fc receptor, complement receptor and Ia antigens. The antigen(s) could not be removed from cells by lysostrip with anti- beta2 microglobulin.
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215
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Stobo JD, Paul S, Van Scoy RE, Hermans PE. Suppressor thymus-derived lymphocytes in fungal infection. J Clin Invest 1976; 57:319-28. [PMID: 1082888 PMCID: PMC436656 DOI: 10.1172/jci108283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymus-derived lymphocyte (T-cell) function, as determined in vivo by cutaneous reactivity to several antigens and in vitro by responsiveness to mitogens and antigens, was assessed in 14 patients infected with a variety of fungal organisms. While all patients manifested a normal frequency of peripheral blood T cells, only seven patients reacted to at least one of the antigens used for cutaneous testing and demonstrated normal in vitro T proliferative responses. Three patients exhibited cutaneous anergy but normal in vitro T-cell reactivity while four patients demonstrated persistent anergy and marked in vitro T-cell hyporeactivity which was independent of activity of infection, concurrent medication, or any associated disorders. The marked diminution of in vitro T-cell reactivity noted for these later four patients was not due to a deletion of antigen- or mitogen-reactive cells. Thus, patients' cells which had been initially cultured for 7 days without any mitogenic or antigenic stimulus and which were subsequently washed and recultured with phytohemagglutinin, concanavalin A, or histoplasmin demonstrated a marked increase in their responsiveness. Moreover, this reactivity noted for recultured cells could be suppressed by a nonphagocytic, nonadherent, nonimmunoglobulin-bearing, sheep red blood cell rosette-forming population of cells isolated from the fresh peripheral blood mononuclear cells of the same patient. While these "regulator" T cells were capable of suppressing T-proliferative responses to antigens and mitogens, they did not diminish pokeweed mitogen-induced immunoglobulin synthesis by normal bone marrow-derived lymphocytes. Patients in whom suppressor "T" cells were found were at risk for relapsing, disseminated fungal infection.
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216
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Uchiyama T, Yamaura N, Maeda R. Characterization of background anti-trinitrophenyl plaque-forming cells observed in several strains of mice. JAPANESE JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY 1976; 20:45-52. [PMID: 775150 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1976.tb00906.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Normal mice have a large number of background anti-trinitrophenyl (TNP) antibody-forming cells (AFC) in their spleens (about 40-50 anti-TNP PFC/10(6) cells). We investigated this among several mouse strains, i.e., C57BL/6, C3H/He, Balb/c, ddd, and ICR mice, and found that all strains had a similar number of anti-TNP PFC (plaque-forming cells). Developmental aspects of background anti-TNP PFC in the ontogenic process were also investigated. The number of anti-TNP PFC increased logari thmically during the first few days of age, reached a peak on the 13th day and attained a constant value within 30 days. Neonatal thymectomy did not decrease the number of background anti-TNP PFC but such treatment decreased the anti-TNP PFC response to TNP-HRBC (horse red blood cells) immunization. Germ-free ICR mice had a number of background anti -TNP PFC similar to that of conventional ICR mice. Avidity of background anti-TNP PFC was compared among mice of several ages and it was shown that there were no differences among them. These results suggest that the occurrence of these background anti-TNP PFC is not elicited by the immune response but by the natural maturation of precursors of ACF without antigenic stimulation.
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Rosse C. Small lymphocyte and transitional cell populations of the bone marrow; their role in the mediation of immune and hemopoietic progenitor cell functions. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1976; 45:155-290. [PMID: 783066 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)60080-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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219
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Abstract
The immuno-modulatory effect of Levamisole in the treatment of rheumatic diseases was studied in an open trial. Nine patients with theumatoid arthritis (RA), 13 with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and one with Reiter's syndrome (RS) were treated initially with 150 mg Levmisole daily for 4 weeks, then intermittently 3 days a week. Significant clinical improvement was observed in 7 out of 9 patients with RA, in 4 out of 13 patients with AS, and in the one patient with RS. An increased skin sensitivity to a panel of antigens was noted in 3 out of 9 RA patients and in 6 out of 13 AS patients. A fall in rheumatoid factor titre was observed in 2 out of 5 patients with seropositive RA. No development of other auto-antibodies was observed. No significant changes in the absolute lymphocyte counts either of the total counts or of the T, B, and null cell counts, were noted. Drug-related adverse reactions were seen in 13 patients, mostly allergic skin rash which required a short interruption in therapy. Severe leucopenia was observed in 2 patients, whereupon therapy was definitely withdrawn. Levamisole seems to have a definite beneficial effect on RA and a possible effect on AS and RS. Severe adverse reactions, mostly on the haemopoietic system, demonstrated some potential hazardous complications of the drug and required physical and laboratory examinations at short intervals.
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220
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Thorbecke G, Lerman SP. Germinal centers and their role in immune responses. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1976; 73 PT-A:83-100. [PMID: 793357 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-3297-8_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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221
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222
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Furthmayr H, Timpl R. Immunochemistry of collagens and procollagens. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE RESEARCH 1976; 7:61-99. [PMID: 57104 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-363707-9.50008-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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223
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Kruse V. Production and evaluation of high-quality thyroxine antisera for use in radioimmunoassay. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1976; 36:95-101. [PMID: 1257697 DOI: 10.3109/00365517609068024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
High-quality thyroxine (T4) antisera were raised in rabbits. Conjugates of protein and T4 or T4 methyl ester were given intracutaneously in Freund's complete adjuvant at one or two sites on the back at 1/2- to 3-month intervals. Eleven of 16 immunized rabbits produced antiserum with titers higher than 2 commercial antisera and 4 antisera from other laboratories. All 16 antisera had equilibrium constants (K) higher than the 6 reference sera. The highest titer observed was 130,000 with 88 fmol labeled T4 per ml incubate. A drastic increase in K from about 4 X 10(8) to 5.8 X 10(10) 1/mol was observed as the immunization proceeded. Cross-reactivity with triiodothyronine (T3) varied but was generally low. Suppression of the T4 synthesis was attempted by giving 30 nmol (20 mug) T3 per os once a day. Antiserum from rabbits given T3 suppression contained less iodine than antiserum from nonsuppressed control rabbits. The possible reasons for the successful production of the high-quality antisera are discussed.
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224
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Doria G, Agarossi G. Effect of interaction between hapten-specific cells preselected for different receptor affinities and carrier-primed cells on antibody avidity. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1976; 66:267-71. [PMID: 773117 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4613-4355-4_40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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225
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Corte G, Risso A, Ferrarini M, Bargellesi A. Membrane Ig on MPC11 myeloma cells: correlation between the expression of membrane Ig, a receptor for Ig and the process of secretion. Eur J Immunol 1976; 6:3-8. [PMID: 971717 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830060103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The expression of membrane immunoglobulin (mIg) was examined in three cloned MPC11-derived mouse myeloma cell lines. Membrane immunofluorescence studies demonstrated that IgG2b producer cells (P1) had complete IgG molecules, L-chain producer (L1) had only L-chain determinants and nonproducer (NP2) did not have any Ig determinants on the cell surface. An Ig receptor, with characteristics different from B lymphocyte Fc receptor, has been found to be present on secreting cells (P1 or L1), but not on the NP2 cell variant. The data reported in the present paper indicate that the expression of mIg and of the Ig receptor molecule is clearly correlated with the process of secretion. In the light of previous data reported on Ig secretion, a model is proposed which correlates the process of secretion with the expression not only of mIg, but also of the receptor for Ig.
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Gold R, Lepow ML, Goldschneider I, Draper TL, Gotschlich EC. Clinical evaluation of group A and group C meningococcal polysaccharide vaccines in infants. J Clin Invest 1975; 56:1536-47. [PMID: 1202084 PMCID: PMC333132 DOI: 10.1172/jci108235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Group A and group C meningoccal polysaccharide vaccines were evaluated in infants. No significant local or systemic reactions were observed with 908 doses of vaccine given to 396 infants between 3 and 12 mo of age. The antibody response varied with the age of the infant, vaccine dose, molecular weight of vaccine, prior immunization with vaccine, and prior exposure to naturally occurring cross-reactive antigens. Only 7% of 3-mo-old infants had detectable antibody responses to primary immunization with 5-200 mug of A vaccine, presumably because of suppressive effects of high concentrations of maternal anti-A. More than 90% of 7- and 12-mo-old infants responded to A vaccine, achieving geometric mean anti-A concentrations of 0.38 and 0.98 mug/ml, respectively. The dose-response curve was flat between 10 and 200 mug of A vaccine. Geometric mean anti-A concentrations of 2.51 and 4.00 mug/ml were induced in 7- and 12-mo-old infants by booster injections of A vaccine. Approximately 90% of 3-mo-old infants had detectable antibody responses to primary immunization with C vaccine. The 100-mug dose appeared to be optimal, resulting in geometric mean anti-C concentrations of 0.49, 1.55, and 2.64 mug/ml in 3-, 7-, and 12-mo-old infants, respectively. Significant booster responses were not observed with C vaccine. Indeed, except for the 10-mug dose, booster injections of C vaccine in 7- and 12-mo-old infants resulted in lower anti-C concentrations than did primary immunizations.
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231
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Rask L, Klarkeskog L, Ostberg L, Peterson PA. Isolation and properties of a murine spleen cell Fc receptor. Nature 1975; 257:231-3. [PMID: 51477 DOI: 10.1038/257231a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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232
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Benacerraf B, Kapp JA, Debré P, Pierce CW, de la Croix F. The stimulation of specific suppressor T cells in genetic non-responder mice by linear random copolymers of L-amino acids. Immunol Rev 1975; 26:21-38. [PMID: 52219 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.1975.tb00173.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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233
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Baker PJ. Homeostatic control of antibody responses: a model based on the recognition of cell-associated antibody by regulatory T cells. Immunol Rev 1975; 26:3-20. [PMID: 241141 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.1975.tb00172.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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234
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Hilmas DE, Spertzel RO. Response of sublethally irradiated monkeys to a replicating viral antigen. Infect Immun 1975; 12:592-601. [PMID: 809358 PMCID: PMC415328 DOI: 10.1128/iai.12.3.592-601.1975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Temporal effects of exposure to sublethal, total-body X radiation (400 R) on responses to vaccination with attenuated Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis vaccine virus. TC-83, were examined in rhesus monkeys. Viremia, often with delayed onset, was prolonged even when irradiation preceded vaccination by 28 days. Virus titers were increased, articularly in groups irradiated 4 or 7 days before vaccination. Delay in appearance of hemagglutination-inhibition and serum-neutralizing antibody correlated closely with persistence of viremia in irradiated-vaccinated monkeys. The temporal course of antibody response was markedly affected by the intervals between irradiation and injection of this replicating antigen. With longer intervals between irradiation and vaccination, the somewhat depressed antibody responses approached normal or surpassed those of nonirradiated monkeys. Vaccination 14 days after radiation exposure resulted in lethality to 8 of 12 monkeys, apparently as a result of secondary infection. The additional lymphopenic stress due to the effect of TC-83, superimposed on the severly depressed hematopoietic competence at 14 days, undoubtedly contributed to this increased susceptibility to latent infection.
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235
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Nachtigal D, Zan-Bar I, Feldman M. The role of specific suppressor T cells in immune tolerance. Transplant Rev (Orlando) 1975; 26:87-105. [PMID: 1101472 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.1975.tb00176.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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236
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Feldmann M, Kilburn DG, Levy J. T-T interaction in the generation of helper cells in vitro. Nature 1975; 256:741-3. [PMID: 50566 DOI: 10.1038/256741a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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237
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Miller T, Burnham S, Simpson G. Selective deficiency of thymus-derived lymphocytes in experimental pyelonephritis. Kidney Int 1975; 8:88-97. [PMID: 1080531 DOI: 10.1038/ki.1975.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Pyelonephritis was induced in experimental animals derived of thymus-derived (T) lymphocytes by adult thymectomy and serial sublethal irradiation. In this model T lymphocytes were reduced to less than 1% of normal adjudged by the in vitro Phytohemagglutinin (PHA) responsiveness of lymphoid cells from deprived animals compared with control animals. Pathologic, bacteriologic and immunologic aspects of renal infection were studied in the T cell-deprived animals during the acute, resolving and chronic stages of pyelonephritis. The experiments have shown that the ablation of lymphocytes did not appreciably alter the course of the disease.
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238
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Aoyama T, Kihara K, Nishiguchi K. Dual effects of thymic substance(s) on growth of cultured mammalian cells. Exp Cell Res 1975; 93:427-37. [PMID: 1171772 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(75)90469-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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239
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Kateley JR, Friedman H. Modulation of antibody synthesis by cholera exotoxin: influence on helper thymocytes. Cell Immunol 1975; 18:239-45. [PMID: 1095212 DOI: 10.1016/0008-8749(75)90052-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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240
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Herscowitz HB, Stylos WA. Prostaglandin-induced enhancement of the in vitro anamnestic response. PROSTAGLANDINS 1975; 10:87-99. [PMID: 1153806 DOI: 10.1016/0090-6980(75)90095-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The ability of various prostaglandins (PGs) to affect the in vitro anamnestic immune response of keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH)-primed rabbit popliteal lymph node cells was investigated. Of the four PGs studied (PGA1, PGE2 and PGF2alpha), PGE1 was found to have a stimulatory effect, whereas PGA1, PGE2 and pgf2alpha were ineffective in stimulating or inhibiting the in vitro anamnestic response. Under the conditions studied, a 3.5-fold increase in antibody production was obtained in PGE1-treated, KLH-stimulated cultures. Maximum enhancement was obtained when 0.2 mug of PGE1 were added at the time of culture initiation and were allowed to remain in contact with the lymph node cells for 24 hours.
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241
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Vitetta ES, Uhr JW. Immunoglobulins and alloantigens on the surface of lymphoid cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1975; 415:253-71. [PMID: 1096960 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4157(75)90004-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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242
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243
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Klinman NR, Press JL. The B cell specificity repertoire: its relationship to definable subpopulations. Immunol Rev 1975; 24:41-83. [PMID: 49962 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.1975.tb00165.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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244
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Abstract
The role of infection in the development of autoimmunity is discussed in view of recent advances in the field of immunologic tolerance. Infectious agents may directly damage immune function by impairing the mechanisms of discrimination between self and non-self antigens; alternatively they may "deceive" the immune system by presentation of self-determinants in an immunogenic form or by uncovering of normally sequestered antigenic determinants. The first of these two pathogenetic mechanisms may be responsible for generalized and the second for selective autoimmune reactions. Different clinical conditions are evaluated on the basis of these concepts. The interaction of personal factors with infection and autoimmunity is also taken into consideration.
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245
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Nelson K, Pollack SB, Hellström KE. Specific anti-tumor responses by cultured immune spleen cells. I. In vitro culture method and initial characterization of factors which block immune cell-mediated cytotoxicity in vitro. Int J Cancer 1975; 15:806-14. [PMID: 1140873 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910150512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Spleen cells from BALB/c mice which either bore syngeneic sarcomas or were normal controls were cultured in vitro. The culture supernatants of spleen cells from tumor-bearing mice inhibited (blocked) specific cell-mediated cytotoxicity to the tumor borne by the spleen donor. They also mediated specific antiserum-dependent cytotoxicity with control lymphoid cells. The appearance of blocking activity in culture supernatants was prevented by lysis of theta-positive spleen cells with antiserum and complement. The blocking activity was removed by passing culture supernatants through an anti-mouse immunoglobulin affinity column and was recovered in a 3 M NaSCN eluate of the column.
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246
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Rouse BT, Babiuk LA. Host defense mechanisms against infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus. II. Inhibition of viral plaque formation by immune peripheral blood lymphocytes. Cell Immunol 1975; 17:43-56. [PMID: 165005 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-8749(75)80005-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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247
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Zan-Bar I, Nachtigal D, Feldman M. Mechanisms in immune tolerance. III. Immunosuppression and the induction of tolerance--synergism and antagonism. Cell Immunol 1975; 17:215-27. [PMID: 1125988 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-8749(75)80021-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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248
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Tardieu M, Fradet Y, Daguillard F. Immunological activities of rat lymphocytes. II. Isolation of suppressor cells of the mitogenic response of rat thoracic duct lymphocytes. Cell Immunol 1975; 17:123-30. [PMID: 47788 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-8749(75)80012-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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249
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Purtilo DT, Cassel CK, Yang JP, Harper R. X-linked recessive progressive combined variable immunodeficiency (Duncan's disease). Lancet 1975; 1:935-40. [PMID: 48119 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(75)92004-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 354] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Of 18 boys in Duncan kindred, 6 died of a lymphoproliferative disease. They exhibited a subtle, progressive combined variable immunodeficiency disease characterised by benign or malignant proliferation of lymphocytes, histiocytosis, and alterations in concentrations of serum-immunoglobulins. Infectious mononucleosis occurred during or preceding terminal events in at least 3 of the cousins. Fever, pharyngitis, lymphadenomegaly, hepatosplenomegaly, atypical lymphocytosis, and a spectrum ranging from agammaglobulinaemia to polyclonal hyper-gammaglobulinaemia occurred. At necropsy, the thymus gland and thymic-dependent areas in the lymph-nodes and spleen were depleted of lymphocytes. Diffuse infiltrates composed of lymphocytes, plasma cells, and histiocytes, some containing erythrocytes, invaded the haematopoietic organs, viscera, and central nervous system. In addition, 2 half-brothers had lymphomas of the ileum and central nervous system. Approximately half the boys, including the half-brothers, were affected, and girls were spared, implying sex-linked recessive inheritance. Various lymphohistiocytoses resemble Duncan's disease, but it is distinctive from them in the mode of inheritance or by histiological characteristics. This study suggests that the Epstein-Barr virus or other viruses triggered the fatal proliferation of lymphocytes and that progressive attrition of T-cell functions allowed uncontrolled lymphoproliferation.
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250
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Hurme M, Nakamura I, Kaartinen M, Mäkelä O. Antibody response by cultured spleen fragments from carrier-primed mice to hapten-protein conjugates. Scand J Immunol 1975; 4:229-34. [PMID: 1080285 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.1975.tb02621.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Hapten-protein conjugates stimulated very poor anti-hapten responses in mouse spleen fragment cultures from unimmunized mice, whereas hapten coupled to type III pneumococcal polysaccharide or polylysine induced good responses. When the donors of the fragments were primed with the carrier protein, hapten-protein conjugates induced a strong anti-hapten response. Both the true primary and the carrier-primed response in vitro consisted mainly of IgA antibodies of 9-13S. In carrier-primed responses also IgM was produced at the beginning and IgG at the end of those responses.
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