201
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Li G, Meng L, Zhang H, Li X, Zeng Y. Electronic structure of triangular M 3 (M = B, Al, Ga): nonclassical three-center two electron π bond and σ delocalization. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:18071-18077. [PMID: 32760940 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp02594a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The small molecule clusters have received more and more attention due to their widespread applications in chemical insulators, explosives, semiconductors and the high energy density materials industry. The electron deficiency of group IIIA elements endows their clusters with interesting properties. In this work, the electronic structures of M3 (M = B, Al, Ga) have been investigated by means of a complete active space self-consistent field (CASSCF) method. The nature of the chemical bond has been analyzed using the quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) and electron localization function (ELF) analyses. The following conclusions can be drawn: in M3 (M = B, Al, Ga) clusters, two π electrons are shared by three atoms forming a 3c-2e delocalization π bond. Going from B3 to Al3 to Ga3, more and more electrons move from the bond pair to the outside of the M atom, which leads to a gradual enhancement of the delocalization of σ electrons. Aromaticity and the adaptive natural density partitioning (AdNDP) analyses reveal the existence of the 3c-2e π bond and delocalization of σ electrons in the studied systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangxia Li
- Institute of Computational Quantum Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Material Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, P. R. China.
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202
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Ritchhart A, Monahan M, Mars J, Toney MF, De Yoreo JJ, Cossairt BM. Covalently Linked, Two-Dimensional Quantum Dot Assemblies. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:9944-9951. [PMID: 32787121 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c01668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Using nanoscale building blocks to construct hierarchical materials is a radical new branch point in materials discovery that promises new structures and emergent functionality. Understanding the design principles that govern nanoparticle assembly is critical to moving this field forward. By exploiting mixed ligand environments to target patchy nanoparticle surfaces, we have demonstrated a novel method of colloidal quantum dot (QD) assembly that gives rise to 2D structures. The equilibration of solutions of spherical and quasispherical QDs, including CdS, CdSe, and InP, with 2,2'-bipyridine-5,5'-diacrylic acid resulted in the preferential formation of 2D assemblies over the course of days as determined by transmission electron microscopy analysis. Small-angle X-ray scattering confirms the existence of the QD assemblies in solution. The dependence of the assembly on linker properties (length and rigidity), linker concentration, and total concentration was investigated, together with the data point to a mechanism involving ligand redistribution to create a patchy surface that maximizes the steric repulsion of neighboring QDs. By operating in an underexchanged regime, the arising patchiness results in enthalpically preferred directions of cross-linking that can be accessed by thermal equilibration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Ritchhart
- University of Washington, Department of Chemistry, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Madison Monahan
- University of Washington, Department of Chemistry, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Julian Mars
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Michael F Toney
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - James J De Yoreo
- University of Washington, Department of Chemistry, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Brandi M Cossairt
- University of Washington, Department of Chemistry, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
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203
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Ivanov AA, Falaise C, Shmakova AA, Leclerc N, Cordier S, Molard Y, Mironov YV, Shestopalov MA, Abramov PA, Sokolov MN, Haouas M, Cadot E. Cyclodextrin-Assisted Hierarchical Aggregation of Dawson-type Polyoxometalate in the Presence of {Re 6Se 8} Based Clusters. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:11396-11406. [PMID: 32706590 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c01160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The association of metallic clusters (CLUS) and polyoxometalates (POM) into hierarchical architectures is achieved using γ-cyclodextrin (γ-CD) as a supramolecular connector. The new self-assembled systems, so-called CLUSPOM, are formed from Dawson-type polyoxometalate [P2W18O62]6- and electron-rich rhenium clusters. It is worth noting that a cluster-based cation [{Re6Se8}(H2O)6]2+ on one hand and a cluster-based anion on the other hand [{Re6Se8}(CN)6]4- can be associated with the anionic POM. In the absence of the supramolecular connector, a "CLUSPOM salt" was obtained from aqueous solution of the cationic cluster and the polyoxometalate. In this solid, the arrangement between the polymetallic building blocks is mainly governed by long-range Coulombic interactions. In the presence of γ-CD, the Dawson anion and the cationic cluster are assembled differently, forming a hierarchical supramolecular solid, K2[{Re6Se8}(H2O)6]2{[P2W18O62]@2γ-CD}·42H2O, where the organic macrocycle acts as a ditopic linker between the inorganic building blocks. In such an edifice, the short-range molecular recognition dominates the long-range Coulombic interactions leading to a specific three-dimensional organization. Interestingly, the assembling of anionic POM [P2W18O62]6- with the anionic rhenium cluster [{Re6Se8}(CN)6]4- is also achieved with γ-CD despite the repulsive forces between the nanosized anions. The resulting solid, K10{[{Re6Se8}(CN)6]@2γ-CD}[P2W18O62]·33H2O, is built from 1:2 inclusion complexes {[{Re6Se8}(CN)6]@2γ-CD}4- linked by a POM unit interacting with the exterior wall of the organic macrocycle. Multinuclear NMR and small-angle X-ray scattering investigations support supramolecular preorganization in aqueous solution prior to crystallization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton A Ivanov
- Institut Lavoisier de Versailles, UMR 8180 CNRS, UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France.,Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry SB RAS, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Clément Falaise
- Institut Lavoisier de Versailles, UMR 8180 CNRS, UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
| | - Alexandra A Shmakova
- Institut Lavoisier de Versailles, UMR 8180 CNRS, UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France.,Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry SB RAS, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Nathalie Leclerc
- Institut Lavoisier de Versailles, UMR 8180 CNRS, UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
| | - Stéphane Cordier
- Université de Rennes, CNRS, ISCR - UMR 6226, ScanMAT - UMS 2001, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Yann Molard
- Université de Rennes, CNRS, ISCR - UMR 6226, ScanMAT - UMS 2001, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Yuri V Mironov
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry SB RAS, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | | | - Pavel A Abramov
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry SB RAS, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.,South Ural State University, Prospekt Lenina, 76, Chelyabinsk, Russia, 454080
| | - Maxim N Sokolov
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry SB RAS, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Mohamed Haouas
- Institut Lavoisier de Versailles, UMR 8180 CNRS, UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
| | - Emmanuel Cadot
- Institut Lavoisier de Versailles, UMR 8180 CNRS, UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
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204
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Sikorska C, Gaston N. Modified Lennard-Jones potentials for nanoscale atoms. J Comput Chem 2020; 41:1985-2000. [PMID: 32592415 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A classical 6-12 Lennard-Jones (LJ) equation has been widely used to model materials and is the potential of choice in studies when the focus is on fundamental issues. Here we report a systematic study comparing the pair interaction potentials within solid-state materials (i.e., [Co6 Se8 (PEt3 )6 ][C60 ]2 , [Cr6 Te8 (PEt3 )6 ][C60 ]2 , [Ni9 Te6 (PEt3 )8 ][C60 ]) using density functional theory (DFT) calculations and LJ parametrization. Both classical (6-12 LJ) and modified LJ (mLJ) models were developed. In the mLJ approach, the exponents 6 and 12 are replaced by different integer number n and 2n, respectively, and an additional parameter (α) is introduced to describe intermolecular distance shift arising within the geometric centers' approach (instead of the shortest interatomic distance between particles). A general LJ approach reexamination reveals that in the case of nanoatoms, the attractive term decays with distance as the inverse fourth power, and the dominating at short distances repulsive term decays as the inverse eighth power. The modification of the LJ equation is even more prominent for interaction profiles, where intermolecular distance corresponds to separation between geometric centers of particles. In this approach, the attractive term decays with distance as the inverse 12th power, while the repulsive term decays rapidly (as the inverse 24th power). Thus, the mLJ models (e.g., 4-8 LJ) rather than the 6-12 classical ones seem to be a better choice for the description of binary interactions of nanoatoms. The developed mLJ models and electronic structure characteristics give an insight into the explanation of the unique physicochemical properties of superatomic-based solid-state materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celina Sikorska
- Department of Physics, The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Nicola Gaston
- Department of Physics, The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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205
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Xie J, Wang L, Anderson JS. Heavy chalcogenide-transition metal clusters as coordination polymer nodes. Chem Sci 2020; 11:8350-8372. [PMID: 34123098 PMCID: PMC8163426 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc03429k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
While metal-oxygen clusters are widely used as secondary building units in the construction of coordination polymers or metal-organic frameworks, multimetallic nodes with heavier chalcogenide atoms (S, Se, and Te) are comparatively untapped. The lower electronegativity of heavy chalcogenides means that transition metal clusters of these elements generally exhibit enhanced coupling, delocalization, and redox-flexibility. Leveraging these features in coordination polymers provides these materials with extraordinary properties in catalysis, conductivity, magnetism, and photoactivity. In this perspective, we summarize common transition metal heavy chalcogenide building blocks including polynuclear metal nodes with organothiolate/selenolate or anionic heavy chalcogenide atoms. Based on recent discoveries, we also outline potential challenges and opportunities for applications in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaze Xie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago Chicago Illinois 60637 USA
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago Chicago Illinois 60637 USA
| | - John S Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago Chicago Illinois 60637 USA
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206
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Yin B, Du Q, Geng L, Zhang H, Luo Z, Zhou S, Zhao J. Anionic Copper Clusters Reacting with NO: An Open-Shell Superatom Cu 18. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:5807-5814. [PMID: 32597656 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c01643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Gas-phase metal clusters have been a subject of research interest for allowing reliable strategies to explore the stability and reactivity of materials at reduced sizes with atomic precision. Here we have prepared well-resolved copper cluster anions Cun- (n = 7-37) and systematically studied their reactivity with O2, NO, and CO. We found remarkable stability of an open-shell cluster Cu18-, which is comparable with the closed-shell clusters Cu17- and Cu19- within the picture of an electronic shell model. Even without having a magic number of valence electrons, intriguingly, the unpaired electron on the singly occupied molecular orbital of Cu18- is mainly contributed by the central copper atom, while the other 18 delocalized valence electrons occupy the lower-energy superatomic orbitals of the cluster. The finding of such an open-shell superatom Cu18-, with an electron configuration of 1S21P61D102S1||1F0, is interesting in the sense that an elementary cluster of coinage metal atoms could still behave as a superatom mimicking coinage metals like silver or gold atoms with an empty f orbital. The superatomic stability of this Cu18- cluster is reinforced by the unique electrostatic interaction between the Cu- core and Cu17 shell, which provides new insights into the chemistry of metal clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoqi Yin
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qiuying Du
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser, Ion and Electron Beams (Dalian University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Lijun Geng
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hanyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhixun Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Si Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser, Ion and Electron Beams (Dalian University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jijun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser, Ion and Electron Beams (Dalian University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Dalian 116024, China
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207
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208
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Zhang XL, Zhang L, Chen JH, Li CY, Sun WM. On the Interaction between Superatom Al 12Be and DNA Nucleobases/Base Pairs: Bonding Nature and Potential Applications in O 2 Activation and CO Oxidation. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:15325-15334. [PMID: 32637806 PMCID: PMC7331033 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c01375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The interaction between quasi-chalcogen superatom Al12Be and DNA nucleobases/base pairs has been explored by searching for the most stable Al12Be-X (X = DNA bases and base pairs) complexes. Our results reveal that Al12Be prefers to combine with guanine by two Al-O and Al-N bonds rather than the other DNA bases, no matter in free state or base pair. The formed Al-N and Al-O bonds between Al12Be and DNA bases proved to be strong polar covalent bonds by the Wiberg bond index, nature bond orbitals, atoms in molecules theory, localized molecular orbitals, and electron localization functions analyses. More importantly, it is found that the formed global minimum of Al12Be-G has the ability to activate an oxygen molecule into a peroxide dianion 1O2 2-, which can further catalyze the CO oxidation via the Eley-Rideal mechanism with a small energy barrier of 7.78 kcal/mol. We hope that this study could not only provide an in-depth understanding on the intermolecular interaction between metallic superatoms and DNA at the molecular level but also attract more interest in designing and synthesizing superatom-based heterogeneous catalysts with DNA/nucleobases as basic building blocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ling Zhang
- Fujian
Key Laboratory of Drug Target Discovery and Structural and Functional
Research, The School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350108, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Zhang
- Fujian
Key Laboratory of Drug Target Discovery and Structural and Functional
Research, The School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350108, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing-Hua Chen
- Fujian
Key Laboratory of Drug Target Discovery and Structural and Functional
Research, The School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350108, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chun-Yan Li
- The
School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350108, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei-Ming Sun
- Fujian
Key Laboratory of Drug Target Discovery and Structural and Functional
Research, The School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350108, People’s Republic of China
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209
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Yang J, Wang F, Russell JC, Hochuli TJ, Roy X, Steigerwald ML, Zhu X, Paley DW, Nuckolls C. Shape Matching in Superatom Chemistry and Assembly. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:11993-11998. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c04321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Feifan Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Jake C. Russell
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Taylor J. Hochuli
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Xavier Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | | | - Xiaoyang Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Daniel W. Paley
- Columbia Nano Initiative, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Colin Nuckolls
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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210
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Wang S, Gu J, Dong Y, Sai L, Li F. A super stable assembled P nanowire with variant structural and magnetic/electronic properties via transition metal adsorption. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:12454-12461. [PMID: 32495807 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr02176h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
By means of first-principles calculations, we systematically investigated the structure, stability and magnetic and electronic properties of one-dimensional P nanowire (1D-P10 NW) assembled by Pn subunits (n = 2, 8) and transition metal doped 1D-P10 NW. Our calculations showed that the assembled 1D-P10 NW is super stable in thermodynamic, dynamic, thermal and chemical perspectives. Moreover, when the assembled 1D-P10 NW is decorated with transition metals (TM = Ti ∼ Zn, Zr ∼ Mo), structural transformation occurs (to sandwich or quasi-sandwich chains), and various magnetic and electronic characteristics are introduced to the nanowire. Particularly, the sandwich chains 1D-Mn2@P10 and 1D-V1@P5 are a ferromagnetic semiconductor and a ferromagnetic half-metal, respectively, and the magnetic anisotropy energies are both ∼0.3 meV per Mn/V atom. Our theoretical studies proposed a super stable 1D P nanowire and also offer a feasible approach to reach P5-TM-P5-TM chains with diverse magnetic and electronic properties, as well as ferromagnetic vdW-type 2D systems, which are promising in nanoelectronic devices and spintronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shukai Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, China.
| | - Jinxing Gu
- Department of Chemistry, The Institute for Functional Nanomaterials, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus, San Juan, PR 00931, USA
| | - Yinan Dong
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, China.
| | - Linwei Sai
- College of Science, Hohai University, Changzhou 213022, China
| | - Fengyu Li
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, China.
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211
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Lu SJ. B 3Ge 12: a aromatic molecular sandwich-shaped structure with short B−B single bonds coordinated by a Ge 12 hexagonal prism and reinforced by σ + π double delocalised bonding patterns. Mol Phys 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2019.1676476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Jie Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Heze University, Heze, People’s Republic of China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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212
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Structural and Electronic Properties of Nano-brass: CuxZny (x + y = 11 − 13) Clusters. J CLUST SCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10876-019-01698-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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213
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Zhou T, Ma L, Chen H. Electronic structure and stability of Al6CMn (M = Li, Na, k; n = 2, 4, 6) clusters. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2020.112780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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214
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Yuan Y, Sheng K, Zeng S, Han X, Sun L, Lončarić I, Zhan W, Sun D. Engineering Cu/TiO2@N-Doped C Interfaces Derived from an Atom-Precise Heterometallic CuII4TiIV5 Cluster for Efficient Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:5456-5462. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yusheng Yuan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Green Synthetic Chemistry for Functional Materials, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kai Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, People’s Republic of China
- School of Aeronautics, Shandong Jiaotong University, Jinan 250037, People’s Republic of China
| | - Suyuan Zeng
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiguang Han
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Green Synthetic Chemistry for Functional Materials, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liming Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Green Synthetic Chemistry for Functional Materials, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ivor Lončarić
- Division of Theoretical Physics, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Wenwen Zhan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Green Synthetic Chemistry for Functional Materials, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, People’s Republic of China
| | - Di Sun
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, People’s Republic of China
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215
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Zhang F, Zhang H, Xin W, Chen P, Hu Y, Zhang X, Zhao Y. Probing the structural evolution and electronic properties of divalent metal Be 2Mg n clusters from small to medium-size. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6052. [PMID: 32269297 PMCID: PMC7142069 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63237-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Bimetallic clusters have aroused increased attention because of the ability to tune their own properties by changing size, shape, and doping. In present work, a structural search of the global minimum for divalent bimetal Be2Mgn (n = 1-20) clusters are performed by utilizing CALYPSO structural searching method with subsequent DFT optimization. We investigate the evolution of geometries, electronic properties, and nature of bonding from small to medium-sized clusters. It is found that the structural transition from hollow 3D structures to filled cage-like frameworks emerges at n = 10 for Be2Mgn clusters, which is obviously earlier than that of Mgn clusters. The Be atoms prefer the surface sites in small cluster size, then one Be atom tend to embed itself inside the magnesium motif. At the number of Mg larger than eighteen, two Be atoms have been completely encapsulated by caged magnesium frameworks. In all Be2Mgn clusters, the partial charge transfer from Mg to Be takes place. An increase in the occupations of the Be-2p and Mg-3p orbitals reveals the increasing metallic behavior of Be2Mgn clusters. The analysis of stability shows that the cluster stability can be enhanced by Be atoms doping and the Be2Mg8 cluster possesses robust stability across the cluster size range of n = 1-20. There is s-p hybridization between the Be and Mg atoms leading to stronger Be-Mg bonds in Be2Mg8 cluster. This finding is supported by the multi-center bonds and Mayer bond order analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feige Zhang
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Baoji, 721016, China
| | - Hairong Zhang
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Baoji, 721016, China
| | - Wang Xin
- College of Physics and Optoelectronics Technology, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Baoji, 721016, China
| | - Peng Chen
- College of Physics and Optoelectronics Technology, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Baoji, 721016, China
| | - Yanfei Hu
- School of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Sichuan University of Science & Engineering, Zigong, 643000, China
| | - Xiaoyi Zhang
- College of Physics and Optoelectronics Technology, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Baoji, 721016, China
| | - Yaru Zhao
- College of Physics and Optoelectronics Technology, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Baoji, 721016, China.
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216
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Wu X, Gao Y, Xie W, Wang Z. Bonding properties of a superatom system with high- Z elements: insights from energy decomposition analysis. RSC Adv 2020; 10:14482-14486. [PMID: 35497141 PMCID: PMC9051896 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra01644f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Superatoms with high-Z elements have novel physicochemical properties, and a comprehensive and thorough view of their bonding properties plays a crucial role in the design of superatoms. Now, energy decomposition analysis shows increasingly prominent performance for understanding inter- and intra-molecular interactions, so the bonding properties of typical superatoms with high-Z elements, Th@Au14, have been investigated here. It is found that under different electron occupation types of the fragments, the electrostatic interaction energy, polarization, and exchange repulsion energy change significantly in their intramolecular interaction energy components, resulting in quantitative or even qualitative differences in their main interaction energy. This indicates that the bonding properties of fragments are related to their electronic structures, and even has extraordinary reference value for the future regulation and control of interactions in superatoms with high-Z elements, which has great significance for superatom development. Superatoms with high-Z elements have novel physicochemical properties, and a comprehensive and thorough view of their bonding properties plays a crucial role in the design of superatoms.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochen Wu
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University Changchun 130012 China
| | - Yang Gao
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University Changchun 130012 China
| | - Weiyu Xie
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University Changchun 130012 China
| | - Zhigang Wang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University Changchun 130012 China
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217
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Kambe T, Watanabe A, Li M, Tsukamoto T, Imaoka T, Yamamoto K. Superatomic Gallium Clusters in Dendrimers: Unique Rigidity and Reactivity Depending on their Atomicity. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1907167. [PMID: 32080936 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201907167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Superatoms have been investigated due to their possible substitution for other elements. The solution-phase synthesis of superatoms has attracted attention to realize the availability of superatoms. However, the previous approach is basically limited to the formation of a single cluster. Here, superatoms are investigated and the number of valence electrons in these superatoms is changed by designing the number of gallium atoms present. Based on the dendrimer template method, clusters consisting of 3, 12, 13, and other numbers of atoms have been synthesized. The halogen-like superatomic nature of Ga13 is structurally and electrochemically observed as completely different to the other clusters. The gallium clusters of 13 and 3 atoms, which can fill the 2P and 1P superatomic orbitals, respectively, exhibit different reactivities. The 3-atom gallium cluster is suggested as being reduced to Ga3 H2 - due to the lower shift of energy levels in the unoccupied orbitals. The results for these gallium clusters provide candidates for superatoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Kambe
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsutacho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan
- ERATO Japan Science and Technology (JST), 4259 Nagatsutacho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan
| | - Aiko Watanabe
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsutacho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan
| | - Meijia Li
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsutacho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan
| | - Takamasa Tsukamoto
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsutacho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan
- ERATO Japan Science and Technology (JST), 4259 Nagatsutacho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan
| | - Takane Imaoka
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsutacho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan
- ERATO Japan Science and Technology (JST), 4259 Nagatsutacho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan
| | - Kimihisa Yamamoto
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsutacho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan
- ERATO Japan Science and Technology (JST), 4259 Nagatsutacho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan
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218
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Yang M, Wu H, Huang B, Luo Z, Hansen K. Iodization Threshold in Size-Dependent Reactions of Lead Clusters Pb n+ with Iodomethane. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:2505-2512. [PMID: 32091897 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c01413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Utilizing a magnetron-sputtering (MagS) source in tandem with a multiple-ion laminar flow tube (MIFT) reactor and a customized triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (TQMS), we have prepared clean Pbn+ (n = 1-13) clusters and measured their reactivity with iodomethane under high carrier gas pressures. Strong size dependences are found for the reactivity of these cationic Pbn+ clusters with CH3I. For the Pbn+ with n ≤ 4, iodinated clusters PbnI+ were found to be the dominant products, in strong contrast to n > 4 where no such products were seen. Quantum chemical studies show that with an increasing number of Pb atoms, the Pb-Pb interatomic interactions become stronger compared with the Pb-I bonding in PbnI+ clusters. Furthermore, the reactions of Pb1-4+ with CH3I have fairly small transition state energy barriers, in contrast to those for Pbn>4+ clusters which have magnitudes that will prevent reactions under the ambient conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengzhou Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Haiming Wu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Benben Huang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Zhixun Luo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Klavs Hansen
- Joint Centre for Quantum Studies and Department of Physics, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, P. R. China.,Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
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219
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Hao D, Yang L, Li B, Hou Q, Li L, Jin P. Discovery of a Superatom inside the Fullerene Cage. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:2694-2699. [PMID: 32167770 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c01228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The stability of endohedral clusterfullerenes is generally understood in terms of the metal cluster shape, cage structure, and metal-cage interactions, with the electronic state of the internal cluster mostly neglected. Herein, theoretical calculations reveal that the (Ti3C3)6+ unit of recently synthesized Ti3C3@Ih(7)-C80 exhibits a superatomic state with a perfect closed-shell 1S21P61D10 electronic configuration in accordance with the famous jellium model. This "trapped superatom" features considerable aromaticity and hyperconjugation interactions never reported for other clusterfullerenes. Besides the localized two-center two-electron (2c-2e) Ti-C/C-C bonds, it also has two 3c-2e Ti-C-Ti bonds. Furthermore, the ring strain of the cyclopropane-like C3 core is effectively released upon the metal coordination. All these factors greatly stabilize the (Ti3C3)6+ cluster, showing the critical role of metal-to-cage charge transfer and cage encapsulation in enhancing the stability of this exotic metal cluster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debo Hao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, P. R. China
| | - Le Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, P. R. China
| | - Bo Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, P. R. China
| | - Qinghua Hou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, P. R. China
| | - Lanlan Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, P. R. China
| | - Peng Jin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, P. R. China
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220
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Tuo P, Ye XB, Pan BC. A machine learning based deep potential for seeking the low-lying candidates of Al clusters. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:114105. [PMID: 32199435 DOI: 10.1063/5.0001491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A Machine-Learning based Deep Potential (DP) model for Al clusters is developed through training with an extended database including ab initio data of both bulk and several clusters in only 6 CPU/h. This DP model has good performance in accurately predicting the low-lying candidates of Al clusters in a broad size range. Based on our developed DP model, the low-lying structures of 101 different sized Al clusters are extensively searched, among which the lowest-energy candidates of 69 sized clusters are updated. Our calculations demonstrate that machine-learning is indeed powerful in generating potentials to describe the interaction of atoms in complex materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Tuo
- Key Laboratory of Strongly-Coupled Quantum Matter Physics, Department of Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - X B Ye
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - B C Pan
- Key Laboratory of Strongly-Coupled Quantum Matter Physics, Department of Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
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221
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Gadjieva NA, Champsaur AM, Steigerwald ML, Roy X, Nuckolls C. Dimensional Control of Assembling Metal Chalcogenide Clusters. Eur J Inorg Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202000039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia A. Gadjieva
- Department of Chemistry Columbia University 3000 Broadway 10027 New York New York USA
| | - Anouck M. Champsaur
- Department of Chemistry Columbia University 3000 Broadway 10027 New York New York USA
| | | | - Xavier Roy
- Department of Chemistry Columbia University 3000 Broadway 10027 New York New York USA
| | - Colin Nuckolls
- Department of Chemistry Columbia University 3000 Broadway 10027 New York New York USA
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222
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Tang J, Zhang C, Chen H. C/N/O centred metal clusters: super valence bonding and magic structure with 26 valence electrons. Mol Phys 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2019.1642526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianling Tang
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Cairong Zhang
- Department of Applied Physics, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongshan Chen
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, People’s Republic of China
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223
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Jiang L, Duan J, Zhu J, Chen S, Antonietti M. Iron-Cluster-Directed Synthesis of 2D/2D Fe-N-C/MXene Superlattice-like Heterostructure with Enhanced Oxygen Reduction Electrocatalysis. ACS NANO 2020; 14:2436-2444. [PMID: 31986009 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b09912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Metal clusters, an emerging category of materials with molecular metal dispersity, have been proposed for versatile applications. In this work, we show an unexpected function of metal clusters, which can contribute to preparing 2D/2D superlattice-like heterostructures. The key step is to use metal clusters to adjust the surface charge of 2D nanosheets and, consequently, match the charge negativities per surface area for different 2D nanosheets, which facilitate the electrical-driven assembly of these nanosheets into a superlattice-like heterostructure in aqueous solutions. Accordingly, iron-cluster-directed cationic Fe-N-C nanosheets (Zeta potential: +30.4 mV) have been assembled with anionic MXene (Zeta potential: -39.7 mV) to produce a superlattice-like heterostructure characteristic of a lateral size of around tens of nanometers, a surface area of 30 m2 g-1, and ultrathickness of several nanometers with repeated dimensions of 0.4 and 2.1 nm. Potential application of the synthesized Fe-N-C/MXene heterostructure has been demonstrated for electrocatalytic oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) that shows a positive onset potential of 0.92 V, four-electron transfer pathway, and strong durability of 20 h in alkaline electrolyte. This work suggests that metal clusters can assist the assembly of low-dimensional architectures for energy-related applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials (Nanjing University of Science and Technology) , Ministry of Education , Nanjing , 210094 , China
| | - Jingjing Duan
- School of Chemical Engineering , The University of Adelaide , Adelaide , SA 5005 , Australia
| | - Junwu Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials (Nanjing University of Science and Technology) , Ministry of Education , Nanjing , 210094 , China
| | - Sheng Chen
- Key Laboratory for Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials (Nanjing University of Science and Technology) , Ministry of Education , Nanjing , 210094 , China
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , 14476 Potsdam , Germany
| | - Markus Antonietti
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , 14476 Potsdam , Germany
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224
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Sinha-Roy R, García-González P, Weissker HC. How metallic are noble-metal clusters? Static screening and polarizability in quantum-sized silver and gold nanoparticles. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:4452-4458. [PMID: 32030395 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr08608k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Metallicity of nanoparticles can be defined in different ways. One possibility is to look at the degree to which external fields are screened inside the object. This screening would be complete in a classical perfect metal where surface charges arrange on the classical -i.e., abrupt - surface such that no internal fields exist. However, it is obvious that this situation is modified for very small clusters: the surface charges are "smeared out" at the surface, and the screening might be less complete. In the present work we ask the question as to how close small noble-metal clusters are to a classical metal. We show that, indeed, the screening is almost complete (≈96%) already for as little as one atomic layer of the coinage metals, silver and gold alike. At the same time, we show that quantum effects, viz., electronic shell closings and the Friedel-like oscillations of the density, play a role, meaning that the clusters cannot be described solely using the concept of screening in a classical metal.
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225
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Zhao Y, Wang J, Huang HC, Li J, Dong XX, Chen J, Bu YX, Cheng SB. Tuning the Electronic Properties and Performance of Low-Temperature CO Oxidation of the Gold Cluster by Oriented External Electronic Field. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:1093-1099. [PMID: 31967837 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b03794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Conventional electronic rules, including Jellium and Wade-Mingos rules and so on, have long been successfully dedicated to design superatoms. These rules, however, rely on altering the intrinsic properties, for example, the compositions or the number of valence electrons, of clusters, which is relatively complicated and inconvenient to manipulate, especially in experiments. Herein, by employing density functional theory calculations, the oriented external electric field (OEEF) was demonstrated to possess the capability of precisely and continuously regulating the electronic properties of clusters at will, representing a novel and noninvasive methodology in constructing stable superatoms because it hardly changes the geometries of clusters. More interestingly, the active sites formed by the charge redistribution upon the introduction of an OEEF could significantly promote the catalytic performance of the low-temperature CO oxidation over clusters. Considering the convenient source of the OEEF, the findings highlighted here may boost the potential applications of superatom-assembly nanomaterials in catalysis and materials science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Shandong University , Jinan 250100 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Shandong University , Jinan 250100 , People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Cai Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Shandong University , Jinan 250100 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Shandong University , Jinan 250100 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Xiao Dong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Shandong University , Jinan 250100 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Shandong University , Jinan 250100 , People's Republic of China
- Suzhou Institute of Shandong University , Suzhou , Jiangsu 215123 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Xiang Bu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Shandong University , Jinan 250100 , People's Republic of China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Qufu Normal University , Qufu 273165 , People's Republic of China
| | - Shi-Bo Cheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Shandong University , Jinan 250100 , People's Republic of China
- Suzhou Institute of Shandong University , Suzhou , Jiangsu 215123 , People's Republic of China
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226
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Potassium iodide cluster based superhalogens and superalkalis: Theoretical calculations and experimental confirmation. Chem Phys Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2020.137094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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227
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Yan L, Liu J, Shao J. Superatomic properties of transition-metal-doped tetrahexahedral lithium clusters: TM@Li 14. Mol Phys 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2019.1592256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Yan
- College of Electronics & Information Engineering, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Liu
- College of Physics Science and Technology, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianmei Shao
- College of Electronics & Information Engineering, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, People’s Republic of China
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228
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Fernandes GFS, Machado FBC, Ferrão LFA. Identification of Magic Numbers in Homonuclear Clusters: The ε 3 Stability Ranking Function. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:454-463. [PMID: 31851825 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b11264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
With the rise of cluster-assembled materials, an index that is able to rank and identify stable clusters or molecules is of great interest in materials sciences and engineering. In the present work, we applied a stability ranking function (ε3) in nanoclusters formed by simple metals (Na, Mg), main group elements (Al), or transition metals (Ti, Cu). The ε3 function parameters are molecular properties derived from the wave function. These parameters can be divided into kinetic and thermodynamic descriptors, in which the kinetic descriptors are the ionization potential and electronic excitation energy, while the atomization free Gibbs energy is the thermodynamic one. This simple ε3 function was able to identify the possible magic numbers of the studied clusters across the periodic table in a good agreement with previous experimental and theoretical works.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel F S Fernandes
- Departamento de Química , Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica , São José dos Campos , SP 12228-900 , Brasil
| | - Francisco B C Machado
- Departamento de Química , Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica , São José dos Campos , SP 12228-900 , Brasil
| | - Luiz F A Ferrão
- Departamento de Química , Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica , São José dos Campos , SP 12228-900 , Brasil
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229
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Steenbergen KG, Gaston N. Ultra stable superatomic structure of doubly magic Ga 13 and Ga 13Li electrolyte. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:289-295. [PMID: 31825042 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr06959c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We report the extreme thermal stability of the superatomic electronic structure for 13-atom gallium clusters and the Ga13Li electrolyte. Using previously-validated first-principles simulations, [K. G. Steenbergen and N. Gaston, Phys. Rev. B: Condens. Matter Mater. Phys., 2013, 88, 161402-161405] we show that the superatomic shell progression of doubly-magic Ga13- remains stable up to 1000 K, making this cluster an ideal candidate for high-temperature applications requiring an exceptionally stable electronic structure. Using the neutral and cationic clusters for comparison, we quantify the extent to which cluster stability (geometric and electronic) is modified through addition or subtraction of a single electron. Finally, combining 13-atom gallium with lithium, we illustrate that superatomic closed-shell Ga13Li exhibits the same exceptionally high thermal stability as naked Ga13-. For technological use as a superatomic electrolyte, we demonstrate that Ga13Li has a low affinity to water as well as a low Li+ binding energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista G Steenbergen
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, P.O. Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand.
| | - Nicola Gaston
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Department of Physics, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
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230
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Sweeny BC, McDonald DC, Poutsma JC, Ard SG, Viggiano AA, Shuman NS. Redefining the Mechanism of O 2 Etching of Al n- Superatoms: An Early Barrier Controls Reactivity, Analogous to Surface Oxidation. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:217-220. [PMID: 31820996 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b03450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
New insights into aluminum anion cluster reactivity with O2 were obtained through temperature-dependent kinetics measurements. Overall reactivity is controlled by a barrier at an avoided crossing where charge is transferred from the cluster to the O2, mechanistically similar to what occurs as O2 approaches a bulk Al surface. Contrary to prior interpretations, spin conservation does not inhibit the reaction of clusters with an odd number of Al atoms. In fact, the only spin constraint in these systems is on the reactivity of even clusters due to repulsive surfaces, not previously recognized. Although the superatom nature of Al13- is manifest in its high electron binding energy (EBE), the mechanism of its reactivity is not special; it reacts with O2 as if it were a small piece of bulk Al. These experiments highlight the sensitivity of Al cluster reactivity with O2 to temperature and EBE, uncovering routes to industrial scale use of aluminum superatom-based materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan C Sweeny
- NRC Postdoc at Air Force Research Laboratory , Space Vehicles Directorate , Kirtland Air Force Base , New Mexico 87117 , United States
| | - David C McDonald
- NRC Postdoc at Air Force Research Laboratory , Space Vehicles Directorate , Kirtland Air Force Base , New Mexico 87117 , United States
| | - John C Poutsma
- Department of Chemistry , The College of William and Mary , Williamsburg , Virginia 23185 , United States
| | - Shaun G Ard
- Air Force Research Laboratory , Space Vehicles Directorate , Kirtland Air Force Base , New Mexico 87117 , United States
| | - Albert A Viggiano
- Air Force Research Laboratory , Space Vehicles Directorate , Kirtland Air Force Base , New Mexico 87117 , United States
| | - Nicholas S Shuman
- Air Force Research Laboratory , Space Vehicles Directorate , Kirtland Air Force Base , New Mexico 87117 , United States
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231
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Đorđević S, Radenković S. Singlet and triplet states of the sandwich-type Be 2B 6 and Be 2B 7+ clusters. A test for the electron counting rules of aromaticity. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj04643d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The studied complexes exhibit double aromaticity in their triplet states in line with the predictions of Hückel and Baird's rules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slađana Đorđević
- University of Kragujevac
- Faculty of Science
- 34000 Kragujevac
- Serbia
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232
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Zhou T, Ma L, Tang J, Chen H. Zintl phase crystal assembled by magic Al6CNa4 cluster. Chem Phys Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2019.137026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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233
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Guo JC, Feng LY, Dong C, Zhai HJ. A designer 32-electron superatomic CBe8H12 cluster: core–shell geometry, octacoordinate carbon, and cubic aromaticity. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj00778a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A 32-electron CBe8H12 cluster is designed with cubic octacoordinate carbon. It features core–shell geometry, two-fold superatomic bonding, and cubic aromaticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Chang Guo
- Nanocluster Laboratory
- Institute of Molecular Science
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan 030006
- China
| | - Lin-Yan Feng
- Nanocluster Laboratory
- Institute of Molecular Science
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan 030006
- China
| | - Chuan Dong
- Institute of Environmental Science
- Center of Environmental Science and Engineering Research
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan 030006
- China
| | - Hua-Jin Zhai
- Nanocluster Laboratory
- Institute of Molecular Science
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan 030006
- China
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234
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Wang YJ, Feng LY, Xu L, Hou XR, Li N, Miao CQ, Zhai HJ. Boron-based ternary Rb6Be2B6 cluster featuring unique sandwich geometry and a naked hexagonal boron ring. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:20043-20049. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cp03123b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Boron-based ternary Rb6Be2B6 cluster features a naked hexagonal boron ring and unique “Big Mac” sandwich shape, being stabilized collectively by four-fold 2σ/6π/6σ/2σ aromaticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Jin Wang
- Department of Chemistry
- Xinzhou Teachers University
- Xinzhou 034000
- China
- Nanocluster Laboratory
| | - Lin-Yan Feng
- Nanocluster Laboratory
- Institute of Molecular Science
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan 030006
- China
| | - Li Xu
- Department of Chemistry
- Xinzhou Teachers University
- Xinzhou 034000
- China
| | - Xiang-Ru Hou
- Department of Chemistry
- Xinzhou Teachers University
- Xinzhou 034000
- China
| | - Nan Li
- Department of Chemistry
- Xinzhou Teachers University
- Xinzhou 034000
- China
| | - Chang-Qing Miao
- Department of Chemistry
- Xinzhou Teachers University
- Xinzhou 034000
- China
| | - Hua-Jin Zhai
- Nanocluster Laboratory
- Institute of Molecular Science
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan 030006
- China
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235
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Blevins MS, Kim D, Crittenden CM, Hong S, Yeh HC, Petty JT, Brodbelt JS. Footprints of Nanoscale DNA-Silver Cluster Chromophores via Activated-Electron Photodetachment Mass Spectrometry. ACS NANO 2019; 13:14070-14079. [PMID: 31755695 PMCID: PMC7047740 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b06470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
DNA-templated silver clusters (AgC) are fluorescent probes and biosensors whose electronic spectra can be tuned by their DNA hosts. However, the underlying rules that relate DNA sequence and structure to DNA-AgC fluorescence and photophysics are largely empirical. Here, we employ 193 nm activated electron photodetachment (a-EPD) mass spectrometry as a hybrid MS3 approach to gain structural insight into these nanoscale chromophores. Two DNA-AgC systems are investigated with a 20 nt single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) and a 28 nt hybrid hairpin/single-stranded DNA (hpDNA). Both oligonucleotides template Ag10 clusters, but the two complexes are distinct chromophores: the former has a violet absorption at 400 nm with no observable emission, while the latter has a blue-green absorption at 490 nm with strong green emission at 550 nm. Via identification of both apo and holo (AgC-containing) sequence ions generated upon a-EPD and mapping areas of sequence dropout, specific DNA regions that encapsulate the AgC are assigned and attributed to the coordination with the DNA nucleobases. These a-EPD footprints are distinct for the two complexes. The ssDNA contacts the cluster via four nucleobases (CCTT) in the central region of the strand, whereas the hpDNA coordinates the cluster via 13 nucleobases (TTCCCGCCTTTTG) in the double-stranded region of the hairpin. This difference is consistent with prior X-ray scattering spectra and suggests that the clusters can adapt to different DNA hosts. More importantly, the a-EPD footprints directly identify the nucleobases that are in direct contact with the AgC. As these contacting nucleobases can tune the electronic structures of the Ag core and protect the AgC from collisional quenching in solution, understanding the DNA-silver contacts within these complexes will facilitate future biosensor designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly S. Blevins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Dahye Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Furman University, Greenville, South Carolina 29613, United States
| | | | - Soonwoo Hong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Hsin-Chih Yeh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- Texas Materials Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Jeffrey T. Petty
- Department of Chemistry, Furman University, Greenville, South Carolina 29613, United States
| | - Jennifer S. Brodbelt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- Corresponding Author:.
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Pham HT, Dang CTP, Trung NT, Ngan VT. Transformation between Hexagonal Prism and Antiprism of the Singly and Doubly Cr-Doped Ge 12 Clusters. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:10721-10729. [PMID: 31756105 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b08052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Structural transformation is a unique characteristic of atomic clusters, but it turns out very different from cluster to cluster. This theoretical study proves that the isomeric transformation between hexagonal prism and hexagonal antiprism is found for the doubly doped Cr2Ge12 cluster but not for singly doped CrGe12 cluster. We confirm that the ground state of CrGe12 is the distorted hexagonal prism C2h at the 3Bg triplet state instead of various shapes predicted in the previous studies. Upon comparison between the estimation at the B3P86/6-311+G(d) level of theory and the detachment energies measured by photoelectron spectroscopy, hexagonal antiprismatic shape is identified as the most stable isomer of the Cr2Ge12 cluster and it is easy to transform to the hexagonal prism-a less stable isomer by the rotation of the hexagonal rings. That is the first evidence for the structural transformation between a hexagonal prism and an antiprism of the germanium clusters, referring to the ability of Ge-based clusters in the formation of tubular geometry by doping Cr atoms. All the low-energy isomers of both Cr-doped germanium clusters have high magnetic moments. Interestingly, there is a tuning in magnetic properties of Cr2Ge12 from the ferromagnetism of the lowest-lying hexagonal antiprism to the ferrimagnetism of the higher-energy hexagonal prism. The stronger Cr-Cr bond and stronger interaction between the Cr2 moiety and the antiprism cage are accounted for by the higher stability of the hexagonal antiprismatic isomer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung Tan Pham
- Department of Chemistry , KU Leuven , 3000 Leuven , Belgium
| | - Cam-Tu Phan Dang
- Laboratory of Computational Chemistry and Modelling (LCCM), Department of Chemistry , Quy Nhon University , 170 An Duong Vuong , Quy Nhon City , Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Tien Trung
- Laboratory of Computational Chemistry and Modelling (LCCM), Department of Chemistry , Quy Nhon University , 170 An Duong Vuong , Quy Nhon City , Vietnam
| | - Vu Thi Ngan
- Laboratory of Computational Chemistry and Modelling (LCCM), Department of Chemistry , Quy Nhon University , 170 An Duong Vuong , Quy Nhon City , Vietnam
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238
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Shen Y, Wang FQ, Liu J, Wang Q. A C 20-based 3D carbon allotrope with high thermal conductivity. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 22:306-312. [PMID: 31813946 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp02202c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Stimulated by the high thermal conductivity of diamond together with the light mass and rich resources of carbon, a great deal of effort has been devoted to the study of the thermal conductivity of carbon-based materials. In this work, we systematically study the thermal transport properties of a three dimensional (3D) C20 fullerene-assembled carbon allotrope, HSP3-C34, in which all carbon atoms are in sp3 hybridization. The stability of HSP3-C34 is confirmed and its thermal conductivity is obtained by using first principles calculations combined with solving the linearized phonon Boltzmann transport equation. At room temperature, the thermal conductivity of HSP3-C34 is 731 W m-1 K-1, which is larger than those of many 3D carbon allotropes, such as BCO-C16 (452 W m-1 K-1), 3D graphene (150 W m-1 K-1) and T-carbon (33 W m-1 K-1). A detailed analysis of its phonons reveals that three acoustic branches are the main heat carriers at room temperature, and the optical branches gradually become important with increasing temperature. A further study on the harmonic and anharmonic properties of HSP3-C34 uncovers that the main reasons for the high thermal conductivity are the weak anharmonicity and large group velocity resulting from the strong sp3 bonding. This study provides new insights on searching for carbon allotropes with high thermal conductivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yupeng Shen
- Center for Applied Physics and Technology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, HEDPS, BKL-MEMD, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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Luo L, Zhou FQ, Zhao RF, Li JF, Wu LY, Li JL, Yin B. Combining proton and silaborane-based superhalogen anions - an effective route to new superacids as verified via systematic DFT calculations. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:16184-16198. [PMID: 31596294 DOI: 10.1039/c9dt03616d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Based on systematic DFT calculations, silaborane-based superhalogen anions, which obey the Wade-Mingos rule, are shown to be capable of giving rise to superacids via their combination with protons. Compared to previous carborane-based systems, the acidities of the composites here are stronger in both the gas phase and solution phase. Thus, the potential of candidates based on silaborane could be greater than those based on carborane in the search for ultra-strong acidic systems. Within a given group, a higher superhalogen anion vertical electron detachment energy (VDE) generally leads to stronger acidity. This consistency arises from the dominant role of the VDE, as established through the decomposition of the gas-phase acidity into different contributions. Thus, constructing superacids from superhalogens is a rational route whose future should be positive. Besides the VDE, other effects, i.e., the deformation energy (DE) and bond dissociation energy (BDE), could also be crucial, especially in terms of the differences between the acidities of composites belonging to different groups. A comparison between the results in the gas phase and solution phase indicates that complete calculations of both gas-phase ΔGacid and solution-phase pKa values are necessary to obtain an unbiased description of the acidity. The solvation free energies of the participants in the deprotonation process, especially the conjugate acid, are responsible for the discrepancies between gas phase and solution phase behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Luo
- MOE Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China.
| | - Fu-Qiang Zhou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China.
| | - Ru-Fang Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China.
| | - Jin-Feng Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China. and College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Reaction Engineering, Yan'an University, Yan'an 716000, China.
| | - Lin-Yu Wu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China. and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Jian-Li Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China.
| | - Bing Yin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China.
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241
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Li J, Huang HC, Wang J, Zhao Y, Chen J, Bu YX, Cheng SB. Polymeric tungsten carbide nanoclusters: structural evolution, ligand modulation, and assembled nanomaterials. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:19903-19911. [PMID: 31599909 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr05613k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Seeking novel superatoms with tunable electronic and magnetic properties has attracted much interest due to their potential application in cluster assembly nanomaterials. By employing density functional theory (DFT) calculations, the recently observed superatomic WC cluster was adopted as the basic unit to construct larger polymeric clusters, namely (WC)n (n = 2-7), and their structural evolution was explored to understand the growth pattern of these superatomic clusters into nanoscale materials. An unusual odd-even pattern in structural evolution was disclosed, in which the (WC)2 unit is considered as the basic building block. Moreover, W4C4 is found to possess a cubic structure, based on which the CO and PH3 ligands were attached to examine their ligation effects on W4C4. Theoretical results show that the electronic properties of W4C4 can be dramatically altered during the ligation process. Intriguingly, the continuous attachment of CO and PH3 ligands strongly increases and decreases the electron affinities (EA) and ionization potentials (IP) of the ligated W4C4 clusters, respectively, leading to the formation of superhalogen and superalkali species with high magnetic moments. The observed ligand induced strategy highlighted here could serve as an effective way to tune the electronic and magnetic properties of clusters resulting in the formation of novel superatoms. Finally, studies on the geometrical and electronic structures of the W4C4 cluster solid unveil its special 3-D cubic honeycomb geometry and metallic properties with predominant contribution from the 5d of W, which may have potential applications in electro-catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Key Laboratory for Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hai-Cai Huang
- Key Laboratory for Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory for Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yang Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jing Chen
- Key Laboratory for Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, People's Republic of China. and Suzhou Institute of Shandong University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Xiang Bu
- Key Laboratory for Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, People's Republic of China. and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi-Bo Cheng
- Key Laboratory for Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, People's Republic of China.
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242
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Ma Y, Bian S, Shi Y, Fan X, Kong X. Greatly Enhanced Electron Affinities of Au 2n Cl Clusters ( n = 1-4): Effects of Chlorine Doping. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:17295-17300. [PMID: 31656903 PMCID: PMC6811865 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b01981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Au2n Cl- (n = 1-4) clusters are investigated by both laser ablation mass spectrometry and theoretical calculations. It is interesting to find that the electron affinities of neutral Au2n Cl (n = 1-4) clusters are much larger than those of corresponding pure Au2n clusters. Among them, the electron affinity of Au2Cl is 4.02 eV, which can be defined as a very unique superhalogen that is quite different from classical ones of M n X m (M = metal, X = halogen, and n < m). Natural bond orbital and highest occupied molecular orbital analyses indicate that the extra electron is predominantly delocalized over the positively charged metal moiety in these anionic Au2n Cl- clusters, which is the main reason for the large electron affinities of the corresponding neutral species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Ma
- Tianjin
Key Lab for Rare Earth Materials and Applications & State
Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry, Collage of Chemistry and Collaborative
Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Shen Bian
- Tianjin
Key Lab for Rare Earth Materials and Applications & State
Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry, Collage of Chemistry and Collaborative
Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yingying Shi
- Tianjin
Key Lab for Rare Earth Materials and Applications & State
Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry, Collage of Chemistry and Collaborative
Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xingting Fan
- Tianjin
Key Lab for Rare Earth Materials and Applications & State
Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry, Collage of Chemistry and Collaborative
Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xianglei Kong
- Tianjin
Key Lab for Rare Earth Materials and Applications & State
Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry, Collage of Chemistry and Collaborative
Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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Lozano T, Rankin RB. Size, Composition, and Support-Doping Effects on Oxygen Reduction Activity of Platinum-Alloy and on Non-platinum Metal-Decorated-Graphene Nanocatalysts. Front Chem 2019; 7:610. [PMID: 31608270 PMCID: PMC6761360 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent investigations reported in the open literature concerning the functionalization of graphene as a support material for transition metal nanoparticle catalysts have examined isolated systems for their potential Oxygen Reduction Reaction (ORR) activity. In this work we present results which characterize the ability to use functionalized graphene (via dopants B, N) to upshift and downshift the adsorption energy of mono-atomic oxygen, O* (the ORR activity descriptor on ORR Volcano Plots), for various compositions of 4-atom, 7-atom, and 19-atom sub-nanometer binary alloy/intermetallic transition metal nanoparticle catalysts on graphene (TMNP-MDG). Our results show several important and interesting features: (1) that the combination of geometric and electronic effects makes development of simple linear mixing rules for size/composition difficult; (2) that the transition from 4- to 7- to 19-atom TMNP on MDG has pronounced effects on ORR activity for all compositions; (3) that the use of B and N as dopants to modulate the graphene-TMNP electronic structure interaction can cause shifts in the oxygen adsorption energy of 0.5 eV or more; (4) that it might be possible to make specific doped-graphene-NixCuy TMNP systems which fall close to the Volcano Peak for ORR. Our results point to systems which should be investigated experimentally and may improve the viability of future fuel cell or other ORR applications, and provide new paths for future investigations of more detail for TMNP-MDG screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Lozano
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, United States
| | - Rees B Rankin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, United States
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245
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Guo JC, Feng LY, Dong C, Zhai HJ. Ternary 12-electron CBe 3X 3+ (X = H, Li, Na, Cu, Ag) clusters: planar tetracoordinate carbons and superalkali cations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:22048-22056. [PMID: 31565718 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp04437j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Molecules with planar tetracoordinate carbons (ptCs) are exotic in chemical bonding, and they are normally designed according to the 18-electron rule. Here we report on the viability of ptC clusters with as few as 12 valence electrons, which represent the lower limit in terms of electron counting. Specifically, we have computationally designed a class of ternary 12-electron ptC clusters, CBe3X3+ (X = H, Li, Na, Cu, Ag), based on a rhombic CBe32- unit. Computer structural searches reveal that the ptC species are global minima, whose C center is coordinated in-plane by three Be atoms and a terminal X atom via robust C-Be/C-X bonding, either covalent or ionic. The other two X atoms are on the periphery and each bridge two Be atoms. Bonding analyses show that the ptC core is governed by delocalized 2π/6σ bonding, that is, double π/σ aromaticity, which collectively conforms to the 8-electron counting. Additional 4 electrons contribute to peripheral Be-X-Be and Be-Be σ bonding. The delocalized 2π/6σ frameworks appear to be universal for all ptC clusters, ranging from 18-electron down to 12-electron systems. In other words, the ptC species are dictated entirely by the 8-electron counting. Predicted vertical electron affinities of these ptC clusters range from 3.13 to 5.48 eV, indicative of superalkali or pseudoalkali cations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Chang Guo
- Institute of Environmental Science, Center of Environmental Science and Engineering Research, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China.
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246
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Jin S, Wang S, Zhu M. Insight into the Geometric and Electronic Structures of Gold/Silver Superatomic Clusters Based on Icosahedron M
13
Units and Their Alloys. Chem Asian J 2019; 14:3222-3231. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201900760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shan Jin
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information TechnologyDepartment of Chemistry and Centre for Atomic Engineering, of Advanced Materials, AnHui ProvinceKey Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic, Hybrid Functionalized MaterialsAnhui University Hefei Anhui 230601 P.R. China
| | - Shuxin Wang
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information TechnologyDepartment of Chemistry and Centre for Atomic Engineering, of Advanced Materials, AnHui ProvinceKey Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic, Hybrid Functionalized MaterialsAnhui University Hefei Anhui 230601 P.R. China
| | - Manzhou Zhu
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information TechnologyDepartment of Chemistry and Centre for Atomic Engineering, of Advanced Materials, AnHui ProvinceKey Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic, Hybrid Functionalized MaterialsAnhui University Hefei Anhui 230601 P.R. China
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247
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Zhang Z, Zhao J, Tang J, Chen H. Superatomic anion Al6O2− and the prospect for cluster assembled crystals. Chem Phys 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2019.110413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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248
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Liu Q, Xu C, Wu X, Cheng L. Electronic shells of a tubular Au 26 cluster: a cage-cage superatomic molecule based on spherical aromaticity. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:13227-13232. [PMID: 31287479 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr02617g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Gold clusters, which display a variety of unusual geometric structures due to their strong relativistic effects, have attracted much attention. Among them, Au26 has a high-symmetry tubular structure (D6d) with a large HOMO-LUMO energy gap, but its electronic stability still remains unclear. In this paper, the electronic nature of the Au26 cluster is investigated using the density functional theory method. Depending on the super valence bond model, the tubular Au26 cluster with 26 valence electrons could be viewed as a superatomic molecule composed of two open cages based on spherical aromaticity, and its molecule-like electronic shell closure is achieved via a super triple bond (σ, 2π) between the two cages. Based on this new cage-cage superatomic structural model, a series of similar tubular clusters are predicted from the Au26 skeleton. The two capped Au atoms are replaced by Cu, Ag and In atoms, respectively, to form tubular D6d Au24Cu2 and Au24Ag2 (26e) and Au24In2 (30e) clusters, where the super triple bonds also exist. Moreover, tubular D5d Au20In2 (26e) is obtained by replacing hexatomic Au6 rings in the bulk of Au24In2 with pentagonal Au5 rings. Chemical bonding analysis reveals that there is a super quintuple bond (σ, 2π, 2δ) between two open (Au10In) cages, in accordance with the 26e Li20Mg3 superatomic molecule composed of two icosahedral superatoms. Our study proposes the new cage-cage structural model of superatomic molecules based on spherical aromaticity, which extends the range of the super valence bonding pattern and gives inferences for further study of superatomic clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiman Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P. R. China.
| | - Chang Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P. R. China.
| | - Xia Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anqing Normal University, Anqing, 246011, P. R. China.
| | - Longjiu Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P. R. China. and Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P. R. China
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249
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Takahashi K, Takahashi L. Data Driven Determination in Growth of Silver from Clusters to Nanoparticles and Bulk. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:4063-4068. [PMID: 31280570 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b01394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The thresholds among atomic clusters, nanoparticles, and the bulk state have been ambiguous. A potential solution is to determine cluster growth toward bulk, but this is challenging to determine with experiments and computation. Data science is proposed to predict atomic cluster growth and determine the cluster-nanoparticle-bulk thresholds using Ag clusters as a prototype element. Supervised machine learning reveals that Ag cluster growth has nonlinear models where nonlinear machine learning is found to accurately predict binding energy. Unsupervised machine learning discovers three groups (cluster, semiclusters, and nanoparticles) where linear regression is used to predict the binding energy in each group. Furthermore, machine learning reveals the linear relationship between binding energy and the surface-to-volume ratio of Ag nanoparticles. This allows for a binding energy estimation of large Ag nanoparticles and a revelation of how Ag nanoparticles grow toward the bulk. Thus, data science is proposed as a powerful tool for determining cluster growth and thresholds for clusters, nanoparticles, and bulk states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Takahashi
- Department of Chemistry , Hokkaido University , Sapporo 060-8510 , Japan
- Center for Materials Research by Information Integration (CMI2) , National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) , 1-2-1 Sengen , Tsukuba , Ibaraki 305-0047 , Japan
| | - Lauren Takahashi
- Department of Chemistry , Hokkaido University , Sapporo 060-8510 , Japan
- Center for Materials Research by Information Integration (CMI2) , National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) , 1-2-1 Sengen , Tsukuba , Ibaraki 305-0047 , Japan
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250
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Feng LY, Li R, Zhai HJ. Boron-based inorganic heterocyclic clusters: electronic structure, chemical bonding, aromaticity, and analogy to hydrocarbons. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:20523-20537. [PMID: 31304948 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp03254a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This Perspective article deals with recent computational and experimental findings in boron-based heterocyclic clusters, which focuses on binary B-O and B-S clusters, as well as relevant ternary B-X-H (X = O, S, N) species. Boron is electron-deficient and boron clusters do not form monocyclic rings or linear chains. Boron-based heterocyclic clusters are intuitively even more electron-deficient and feature exotic chemical bonding, which make use of O 2p, S 3p, or N 2p lone-pairs for π delocalization over heterocyclic rings, facilitating new cluster structures and new types of bonding. Rhombic, pentagonal, hexagonal, and polycyclic clusters are discussed herein. Rhombic species are stabilized by four-center four-electron (4c-4e) π bonding, that is, the o-bond. An o-bond cluster differs from a typical 4π antiaromatic system, because it has 4π electrons in an unusual bonding/nonbonding combination, which takes advantage of the empty 2pz atomic orbitals from electron-deficient boron centers. A variety of examples (notably including boronyl boroxine) possess a hexagonal ring, as well as magic 6π electron-counting, making them new members of the inorganic benzene family. Pentagonal clusters bridge rhombic o-bond systems and inorganic benzenes, but they do not necessarily favor 6π electron-counting as in cyclopentadienide anion. In contrast, pentagonal 4π clusters are stable, leading to the concept of pentagonal o-bond. One electron can overturn the potential energy landscape of a system, enabling rhombic-to-hexagonal structural transition, which further reinforces the idea that 4π electron-counting is favorable for rhombic systems and 6π is magic for hexagonal rings. The bonding analogy between heterocyclic clusters and hydrocarbons goes beyond monocyclic species, which allows rational design of boron-based inorganic analogs of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, including s-indacene as a puzzling aromatic/antiaromatic system. Selected linear B-O clusters are also briefly discussed, featuring dual 3c-4e π bonds, that is, ω-hyperbonds. Dual ω-hyperbonds, rhombic or pentagonal o-bond, and inorganic benzenes share a common chemical origin. The field of boron-based heterocyclic clusters is still in its infant stage, and much new chemistry remains to be discovered in forthcoming experimental and theoretical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Yan Feng
- Nanocluster Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China.
| | - Rui Li
- Nanocluster Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China.
| | - Hua-Jin Zhai
- Nanocluster Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China.
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