201
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Filimon MN, Dumitrescu G, Caraba IV, Sinitean A, Verdes D, Mituletu M, Cornianu M, Popescu R. Effects of mine waste water on rat: bioaccumulation and histopathological evaluation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:20222-20239. [PMID: 33410069 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11844-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The highlighting of the bioaccumulation capacity of metals in the internal organs, the mode of distribution at the level of internal organs, the interactions between them, respectively, and the histological changes occurred at the level of the liver and kidneys are the main aspects addressed in the present study. The experiment was performed on 4 groups of Wistar rats: 3 groups which were administered water from rivers located in the vicinity of the Bor mining operation and 1 control group. The determination of the metal content in the administered water samples and in the internal organs was performed using the flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Tissue alterations were assessed by histological technique and hematoxylin-eosin staining. The metal retention capacity in the internal organs differs depending on the metal concentration in the administered water sample but also on the organ in which the determination was made. Also, correlations were established between the concentrations of metals at the level of the organs, showing (a) positive and significant correlations-at the level of the heart between Zn and Cu, Fe, and Mn and at the level of the lungs between Mn and Cd-but the most numerous were reported in the testicle; (b) moderate correlations at liver level between Fe and Zn, at spleen level between Cu and Mn and Cd and at the level of the kidneys between Pb and Zn, Cu, and Fe; (c) negative correlations at renal level between Pb and Mn; and (d) insignificant correlations between Pb and Fe. The histological changes identified at the level of the liver and kidney become more obvious, and their aggravation is registered with the increase of the metal content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marioara Nicoleta Filimon
- Department Biology-Chemistry, Faculty Chemistry-Biology-Geography, West University of Timisoara, Pestalozzi 16, RO 300315, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Gabi Dumitrescu
- Faculty of Bioengineering of Animal Resources, Banat University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine "King Mihai I of Romania" from Timisoara, Calea Aradului 119, RO 300645, Timisoara, Romania.
| | - Ion Valeriu Caraba
- Faculty of Bioengineering of Animal Resources, Banat University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine "King Mihai I of Romania" from Timisoara, Calea Aradului 119, RO 300645, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Adrian Sinitean
- Department Biology-Chemistry, Faculty Chemistry-Biology-Geography, West University of Timisoara, Pestalozzi 16, RO 300315, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Doina Verdes
- Department of Morphologic microscopy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Victor Babes", E. Murgu 2, RO 300041, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Mihai Mituletu
- Department of Morphologic microscopy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Victor Babes", E. Murgu 2, RO 300041, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Marioara Cornianu
- Department of Morphologic microscopy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Victor Babes", E. Murgu 2, RO 300041, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Roxana Popescu
- Department of Morphologic microscopy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Victor Babes", E. Murgu 2, RO 300041, Timisoara, Romania
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202
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Wendels S, Avérous L. Biobased polyurethanes for biomedical applications. Bioact Mater 2021; 6:1083-1106. [PMID: 33102948 PMCID: PMC7569269 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2020.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyurethanes (PUs) are a major family of polymers displaying a wide spectrum of physico-chemical, mechanical and structural properties for a large range of fields. They have shown suitable for biomedical applications and are used in this domain since decades. The current variety of biomass available has extended the diversity of starting materials for the elaboration of new biobased macromolecular architectures, allowing the development of biobased PUs with advanced properties such as controlled biotic and abiotic degradation. In this frame, new tunable biomedical devices have been successfully designed. PU structures with precise tissue biomimicking can be obtained and are adequate for adhesion, proliferation and differentiation of many cell's types. Moreover, new smart shape-memory PUs with adjustable shape-recovery properties have demonstrated promising results for biomedical applications such as wound healing. The fossil-based starting materials substitution for biomedical implants is slowly improving, nonetheless better renewable contents need to be achieved for most PUs to obtain biobased certifications. After a presentation of some PU generalities and an understanding of a biomaterial structure-biocompatibility relationship, recent developments of biobased PUs for non-implantable devices as well as short- and long-term implants are described in detail in this review and compared to more conventional PU structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Wendels
- BioTeam/ICPEES-ECPM, UMR CNRS 7515, Université de Strasbourg, 25 Rue Becquerel, 67087, Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - Luc Avérous
- BioTeam/ICPEES-ECPM, UMR CNRS 7515, Université de Strasbourg, 25 Rue Becquerel, 67087, Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
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203
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Jian Fui C, Xin Ting T, Sarjadi MS, Amin Z, Sarkar SM, Musta B, Rahman M. Highly Active Cellulose-Supported Poly(hydroxamic acid)-Cu(II) Complex for Ullmann Etherification. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:6766-6779. [PMID: 33748590 PMCID: PMC7970499 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c05840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Highly active natural pandanus-extracted cellulose-supported poly(hydroxamic acid)-Cu(II) complex 4 was synthesized. The surface of pandanus cellulose was modified through graft copolymerization using purified methyl acrylate as a monomer. Then, copolymer methyl acrylate was converted into a bidentate chelating ligand poly(hydroxamic acid) via a Loosen rearrangement in the presence of an aqueous solution of hydroxylamine. Finally, copper species were incorporated into poly(hydroxamic acid) via the adsorption process. Cu(II) complex 4 was fully characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses. The cellulose-supported Cu(II) complex 4 was successfully applied (0.005 mol %) to the Ullmann etherification of aryl, benzyl halides, and phenacyl bromide with a number of aromatic phenols to provide the corresponding ethers with excellent yield [benzyl halide (70-99%); aryl halide (20-90%)]. Cu(II) complex 4 showed high stability and was easily recovered from the reaction mixture. It could be reused up to seven times without loss of its original catalytic activity. Therefore, Cu(II) complex 4 can be commercially utilized for the preparation of various ethers, and this synthetic technique could be a part in the synthesis of natural products and medicinal compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choong Jian Fui
- Faculty
of Science and Natural Resources, University
Malaysia Sabah, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Tang Xin Ting
- Faculty
of Science and Natural Resources, University
Malaysia Sabah, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Sani Sarjadi
- Faculty
of Science and Natural Resources, University
Malaysia Sabah, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Zarina Amin
- Biotechnology
Research Institute, University Malaysia
Sabah, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Shaheen M. Sarkar
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Baba Musta
- Faculty
of Science and Natural Resources, University
Malaysia Sabah, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - MdLutfor Rahman
- Faculty
of Science and Natural Resources, University
Malaysia Sabah, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
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204
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Exploration of synthesis, structural aspects, DFT studies and bio-efficacy of some new DHA-benzohydrazide based copper(II) complexes. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.129460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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205
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Esarte Palomero O, Cunningham AL, Davies BW, Jones RA. Antibacterial Thiamine inspired silver (I) and gold (I) N-heterocyclic carbene compounds. Inorganica Chim Acta 2021; 517:120152. [PMID: 33568836 PMCID: PMC7869835 DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2020.120152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Three new coinage metal carbene complexes of silver and gold were synthesized from a thiamine inspired proligand. The compounds were characterized by HRMS, NMR spectroscopy (1H, 19F, 31P and 13C), FT-IR and elemental analysis. The coordination environment around the metal centers was correlated to the diffusion coefficients obtained from DOSY-NMR experiments and was in agreement with the nuclearity observed in the solid-state by single crystal X-ray crystallography. The silver and gold carbene compounds were subjected to MIC studies against a panel of pathogenic bacteria, including multidrug resistant strains, with the gold carbene derivative showing the most potent antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Orhi Esarte Palomero
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin
| | | | - Bryan W Davies
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin
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206
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Fan Y, Liu S, Yi Y, Rong H, Zhang J. Catalytic Nanomaterials toward Atomic Levels for Biomedical Applications: From Metal Clusters to Single-Atom Catalysts. ACS NANO 2021; 15:2005-2037. [PMID: 33566564 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c06962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Single-atom catalysts (SACs) featuring the complete atomic utilization of metal, high-efficient catalytic activity, superior selectivity, and excellent stability have been emerged as a frontier in the catalytic field. Recently, increasing interests have been drawn to apply SACs in biomedical fields for enzyme-mimic catalysis and disease therapy. To fulfill the demand of precision and personalized medicine, precisely engineering the structure and active site toward atomic levels is a trend for nanomedicines, promoting the evolution of metal-based biomedical nanomaterials, particularly biocatalytic nanomaterials, from nanoparticles to clusters and now to SACs. This review outlines the syntheses, characterizations, and catalytic mechanisms of metal clusters and SACs, with a focus on their biomedical applications including biosensing, antibacterial therapy, and cancer therapy, as well as an emphasis on their in vivo biological safeties. Challenges and future perspectives are ultimately prospected for SACs in diverse biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Fan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Construction-Tailorable Advanced Functional Materials and Green Applications, Experimental Center of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Shange Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Construction-Tailorable Advanced Functional Materials and Green Applications, Experimental Center of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yu Yi
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), Beijing 100190, China
| | - Hongpan Rong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Construction-Tailorable Advanced Functional Materials and Green Applications, Experimental Center of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jiatao Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Construction-Tailorable Advanced Functional Materials and Green Applications, Experimental Center of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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207
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Ilies L. C–H Activation Catalyzed by Earth-Abundant Metals. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2021. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20200349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laurean Ilies
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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208
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Alam P, Leung NL, Zhang J, Kwok RT, Lam JW, Tang BZ. AIE-based luminescence probes for metal ion detection. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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209
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Murugesan K, Donabauer K, König B. Visible-Light-Promoted Metal-Free Synthesis of (Hetero)Aromatic Nitriles from C(sp 3 )-H Bonds*. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:2439-2445. [PMID: 33053270 PMCID: PMC7898869 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202011815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The metal-free activation of C(sp3 )-H bonds to value-added products is of paramount importance in organic synthesis. We report the use of the commercially available organic dye 2,4,6-triphenylpyrylium tetrafluoroborate (TPP) for the conversion of methylarenes to the corresponding aryl nitriles via a photocatalytic process. Applying this methodology, a variety of cyanobenzenes have been synthesized in good to excellent yield under metal- and cyanide-free conditions. We demonstrate the scope of the method with over 50 examples including late-stage functionalization of drug molecules (celecoxib) and complex structures such as l-menthol, amino acids, and cholesterol derivatives. Furthermore, the presented synthetic protocol is applicable for gram-scale reactions. In addition to methylarenes, selected examples for the cyanation of aldehydes, alcohols and oximes are demonstrated as well. Detailed mechanistic investigations have been carried out using time-resolved luminescence quenching studies, control experiments, and NMR spectroscopy as well as kinetic studies, all supporting the proposed catalytic cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Burkhard König
- Faculty of Chemistry and PharmacyUniversity of RegensburgGermany
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210
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Zhao Y, Ge S. Chromium-Catalyzed Selective Dimerization/Hydroboration of Allenes to Access Boryl-Functionalized Skipped (E,Z)-Dienes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:2149-2154. [PMID: 33027539 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202012344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A chromium-catalyzed dimerization/hydroboration of allenes is developed to access synthetically versatile boryl-functionalized skipped dienes with a catalyst generated in situ from CrCl2 and a pyridine-2,6-diimine ligand mes PDI. A variety of allenes reacted with pinacolborane (HBpin) to afford the corresponding boryl-functionalized (E,Z)-1,4-dienes in high yields and with excellent selectivity. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopic studies suggest that this chromium-catalyzed reaction probably proceeds through a chromium(I) hydride intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinsong Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Shaozhong Ge
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
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211
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Zhao Y, Ge S. Chromium‐Catalyzed Selective Dimerization/Hydroboration of Allenes to Access Boryl‐Functionalized Skipped (
E
,
Z
)‐Dienes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202012344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yinsong Zhao
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 Singapore 117543 Singapore
| | - Shaozhong Ge
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 Singapore 117543 Singapore
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212
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Waris A, Din M, Ali A, Afridi S, Baset A, Khan AU, Ali M. Green fabrication of Co and Co 3O 4 nanoparticles and their biomedical applications: A review. Open Life Sci 2021; 16:14-30. [PMID: 33817294 PMCID: PMC7968533 DOI: 10.1515/biol-2021-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanotechnology is the fabrication, characterization, and potential application of various materials at the nanoscale. Over the past few decades, nanomaterials have attracted researchers from different fields because of their high surface-to-volume ratio and other unique and remarkable properties. Cobalt and cobalt oxide nanoparticles (NPs) have various biomedical applications because of their distinctive antioxidant, antimicrobial, antifungal, anticancer, larvicidal, antileishmanial, anticholinergic, wound healing, and antidiabetic properties. In addition to biomedical applications, cobalt and cobalt oxide NPs have been widely used in lithium-ion batteries, pigments and dyes, electronic thin film, capacitors, gas sensors, heterogeneous catalysis, and for environmental remediation purposes. Different chemical and physical approaches have been used to synthesize cobalt and cobalt oxide NPs; however, these methods could be associated with eco-toxicity, cost-effectiveness, high energy, and time consumption. Recently, an eco-friendly, safe, easy, and simple method has been developed by researchers, which uses biotic resources such as plant extract, microorganisms, algae, and other biomolecules such as starch and gelatin. Such biogenic cobalt and cobalt oxide NPs offer more advantages over other physicochemically synthesized methods. In this review, we have summarized the recent literature for the understanding of green synthesis of cobalt and cobalt oxide NPs, their characterization, and various biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Waris
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Misbahud Din
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Asmat Ali
- Centre for Human Genetics, Hazara University Mansehra, Pakistan
| | - Shakeeb Afridi
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Baset
- Department of Zoology, Bacha Khan University Charsadda, Pakistan
| | - Atta Ullah Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Malakand, Chakdara Dir Lower, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ali
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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213
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Pigot C, Noirbent G, Bui TT, Péralta S, Duval S, Gigmes D, Nechab M, Dumur F. Synthesis, and the optical and electrochemical properties of a series of push–pull dyes based on the 4-(9-ethyl-9 H-carbazol-3-yl)-4-phenylbuta-1,3-dienyl donor. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj00275a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A series of twelve dyes based on the 4-(9-ethyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)-4-phenylbuta-1,3-dienyl donor were prepared with electron acceptors varying in their structures but also in their electron-withdrawing ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corentin Pigot
- Aix Marseille Univ
- CNRS
- ICR UMR7273
- F-13397 Marseille
- France
| | | | | | | | - Sylvain Duval
- Université de Lille
- CNRS
- Centrale Lille
- ENSCL
- Univ. Artois
| | - Didier Gigmes
- Aix Marseille Univ
- CNRS
- ICR UMR7273
- F-13397 Marseille
- France
| | - Malek Nechab
- Aix Marseille Univ
- CNRS
- ICR UMR7273
- F-13397 Marseille
- France
| | - Frédéric Dumur
- Aix Marseille Univ
- CNRS
- ICR UMR7273
- F-13397 Marseille
- France
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214
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Gualandi A, Anselmi M, Calogero F, Potenti S, Bassan E, Ceroni P, Cozzi PG. Metallaphotoredox catalysis with organic dyes. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:3527-3550. [DOI: 10.1039/d1ob00196e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Here…comes the fun…Combination of metals and organic photocatalysts allows the practical invention of new methodologies!
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Gualandi
- ALMA MATER STUDIORUM Università di Bologna
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”
- 40126 Bologna
- Italy
| | - Michele Anselmi
- ALMA MATER STUDIORUM Università di Bologna
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”
- 40126 Bologna
- Italy
| | - Francesco Calogero
- ALMA MATER STUDIORUM Università di Bologna
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”
- 40126 Bologna
- Italy
| | - Simone Potenti
- ALMA MATER STUDIORUM Università di Bologna
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”
- 40126 Bologna
- Italy
- Laboratorio SMART
| | - Elena Bassan
- ALMA MATER STUDIORUM Università di Bologna
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”
- 40126 Bologna
- Italy
| | - Paola Ceroni
- ALMA MATER STUDIORUM Università di Bologna
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”
- 40126 Bologna
- Italy
| | - Pier Giorgio Cozzi
- ALMA MATER STUDIORUM Università di Bologna
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”
- 40126 Bologna
- Italy
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215
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Rana S, Biswas JP, Paul S, Paik A, Maiti D. Organic synthesis with the most abundant transition metal–iron: from rust to multitasking catalysts. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:243-472. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00688b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The promising aspects of iron in synthetic chemistry are being explored for three-four decades as a green and eco-friendly alternative to late transition metals. This present review unveils these rich iron-chemistry towards different transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujoy Rana
- Department of Chemistry
- University of North Bengal
- Darjeeling
- India
| | | | - Sabarni Paul
- Department of Chemistry
- University of North Bengal
- Darjeeling
- India
| | - Aniruddha Paik
- Department of Chemistry
- University of North Bengal
- Darjeeling
- India
| | - Debabrata Maiti
- Department of Chemistry
- IIT Bombay
- Mumbai-400076
- India
- Tokyo Tech World Research Hub Initiative (WRHI)
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216
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Egorova KS, Galushko AS, Ananikov VP. Introducing tox‐Profiles of Chemical Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202003082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ksenia S. Egorova
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences Leninsky prospect 47 Moscow 119991 Russia
| | - Alexey S. Galushko
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences Leninsky prospect 47 Moscow 119991 Russia
| | - Valentine P. Ananikov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences Leninsky prospect 47 Moscow 119991 Russia
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217
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Egorova KS, Galushko AS, Ananikov VP. Introducing tox-Profiles of Chemical Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:22296-22305. [PMID: 33002316 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202003082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In this Essay, we present a critical analysis of two common practices in modern chemistry-that is, of using speculations about the "greenness" and "nontoxicity" of developed synthesis procedures and of a priori labelling various compounds derived from natural sources as being environmentally safe. We note that every organic molecule that contains functional groups should be biologically active. Thus, analysis of the particular greenness and the potential environmental impact of a given chemical process should account for the biological activity of all its components in a measureable (rather than empirical) way. We highlight the necessity of clarifying discussions on biological activity and toxicity and propose possible ways of introducing tox-Profiles as a reliable overview of the overall toxicity of chemical reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ksenia S Egorova
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect 47, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Alexey S Galushko
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect 47, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Valentine P Ananikov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect 47, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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218
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Soliman SM, Al-Rasheed HH, Albering JH, El-Faham A. Fe(III) Complexes Based on Mono - and Bis-pyrazolyl- s-triazine Ligands: Synthesis, Molecular Structure, Hirshfeld, and Antimicrobial Evaluations. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25235750. [PMID: 33291507 PMCID: PMC7730701 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25235750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The self-assembly of iron(III) chloride with three pyrazolyl-s-triazine ligands, namely 2,4-bis(3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-6-(piperidin-1-yl)-1,3,5-triazine (PipBPT), 4-(4,6-bis(3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)morpholine (MorphBPT), and 4,4’-(6-(3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diyl)dimorpholine (bisMorphPT) afforded [Fe(PipBPT)Cl2][FeCl4] (1), [Fe(MorphBPT)Cl2][FeCl4] (2), and [H(bisMorphPT)][FeCl4]. bisMorphPT.2H2O (3), respectively, in good yield. In complexes 1 and 2, the Fe(III) is pentacoordinated with three Fe-N interactions from the pincer ligand and two coordinated chloride anions in the inner sphere, and FeCl4¯ in the outer sphere. Complex 3 is comprised of one protonated ligand as cationic part, one FeCl4¯ anion, and one neutral bisMorphPT molecule in addition to two crystallized water molecules. Analysis of molecular packing using Hirshfeld calculations indicated that H…H and Cl…H are the most important in the molecular packing. They comprised 40.1% and 37.4%, respectively in 1 and 32.4% and 37.8%, respectively in 2. Complex 1 exhibited the most bioactivity against the tested microbes while 3 had the lowest bioactivity. The bisMorphPT and MorphBPT were inactive towards the tested microbes while PipBPT was active. As a whole, the Fe(III) complexes have enhanced antibacterial and antifungal activities as compared to the free ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saied M. Soliman
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, P.O. Box 426, Ibrahimia, Alexandria 21321, Egypt
- Correspondence: (S.M.S.); (A.E.-F.)
| | - Hessa H. Al-Rasheed
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Jörg H. Albering
- Graz University of Technology, Mandellstr. 11/III, A-8010 Graz, Austria;
| | - Ayman El-Faham
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, P.O. Box 426, Ibrahimia, Alexandria 21321, Egypt
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
- Correspondence: (S.M.S.); (A.E.-F.)
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219
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Murugesan K, Donabauer K, König B. Visible‐Light‐Promoted Metal‐Free Synthesis of (Hetero)Aromatic Nitriles from C(sp
3
)−H Bonds**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202011815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Burkhard König
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy University of Regensburg Germany
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220
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Karimyan K, Alimohammadi M, Maleki A, Yunesian M, Nodehi RN, Foroushani AR. Human health and ecological risk assessment of heavy metal(loid)s in agricultural soils of rural areas: A case study in Kurdistan Province, Iran. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2020; 18:469-481. [PMID: 33312576 PMCID: PMC7721949 DOI: 10.1007/s40201-020-00475-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Agricultural soils pollution with heavy metal (loid) s (HMs) can create significant ecological and health problems. The aims of present study were to characterize HMs pollution profile of dry farmland soils in rural areas of Kurdistan province in Iran and evaluate potential associated ecological and health risks. METHODS Different indices of Geo-accumulation index (IGeo), Individual contamination factor (ICF), Nemerow composite pollution index (NCPI) and Potential Ecological Risk Index (PERI) were employed to assess the bio-accumulation of the HMs and evaluate associated ecological risks. Human health risks estimated with total hazard index (THI) and total carcinogenic risk (TCR) indices based on ingestion, inhalation and dermal exposure pathways for children and adults. RESULTS As, Cd, Cr, Ni and Pb exceeded the soil standards. The spatial maps of the IGeo showed that As pollution was at severe level in eastern part of the study region. According to the ICF results, the studied soils were extremely contaminated with As, Cd, Cr, Ni and Zn. Furthermore, based on the pollution indices, some of sampling sites were critically polluted by abovementioned HMs. For children and adults groups, the THI values in 13 and 97% of sampling sites were more than 1 and the TCR in 7 and 14% of sampling sites were more than 10-4, respectively. The farmland soil pollution of the study area by As and Cr were found to be quite serious and dangerous. CONCLUSION The findings of this study suggest that further attention should be paid by decision-makers to control the HMs pollution in the agricultural soils of the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamaladdin Karimyan
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmood Alimohammadi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Center for Water Quality Research (CWQR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Health Equity Research Center (HERC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Afshin Maleki
- Environmental Health Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Masud Yunesian
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Research Methodology and Data Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ramin Nabizadeh Nodehi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Rahimi Foroushani
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Abstract
An array of arylnitro compounds with various functionality were treated with freshly-prepared aluminum amalgam in THF/water solution and resulted in the corresponding arylamines. The Al(Hg)-mediated reductions are relatively rapid with consumption of the amalgam and disappearance of starting material occurring over 20-30 minutes. The workup of the reductions involves only removal of the insoluble by-products by filtration followed by concentration. Only in some cases is chromatography required to secure the pure product. The desired arylamines are furnished in quantities of 25-100 mg, which in some cases, could be taken on to the next reaction without further purification. Reductions of 4-nitrobenzyl derivatives of carbohydrates or nucleosides were selective in affording the corresponding 4-aminobenzyl products. To show applicability in click chemistry, selected aminobenzyl products are directly azidated to yield products that were then used in click reactions to afford the corresponding 1,2,3-triazoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige J. Monsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, 2320 South Brook Street, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, USA
| | - Frederick A. Luzzio
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, 2320 South Brook Street, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, USA
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222
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Saha U, Chatterjee S, Dolai M, Suresh Kumar G. Biophysical and Thermodynamic Investigations on the Differentiation of Fluorescence Response towards Interaction of DNA: A Pyrene-Based Receptor versus Its Fe(III) Complex. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:7810-7820. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c00983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Urmila Saha
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR—Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700 032, W.B., India
| | - Sabyasachi Chatterjee
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR—Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700 032, W.B., India
| | - Malay Dolai
- Department of Chemistry, Prabhat Kumar College, Purba Medinipur 721404, W.B., India
| | - Gopinatha Suresh Kumar
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR—Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700 032, W.B., India
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223
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Wang Z, Xie D, Zhang F, Yu J, Chen X, Wong CP. Controlling information duration on rewritable luminescent paper based on hybrid antimony (III) chloride/small-molecule absorbates. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:6/48/eabc2181. [PMID: 33239292 PMCID: PMC7688339 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc2181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Controlling the duration that information lasts on paper so that it disappears as desired is crucial for information security. However, this area is rarely studied. Here, we report [TEMA]2SbCl5 (1, TEMA+ = methyltriethylammonium), [TEA]2SbCl5 (2, TEA+ = tetraethylammonium), [TEBA]2SbCl5 (3, TEBA+ = benzyltriethylammonium), and [Ph4P]2SbCl5 (4, Ph4P+ = tetraphenylphosphonium) with structure-dependent reversible photoluminescent switching induced by the absorption and thermal release of small guest molecules including H2O, methanol, and ethylene glycol. Comparing the structural disorder levels, bond lengths, and luminescent Stokes shifts of the compounds aided in understanding their selective absorption behavior. Our results indicated that the information duration on the rewritable paper coated with the title compounds is easily tuned by changing the cation of the compounds, the type of guest molecules, and laser heating power. Our study opens previously unidentified avenues for information security and extends the potential applications of rewritable paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology & Systems, Education Ministry of China and College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Chongqing University, 400044 Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Dingli Xie
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology & Systems, Education Ministry of China and College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Chongqing University, 400044 Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology & Systems, Education Ministry of China and College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Chongqing University, 400044 Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiabing Yu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology & Systems, Education Ministry of China and College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Chongqing University, 400044 Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianping Chen
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology & Systems, Education Ministry of China and College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Chongqing University, 400044 Chongqing, People's Republic of China.
- Chongqing Pingchuang Institute of Semiconductors, Chongqing 400044, People's Republic of China
| | - Ching Ping Wong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
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224
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Eom H, Kang W, Kim S, Chon K, Lee YG, Oh SE. Improved toxicity analysis of heavy metal-contaminated water via a novel fermentative bacteria-based test kit. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 258:127412. [PMID: 32947661 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was development of a simple and reliable microbial toxicity test based on fermentative bacteria to assess heavy metal (Hg2+, Cu2+, Cr6+, Ni2+, As5+, or Pb2+)-contaminated water. The dominant species of test organisms used in this study was a spore-forming fermentative bacterium, Clostridium guangxiense. Toxicity of water was assessed based on inhibition of fermentative gas production of the test organisms, which was analyzed via a syringe method. Overall, the fermentative bacteria-based test kits satisfactorily identified increased toxicity of water as water was contaminated with high amounts of heavy metals; however, levels of inhibition were dissimilar depending on the species of metals. Inhibitory effects of Hg2+, Cu2+, Cr6+, and Ni2+ were considerably greater than those of As5+ and Pb2+. The 24 h half-maximum effective concentrations (EC50) for Hg2+, Cu2+, Cr6+, Ni2+, As5+, and Pb2+ were analyzed to be 0.10, 0.51, 1.09, 3.61, 101.33, and 243.45 mg/L, respectively, confirming that Hg2+, Cu2+, Cr6+, and Ni2+ are more toxic to fermentative gas production than As5+ and Pb2+. The fermentative bacteria-based toxicity test represents an improvement over other existing toxicity tests because of ease of end-point measurement, high reproducibility, and favorable on-site field applicability. These advantages make the fermentative bacteria-based test suitable for simple and reliable toxicity screening for heavy metal-contaminated water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heonseop Eom
- Department of Biological Environment, Kangwon National University, 192-1 Hyoja-dong, Gangwon-do, Chuncheon-si, 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Woochang Kang
- Department of Biological Environment, Kangwon National University, 192-1 Hyoja-dong, Gangwon-do, Chuncheon-si, 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunggyu Kim
- Department of Biological Environment, Kangwon National University, 192-1 Hyoja-dong, Gangwon-do, Chuncheon-si, 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Kangmin Chon
- Department of Environment Engineering, Kangwon National University, 192-1 Hyoja-dong, Gangwon-do, Chuncheon-si, 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Gu Lee
- Department of Environment Engineering, Kangwon National University, 192-1 Hyoja-dong, Gangwon-do, Chuncheon-si, 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Eun Oh
- Department of Biological Environment, Kangwon National University, 192-1 Hyoja-dong, Gangwon-do, Chuncheon-si, 200-701, Republic of Korea.
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Kaur P, Gurjar KK, Kumar V, Gohit S, Gupta V, Kumar R. Metal‐Free Multicomponent Construction of Tetrahydroisoquinoline‐Indole Derivatives via In Situ Generated
ortho
‐Quinonoid Intermediate. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202002802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pavneet Kaur
- Department of Chemistry Central University of Punjab Bathinda 151001 Punjab India
| | | | - Vinod Kumar
- Department of Chemistry Central University of Punjab Bathinda 151001 Punjab India
| | - Sonali Gohit
- Department of Chemistry Central University of Punjab Bathinda 151001 Punjab India
| | - Vijay Gupta
- Department of Chemistry Central University of Punjab Bathinda 151001 Punjab India
| | - Rakesh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry Central University of Punjab Bathinda 151001 Punjab India
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226
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Markowska-Szczupak A, Endo-Kimura M, Paszkiewicz O, Kowalska E. Are Titania Photocatalysts and Titanium Implants Safe? Review on the Toxicity of Titanium Compounds. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10102065. [PMID: 33086609 PMCID: PMC7603142 DOI: 10.3390/nano10102065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Titanium and its compounds are broadly used in both industrial and domestic products, including jet engines, missiles, prostheses, implants, pigments, cosmetics, food, and photocatalysts for environmental purification and solar energy conversion. Although titanium/titania-containing materials are usually safe for human, animals and environment, increasing concerns on their negative impacts have been postulated. Accordingly, this review covers current knowledge on the toxicity of titania and titanium, in which the behaviour, bioavailability, mechanisms of action, and environmental impacts have been discussed in detail, considering both light and dark conditions. Consequently, the following conclusions have been drawn: (i) titania photocatalysts rarely cause health and environmental problems; (ii) despite the lack of proof, the possible carcinogenicity of titania powders to humans is considered by some authorities; (iii) titanium alloys, commonly applied as implant materials, possess a relatively low health risk; (iv) titania microparticles are less toxic than nanoparticles, independent of the means of exposure; (v) excessive accumulation of titanium in the environment cannot be ignored; (vi) titanium/titania-containing products should be clearly marked with health warning labels, especially for pregnant women and young children; (vi) a key knowledge gap is the lack of comprehensive data about the environmental content and the influence of titania/titanium on biodiversity and the ecological functioning of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Markowska-Szczupak
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Al. Piastów 42, 71-065 Szczecin, Poland;
- Correspondence: (A.M.-S.); (E.K.)
| | - Maya Endo-Kimura
- Institute for Catalysis, Hokkaido University, N21, W10, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan;
| | - Oliwia Paszkiewicz
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Al. Piastów 42, 71-065 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Ewa Kowalska
- Institute for Catalysis, Hokkaido University, N21, W10, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan;
- Correspondence: (A.M.-S.); (E.K.)
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227
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Schäfers F, Quach L, Schwarz JL, Saladrigas M, Daniliuc CG, Glorius F. Direct Access to Monoprotected Homoallylic 1,2-Diols via Dual Chromium/Photoredox Catalysis. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c03697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Felix Schäfers
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Linda Quach
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - J. Luca Schwarz
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Mar Saladrigas
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Constantin G. Daniliuc
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Frank Glorius
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
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228
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Recent Advancement of Ullmann Condensation Coupling Reaction in the Formation of Aryl-Oxygen (C-O) Bonding by Copper-Mediated Catalyst. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10101103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Transition metal-catalyzed chemical transformation of organic electrophiles and organometallic reagents belong to the most important cross coupling reaction in organic synthesis. The biaryl ether division is not only popular in natural products and synthetic pharmaceuticals but also widely found in many pesticides, polymers, and ligands. Copper catalyst has received great attention owing to the low toxicity and low cost. However, traditional Ullmann-type couplings suffer from limited substrate scopes and harsh reaction conditions. The introduction of homogeneous copper catalyst with presence of bidentate ligands over the past two decades has totally changed this situation as these ligands enable the reaction promoted in mild condition. The reaction scope has also been greatly expanded, rendering this copper-based cross-coupling attractive for both academia and industry. In this review, we will highlight the latest progress in the development of useful homogeneous copper catalyst with presence of ligand and heterogeneous copper catalyst in Ullmann type C-O cross-coupling reaction. Additionally, the application of Ullmann type C-O cross coupling reaction will be discussed.
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229
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Cirri D, Pratesi A, Marzo T, Messori L. Metallo therapeutics for COVID-19. Exploiting metal-based compounds for the discovery of new antiviral drugs. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2020; 16:39-46. [PMID: 32915656 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2020.1819236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The COVID-19 pandemic poses an unprecedented challenge for the rapid discovery of drugs against this life-threatening disease. Owing to the peculiar features of the metal centers that are currently used in medicinal chemistry, metallodrugs might offer an excellent opportunity to achieve this goal. AREAS COVERED Two main strategies for developing metal-based drugs against the SARS-CoV-2 are herein illustrated. Firstly, a few clinically approved metallodrugs could be evaluated in patients according to a 'drug repurposing' approach. To this respect, the gold drug auranofin seems a promising candidate, but some other clinically established metal compounds are worthy of a careful evaluation as well. On the other hand, libraries of inorganic compounds, featuring a large chemical diversity, should be screened to identify the most effective molecules. This second strategy might be assisted by a pathway-driven discovery approach arising from a preliminary knowledge of the mode of action, exploitable to inhibit the functional activities of the key viral proteins. Also, attention must be paid to selectivity and toxicity issues. EXPERT OPINION The medicinal inorganic chemistry community may offer a valuable contribution against COVID-19. The screening of metallodrugs' libraries can expand the explored 'chemical space' and increase the chance of finding effective anti-COVID agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damiano Cirri
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa , Pisa, Italy.,Laboratory of Metals in Medicine (Metmed), Department of Chemistry "U. Schiff", University of Florence , Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Alessandro Pratesi
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa , Pisa, Italy
| | - Tiziano Marzo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa , Pisa, Italy
| | - Luigi Messori
- Laboratory of Metals in Medicine (Metmed), Department of Chemistry "U. Schiff", University of Florence , Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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230
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Dasgupta A, Babaahmadi R, Slater B, Yates BF, Ariafard A, Melen RL. Borane-Catalyzed Stereoselective C–H Insertion, Cyclopropanation, and Ring-Opening Reactions. Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2020.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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231
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Murai M, Taniguchi R, Kurogi T, Shunsuke M, Takai K. Cyclization of 5-alkynones with chromium alkylidene equivalents generated in situ from gem-dichromiomethanes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:9711-9714. [PMID: 32700694 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc03986a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A rare example of cyclization with 5-alkynones, which possess non-polar alkynyl and less electrophilic polar keto carbonyl groups, was demonstrated. The key to promoting carbene/alkyne metathesis followed by alkylidenation with pendant C[double bond, length as m-dash]O double bonds was the Schrock-type nucleophilic reactivity of the generated chromium carbene equivalents from readily available diiodomethanes and CrCl2 by simple heating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahito Murai
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
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Bullock RM, Chen JG, Gagliardi L, Chirik PJ, Farha OK, Hendon CH, Jones CW, Keith JA, Klosin J, Minteer SD, Morris RH, Radosevich AT, Rauchfuss TB, Strotman NA, Vojvodic A, Ward TR, Yang JY, Surendranath Y. Using nature's blueprint to expand catalysis with Earth-abundant metals. Science 2020; 369:eabc3183. [PMID: 32792370 PMCID: PMC7875315 DOI: 10.1126/science.abc3183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Numerous redox transformations that are essential to life are catalyzed by metalloenzymes that feature Earth-abundant metals. In contrast, platinum-group metals have been the cornerstone of many industrial catalytic reactions for decades, providing high activity, thermal stability, and tolerance to chemical poisons. We assert that nature's blueprint provides the fundamental principles for vastly expanding the use of abundant metals in catalysis. We highlight the key physical properties of abundant metals that distinguish them from precious metals, and we look to nature to understand how the inherent attributes of abundant metals can be embraced to produce highly efficient catalysts for reactions crucial to the sustainable production and transformation of fuels and chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Morris Bullock
- Center for Molecular Electrocatalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA.
| | - Jingguang G Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
| | - Laura Gagliardi
- Department of Chemistry, Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, and Chemical Theory Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Paul J Chirik
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Omar K Farha
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Christopher H Hendon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Christopher W Jones
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - John A Keith
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Jerzy Klosin
- Core R&D, Dow Chemical Co., Midland, MI 48674, USA
| | - Shelley D Minteer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Robert H Morris
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Alexander T Radosevich
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Thomas B Rauchfuss
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Neil A Strotman
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co. Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Aleksandra Vojvodic
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Thomas R Ward
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jenny Y Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Yogesh Surendranath
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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Braire J, Dorcet V, Vidal J, Lalli C, Carreaux F. BINOL derivatives-catalysed enantioselective allylboration of isatins: application to the synthesis of (R)-chimonamidine. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:6042-6046. [PMID: 32729604 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob01386b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The asymmetric synthesis of the 3-allyl-3-hydroxyoxindole skeleton was accomplished in yields up to 99% via a metal-free and enantioselective allylation of isatins (90-96% ee) using BINOL derivatives as catalysts and an optimized allylboronate. This methodology was applied at a gram-scale to the synthesis of the natural product (R)-chimonamidine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Braire
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR - UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Vincent Dorcet
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR - UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Joëlle Vidal
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR - UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Claudia Lalli
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR - UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France.
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234
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Hayrapetyan D, Khalimon AY. Catalytic Nitrile Hydroboration: A Route to N,N-Diborylamines and Uses Thereof. Chem Asian J 2020; 15:2575-2587. [PMID: 32627941 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202000672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Catalytic reduction of nitriles is considered as an attractive and atom-economical route to a diversity of synthetically valuable primary amines. Compared to other methods, dihydroboration approach has been developed relatively recently but has already attracted the attention of many research groups due to reasonably mild reaction conditions, selectivity control and the access to N,N-diborylamines, which emerged as powerful reagents for C-N bond forming reactions. Early developments in catalytic dihydroboration of nitriles implied precious metal catalysts along with harsh conditions and prolonged reaction times, whereas recent advances mostly rely on base and main group metal catalytic systems with significantly improved profiles. This minireview aims to provide an overview of advances and challenges of dihydroboration of nitriles with d-, f- and main group metal catalysts. Mechanistic features of different catalytic systems, functional group tolerance and scope of the methods are also presented. The synthetic utility of N,N-diborylamies, beyond simple protodeborylation, is discussed in the aspect of N-arylation, imine and amide synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davit Hayrapetyan
- Department of Chemistry School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbay Batyr Avenue, Nur-Sultan, 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Andrey Y Khalimon
- Department of Chemistry School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbay Batyr Avenue, Nur-Sultan, 010000, Kazakhstan.,The Environment and Resource Efficiency Cluster (EREC), Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbay Batyr Avenue, Nur-Sultan, 010000, Kazakhstan
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235
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Bismuth as Smart Material and Its Application in the Ninth Principle of Sustainable Chemistry. J CHEM-NY 2020. [DOI: 10.1155/2020/9802934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper reports an overview of Green Chemistry and the concept of its twelve principles. This study focusses on the ninth principle of Green Chemistry, that is, catalysis. A report on catalysis, in line with its definition, background, classification, properties, and applications, is provided. The study also entails a green element called bismuth. Bismuth’s low toxicity and low cost have made researchers focus on its wide applications in catalysis. It exhibits smartness in all the catalytic activities with the highest catalytic performance among other metals.
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236
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Gandeepan P, Finger LH, Meyer TH, Ackermann L. 3d metallaelectrocatalysis for resource economical syntheses. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:4254-4272. [PMID: 32458919 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00149j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Resource economy constitutes one of the key challenges for researchers and practitioners in academia and industries, in terms of rising demand for sustainable and green synthetic methodology. To achieve ideal levels of resource economy in molecular syntheses, novel avenues are required, which include, but are not limited to the use of naturally abundant, renewable feedstocks, solvents, metal catalysts, energy, and redox reagents. In this context, electrosyntheses create the unique possibility to replace stoichiometric amounts of oxidizing or reducing reagents as well as electron transfer events by electric current. Particularly, the merger of Earth-abundant 3d metal catalysis and electrooxidation has recently been recognized as an increasingly viable strategy to forge challenging C-C and C-heteroatom bonds for complex organic molecules in a sustainable fashion under mild reaction conditions. In this review, we highlight the key developments in 3d metallaelectrocatalysis in the context of resource economy in molecular syntheses until February 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parthasarathy Gandeepan
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany. and Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Tirupati, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh 517506, India
| | - Lars H Finger
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Tjark H Meyer
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany. and Woehler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany and Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 10, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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237
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Tanabe S, Mitsunuma H, Kanai M. Catalytic Allylation of Aldehydes Using Unactivated Alkenes. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:12374-12381. [PMID: 32605370 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c04735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Simple feedstock organic molecules, especially alkenes, are attractive starting materials in organic synthesis because of their wide availability. Direct utilization of such bulk, inert organic molecules for practical and selective chemical reactions, however, remains limited. Herein, we developed a ternary hybrid catalyst system comprising a photoredox catalyst, a hydrogen-atom-transfer catalyst, and a chromium complex catalyst, enabling catalytic allylation of aldehydes with simple alkenes, including feedstock lower alkenes. The reaction proceeded under visible-light irradiation at room temperature and with high functional group tolerance. The reaction was extended to an asymmetric variant by employing a chiral chromium complex catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Tanabe
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Harunobu Mitsunuma
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Motomu Kanai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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238
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Xie J, Jin L, Cui J, Luo X, Li J, Zhang G, Li X. Health risk-oriented source apportionment of PM 2.5-associated trace metals. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 262:114655. [PMID: 32443215 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In health-oriented air pollution control, it is vital to rank the contributions of different emission sources to the health risks posed by hazardous components in airborne fine particulate matters (PM2.5), such as trace metals. Towards this end, we investigated the PM2.5-associated metals in two densely populated regions of China, the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) and Pearl River Delta (PRD) regions, across land-use gradients. Using the positive matrix factorization (PMF) model, we performed an integrated source apportionment to quantify the contributions of the major source categories underlying metal-induced health risks with information on the bioaccessibility (using simulated lung fluid) and speciation (using synchrotron-based techniques) of metals. The results showed that the particulate trace metal profiles reflected the land-use gradient within each region, with the highest concentrations of anthropogenically enriched metals at the industrial sites in the study regions. The resulting carcinogenic risk that these elements posed was higher in the YRD than in the PRD. Chromium was the dominant contributor to the total excessive cancer risks posed by metals while manganese accounted for a large proportion of non-carcinogenic risks. An elevated contribution from industrial emissions was found in the YRD, while traffic emissions and non-traffic combustion (the burning of coal/waste/biomass) were the common dominant sources of cancer and non-cancer risks posed by metals in both regions. Moreover, the risk-oriented source apportionment of metals did not mirror the mass concentration-based one, suggesting the insufficiency of the latter to inform emission mitigation in favor of public health. While providing region-specific insights into the quantitative contribution of major source categories to the health risks of PM2.5-associated trace metals, our study highlighted the need to consider the health protection goal-based source apportionment and emission mitigation in supplement to the current mass concentration-based framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawen Xie
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong; The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Ling Jin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong; The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Jinli Cui
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong; Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xiaosan Luo
- International Center for Ecology, Meteorology, and Environment, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Xiangdong Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong; The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China.
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239
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Pinnaratip R, Kord Forooshani P, Li M, Hang Hu Y, Rajachar RM, Lee BP. Controlling the Release of Hydrogen Peroxide from Catechol-Based Adhesive Using Silica Nanoparticle. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020; 6:4502-4511. [PMID: 33102695 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c00572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Catechol-based bioadhesives generate hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as a byproduct during the curing process. H2O2 can have both beneficial and deleterious effects on biological systems depending on its concentration. To control the amount of H2O2 released from catechol-containing polyethylene glycol-based adhesive (PEG-DA), adhesive was formulated with silica nanoparticles (SiNP) prepared with increased porosity and acid treatment to increase Si-OH surface content. These SiNP demonstrated increased surface area, which promoted interaction with catechol and resulted in increased cure rate, bulk mechanical properties and adhesive properties of PEG-DA. Most importantly, SiNP demonstrated a 50% reduction in the released H2O2 while improving the cell viability and proliferation of three primary cell types, including rat dermal fibroblasts, human epidermal keratinocytes, and human tenocytes. Additionally, SiNP degraded into soluble Si, which also contributed to increased cell proliferation. Incorporation of porous and acid-treated SiNP can be a useful approach to simultaneously modulate the concentration of H2O2 while increasing the adhesive performance of catechol-based adhesives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Meijia Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Michigan Technological University
| | - Yun Hang Hu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Michigan Technological University
| | - Rupak M Rajachar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University
| | - Bruce P Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University
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240
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NNN‐
Cobalt(II) Pincer Complexes: Paramagnetic NMR Spectroscopy in Solution and Application as Hydrosilylation Catalysts. Eur J Inorg Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202000378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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241
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Caruso G, Musso N, Grasso M, Costantino A, Lazzarino G, Tascedda F, Gulisano M, Lunte SM, Caraci F. Microfluidics as a Novel Tool for Biological and Toxicological Assays in Drug Discovery Processes: Focus on Microchip Electrophoresis. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:E593. [PMID: 32549277 PMCID: PMC7344675 DOI: 10.3390/mi11060593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The last decades of biological, toxicological, and pharmacological research have deeply changed the way researchers select the most appropriate 'pre-clinical model'. The absence of relevant animal models for many human diseases, as well as the inaccurate prognosis coming from 'conventional' pre-clinical models, are among the major reasons of the failures observed in clinical trials. This evidence has pushed several research groups to move more often from a classic cellular or animal modeling approach to an alternative and broader vision that includes the involvement of microfluidic-based technologies. The use of microfluidic devices offers several benefits including fast analysis times, high sensitivity and reproducibility, the ability to quantitate multiple chemical species, and the simulation of cellular response mimicking the closest human in vivo milieu. Therefore, they represent a useful way to study drug-organ interactions and related safety and toxicity, and to model organ development and various pathologies 'in a dish'. The present review will address the applicability of microfluidic-based technologies in different systems (2D and 3D). We will focus our attention on applications of microchip electrophoresis (ME) to biological and toxicological studies as well as in drug discovery and development processes. These include high-throughput single-cell gene expression profiling, simultaneous determination of antioxidants and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, DNA analysis, and sensitive determination of neurotransmitters in biological fluids. We will discuss new data obtained by ME coupled to laser-induced fluorescence (ME-LIF) and electrochemical detection (ME-EC) regarding the production and degradation of nitric oxide, a fundamental signaling molecule regulating virtually every critical cellular function. Finally, the integration of microfluidics with recent innovative technologies-such as organoids, organ-on-chip, and 3D printing-for the design of new in vitro experimental devices will be presented with a specific attention to drug development applications. This 'composite' review highlights the potential impact of 2D and 3D microfluidic systems as a fast, inexpensive, and highly sensitive tool for high-throughput drug screening and preclinical toxicological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Caruso
- Oasi Research Institute—IRCCS, 94018 Troina (EN), Italy; (M.G.); (F.C.)
| | - Nicolò Musso
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences (BIOMETEC), University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy; (N.M.); (G.L.)
| | - Margherita Grasso
- Oasi Research Institute—IRCCS, 94018 Troina (EN), Italy; (M.G.); (F.C.)
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy; (A.C.); (M.G.)
| | - Angelita Costantino
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy; (A.C.); (M.G.)
| | - Giuseppe Lazzarino
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences (BIOMETEC), University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy; (N.M.); (G.L.)
| | - Fabio Tascedda
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy;
- Center for Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Massimo Gulisano
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy; (A.C.); (M.G.)
- Molecular Preclinical and Translational Imaging Research Centre-IMPRonTE, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
- Interuniversity Consortium for Biotechnology, Area di Ricerca, Padriciano, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Susan M. Lunte
- Ralph N. Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047-1620, USA;
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047-1620, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047-1620, USA
| | - Filippo Caraci
- Oasi Research Institute—IRCCS, 94018 Troina (EN), Italy; (M.G.); (F.C.)
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy; (A.C.); (M.G.)
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242
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Lilge L, Wu J, Xu Y, Manalac A, Molenhuis D, Schwiegelshohn F, Vesselov L, Embree W, Nesbit M, Betz V, Mandel A, Jewett MAS, Kulkarni GS. Minimal required PDT light dosimetry for nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2020; 25:1-13. [PMID: 32529817 PMCID: PMC7289452 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.25.6.068001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Photodynamic therapy (PDT) could become a treatment option for nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer when the current high morbidity rate associated with red light PDT and variable PDT dose can be overcome through a combination of intravesical instillation of the photosensitizer and the use of green light creating a steep PDT dose gradient. AIM To determine how a high PDT selectivity can be maintained throughout the bladder wall considering other efficacy determining parameters, in particular, the average optical properties of the mucosal layer governing the fluence rate multiplication factor, as well as the bladder shape and the position of the emitter in relationship to the bladder wall. APPROACH We present three irradiance monitoring systems and evaluate their ability to enable selective bladder PDT considering previously determined photodynamic threshold values for the bladder cancer, mucosa and urothelium in a preclinical model, and the photosensitizer's specific uptake ratio. Monte Carlo-based light propagation simulations performed for six human bladders at the time of therapy for a range of tissue optical properties. The performance of one irradiance sensing device in a clinical phase 1B trial is presented to underline the impact of irradiance monitoring, and it is compared to the Monte Carlo-derived dose surface histogram. RESULTS Monte Carlo simulations showed that irradiance monitoring systems need to comprise at least three sensors. Light scattering inside the bladder void needs to be minimized to prevent increased heterogeneity of the irradiance. The dose surface histograms vary significantly depending on the bladder shape and bladder volume but are less dependent on tissue optical properties. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate the need for adequate irradiance monitoring independent of a photosensitizer's specific uptake ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lothar Lilge
- University Health Network, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- University of Toronto, Department of Medical Biophysics, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Address all correspondence to Lothar Lilge, E-mail:
| | - Jenny Wu
- University Health Network, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yiwen Xu
- University Health Network, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Angelica Manalac
- University Health Network, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel Molenhuis
- University of Toronto, Department of Medical Biophysics, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fynn Schwiegelshohn
- University of Toronto, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Wayne Embree
- Theralase Technologies Inc., Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael Nesbit
- University of Toronto, Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vaughn Betz
- University of Toronto, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Arkady Mandel
- Theralase Technologies Inc., Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael A. S. Jewett
- University Health Network, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- University of Toronto, Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Girish S. Kulkarni
- University Health Network, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- University of Toronto, Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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243
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McMahon S, Rajagopal A, Amirjalayer S, Halpin Y, Fitzgerald-Hughes D, Buma WJ, Woutersen S, Long C, Pryce MT. Photo-activated CO-release in the amino tungsten Fischer carbene complex, [(CO) 5WC(NC 4H 8)Me], picosecond time resolved infrared spectroscopy, time-dependent density functional theory, and an antimicrobial study. J Inorg Biochem 2020; 208:111071. [PMID: 32434119 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2020.111071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Picosecond time-resolved infrared spectroscopy was used to probe the photo-induced early state dynamics preceding CO loss in the Fischer carbene complex, [(CO)5WC(NC4H8)CH3]. Time-dependent density functional theory calculations were employed to help in understanding the photochemical and photophysical processes leading to CO-loss. Electrochemical initiated CO release was quantified using gas chromatography. The potential of [(CO)5WC(NC4H8)CH3], as an antimicrobial agent under irradiation conditions was studied using a Staphylococcus aureus strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne McMahon
- School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Ashwene Rajagopal
- School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland; Clinical Microbiology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, RCSI Education and Research, Beaumont Hospital, Beaumont, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Saeed Amirjalayer
- Physikalisches Institut, Center for Nanotechnology (CeNTech) and Center for Multiscale Theory & Computation (CMTC), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Heisenbergstrasse 11, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Yvonne Halpin
- School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Deirdre Fitzgerald-Hughes
- Clinical Microbiology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, RCSI Education and Research, Beaumont Hospital, Beaumont, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Wybren Jan Buma
- University of Amsterdam, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94157, 1090 GD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sander Woutersen
- University of Amsterdam, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94157, 1090 GD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Conor Long
- School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Mary T Pryce
- School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland.
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244
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Caetano-Silva ME, Netto FM, Bertoldo-Pacheco MT, Alegría A, Cilla A. Peptide-metal complexes: obtention and role in increasing bioavailability and decreasing the pro-oxidant effect of minerals. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 61:1470-1489. [PMID: 32370550 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1761770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bioactive peptides derived from food protein sources have been widely studied in the last years, and scientific researchers have been proving their role in human health, beyond their nutritional value. Several bioactivities have been attributed to these peptides, such as immunomodulatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antihypertensive, and opioid. Among them, metal-binding capacity has gained prominence. Mineral chelating peptides have shown potential to be applied in food products so as to decrease mineral deficiencies since peptide-metal complexes could enhance their bioavailability. Furthermore, many studies have been investigating their potential to decrease the Fe pro-oxidant effect by forming a stable structure with the metal and avoiding its interaction with other food constituents. These complexes can be formed during gastrointestinal digestion or can be synthesized prior to intake, with the aim to protect the mineral through the gastrointestinal tract. This review addresses: (i) the amino acid residues for metal-binding peptides and their main protein sources, (ii) peptide-metal complexation prior to or during gastrointestinal digestion, (iii) the function of metal (especially Fe, Ca, and Zn)-binding peptides on the metal bioavailability and (iv) their reactivity and possible pro-oxidant and side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Flavia Maria Netto
- Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Amparo Alegría
- Nutrition and Food Science Area, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Antonio Cilla
- Nutrition and Food Science Area, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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245
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Ruidas B, Sur TK, Pal K, Som Chaudhury S, Prasad P, Sinha K, Sarkar PK, Das P, Das Mukhopadhyay C. Herbometallic nano-drug inducing metastatic growth inhibition in breast cancer through intracellular energy depletion. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:3745-3763. [PMID: 32361897 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05467-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells need extensive energy supply for their uncontrolled cell division and metastasis which is exclusively dependent on neighboring cells, especially adipocytes. Herein, we have introduced a novel herbometallic nano-drug, Heerak Bhasma nanoparticle (HBNP) from natural resources showing high potential in the reduction of energy supply thereby promoting cell death in breast cancer cells. Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectra (ICP-OES), atomic absorption spectra (AAS), Raman spectra, X-ray diffraction analyses confirmed the physicochemical properties of HBNP. The differential light scattering (DLS) and field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) analyzed the cell-permeable size of HBNP, whereas, cell viability assay confirmed the non-toxic effect. Seahorse energy efflux assay, apoptotic cell quantification, ROS, mitochondrial membrane potential, in vivo oxidative stress etc. were measured using standard protocol. The notable changes in cancer energy metabolism investigated by cellular Mito and Glyco-stress analyses confirmed the HBNP induced intracellular energy depletion. Also, a significant reduction in mitochondrial membrane potential and subsequently, extensive reactive oxygen species (ROS) generations were observed in presence of HBNP followed by the induction of cell apoptosis. The cell invasion and wound healing assay followed by reduced expression both protein (MMP 2, MMP 9) and cytokine (IL6, IL10) had signified the effectiveness of HBNP against cancer metastasis. In addition, HBNP also showed an excellent antitumor activity in vivo followed by developing healing characteristics due to oxidative stress. All these findings strongly suggest that HBNP has the potential to be the new cancer therapeutic. A schematic phenomenon represents the overall HBNP mediated anticancer activity via limitation of both fatty acid uptake and energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhuban Ruidas
- Centre for Healthcare Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Engineering Science Technology, Shibpur, Howrah, West Bengal, 711103, India
| | - Tapas Kumar Sur
- Centre for Healthcare Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Engineering Science Technology, Shibpur, Howrah, West Bengal, 711103, India.,Department of Pharmacology, R G Kar Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700004, India
| | - Kunal Pal
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700032, India
| | - Sutapa Som Chaudhury
- Centre for Healthcare Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Engineering Science Technology, Shibpur, Howrah, West Bengal, 711103, India
| | - Parash Prasad
- Cell Biology and Physiology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700032, India
| | - Koel Sinha
- Centre for Healthcare Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Engineering Science Technology, Shibpur, Howrah, West Bengal, 711103, India
| | - Prasanta Kumar Sarkar
- Department of Rasashastra, J. B. Roy State Ayurvedic Medical College and Hospital (affiliated to the University of Calcutta), Kolkata, West Bengal, 700004, India
| | - Pritha Das
- Centre for Healthcare Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Engineering Science Technology, Shibpur, Howrah, West Bengal, 711103, India
| | - Chitrangada Das Mukhopadhyay
- Centre for Healthcare Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Engineering Science Technology, Shibpur, Howrah, West Bengal, 711103, India.
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246
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Murai M, Taniguchi R, Takai K. Cyclization of 1,n-Enynes Initiated by the Addition Reaction of gem-Dichromiomethane Reagents to Alkynes. Org Lett 2020; 22:3985-3988. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c01304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masahito Murai
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Ryuji Taniguchi
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Takai
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
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247
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Akatyev N, Il'in M, Il'in(Jr.) M, Peregudova S, Peregudov A, Buyanovskaya A, Kudryavtsev K, Dubovik A, Grinberg V, Orlov V, Pavlov A, Novikov V, Volkov I, Belokon Y. Chan‐Evans‐Lam C−N Coupling Promoted by a Dinuclear Positively Charged Cu(II) Complex. Catalytic Performance and Some Evidence for the Mechanism of CEL Reaction Obviating Cu(III)/Cu(I) Catalytic Cycle. ChemCatChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202000212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay Akatyev
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences Vavilov St. 28 119991 Moscow Russia
| | - Mikhail Il'in
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences Vavilov St. 28 119991 Moscow Russia
| | - Mikhail Il'in(Jr.)
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences Vavilov St. 28 119991 Moscow Russia
| | - Svetlana Peregudova
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences Vavilov St. 28 119991 Moscow Russia
| | - Alexander Peregudov
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences Vavilov St. 28 119991 Moscow Russia
| | - Anastasiya Buyanovskaya
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences Vavilov St. 28 119991 Moscow Russia
| | - Kirill Kudryavtsev
- D. I. Mendeleyev University of Chemical Technology of Russia Miusskaya sq. 19 125047 Moscow Russia
| | - Alexander Dubovik
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences Vavilov St. 28 119991 Moscow Russia
- N.M. Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics Russian Academy of Sciences Kosygin St. 4 119334 Moscow Russia
| | - Valerij Grinberg
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences Vavilov St. 28 119991 Moscow Russia
| | - Victor Orlov
- M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State UniversityA.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology Leninskie Gory, 1/40 119991 Moscow Russia
| | - Alexander Pavlov
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences Vavilov St. 28 119991 Moscow Russia
| | - Valentin Novikov
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences Vavilov St. 28 119991 Moscow Russia
| | - Ilya Volkov
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences Vavilov St. 28 119991 Moscow Russia
| | - Yuri Belokon
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences Vavilov St. 28 119991 Moscow Russia
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248
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Metal-free semi-aromatic polyester: A novel nanomaterial for potential clinical application. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.101582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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249
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Crockett MP, Wong AS, Li B, Byers JA. Rational Design of an Iron‐Based Catalyst for Suzuki–Miyaura Cross‐Couplings Involving Heteroaromatic Boronic Esters and Tertiary Alkyl Electrophiles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:5392-5397. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201914315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael P. Crockett
- Department of ChemistryBoston College Merkert Chemistry Center, 2609 Beacon St. Chestnut Hill MA 02467 USA
| | - Alexander S. Wong
- Department of ChemistryBoston College Merkert Chemistry Center, 2609 Beacon St. Chestnut Hill MA 02467 USA
| | - Bo Li
- Department of ChemistryBoston College Merkert Chemistry Center, 2609 Beacon St. Chestnut Hill MA 02467 USA
| | - Jeffery A. Byers
- Department of ChemistryBoston College Merkert Chemistry Center, 2609 Beacon St. Chestnut Hill MA 02467 USA
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250
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Stephens LJ, Munuganti S, Moran TH, Duffin RN, Werrett MV, Andrews PC. Is Bismuth Really the "Green" Metal? Exploring the Antimicrobial Activity and Cytotoxicity of Organobismuth Thiolate Complexes. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:3494-3508. [PMID: 32129066 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b03550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is becoming an ever-increasing threat for human health. Metal complexes and, in particular, those that incorporate bismuth offer an attractive alternative to the typically used organic compounds to which bacteria are often able to develop resistance determinants. Herein we report the synthesis, characterization, and biological evaluation of a series of homo- and heteroleptic bismuth(III) thiolates incorporating either one (BiPh2L), two (BiPhL2), or three (BiL3) sulfur-containing azole ligands where LH = tetrazolethiols or triazolethiols (thiones). Despite bismuth typically being considered a nontoxic heavy metal, we demonstrate that the environment surrounding the metal center has a clear influence on the safety of bismuth-containing complexes. In particular, heteroleptic thiolate complexes (BiPh2L and BiPhL2) display strong antibacterial activity yet are also nonselectively cytotoxic to mammalian cells. Interestingly, the homoleptic thiolate complexes (BiL3) were shown to be completely inactive toward both bacterial and mammalian cells. Further biological analysis of the complexes revealed the first insights into the biological mode of action of these particular bismuth thiolates. Scanning electron microscopy images of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) cells have revealed that the cell membrane is the likely target site of action for bismuth thiolates against bacterial cells. This points toward a nonspecific mode of action that is likely to contribute to the poor selectivity's demonstrated by the bismuth thiolate complexes in vitro. Uptake studies suggest that reduced cellular uptake could explain the marked difference in activity between the homo- and heteroleptic complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam J Stephens
- Monash University School of Chemistry, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | | | | | - Rebekah N Duffin
- Monash University School of Chemistry, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Melissa V Werrett
- Monash University School of Chemistry, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Philip C Andrews
- Monash University School of Chemistry, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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