201
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Strop P, Tran TT, Dorywalska M, Delaria K, Dushin R, Wong OK, Ho WH, Zhou D, Wu A, Kraynov E, Aschenbrenner L, Han B, O'Donnell CJ, Pons J, Rajpal A, Shelton DL, Liu SH. RN927C, a Site-Specific Trop-2 Antibody-Drug Conjugate (ADC) with Enhanced Stability, Is Highly Efficacious in Preclinical Solid Tumor Models. Mol Cancer Ther 2016; 15:2698-2708. [PMID: 27582525 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-16-0431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Trop-2, also known as TACSTD2, EGP-1, GA733-1, and M1S1, is frequently expressed on a variety of human carcinomas, and its expression is often associated with poor prognosis of the diseases. However, it is also present on the epithelium of several normal tissues. A comprehensively designed Trop-2-targeting antibody-drug conjugate (ADC), balancing both efficacy and toxicity, is therefore necessary to achieve clinical utility. To this end, we developed a cleavable Trop-2 ADC (RN927C) using a site-specific transglutaminase-mediated conjugation method and a proprietary microtubule inhibitor (MTI) linker-payload, PF-06380101. Robust in vitro cytotoxicity of RN927C was observed on a panel of Trop-2-expressing tumor cell lines, with IC50 generally in the subnanomolar range. As expected for an MTI-containing ADC, RN927C readily induced mitotic arrest of treated cells in vitro and in vivo, followed by subsequent cell death. The in vivo efficacy of RN927C was tested in multiple cell line and patient-derived xenograft tumor models, including pancreatic, lung, ovarian, and triple-negative breast tumor types. Single-dose administration of RN927C at 0.75 to 3 mg/kg was generally sufficient to induce sustained regression of Trop-2-expressing tumors and showed superior efficacy over standard treatment with paclitaxel or gemcitabine. Administration of RN927C in nonhuman primate toxicity studies resulted in target-mediated effects in skin and oral mucosa, consistent with Trop-2 expression in these epithelial tissues with minimal, non-dose limiting off-target toxicities. On the basis of the combined efficacy and safety results, RN927C is postulated to have a favorable therapeutic index for treatment of solid tumors. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(11); 2698-708. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Strop
- Oncology-Rinat R&D, Pfizer Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Thomas-Toan Tran
- Oncology-Rinat R&D, Pfizer Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | | | - Kathy Delaria
- Oncology-Rinat R&D, Pfizer Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Russell Dushin
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut
| | - Oi Kwan Wong
- Oncology-Rinat R&D, Pfizer Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Wei-Hsien Ho
- Oncology-Rinat R&D, Pfizer Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Dahui Zhou
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut
| | - Aidong Wu
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics & Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, California
| | - Eugenia Kraynov
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics & Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, California
| | | | - Bora Han
- Drug Safety R&D, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, California
| | | | - Jaume Pons
- Oncology-Rinat R&D, Pfizer Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Arvind Rajpal
- Oncology-Rinat R&D, Pfizer Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Dave L Shelton
- Oncology-Rinat R&D, Pfizer Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Shu-Hui Liu
- Oncology-Rinat R&D, Pfizer Inc., South San Francisco, California.
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202
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Bag SS, Jana S, Pradhan MK. Synthesis, photophysical properties of triazolyl-donor/acceptor chromophores decorated unnatural amino acids: Incorporation of a pair into Leu-enkephalin peptide and application of triazolylperylene amino acid in sensing BSA. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:3579-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.05.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 05/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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203
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Gold B, Aronoff MR, Raines RT. Decreasing Distortion Energies without Strain: Diazo-Selective 1,3-Dipolar Cycloadditions. J Org Chem 2016; 81:5998-6006. [PMID: 27332711 PMCID: PMC5141247 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b00948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The diazo group has attributes that complement those of the azido group for applications in chemical biology. Here, we use computational analyses to provide insights into the chemoselectivity of the diazo group in 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions. Dipole distortion energies are responsible for ∼80% of the overall energetic barrier for these reactions. Here, we show that diazo compounds, unlike azides, provide an opportunity to decrease that barrier substantially without introducing strain into the dipolarophile. The ensuing rate enhancement is due to the greater nucleophilic character of a diazo group compared to that of an azido group, which can accommodate decreased distortion energies without predistortion. The tuning of distortion energies with substituents in a diazo compound or dipolarophile can enhance reactivity and selectivity in a predictable manner. Notably, these advantages of diazo groups are amplified in water. Our findings provide a theoretical framework that can guide the design and application of both diazo compounds and azides in "orthogonal" contexts, especially for biological investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Gold
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Matthew R. Aronoff
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Ronald T. Raines
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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204
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High-flexibility combinatorial peptide synthesis with laser-based transfer of monomers in solid matrix material. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11844. [PMID: 27296868 PMCID: PMC4911634 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Laser writing is used to structure surfaces in many different ways in materials and life sciences. However, combinatorial patterning applications are still limited. Here we present a method for cost-efficient combinatorial synthesis of very-high-density peptide arrays with natural and synthetic monomers. A laser automatically transfers nanometre-thin solid material spots from different donor slides to an acceptor. Each donor bears a thin polymer film, embedding one type of monomer. Coupling occurs in a separate heating step, where the matrix becomes viscous and building blocks diffuse and couple to the acceptor surface. Furthermore, we can consecutively deposit two material layers of activation reagents and amino acids. Subsequent heat-induced mixing facilitates an in situ activation and coupling of the monomers. This allows us to incorporate building blocks with click chemistry compatibility or a large variety of commercially available non-activated, for example, posttranslationally modified building blocks into the array's peptides with >17,000 spots per cm2. Peptide arrays are used in areas such as measuring protein-protein interactions, but achieving high density in synthesis is challenging. Here, the authors report a method for the combinatorial synthesis of high density peptides arrays by laser driven sequential transfer of monomers onto acceptor surfaces.
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205
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Pedzisa L, Li X, Rader C, Roush WR. Assessment of reagents for selenocysteine conjugation and the stability of selenocysteine adducts. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:5141-7. [PMID: 27184239 PMCID: PMC4887430 DOI: 10.1039/c6ob00775a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Conventional antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are heterogeneous mixtures that have poor pharmacokinetic properties and decreased efficacy relative to homogenous ADCs. Furthermore, ADCs that are maleimide-based often have inadequate circulatory stability, which can result in premature drug release with consequent off-target toxicities. Selenocysteine-modified antibodies have been developed that allow site-specific antibody conjugation, yielding homogeneous ADCs. Herein, we survey several electrophilic functional groups that react with selenocystine with high efficiency. Several of these result in conjugates with stabilities that are superior to maleimide conjugates. Among these, the allenamide functional group reacts with notably high efficiency, leads to conjugates with remarkable stability, and shows exquisite selectivity for selenocysteine conjugation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Pedzisa
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter FL 33458, USA.
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206
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Hamblett KJ, Le T, Rock BM, Rock DA, Siu S, Huard JN, Conner KP, Milburn RR, O’Neill JW, Tometsko ME, Fanslow WC. Altering Antibody–Drug Conjugate Binding to the Neonatal Fc Receptor Impacts Efficacy and Tolerability. Mol Pharm 2016; 13:2387-96. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b00153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tiep Le
- Amgen, Inc., Seattle, Washington 98119, United States
| | | | - Dan A. Rock
- Amgen, Inc., Seattle, Washington 98119, United States
| | - Sophia Siu
- Amgen, Inc., Seattle, Washington 98119, United States
| | | | - Kip P. Conner
- Amgen, Inc., Seattle, Washington 98119, United States
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207
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Xu Y, Jiang G, Tran C, Li X, Heibeck TH, Masikat MR, Cai Q, Steiner AR, Sato AK, Hallam TJ, Yin G. RP-HPLC DAR Characterization of Site-Specific Antibody Drug Conjugates Produced in a Cell-Free Expression System. Org Process Res Dev 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.6b00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yiren Xu
- Sutro Biopharma, Inc. 310 Utah Avenue, Suite 150, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Guifeng Jiang
- Sutro Biopharma, Inc. 310 Utah Avenue, Suite 150, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Cuong Tran
- Sutro Biopharma, Inc. 310 Utah Avenue, Suite 150, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Xiaofan Li
- Sutro Biopharma, Inc. 310 Utah Avenue, Suite 150, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Tyler H. Heibeck
- Sutro Biopharma, Inc. 310 Utah Avenue, Suite 150, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Mary Rose Masikat
- Sutro Biopharma, Inc. 310 Utah Avenue, Suite 150, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Qi Cai
- Sutro Biopharma, Inc. 310 Utah Avenue, Suite 150, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Alexander R. Steiner
- Sutro Biopharma, Inc. 310 Utah Avenue, Suite 150, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Aaron K. Sato
- Sutro Biopharma, Inc. 310 Utah Avenue, Suite 150, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Trevor J. Hallam
- Sutro Biopharma, Inc. 310 Utah Avenue, Suite 150, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Gang Yin
- Sutro Biopharma, Inc. 310 Utah Avenue, Suite 150, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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208
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Zmolek W, Bañas S, Barfield RM, Rabuka D, Drake PM. A simple LC/MRM-MS-based method to quantify free linker-payload in antibody-drug conjugate preparations. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1032:144-148. [PMID: 27311685 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.05.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 05/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates represent a growing class of biologic drugs that use the targeted specificity of an antibody to direct the localization of a small molecule drug, often a cytotoxic payload. After conjugation, antibody-drug conjugate preparations typically retain a residual amount of free (unconjugated) linker-payload. Monitoring this free small molecule drug component is important due to the potential for free payload to mediate unintended (off-target) toxicity. We developed a simple RP-HPLC/MRM-MS-based assay that can be rapidly employed to quantify free linker-payload. The method uses low sample volumes and offers an LLOQ of 10nM with 370pg on column. This analytical approach was used to monitor free linker-payload removal during optimization of the tangential flow filtration manufacturing step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley Zmolek
- Catalent Biologics, 5703 Hollis Street, Emeryville, CA 94608, United States
| | - Stefanie Bañas
- Catalent Biologics, 5703 Hollis Street, Emeryville, CA 94608, United States
| | - Robyn M Barfield
- Catalent Biologics, 5703 Hollis Street, Emeryville, CA 94608, United States
| | - David Rabuka
- Catalent Biologics, 5703 Hollis Street, Emeryville, CA 94608, United States
| | - Penelope M Drake
- Catalent Biologics, 5703 Hollis Street, Emeryville, CA 94608, United States.
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209
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Affiliation(s)
- David Y. Jackson
- Igenica Biotherapeutics, 863A Mitten Road, Suite 100B, Burlingame, California 94010, United States
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210
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Akkapeddi P, Azizi SA, Freedy AM, Cal PMSD, Gois PMP, Bernardes GJL. Construction of homogeneous antibody-drug conjugates using site-selective protein chemistry. Chem Sci 2016; 7:2954-2963. [PMID: 29997785 PMCID: PMC6005007 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc00170j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic chemotherapy, the current standard of care for the treatment of cancer, is rarely curative and is often accompanied by debilitating side effects. Targeted drug delivery stands as an alternative to chemotherapy, with the potential to improve upon its low efficacy and systemic toxicity. Among targeted therapeutic options, antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) have emerged as the most promising. These conjugates represent a new class of biopharmaceuticals that selectively deliver potent cytotoxic drugs to cancer cells, sparing healthy tissue throughout the body. Despite this promise, early heterogenous ADCs suffered from stability, pharmacokinetic, and efficacy issues that hindered clinical development. Recent advances in antibody engineering, linkers for drug-release, and chemical site-selective antibody conjugation have led to the creation of homogenous ADCs that have proven to be more efficacious than their heterogeneous predecessors both in vitro and in vivo. In this minireview, we focus on and discuss recent advances in chemical site-selective modification strategies for the conjugation of drugs to antibodies and the resulting potential for the development of a new generation of homogenous ADCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padma Akkapeddi
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular , Faculdade de Medicina , Universidade de Lisboa , Avenida Professor Egas Moniz , 1649-028 Lisboa , Portugal .
| | - Saara-Anne Azizi
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , CB2 1EW Cambridge , UK .
| | - Allyson M Freedy
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , CB2 1EW Cambridge , UK .
| | - Pedro M S D Cal
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular , Faculdade de Medicina , Universidade de Lisboa , Avenida Professor Egas Moniz , 1649-028 Lisboa , Portugal .
| | - Pedro M P Gois
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa) , Faculty of Pharmacy , Universidade de Lisboa , Lisbon , Portugal
| | - Gonçalo J L Bernardes
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular , Faculdade de Medicina , Universidade de Lisboa , Avenida Professor Egas Moniz , 1649-028 Lisboa , Portugal .
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , CB2 1EW Cambridge , UK .
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211
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Shinmi D, Taguchi E, Iwano J, Yamaguchi T, Masuda K, Enokizono J, Shiraishi Y. One-Step Conjugation Method for Site-Specific Antibody-Drug Conjugates through Reactive Cysteine-Engineered Antibodies. Bioconjug Chem 2016; 27:1324-31. [PMID: 27074832 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.6b00133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Engineered cysteine residues are particularly convenient for site-specific conjugation of antibody-drug conjugates (ADC), because no cell engineering and additives are required. Usually, unpaired cysteine residues form mixed disulfides during fermentation in Chinese hamster ovarian (CHO) cells; therefore, additional reduction and oxidization steps are required prior to conjugation. In this study, we prepared light chain (Lc)-Q124C variants in IgG and examined the conjugation efficiency. Intriguingly, Lc-Q124C exhibited high thiol reactivity and directly generated site-specific ADC without any pretreatment (named active thiol antibody: Actibody). Most of the cysteine-maleimide conjugates including Lc-Q124C showed retro-Michael reaction with cysteine 34 in albumin and were decomposed over time. In order to acquire resistance to a maleimide exchange reaction, the facile procedure for succinimide hydrolysis on anion exchange resin was employed. Hydrolyzed Lc-Q124C conjugate prepared with anion exchange procedure retained high stability in plasma. Recently, various stable linkage schemes for cysteine conjugation have been reported. The combination with direct conjugation by the use of Actibody and stable linker technology could enable the generation of stable site-specific ADC through a simple method. Actibody technology with Lc-Q124C at a less exposed position opens a new path for cysteine-based conjugation, and contributes to reducing entry barriers to the preparation and evaluation of ADC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Shinmi
- Research Core Function Laboratories and §Innovative Technology Laboratories, Research Functions Unit, #R&D Planning Department, R&D Division, and ‡Bio Process Research and Development Laboratories, Production Division, Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd. , Tokyo, 100-8185, Japan
| | - Eri Taguchi
- Research Core Function Laboratories and §Innovative Technology Laboratories, Research Functions Unit, #R&D Planning Department, R&D Division, and ‡Bio Process Research and Development Laboratories, Production Division, Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd. , Tokyo, 100-8185, Japan
| | - Junko Iwano
- Research Core Function Laboratories and §Innovative Technology Laboratories, Research Functions Unit, #R&D Planning Department, R&D Division, and ‡Bio Process Research and Development Laboratories, Production Division, Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd. , Tokyo, 100-8185, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Yamaguchi
- Research Core Function Laboratories and §Innovative Technology Laboratories, Research Functions Unit, #R&D Planning Department, R&D Division, and ‡Bio Process Research and Development Laboratories, Production Division, Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd. , Tokyo, 100-8185, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Masuda
- Research Core Function Laboratories and §Innovative Technology Laboratories, Research Functions Unit, #R&D Planning Department, R&D Division, and ‡Bio Process Research and Development Laboratories, Production Division, Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd. , Tokyo, 100-8185, Japan
| | - Junichi Enokizono
- Research Core Function Laboratories and §Innovative Technology Laboratories, Research Functions Unit, #R&D Planning Department, R&D Division, and ‡Bio Process Research and Development Laboratories, Production Division, Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd. , Tokyo, 100-8185, Japan
| | - Yasuhisa Shiraishi
- Research Core Function Laboratories and §Innovative Technology Laboratories, Research Functions Unit, #R&D Planning Department, R&D Division, and ‡Bio Process Research and Development Laboratories, Production Division, Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd. , Tokyo, 100-8185, Japan
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212
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Dommerholt J, Rutjes FPJT, van Delft FL. Strain-Promoted 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition of Cycloalkynes and Organic Azides. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2016; 374:16. [PMID: 27573141 PMCID: PMC5480410 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-016-0016-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A nearly forgotten reaction discovered more than 60 years ago-the cycloaddition of a cyclic alkyne and an organic azide, leading to an aromatic triazole-enjoys a remarkable popularity. Originally discovered out of pure chemical curiosity, and dusted off early this century as an efficient and clean bioconjugation tool, the usefulness of cyclooctyne-azide cycloaddition is now adopted in a wide range of fields of chemical science and beyond. Its ease of operation, broad solvent compatibility, 100 % atom efficiency, and the high stability of the resulting triazole product, just to name a few aspects, have catapulted this so-called strain-promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition (SPAAC) right into the top-shelf of the toolbox of chemical biologists, material scientists, biotechnologists, medicinal chemists, and more. In this chapter, a brief historic overview of cycloalkynes is provided first, along with the main synthetic strategies to prepare cycloalkynes and their chemical reactivities. Core aspects of the strain-promoted reaction of cycloalkynes with azides are covered, as well as tools to achieve further reaction acceleration by means of modulation of cycloalkyne structure, nature of azide, and choice of solvent.
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213
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Currier NV, Ackerman SE, Kintzing JR, Chen R, Filsinger Interrante M, Steiner A, Sato AK, Cochran JR. Targeted Drug Delivery with an Integrin-Binding Knottin-Fc-MMAF Conjugate Produced by Cell-Free Protein Synthesis. Mol Cancer Ther 2016; 15:1291-300. [PMID: 27197305 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-15-0881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADC) have generated significant interest as targeted therapeutics for cancer treatment, demonstrating improved clinical efficacy and safety compared with systemic chemotherapy. To extend this concept to other tumor-targeting proteins, we conjugated the tubulin inhibitor monomethyl-auristatin-F (MMAF) to 2.5F-Fc, a fusion protein composed of a human Fc domain and a cystine knot (knottin) miniprotein engineered to bind with high affinity to tumor-associated integrin receptors. The broad expression of integrins (including αvβ3, αvβ5, and α5β1) on tumor cells and their vasculature makes 2.5F-Fc an attractive tumor-targeting protein for drug delivery. We show that 2.5F-Fc can be expressed by cell-free protein synthesis, during which a non-natural amino acid was introduced into the Fc domain and subsequently used for site-specific conjugation of MMAF through a noncleavable linker. The resulting knottin-Fc-drug conjugate (KFDC), termed 2.5F-Fc-MMAF, had approximately 2 drugs attached per KFDC. 2.5F-Fc-MMAF inhibited proliferation in human glioblastoma (U87MG), ovarian (A2780), and breast (MB-468) cancer cells to a greater extent than 2.5F-Fc or MMAF alone or added in combination. As a single agent, 2.5F-Fc-MMAF was effective at inducing regression and prolonged survival in U87MG tumor xenograft models when administered at 10 mg/kg two times per week. In comparison, tumors treated with 2.5F-Fc or MMAF were nonresponsive, and treatment with a nontargeted control, CTRL-Fc-MMAF, showed a modest but not significant therapeutic effect. These studies provide proof-of-concept for further development of KFDCs as alternatives to ADCs for tumor targeting and drug delivery applications. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(6); 1291-300. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas V Currier
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Stanford Medical School, Stanford, California
| | | | - James R Kintzing
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Rishard Chen
- Sutro Biopharma, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | | | | | - Aaron K Sato
- Sutro Biopharma, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Jennifer R Cochran
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California. Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California.
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214
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Schumacher D, Hackenberger CPR, Leonhardt H, Helma J. Current Status: Site-Specific Antibody Drug Conjugates. J Clin Immunol 2016; 36 Suppl 1:100-7. [PMID: 27003914 PMCID: PMC4891387 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-016-0265-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Antibody drug conjugates (ADCs), a promising class of cancer biopharmaceuticals, combine the specificity of therapeutic antibodies with the pharmacological potency of chemical, cytotoxic drugs. Ever since the first ADCs on the market, a plethora of novel ADC technologies has emerged, covering as diverse aspects as antibody engineering, chemical linker optimization and novel conjugation strategies, together aiming at constantly widening the therapeutic window for ADCs. This review primarily focuses on novel chemical and biotechnological strategies for the site-directed attachment of drugs that are currently validated for 2nd generation ADCs to promote conjugate homogeneity and overall stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Schumacher
- Chemical Biology and Department of Chemistry, Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian P R Hackenberger
- Chemical Biology and Department of Chemistry, Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Heinrich Leonhardt
- Department of Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Jonas Helma
- Department of Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.
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215
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Yao H, Jiang F, Lu A, Zhang G. Methods to Design and Synthesize Antibody-Drug Conjugates (ADCs). Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E194. [PMID: 26848651 PMCID: PMC4783928 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17020194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) have become a promising targeted therapy strategy that combines the specificity, favorable pharmacokinetics and biodistributions of antibodies with the destructive potential of highly potent drugs. One of the biggest challenges in the development of ADCs is the application of suitable linkers for conjugating drugs to antibodies. Recently, the design and synthesis of linkers are making great progress. In this review, we present the methods that are currently used to synthesize antibody-drug conjugates by using thiols, amines, alcohols, aldehydes and azides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houzong Yao
- Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Feng Jiang
- Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, the State Key Laboratory Base of Novel Functional Materials and Preparation Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Aiping Lu
- Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Ge Zhang
- Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
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216
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O'Malley WI, Abdelkader EH, Aulsebrook ML, Rubbiani R, Loh CT, Grace MR, Spiccia L, Gasser G, Otting G, Tuck KL, Graham B. Luminescent Alkyne-Bearing Terbium(III) Complexes and Their Application to Bioorthogonal Protein Labeling. Inorg Chem 2016; 55:1674-82. [PMID: 26821062 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b02605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Two new bifunctional macrocyclic chelate ligands that form luminescent terbium(III) complexes featuring an alkyne group for conjugation to (bio)molecules via the Cu(I)-catalyzed "click" reaction were synthesized. Upon ligation, the complexes exhibit a significant luminescent enhancement when excited at the λ(max) of the "clicked" products. To demonstrate the utility of the complexes for luminescent labeling, they were conjugated in vitro to E. coli aspartate/glutamate-binding protein incorporating a genetically encoded p-azido-L-phenylalanine or p-(azidomethyl)-L-phenylalanine residue. The complexes may prove useful for time-gated assay applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- William I O'Malley
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University , Parkville VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Elwy H Abdelkader
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University , Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | | | - Riccardo Rubbiani
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich , Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Choy-Theng Loh
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University , Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Michael R Grace
- School of Chemistry, Monash University , Clayton VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Leone Spiccia
- School of Chemistry, Monash University , Clayton VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Gilles Gasser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich , Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gottfried Otting
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University , Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Kellie L Tuck
- School of Chemistry, Monash University , Clayton VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Bim Graham
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University , Parkville VIC 3052, Australia
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217
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Catcott KC, McShea MA, Bialucha CU, Miller KL, Hicks SW, Saxena P, Gesner TG, Woldegiorgis M, Lewis ME, Bai C, Fleming MS, Ettenberg SA, Erickson HK, Yoder NC. Microscale screening of antibody libraries as maytansinoid antibody-drug conjugates. MAbs 2016; 8:513-23. [PMID: 26752675 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2015.1134408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are of great interest as targeted cancer therapeutics. Preparation of ADCs for early stage screening is constrained by purification and biochemical analysis techniques that necessitate burdensome quantities of antibody. Here we describe a method, developed for the maytansinoid class of ADCs, enabling parallel conjugation of antibodies in 96-well format. The method utilizes ∼ 100 µg of antibody per well and requires <5 µg of ADC for characterization. We demonstrate the capabilities of this system using model antibodies. We also provide multiple examples applying this method to early-stage screening of maytansinoid ADCs. The method can greatly increase the throughput with which candidate ADCs can be screened in cell-based assays, and may be more generally applicable to high-throughput preparation and screening of different types of protein conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kathy L Miller
- c Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research , Emeryville , CA
| | | | - Parmita Saxena
- b Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research , Cambridge , MA
| | - Thomas G Gesner
- b Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research , Cambridge , MA
| | | | | | - Chen Bai
- a ImmunoGen, Inc. , Waltham , MA
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218
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Recent advances in the construction of antibody–drug conjugates. Nat Chem 2016; 8:114-9. [DOI: 10.1038/nchem.2415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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219
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Gong H, Holcomb I, Ooi A, Wang X, Majonis D, Unger MA, Ramakrishnan R. Simple Method To Prepare Oligonucleotide-Conjugated Antibodies and Its Application in Multiplex Protein Detection in Single Cells. Bioconjug Chem 2016; 27:217-25. [PMID: 26689321 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.5b00613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The diversity of nucleic acid sequences enables genomics studies in a highly multiplexed format. Since multiplex protein detection is still a challenge, it would be useful to use genomics tools for this purpose. This can be accomplished by conjugating specific oligonucleotides to antibodies. Upon binding of the oligonucleotide-conjugated antibodies to their targets, the protein levels can be converted to oligonucleotide levels. In this report we describe a simple method for preparing oligonucleotide-conjugated antibodies and discuss this method's application in oligonucleotide extension reaction (OER) for multiplex protein detection. Conjugation is based on strain-promoted alkyne-azide cycloaddition (the Cu-free click reaction), in which the antibody is activated with a dibenzocyclooctyne (DBCO) moiety and subsequently linked covalently with an azide-modified oligonucleotide. In the functional test, the reaction conditions and purification processes were optimized to achieve maximum yield and best performance. The OER assay employs a pair of antibody binders (two antibodies, each conjugated with its own oligonucleotide) developed for each protein target. The two oligonucleotides contain unique six-base complementary regions at their 3' prime ends to allow annealing and extension by DNA synthesis enzymes to form a DNA template. Following preamplification, the DNA template is detected by qPCR. Distinct oligonucleotide sequences are assigned to different antibody binders to enable multiplex protein detection. When tested using recombinant proteins, some antibody binders, such as those specific to CSTB, MET, EpCAM, and CASP3, had dynamic ranges of 5-6 logs. The antibody binders were also used in a multiplexed format in OER assays, and the binders successfully detected their protein targets in cell lysates, and in single cells in combination with the C1 system. This click reaction-based antibody conjugation procedure is cost-effective, needs minimal hands-on time, and is well-suited for the development of affordable multiplex protein assays, which provides the potential to accelerate proteomics research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibiao Gong
- Fluidigm Corporation , South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Ilona Holcomb
- Fluidigm Corporation , South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Aik Ooi
- Fluidigm Corporation , South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- Fluidigm Corporation , South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Daniel Majonis
- Fluidigm Corporation , South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Marc A Unger
- Fluidigm Corporation , South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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220
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Antibody-conjugated drug assay for protease-cleavable antibody-drug conjugates. Bioanalysis 2015; 8:55-63. [PMID: 26647801 DOI: 10.4155/bio.15.230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) require multiple assays to characterize their PK. These assays can separately evaluate the ADC by quantifying the antibody or the conjugated drug and may give different answers due to assay measurement differences, heterogeneous nature of ADCs and potential biotransformations that occur in vivo. RESULTS We present a new version of the antibody-conjugated drug assay for valine-citrulline-linked monomethylauristatin E (vcMMAE) ADCs. A stable isotope-labeled internal standard, protein A affinity capture and solid-phase cleavage of MMAE using papain was used prior to LC-MS/MS analysis. CONCLUSION The assay was used to assess the difference in ex vivo drug-linker stability of native-cysteine versus engineered cysteine ADCs and to determine the number of drugs per antibody of a native-cysteine ADC in vivo.
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221
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Grünewald J, Klock HE, Cellitti SE, Bursulaya B, McMullan D, Jones DH, Chiu HP, Wang X, Patterson P, Zhou H, Vance J, Nigoghossian E, Tong H, Daniel D, Mallet W, Ou W, Uno T, Brock A, Lesley SA, Geierstanger BH. Efficient Preparation of Site-Specific Antibody-Drug Conjugates Using Phosphopantetheinyl Transferases. Bioconjug Chem 2015; 26:2554-62. [PMID: 26588668 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.5b00558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Post-translational modification catalyzed by phosphopantetheinyl transferases (PPTases) has previously been used to site-specifically label proteins with structurally diverse molecules. PPTase catalysis results in covalent modification of a serine residue in acyl/peptidyl carrier proteins and their surrogate substrates which are typically fused to the N- or C-terminus. To test the utility of PPTases for preparing antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), we inserted 11 and 12-mer PPTase substrate sequences at 110 constant region loop positions of trastuzumab. Using Sfp-PPTase, 63 sites could be efficiently labeled with an auristatin toxin, resulting in 95 homogeneous ADCs. ADCs labeled in the CH1 domain displayed in general excellent pharmacokinetic profiles and negligible drug loss. A subset of CH2 domain conjugates underwent rapid clearance in mouse pharmacokinetic studies. Rapid clearance correlated with lower thermal stability of the particular antibodies. Independent of conjugation site, almost all ADCs exhibited subnanomolar in vitro cytotoxicity against HER2-positive cell lines. One selected ADC was shown to induce tumor regression in a xenograft model at a single dose of 3 mg/kg, demonstrating that PPTase-mediated conjugation is suitable for the production of highly efficacious and homogeneous ADCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Grünewald
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation , 10675 John-Jay-Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121-1125, United States
| | - Heath E Klock
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation , 10675 John-Jay-Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121-1125, United States
| | - Susan E Cellitti
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation , 10675 John-Jay-Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121-1125, United States
| | - Badry Bursulaya
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation , 10675 John-Jay-Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121-1125, United States
| | - Daniel McMullan
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation , 10675 John-Jay-Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121-1125, United States
| | - David H Jones
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation , 10675 John-Jay-Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121-1125, United States
| | - Hsien-Po Chiu
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation , 10675 John-Jay-Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121-1125, United States
| | - Xing Wang
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation , 10675 John-Jay-Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121-1125, United States
| | - Paula Patterson
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation , 10675 John-Jay-Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121-1125, United States
| | - Huanfang Zhou
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation , 10675 John-Jay-Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121-1125, United States
| | - Julie Vance
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation , 10675 John-Jay-Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121-1125, United States
| | - Edward Nigoghossian
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation , 10675 John-Jay-Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121-1125, United States
| | - Hung Tong
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation , 10675 John-Jay-Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121-1125, United States
| | - Dylan Daniel
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , 4560 Horton Street, Emeryville, California 94608-2916, United States
| | - William Mallet
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , 4560 Horton Street, Emeryville, California 94608-2916, United States
| | - Weijia Ou
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation , 10675 John-Jay-Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121-1125, United States
| | - Tetsuo Uno
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation , 10675 John-Jay-Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121-1125, United States
| | - Ansgar Brock
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation , 10675 John-Jay-Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121-1125, United States
| | - Scott A Lesley
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation , 10675 John-Jay-Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121-1125, United States
| | - Bernhard H Geierstanger
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation , 10675 John-Jay-Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121-1125, United States
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222
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Zemella A, Thoring L, Hoffmeister C, Kubick S. Cell-Free Protein Synthesis: Pros and Cons of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Systems. Chembiochem 2015; 16:2420-31. [PMID: 26478227 PMCID: PMC4676933 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201500340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
From its start as a small-scale in vitro system to study fundamental translation processes, cell-free protein synthesis quickly rose to become a potent platform for the high-yield production of proteins. In contrast to classical in vivo protein expression, cell-free systems do not need time-consuming cloning steps, and the open nature provides easy manipulation of reaction conditions as well as high-throughput potential. Especially for the synthesis of difficult to express proteins, such as toxic and transmembrane proteins, cell-free systems are of enormous interest. The modification of the genetic code to incorporate non-canonical amino acids into the target protein in particular provides enormous potential in biotechnology and pharmaceutical research and is in the focus of many cell-free projects. Many sophisticated cell-free systems for manifold applications have been established. This review describes the recent advances in cell-free protein synthesis and details the expanding applications in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Zemella
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses Potsdam-Golm (IZI-BB), Am Mühlenberg 13, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Lena Thoring
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses Potsdam-Golm (IZI-BB), Am Mühlenberg 13, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Christian Hoffmeister
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses Potsdam-Golm (IZI-BB), Am Mühlenberg 13, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Stefan Kubick
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses Potsdam-Golm (IZI-BB), Am Mühlenberg 13, 14476, Potsdam, Germany.
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223
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Biswas S, Song W, Borges C, Lindsay S, Zhang P. Click Addition of a DNA Thread to the N-Termini of Peptides for Their Translocation through Solid-State Nanopores. ACS NANO 2015; 9:9652-64. [PMID: 26364915 PMCID: PMC5648329 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b04984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Foremost among the challenges facing single molecule sequencing of proteins by nanopores is the lack of a universal method for driving proteins or peptides into nanopores. In contrast to nucleic acids, the backbones of which are uniformly negatively charged nucleotides, proteins carry positive, negative and neutral side chains that are randomly distributed. Recombinant proteins carrying a negatively charged oligonucleotide or polypeptide at the C-termini can be translocated through a α-hemolysin (α-HL) nanopore, but the required genetic engineering limits the generality of these approaches. In this present study, we have developed a chemical approach for addition of a charged oligomer to peptides so that they can be translocated through nanopores. As an example, an oligonucleotide PolyT20 was tethered to peptides through first selectively functionalizing their N-termini with azide followed by a click reaction. The data show that the peptide-PolyT20 conjugates translocated through nanopores, whereas the unmodified peptides did not. Surprisingly, the conjugates with their peptides tethered at the 5'-end of PolyT20 passed the nanopores more rapidly than the PolyT20 alone. The PolyT20 also yielded a wider distribution of blockade currents. The same broad distribution was found for a conjugate with its peptide tethered at the 3'-end of PolyT20, suggesting that the larger blockades (and longer translocation times) are associated with events in which the 5'-end of the PolyT20 enters the pore first.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudipta Biswas
- Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
| | - Weisi Song
- Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
| | - Chad Borges
- Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
| | - Stuart Lindsay
- Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
- Corresponding Author: The author(s) to whom correspondence should be addressed: ;
| | - Peiming Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
- Corresponding Author: The author(s) to whom correspondence should be addressed: ;
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224
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Behrens CR, Ha EH, Chinn LL, Bowers S, Probst G, Fitch-Bruhns M, Monteon J, Valdiosera A, Bermudez A, Liao-Chan S, Wong T, Melnick J, Theunissen JW, Flory MR, Houser D, Venstrom K, Levashova Z, Sauer P, Migone TS, van der Horst EH, Halcomb RL, Jackson DY. Antibody-Drug Conjugates (ADCs) Derived from Interchain Cysteine Cross-Linking Demonstrate Improved Homogeneity and Other Pharmacological Properties over Conventional Heterogeneous ADCs. Mol Pharm 2015; 12:3986-98. [PMID: 26393951 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Conventional antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are heterogeneous mixtures of chemically distinct molecules that vary in both drugs/antibody (DAR) and conjugation sites. Suboptimal properties of heterogeneous ADCs have led to new site-specific conjugation methods for improving ADC homogeneity. Most site-specific methods require extensive antibody engineering to identify optimal conjugation sites and introduce unique functional groups for conjugation with appropriately modified linkers. Alternative nonrecombinant methods have emerged in which bifunctional linkers are utilized to cross-link antibody interchain cysteines and afford ADCs containing four drugs/antibody. Although these methods have been shown to improve ADC homogeneity and stability in vitro, their effect on the pharmacological properties of ADCs in vivo is unknown. In order to determine the relative impact of interchain cysteine cross-linking on the therapeutic window and other properties of ADCs in vivo, we synthesized a derivative of the known ADC payload, MC-MMAF, that contains a bifunctional dibromomaleimide (DBM) linker instead of a conventional maleimide (MC) linker. The DBM-MMAF derivative was conjugated to trastuzumab and a novel anti-CD98 antibody to afford ADCs containing predominantly four drugs/antibody. The pharmacological properties of the resulting cross-linked ADCs were compared with analogous heterogeneous ADCs derived from conventional linkers. The results demonstrate that DBM linkers can be applied directly to native antibodies, without antibody engineering, to yield highly homogeneous ADCs via cysteine cross-linking. The resulting ADCs demonstrate improved pharmacokinetics, superior efficacy, and reduced toxicity in vivo compared to analogous conventional heterogeneous ADCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Behrens
- Igenica Biotherapeutics , 863A Mitten Road, Suite 100B, Burlingame, California 94010, United States
| | - Edward H Ha
- Igenica Biotherapeutics , 863A Mitten Road, Suite 100B, Burlingame, California 94010, United States
| | - Lawrence L Chinn
- Igenica Biotherapeutics , 863A Mitten Road, Suite 100B, Burlingame, California 94010, United States
| | - Simeon Bowers
- Igenica Biotherapeutics , 863A Mitten Road, Suite 100B, Burlingame, California 94010, United States
| | - Gary Probst
- Igenica Biotherapeutics , 863A Mitten Road, Suite 100B, Burlingame, California 94010, United States
| | - Maureen Fitch-Bruhns
- Igenica Biotherapeutics , 863A Mitten Road, Suite 100B, Burlingame, California 94010, United States
| | - Jorge Monteon
- Igenica Biotherapeutics , 863A Mitten Road, Suite 100B, Burlingame, California 94010, United States
| | - Amanda Valdiosera
- Igenica Biotherapeutics , 863A Mitten Road, Suite 100B, Burlingame, California 94010, United States
| | - Abel Bermudez
- Igenica Biotherapeutics , 863A Mitten Road, Suite 100B, Burlingame, California 94010, United States
| | - Sindy Liao-Chan
- Igenica Biotherapeutics , 863A Mitten Road, Suite 100B, Burlingame, California 94010, United States
| | - Tiffany Wong
- Igenica Biotherapeutics , 863A Mitten Road, Suite 100B, Burlingame, California 94010, United States
| | - Jonathan Melnick
- Igenica Biotherapeutics , 863A Mitten Road, Suite 100B, Burlingame, California 94010, United States
| | - Jan-Willem Theunissen
- Igenica Biotherapeutics , 863A Mitten Road, Suite 100B, Burlingame, California 94010, United States
| | - Mark R Flory
- Igenica Biotherapeutics , 863A Mitten Road, Suite 100B, Burlingame, California 94010, United States
| | - Derrick Houser
- Igenica Biotherapeutics , 863A Mitten Road, Suite 100B, Burlingame, California 94010, United States
| | - Kristy Venstrom
- Igenica Biotherapeutics , 863A Mitten Road, Suite 100B, Burlingame, California 94010, United States
| | - Zoia Levashova
- Igenica Biotherapeutics , 863A Mitten Road, Suite 100B, Burlingame, California 94010, United States
| | - Paul Sauer
- Igenica Biotherapeutics , 863A Mitten Road, Suite 100B, Burlingame, California 94010, United States
| | - Thi-Sau Migone
- Igenica Biotherapeutics , 863A Mitten Road, Suite 100B, Burlingame, California 94010, United States
| | - Edward H van der Horst
- Igenica Biotherapeutics , 863A Mitten Road, Suite 100B, Burlingame, California 94010, United States
| | - Randall L Halcomb
- Igenica Biotherapeutics , 863A Mitten Road, Suite 100B, Burlingame, California 94010, United States
| | - David Y Jackson
- Igenica Biotherapeutics , 863A Mitten Road, Suite 100B, Burlingame, California 94010, United States
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225
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Xu Y, Lee J, Tran C, Heibeck TH, Wang WD, Yang J, Stafford RL, Steiner AR, Sato AK, Hallam TJ, Yin G. Production of bispecific antibodies in "knobs-into-holes" using a cell-free expression system. MAbs 2015; 7:231-42. [PMID: 25427258 PMCID: PMC4623329 DOI: 10.4161/19420862.2015.989013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bispecific antibodies have emerged in recent years as a promising field of research for therapies in oncology, inflammable diseases, and infectious diseases. Their capability of dual target recognition allows for novel therapeutic hypothesis to be tested, where traditional mono-specific antibodies would lack the needed mode of target engagement. Among extremely diverse architectures of bispecific antibodies, knobs-into-holes (KIHs) technology, which involves engineering CH3 domains to create either a “knob” or a “hole” in each heavy chain to promote heterodimerization, has been widely applied. Here, we describe the use of a cell-free expression system (Xpress CF) to produce KIH bispecific antibodies in multiple scaffolds, including 2-armed heterodimeric scFv-KIH and one-armed asymmetric BiTE-KIH with tandem scFv. Efficient KIH production can be achieved by manipulating the plasmid ratio between knob and hole, and further improved by addition of prefabricated knob or hole. These studies demonstrate the versatility of Xpress CF in KIH production and provide valuable insights into KIH construct design for better assembly and expression titer.
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Key Words
- BiTE, bispecific T-cell engager
- BiTE-KIH
- CHO, Chinese hamster ovary
- ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- EpCAM, epithelial cell adhesion molecule
- FACS, fluorescence-activated cell sorting
- Fab, antigen-binding fragment
- Fc, fragment crystallizable
- FcR, Fc receptor
- HC, immunoglobulin heavy chain
- HER2, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2
- IgG, immunoglobulin G
- KIH, knob-into-hole
- LC, immunoglobulin light chain
- LC-MS, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry
- PK, pharmacokinetics
- bispecific antibody
- cell-free protein expression
- knob-into-hole
- prefabrication
- scFv, single-chain fragment variable
- scFv-KIH
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiren Xu
- a Sutro Biopharma, Inc. ; South San Francisco , CA USA
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226
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VanBrunt MP, Shanebeck K, Caldwell Z, Johnson J, Thompson P, Martin T, Dong H, Li G, Xu H, D’Hooge F, Masterson L, Bariola P, Tiberghien A, Ezeadi E, Williams DG, Hartley JA, Howard PW, Grabstein KH, Bowen MA, Marelli M. Genetically Encoded Azide Containing Amino Acid in Mammalian Cells Enables Site-Specific Antibody–Drug Conjugates Using Click Cycloaddition Chemistry. Bioconjug Chem 2015; 26:2249-60. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.5b00359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael P. VanBrunt
- Allozyne, Inc., 1600 Fairview Avenue
East, Seattle, Washington 98102, United States
| | - Kurt Shanebeck
- Allozyne, Inc., 1600 Fairview Avenue
East, Seattle, Washington 98102, United States
| | - Zachary Caldwell
- Allozyne, Inc., 1600 Fairview Avenue
East, Seattle, Washington 98102, United States
| | - Jeffrey Johnson
- Allozyne, Inc., 1600 Fairview Avenue
East, Seattle, Washington 98102, United States
| | - Pamela Thompson
- MedImmune, LLC, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
| | - Thomas Martin
- MedImmune, LLC, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
| | - Huifang Dong
- MedImmune, LLC, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
| | - Gary Li
- Allozyne, Inc., 1600 Fairview Avenue
East, Seattle, Washington 98102, United States
| | - Hengyu Xu
- Allozyne, Inc., 1600 Fairview Avenue
East, Seattle, Washington 98102, United States
| | - Francois D’Hooge
- Spirogen MedImmune, The QMB Innovation Centre, 42 New Road, London E1
2AX, United Kingdom
| | - Luke Masterson
- Spirogen MedImmune, The QMB Innovation Centre, 42 New Road, London E1
2AX, United Kingdom
| | - Pauline Bariola
- Allozyne, Inc., 1600 Fairview Avenue
East, Seattle, Washington 98102, United States
| | - Arnaud Tiberghien
- Spirogen MedImmune, The QMB Innovation Centre, 42 New Road, London E1
2AX, United Kingdom
| | - Ebele Ezeadi
- Spirogen MedImmune, The QMB Innovation Centre, 42 New Road, London E1
2AX, United Kingdom
| | - David G. Williams
- Spirogen MedImmune, The QMB Innovation Centre, 42 New Road, London E1
2AX, United Kingdom
| | - John A. Hartley
- Spirogen MedImmune, The QMB Innovation Centre, 42 New Road, London E1
2AX, United Kingdom
- UCL Cancer Institute, 72
Huntley Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Philip W. Howard
- Spirogen MedImmune, The QMB Innovation Centre, 42 New Road, London E1
2AX, United Kingdom
| | - Kenneth H. Grabstein
- Allozyne, Inc., 1600 Fairview Avenue
East, Seattle, Washington 98102, United States
| | - Michael A. Bowen
- MedImmune, LLC, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
| | - Marcello Marelli
- Allozyne, Inc., 1600 Fairview Avenue
East, Seattle, Washington 98102, United States
- MedImmune, LLC, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
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227
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Robust production of recombinant phosphoproteins using cell-free protein synthesis. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8168. [PMID: 26350765 PMCID: PMC4566161 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the functional and structural consequences of site-specific protein phosphorylation has remained limited by our inability to produce phosphoproteins at high yields. Here we address this limitation by developing a cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) platform that employs crude extracts from a genomically recoded strain of Escherichia coli for site-specific, co-translational incorporation of phosphoserine into proteins. We apply this system to the robust production of up to milligram quantities of human MEK1 kinase. Then, we recapitulate a physiological signalling cascade in vitro to evaluate the contributions of site-specific phosphorylation of mono- and doubly phosphorylated forms on MEK1 activity. We discover that only one phosphorylation event is necessary and sufficient for MEK1 activity. Our work sets the stage for using CFPS as a rapid high-throughput technology platform for direct expression of programmable phosphoproteins containing multiple phosphorylated residues. This work will facilitate study of phosphorylation-dependent structure–function relationships, kinase signalling networks and kinase inhibitor drugs. The inability to produce recombinant phosphoproteins has hindered research into their structure and function. Here the authors develop a cell-free protein synthesis platform to site-specifically incorporate phosphoserine into proteins at high yields, and recapitulate a MEK1 kinase signalling cascade.
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228
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Drake PM, Rabuka D. An emerging playbook for antibody-drug conjugates: lessons from the laboratory and clinic suggest a strategy for improving efficacy and safety. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2015; 28:174-80. [PMID: 26342601 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) have become de rigueur for pharmaceutical oncology drug development pipelines. There are more than 40 ADCs undergoing clinical trials and many more in preclinical development. The field has rushed to follow the initial successes of Kadcyla™ and Adcetris™, and moved forward with new targets without much pause for optimization. In some respects, the ADC space has become divided into the clinical realm-where the proven technologies continue to represent the bulk of clinical candidates with a few exceptions-and the research realm-where innovations in conjugation chemistry and linker technologies have suggested that there is much room for improvement in the conventional methods. Now, two and four years after the approvals of Kadcyla™ and Adcetris™, respectively, consensus may at last be building that these two drugs rely on rather unique target antigens that enable their success. It is becoming increasingly clear that future target antigens will require additional innovative approaches. Next-generation ADCs have begun to move out of the lab and into the clinic, where there is a pressing need for continued innovation to overcome the twin challenges of safety and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Rabuka
- Catalent Pharma Solutions, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA.
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229
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230
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Soye BJD, Patel JR, Isaacs FJ, Jewett MC. Repurposing the translation apparatus for synthetic biology. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2015; 28:83-90. [PMID: 26186264 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2015.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The translation system (the ribosome and associated factors) is the cell's factory for protein synthesis. The extraordinary catalytic capacity of the protein synthesis machinery has driven extensive efforts to harness it for novel functions. For example, pioneering efforts have demonstrated that it is possible to genetically encode more than the 20 natural amino acids and that this encoding can be a powerful tool to expand the chemical diversity of proteins. Here, we discuss recent advances in efforts to expand the chemistry of living systems, highlighting improvements to the molecular machinery and genomically recoded organisms, applications of cell-free systems, and extensions of these efforts to include eukaryotic systems. The transformative potential of repurposing the translation apparatus has emerged as one of the defining opportunities at the interface of chemical and synthetic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Des Soye
- Interdisciplinary Biological Sciences Program, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.,Northwestern Institute on Complex Systems, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.,Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, 303 East Superior Street, Suite 11-131, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.,Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Jaymin R Patel
- Systems Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06516, USA.,Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Farren J Isaacs
- Systems Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06516, USA.,Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Michael C Jewett
- Interdisciplinary Biological Sciences Program, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.,Northwestern Institute on Complex Systems, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.,Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, 303 East Superior Street, Suite 11-131, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.,Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
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231
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Nunes JPM, Morais M, Vassileva V, Robinson E, Rajkumar VS, Smith MEB, Pedley RB, Caddick S, Baker JR, Chudasama V. Functional native disulfide bridging enables delivery of a potent, stable and targeted antibody-drug conjugate (ADC). Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:10624-7. [PMID: 26051118 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc03557k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Herein we report the use of next generation maleimides (NGMs) for the construction of a potent antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) via functional disulfide bridging. The linker has excellent stability in blood serum and the ADC, armed with monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE), shows excellent potency and cancer cell selectivity in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- João P M Nunes
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK.
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232
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LaGuerre A, Löhr F, Bernhard F, Dötsch V. Labeling of membrane proteins by cell-free expression. Methods Enzymol 2015; 565:367-88. [PMID: 26577739 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The particular advantage of the cell-free reaction is that it allows a plethora of supplementation during protein expression and offers complete control over the available amino acid pool in view of concentration and composition. In combination with the fast and reliable production efficiencies of cell-free systems, the labeling and subsequent structural evaluation of very challenging targets, such as membrane proteins, comes into focus. We describe current methods for the isotopic labeling of cell-free synthesized membrane proteins and we review techniques available to the practitioner pursuing structural studies by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Though isotopic labeling of individual amino acid types appears to be relatively straightforward, an ongoing critical issue in most labeling schemes for structural approaches is the selective substitution of deuterons for protons. While few options are available, the continuous refinement of labeling schemes in combination with improved pulse sequences and optimized instrumentation gives promising perspectives for extended applications in the structural evaluation of cell-free synthesized membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisha LaGuerre
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Centre for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, J.W. Goethe-University, Frankfurt-am-Main, Germany.
| | - Frank Löhr
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Centre for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, J.W. Goethe-University, Frankfurt-am-Main, Germany
| | - Frank Bernhard
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Centre for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, J.W. Goethe-University, Frankfurt-am-Main, Germany
| | - Volker Dötsch
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Centre for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, J.W. Goethe-University, Frankfurt-am-Main, Germany
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233
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Liu T, Du J, Luo X, Schultz PG, Wang F. Homogeneously modified immunoglobulin domains for therapeutic application. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2015; 28:66-74. [PMID: 26117722 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2015.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The field of therapeutic antibodies has been revolutionized over the past decade, led by the development of novel antibody-modification technologies. Besides the huge success achieved by therapeutic monoclonal antibodies, a diversity of antibody derivatives have emerged with hope to outperform their parental antibodies. Here we review the recent development of methodologies to modify immunoglobulin domains and their therapeutic applications. The innovative genetic and chemical approaches enable novel and controllable modifications on immunoglobulin domains, producing homogeneous therapeutics with new functionalities or enhanced therapeutic profiles. Such therapeutics, including antibody-drug conjugates, bispecific antibodies, and antibody/Fc fusion proteins, have demonstrated great prospects in the treatment of cancer, auto-immune diseases, infectious diseases, and many other disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Liu
- California Institute for Biomedical Research (Calibr), 11119 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Juanjuan Du
- California Institute for Biomedical Research (Calibr), 11119 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Xiaozhou Luo
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Peter G Schultz
- California Institute for Biomedical Research (Calibr), 11119 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States; Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Feng Wang
- California Institute for Biomedical Research (Calibr), 11119 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States.
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234
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Peters C, Brown S. Antibody-drug conjugates as novel anti-cancer chemotherapeutics. Biosci Rep 2015; 35:e00225. [PMID: 26182432 PMCID: PMC4613712 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20150089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past couple of decades, antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) have revolutionized the field of cancer chemotherapy. Unlike conventional treatments that damage healthy tissues upon dose escalation, ADCs utilize monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to specifically bind tumour-associated target antigens and deliver a highly potent cytotoxic agent. The synergistic combination of mAbs conjugated to small-molecule chemotherapeutics, via a stable linker, has given rise to an extremely efficacious class of anti-cancer drugs with an already large and rapidly growing clinical pipeline. The primary objective of this paper is to review current knowledge and latest developments in the field of ADCs. Upon intravenous administration, ADCs bind to their target antigens and are internalized through receptor-mediated endocytosis. This facilitates the subsequent release of the cytotoxin, which eventually leads to apoptotic cell death of the cancer cell. The three components of ADCs (mAb, linker and cytotoxin) affect the efficacy and toxicity of the conjugate. Optimizing each one, while enhancing the functionality of the ADC as a whole, has been one of the major considerations of ADC design and development. In addition to these, the choice of clinically relevant targets and the position and number of linkages have also been the key determinants of ADC efficacy. The only marketed ADCs, brentuximab vedotin and trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1), have demonstrated their use against both haematological and solid malignancies respectively. The success of future ADCs relies on improving target selection, increasing cytotoxin potency, developing innovative linkers and overcoming drug resistance. As more research is conducted to tackle these issues, ADCs are likely to become part of the future of targeted cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Peters
- School of Life Sciences, Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, U.K
| | - Stuart Brown
- School of Life Sciences, Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, U.K.
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235
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van Geel R, Wijdeven MA, Heesbeen R, Verkade JMM, Wasiel AA, van Berkel SS, van Delft FL. Chemoenzymatic Conjugation of Toxic Payloads to the Globally Conserved N-Glycan of Native mAbs Provides Homogeneous and Highly Efficacious Antibody-Drug Conjugates. Bioconjug Chem 2015; 26:2233-42. [PMID: 26061183 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.5b00224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A robust, generally applicable, nongenetic technology is presented to convert monoclonal antibodies into stable and homogeneous ADCs. Starting from a native (nonengineered) mAb, a chemoenzymatic protocol allows for the highly controlled attachment of any given payload to the N-glycan residing at asparagine-297, based on a two-stage process: first, enzymatic remodeling (trimming and tagging with azide), followed by ligation of the payload based on copper-free click chemistry. The technology, termed GlycoConnect, is applicable to any IgG isotype irrespective of glycosylation profile. Application to trastuzumab and maytansine, both components of the marketed ADC Kadcyla, demonstrate a favorable in vitro and in vivo efficacy for GlycoConnect ADC. Moreover, the superiority of the native glycan as attachment site was demonstrated by in vivo comparison to a range of trastuzumab-based glycosylation mutants. A side-by-side comparison of the copper-free click probes bicyclononyne (BCN) and a dibenzoannulated cyclooctyne (DBCO) showed a surprising difference in conjugation efficiency in favor of BCN, which could be even further enhanced by introduction of electron-withdrawing fluoride substitutions onto the azide. The resulting mAb-conjugates were in all cases found to be highly stable, which in combination with the demonstrated efficacy warrants ADCs with a superior therapeutic index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remon van Geel
- SynAffix BV , Pivot Park, Molenstraat 110, 5342 CC, Oss, The Netherlands
| | - Marloes A Wijdeven
- SynAffix BV , Pivot Park, Molenstraat 110, 5342 CC, Oss, The Netherlands
| | - Ryan Heesbeen
- SynAffix BV , Pivot Park, Molenstraat 110, 5342 CC, Oss, The Netherlands
| | - Jorge M M Verkade
- SynAffix BV , Pivot Park, Molenstraat 110, 5342 CC, Oss, The Netherlands
| | - Anna A Wasiel
- SynAffix BV , Pivot Park, Molenstraat 110, 5342 CC, Oss, The Netherlands
| | | | - Floris L van Delft
- SynAffix BV , Pivot Park, Molenstraat 110, 5342 CC, Oss, The Netherlands
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236
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Shiraishi Y, Muramoto T, Nagatomo K, Shinmi D, Honma E, Masuda K, Yamasaki M. Identification of Highly Reactive Cysteine Residues at Less Exposed Positions in the Fab Constant Region for Site-Specific Conjugation. Bioconjug Chem 2015; 26:1032-40. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.5b00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhisa Shiraishi
- Innovative Technology Laboratories, Research Functions Unit, R&D Division, Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd., Tokyo 194-8533, Japan
| | - Takashige Muramoto
- Innovative Technology Laboratories, Research Functions Unit, R&D Division, Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd., Tokyo 194-8533, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Nagatomo
- Innovative Technology Laboratories, Research Functions Unit, R&D Division, Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd., Tokyo 194-8533, Japan
| | - Daisuke Shinmi
- Innovative Technology Laboratories, Research Functions Unit, R&D Division, Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd., Tokyo 194-8533, Japan
| | - Emiko Honma
- Innovative Technology Laboratories, Research Functions Unit, R&D Division, Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd., Tokyo 194-8533, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Masuda
- Innovative Technology Laboratories, Research Functions Unit, R&D Division, Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd., Tokyo 194-8533, Japan
| | - Motoo Yamasaki
- Innovative Technology Laboratories, Research Functions Unit, R&D Division, Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd., Tokyo 194-8533, Japan
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237
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Abstract
Antibody conjugates are important in many areas of medicine and biological research, and antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are becoming an important next generation class of therapeutics for cancer treatment. Early conjugation technologies relied upon random conjugation to multiple amino acid side chains, resulting in heterogeneous mixtures of labeled antibody. Recent studies, however, strongly support the notion that site-specific conjugation produces a homogeneous population of antibody conjugates with improved pharmacologic properties over randomly coupled molecules. Genetically incorporated unnatural amino acids (uAAs) allow unique orthogonal coupling strategies compared to those used for the 20 naturally occurring amino acids. Thus, uAAs provide a novel paradigm for creation of next generation ADCs. Additionally, uAA-based site-specific conjugation could also empower creation of additional multifunctional conjugates important as biopharmaceuticals, diagnostics, or reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor J Hallam
- †Sutro Biopharma, 310 Utah Avenue, Suite 150, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Erik Wold
- ‡The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Alan Wahl
- §Ambrx, Inc. 10975 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Vaughn V Smider
- ‡The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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238
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Current methods for the synthesis of homogeneous antibody-drug conjugates. Biotechnol Adv 2015; 33:775-84. [PMID: 25981886 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Development of efficient and safe cancer therapy is one of the major challenges of the modern medicine. Over the last few years antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) have become a powerful tool in cancer treatment with two of them, Adcetris® (brentuximab vedotin) and Kadcyla® (ado-trastuzumab emtansine), having recently been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Essentially, an ADC is a bioconjugate that comprises a monoclonal antibody that specifically binds tumor surface antigen and a highly potent drug, which is attached to the antibody via either cleavable or stable linker. This approach ensures specificity and efficacy in fighting cancer cells, while healthy tissues remain largely unaffected. Conventional ADCs, that employ cysteine or lysine residues as conjugation sites, are highly heterogeneous. This means that the species contain various populations of the ADCs with different drug-to-antibody ratios (DARs) and different drug load distributions. DAR and drug-load distribution are essential parameters of ADCs as they determine their stability and efficacy. Therefore, various drug-loaded forms of ADCs (usually from zero to eight conjugated molecules per antibody) may have distinct pharmacokinetics (PK) in vivo and may differ in clinical performance. Recently, a significant progress has been made in the field of site-specific conjugation which resulted in a number of strategies for synthesis of the homogeneous ADCs. This review describes newly-developed methods that ensure homogeneity of the ADCs including use of engineered reactive cysteine residues (THIOMAB), unnatural amino acids, aldehyde tags, enzymatic transglutaminase- and glycotransferase-based approaches and novel chemical methods. Furthermore, we briefly discuss the limitation of these methods emphasizing the need for further improvement in the ADC design and development.
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239
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Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates are an important and emerging drug class for the treatment of cancer. Recent evidence strongly suggests that site-specific drug conjugation results in a homogenous population of molecules with more favorable activity and pharmacokinetic properties than randomly conjugated antibodies. Unnatural amino acids (uAAs) can be incorporated in recombinant proteins to enable unique orthogonal chemistries in comparison to the side chains of the natural 20 amino acids. Thus, uAAs present a novel platform for which to create next-generation antibody-drug conjugates. Furthermore, site-specific conjugation through uAAs can also enpower unique small molecule, bispecific, multispecific and other conjugates that could be important constructs for therapeutics, diagnostics and research reagents. Here, we review the progress in uAA incorporation and conjugate construction through both cell-based and -free approaches.
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240
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Quast RB, Mrusek D, Hoffmeister C, Sonnabend A, Kubick S. Cotranslational incorporation of non-standard amino acids using cell-free protein synthesis. FEBS Lett 2015; 589:1703-12. [PMID: 25937125 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2015.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Over the last years protein engineering using non-standard amino acids has gained increasing attention. As a result, improved methods are now available, enabling the efficient and directed cotranslational incorporation of various non-standard amino acids to equip proteins with desired characteristics. In this context, the utilization of cell-free protein synthesis is particularly useful due to the direct accessibility of the translational machinery and synthesized proteins without having to maintain a vital cellular host. We review prominent methods for the incorporation of non-standard amino acids into proteins using cell-free protein synthesis. Furthermore, a list of non-standard amino acids that have been successfully incorporated into proteins in cell-free systems together with selected applications is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert B Quast
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses (IZI-BB), Am Mühlenberg 13, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Devid Mrusek
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses (IZI-BB), Am Mühlenberg 13, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Christian Hoffmeister
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses (IZI-BB), Am Mühlenberg 13, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Andrei Sonnabend
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses (IZI-BB), Am Mühlenberg 13, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Stefan Kubick
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses (IZI-BB), Am Mühlenberg 13, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
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241
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Cai Q, Hanson JA, Steiner AR, Tran C, Masikat MR, Chen R, Zawada JF, Sato AK, Hallam TJ, Yin G. A simplified and robust protocol for immunoglobulin expression in Escherichia coli cell-free protein synthesis systems. Biotechnol Prog 2015; 31:823-31. [PMID: 25826247 PMCID: PMC5029582 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cell‐free protein synthesis (CFPS) systems allow for robust protein expression with easy manipulation of conditions to improve protein yield and folding. Recent technological developments have significantly increased the productivity and reduced the operating costs of CFPS systems, such that they can compete with conventional in vivo protein production platforms, while also offering new routes for the discovery and production of biotherapeutics. As cell‐free systems have evolved, productivity increases have commonly been obtained by addition of components to previously designed reaction mixtures without careful re‐examination of the essentiality of reagents from previous generations. Here we present a systematic sensitivity analysis of the components in a conventional Escherichia coli CFPS reaction mixture to evaluate their optimal concentrations for production of the immunoglobulin G trastuzumab. We identify eight changes to the system, which result in optimal expression of trastuzumab. We find that doubling the potassium glutamate concentration, while entirely eliminating pyruvate, coenzyme A, NAD, total tRNA, folinic acid, putrescine and ammonium glutamate, results in a highly productive cell‐free system with a 95% reduction in reagent costs (excluding cell‐extract, plasmid, and T7 RNA polymerase made in‐house). A larger panel of other proteins was also tested and all show equivalent or improved yields with our simplified system. Furthermore, we demonstrate that all of the reagents for CFPS can be combined in a single freeze‐thaw stable master mix to improve reliability and ease of use. These improvements are important for the application of the CFPS system in fields such as protein engineering, high‐throughput screening, and biotherapeutics. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 31:823–831, 2015
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Cai
- Sutro Biopharma, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080
| | | | | | - Cuong Tran
- Sutro Biopharma, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080
| | | | - Rishard Chen
- Sutro Biopharma, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080
| | | | - Aaron K Sato
- Sutro Biopharma, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080
| | | | - Gang Yin
- Sutro Biopharma, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080
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242
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A plug-and-play approach to antibody-based therapeutics via a chemoselective dual click strategy. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6645. [PMID: 25824906 PMCID: PMC4389247 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although recent methods for the engineering of antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) have gone some way to addressing the challenging issues of ADC construction, significant hurdles still remain. There is clear demand for the construction of novel ADC platforms that offer greater stability, homogeneity and flexibility. Here we describe a significant step towards a platform for next-generation antibody-based therapeutics by providing constructs that combine site-specific modification, exceptional versatility and high stability, with retention of antibody binding and structure post-modification. The relevance of the work in a biological context is also demonstrated in a cytotoxicity assay and a cell internalization study with HER2-positive and -negative breast cancer cell lines. Antibody–drug conjugates are a class of therapeutic combining the directing ability of antibodies with the cell-killing ability of cytotoxic drugs. Here the authors describe an approach based on click chemistry that enables the rapid assembly of dual-modified antibodies with potential for new therapeutic modalities.
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243
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Deonarain MP, Yahioglu G, Stamati I, Marklew J. Emerging formats for next-generation antibody drug conjugates. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2015; 10:463-81. [PMID: 25797303 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2015.1025049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Antibody drug conjugates now make up a significant fraction of biopharma's oncology pipeline due to great advances in the understanding of the three key components and how they should be optimised together. With this clinical success comes innovation to produce new enabling technologies that can deliver more effective antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) with a larger therapeutic index. AREAS COVERED There are many reviews that discuss the various strategies for ADCs design but the last 5 years or so have witnessed the emergence of a number of different antibody formats compete with the standard whole immunoglobulin. Using published research, patent applications and conference disclosures, the authors review the many antibody and antibody-like formats, discussing innovations in protein engineering and how these new formats impact on the conjugation strategy and ultimately the performance. The alternative chemistries that are now available offer new linkages, stability profiles, drug:antibody ratio, pharmacokinetics and efficacy. The different sizes being considered promise to address issues, such as tumour penetration, circulatory half-life and side-effects. EXPERT OPINION ADCs are at the beginning of the next stage in their evolution and as these newer formats are developed and examined in the clinic, we will discover if the predicted features have a clinical benefit. From the commercial activity, it is envisaged that smaller or fragment-based ADCs will expand oncological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahendra P Deonarain
- Antikor Biopharma Ltd, Stevenage Bioscience Catalyst , Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Herts, SG1 2FX , UK
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Jain N, Smith SW, Ghone S, Tomczuk B. Current ADC Linker Chemistry. Pharm Res 2015; 32:3526-40. [PMID: 25759187 PMCID: PMC4596905 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-015-1657-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The list of ADCs in the clinic continues to grow, bolstered by the success of first two marketed ADCs: ADCETRIS® and Kadcyla®. Currently, there are 40 ADCs in various phases of clinical development. However, only 34 of these have published their structures. Of the 34 disclosed structures, 24 of them use a linkage to the thiol of cysteines on the monoclonal antibody. The remaining 10 candidates utilize chemistry to surface lysines of the antibody. Due to the inherent heterogeneity of conjugation to the multiple lysines or cysteines found in mAbs, significant research efforts are now being directed toward the production of discrete, homogeneous ADC products, via site-specific conjugation. These site-specific conjugations may involve genetic engineering of the mAb to introduce discrete, available cysteines or non-natural amino acids with an orthogonally-reactive functional group handle such as an aldehyde, ketone, azido, or alkynyl tag. These site-specific approaches not only increase the homogeneity of ADCs but also enable novel bio-orthogonal chemistries that utilize reactive moieties other than thiol or amine. This broadens the diversity of linkers that can be utilized which will lead to better linker design in future generations of ADCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nareshkumar Jain
- The Chemistry Research Solution, LLC, 360 George Patterson Blvd., Suite 101E, Bristol, Pennsylvania, 19007, USA.
| | - Sean W Smith
- The Chemistry Research Solution, LLC, 360 George Patterson Blvd., Suite 101E, Bristol, Pennsylvania, 19007, USA
| | - Sanjeevani Ghone
- The Chemistry Research Solution, LLC, 360 George Patterson Blvd., Suite 101E, Bristol, Pennsylvania, 19007, USA
| | - Bruce Tomczuk
- The Chemistry Research Solution, LLC, 360 George Patterson Blvd., Suite 101E, Bristol, Pennsylvania, 19007, USA
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Hong SH, Kwon YC, Martin RW, Des Soye BJ, de Paz AM, Swonger KN, Ntai I, Kelleher NL, Jewett MC. Improving cell-free protein synthesis through genome engineering of Escherichia coli lacking release factor 1. Chembiochem 2015; 16:844-53. [PMID: 25737329 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201402708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Site-specific incorporation of non-standard amino acids (NSAAs) into proteins opens the way to novel biological insights and applications in biotechnology. Here, we describe the development of a high yielding cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) platform for NSAA incorporation from crude extracts of genomically recoded Escherichia coli lacking release factor 1. We used genome engineering to construct synthetic organisms that, upon cell lysis, lead to improved extract performance. We targeted five potential negative effectors to be disabled: the nuclease genes rna, rnb, csdA, mazF, and endA. Using our most productive extract from strain MCJ.559 (csdA(-) endA(-)), we synthesized 550±40 μg mL(-1) of modified superfolder green fluorescent protein containing p-acetyl-L-phenylalanine. This yield was increased to ∼1300 μg mL(-1) when using a semicontinuous method. Our work has implications for using whole genome editing for CFPS strain development, expanding the chemistry of biological systems, and cell-free synthetic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok Hoon Hong
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Tech E-136, Evanston, IL 60208 (USA)
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Srinivasarao M, Galliford CV, Low PS. Principles in the design of ligand-targeted cancer therapeutics and imaging agents. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2015; 14:203-19. [DOI: 10.1038/nrd4519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 476] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Generating Site-Specifically Modified Proteins via a Versatile and Stable Nucleophilic Carbon Ligation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 22:293-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2014.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2014] [Revised: 11/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Agarwal P, Bertozzi CR. Site-specific antibody-drug conjugates: the nexus of bioorthogonal chemistry, protein engineering, and drug development. Bioconjug Chem 2015; 26:176-92. [PMID: 25494884 PMCID: PMC4335810 DOI: 10.1021/bc5004982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 447] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
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Antibody–drug
conjugates (ADCs) combine the specificity
of antibodies with the potency of small molecules to create targeted
drugs. Despite the simplicity of this concept, generation of clinically
successful ADCs has been very difficult. Over the past several decades,
scientists have learned a great deal about the constraints on antibodies,
linkers, and drugs as they relate to successful construction of ADCs.
Once these components are in hand, most ADCs are prepared by nonspecific
modification of antibody lysine or cysteine residues with drug-linker
reagents, which results in heterogeneous product mixtures that cannot
be further purified. With advances in the fields of bioorthogonal
chemistry and protein engineering, there is growing interest in producing
ADCs by site-specific conjugation to the antibody, yielding more homogeneous
products that have demonstrated benefits over their heterogeneous
counterparts in vivo. Here, we chronicle the development
of a multitude of site-specific conjugation strategies for assembly
of ADCs and provide a comprehensive account of key advances and their
roots in the fields of bioorthogonal chemistry and protein engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paresh Agarwal
- Departments of Chemistry and ‡Molecular and Cell Biology and §Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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Naganathan S, Ray-Saha S, Park M, Tian H, Sakmar TP, Huber T. Multiplex detection of functional G protein-coupled receptors harboring site-specifically modified unnatural amino acids. Biochemistry 2015; 54:776-86. [PMID: 25524496 PMCID: PMC4310623 DOI: 10.1021/bi501267x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
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We developed a strategy for identifying
positions in G protein-coupled
receptors that are amenable to bioorthogonal modification with a peptide
epitope tag under cell culturing conditions. We introduced the unnatural
amino acid p-azido-l-phenylalanine (azF)
into human CC chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) at site-specific amber codon
mutations. We then used strain-promoted azide–alkyne [3+2]
cycloaddition to label the azF-CCR5 variants with a FLAG peptide epitope-conjugated
aza-dibenzocyclooctyne (DBCO) reagent. A microtiter plate-based sandwich
fluorophore-linked immunosorbent assay was used to probe simultaneously
the FLAG epitope and the receptor using infrared dye-conjugated antibodies
so that the extent of DBCO incorporation, corresponding nominally
to labeling efficiency, could be quantified ratiometrically. The extent
of incorporation of DBCO at the various sites was evaluated in the
context of a recent crystal structure of maraviroc-bound CCR5. We
observed that labeling efficiency varied dramatically depending on
the topological location of the azF in CCR5. Interestingly, position
109 in transmembrane helix 3, located in a hydrophobic cavity on the
extracellular side of the receptor, was labeled most efficiently.
Because the bioorthogonal labeling and detection strategy described
might be used to introduce a variety of different peptide epitopes
or fluorophores into engineered expressed receptors, it might prove
to be useful for a wide range of applications, including single-molecule
detection studies of receptor trafficking and signaling mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saranga Naganathan
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Signal Transduction, The Rockefeller University , New York, New York 10065, United States
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