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el Bahhaj F, Dekker FJ, Martinet N, Bertrand P. Delivery of epidrugs. Drug Discov Today 2014; 19:1337-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2014.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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202
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Analysis of interaction property of calycosin-7-O-β-d-glucoside with human gut microbiota. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 963:16-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2013] [Revised: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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203
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Tsuei J, Chau T, Mills D, Wan YJY. Bile acid dysregulation, gut dysbiosis, and gastrointestinal cancer. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2014; 239:1489-504. [PMID: 24951470 DOI: 10.1177/1535370214538743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Because of increasingly widespread sedentary lifestyles and diets high in fat and sugar, the global diabetes and obesity epidemic continues to grow unabated. A substantial body of evidence has been accumulated which associates diabetes and obesity to dramatically higher risk of cancer development, particularly in the liver and gastrointestinal tract. Additionally, diabetic and obese individuals have been shown to suffer from dysregulation of bile acid (BA) homeostasis and dysbiosis of the intestinal microbiome. Abnormally elevated levels of cytotoxic secondary BAs and a pro-inflammatory shift in gut microbial profile have individually been linked to numerous enterohepatic diseases including cancer. However, recent findings have implicated a detrimental interplay between BA dysregulation and intestinal dysbiosis that promotes carcinogenesis along the gut-liver axis. This review seeks to examine the currently investigated interactions between the regulation of BA metabolism and activity of the intestinal microbiota and how these interactions can drive cancer formation in the context of diabesity. The precarcinogenic effects of BA dysregulation and gut dysbiosis including excessive inflammation, heightened oxidative DNA damage, and increased cell proliferation are discussed. Furthermore, by focusing on the mediatory roles of BA nuclear receptor farnesoid x receptor, ileal transporter apical sodium dependent BA transporter, and G-coupled protein receptor TGR5, this review attempts to connect BA dysregulation, gut dysbiosis, and enterohepatic carcinogenesis at a mechanistic level. A better understanding of the intricate interplay between BA homeostasis and gut microbiome can yield novel avenues to combat the impending rise in diabesity-related cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Tsuei
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California at Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA 95831, USA
| | - Thinh Chau
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California at Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA 95831, USA
| | - David Mills
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Department of Viticulture and Enology, Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Yu-Jui Yvonne Wan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California at Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA 95831, USA
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204
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Biasi F, Deiana M, Guina T, Gamba P, Leonarduzzi G, Poli G. Wine consumption and intestinal redox homeostasis. Redox Biol 2014; 2:795-802. [PMID: 25009781 PMCID: PMC4085343 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2014.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Regular consumption of moderate doses of wine is an integral part of the Mediterranean diet, which has long been considered to provide remarkable health benefits. Wine's beneficial effect has been attributed principally to its non-alcoholic portion, which has antioxidant properties, and contains a wide variety of phenolics, generally called polyphenols. Wine phenolics may prevent or delay the progression of intestinal diseases characterized by oxidative stress and inflammation, especially because they reach higher concentrations in the gut than in other tissues. They act as both free radical scavengers and modulators of specific inflammation-related genes involved in cellular redox signaling. In addition, the importance of wine polyphenols has recently been stressed for their ability to act as prebiotics and antimicrobial agents. Wine components have been proposed as an alternative natural approach to prevent or treat inflammatory bowel diseases. The difficulty remains to distinguish whether these positive properties are due only to polyphenols in wine or also to the alcohol intake, since many studies have reported ethanol to possess various beneficial effects. Our knowledge of the use of wine components in managing human intestinal inflammatory diseases is still quite limited, and further clinical studies may afford more solid evidence of their beneficial effects.
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Key Words
- AKT, serine/threonine protein kinase (v-akt murine thimoma viral oncogene homolog1)
- Antioxidants
- CD, Crohns disease
- COX-2, cyclooxygenase-2
- Cys, cysteine
- DSS, dextran sodium sulfate
- ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase
- GRP, grape reaction product
- GSH, reduced glutathione
- Gut
- IBD, inflammatory bowel disease
- IFN, interferon
- IKB, inhibitor of NF-κB
- IL, interleukin
- Inflammation
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase
- NADPH, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate reduced
- NF-κB, nuclear factor-κB
- Nrf2, nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2
- Oxidative stress
- PGE-2, prostaglandin E-2
- Polyphenols
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SIRT-1, silent mating type information regulation-1
- TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha
- UC, Ulcerative Colitis
- Wine
- apoB48, apolipoprotein B48
- iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiorella Biasi
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin at San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, Orbassano, Turin 10043, Italy
| | - Monica Deiana
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari 09124, Italy
| | - Tina Guina
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin at San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, Orbassano, Turin 10043, Italy
| | - Paola Gamba
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin at San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, Orbassano, Turin 10043, Italy
| | - Gabriella Leonarduzzi
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin at San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, Orbassano, Turin 10043, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Poli
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin at San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, Orbassano, Turin 10043, Italy
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205
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Resveratrol induced inhibition of Escherichia coli proceeds via membrane oxidation and independent of diffusible reactive oxygen species generation. Redox Biol 2014; 2:865-72. [PMID: 25009788 PMCID: PMC4087184 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2014.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Resveratrol (5-[(E)-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethenyl]benzene-1,3-diol), a redox active phytoalexin with a large number of beneficial activities is also known for antibacterial property. However the mechanism of action of resveratrol against bacteria remains unknown. Due to its extensive redox property it was envisaged if reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation by resveratrol could be a reason behind its antibacterial activity. Employing Escherichia coli as a model organism we have evaluated the role of diffusible reactive oxygen species in the events leading to inhibition of this organism by resveratrol. Evidence for the role of ROS in E. coli treated with resveratrol was investigated by direct quantification of ROS by flow cytometry, supplementation with ROS scavengers, depletion of intracellular glutathione, employing mutants devoid of enzymatic antioxidant defences, induction of adaptive response prior to resveratrol challenge and monitoring oxidative stress response elements oxyR, soxS and soxR upon resveratrol treatment. Resveratrol treatment did not result in scavengable ROS generation in E. coli cells. However, evidence towards membrane damage was obtained by potassium leakage (atomic absorption spectrometry) and propidium iodide uptake (flow cytometry and microscopy) as an early event. Based on the comprehensive evidences this study concludes for the first time the antibacterial property of resveratrol against E. coli does not progress via the diffusible ROS but is mediated by site-specific oxidative damage to the cell membrane as the primary event. Resveratrol possesses antibacterial property among a myriad of properties. However the reasons behind its antibacterial property remains poorly understood. We investigated the role of its redox property against the bacterium Escherichia coli. We reveal the process is free of diffusible reactive oxygen species (ROS). The initial event encompasses membrane damage.
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206
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A rosemary extract rich in carnosic acid selectively modulates caecum microbiota and inhibits β-glucosidase activity, altering fiber and short chain fatty acids fecal excretion in lean and obese female rats. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94687. [PMID: 24733124 PMCID: PMC3986085 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Carnosic acid (CA) and rosemary extracts (RE) show body-weight, energy metabolism and inflammation regulatory properties in animal models but the mechanisms are not yet understood. Gut microbiota plays an important role in the host metabolism and inflammatory status and is modulated by the diet. The aim of this research was to investigate whether a RE enriched in CA affected caecum microbiota composition and activity in a rat model of genetic obesity. Methods and Principal Findings A RE (40% CA) was administered with the diet (0.5% w/w) to lean (fa/+) and obese (fa/fa) female Zucker rats for 64 days. Changes in the microbiota composition and β-glucosidase activity in the caecum and in the levels of macronutrients and short chain fatty acids (SCFA) in feces were examined. The RE increased the Blautia coccoides and Bacteroides/Prevotella groups and reduced the Lactobacillus/Leuconostoc/Pediococccus group in both types of animals. Clostridium leptum was significantly decreased and Bifidobacterium increased only in the lean rats. β-Glucosidase activity was significantly reduced and fecal fiber excretion increased in the two genotypes. The RE also increased the main SCFA excreted in the feces of the obese rats but decreased them in the lean rats reflecting important differences in the uptake and metabolism of these molecules between the two genotypes. Conclusions Our results indicate that the consumption of a RE enriched in CA modifies microbiota composition and decreases β-glucosidase activity in the caecum of female Zucker rats while it increases fiber fecal elimination. These results may contribute to explain the body weight gain reducing effects of the RE. The mutated leptin receptor of the obese animals significantly affects the microbiota composition, the SCFA fecal excretion and the host response to the RE intake.
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207
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Qiao Y, Sun J, Xia S, Tang X, Shi Y, Le G. Effects of resveratrol on gut microbiota and fat storage in a mouse model with high-fat-induced obesity. Food Funct 2014; 5:1241-9. [PMID: 24722352 DOI: 10.1039/c3fo60630a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have investigated the anti-obesity effect of resveratrol, but the pathways through which resveratrol resists obesity are not clear. In the present study, we hypothesize that resveratrol exerts anti-obesity effects that are likely mediated by mechanisms of regulating gut microbes, and in turn, improving fat storage and metabolism. Gut microbes, glucose and lipid metabolism in high-fat diet (HF) mice in vivo are investigated after resveratrol treatment. Several biochemical markers are measured. Fluorescence in situ hybridization and flow cytometry are used to monitor and quantify the changes in gut microbiota. The key genes related to fat storage and metabolism in the liver and visceral adipose tissues are measured by real-time PCR. The results show that resveratrol (200 mg per kg per day) significantly lowers both body and visceral adipose weights, and reduces blood glucose and lipid levels in HF mice. Resveratrol improves the gut microbiota dysbiosis induced by the HF diet, including increasing the Bacteroidetes-to-Firmicutes ratios, significantly inhibiting the growth of Enterococcus faecalis, and increasing the growth of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium. Furthermore, resveratrol significantly increases the fasting-induced adipose factor (Fiaf, a key gene negatively regulated by intestinal microbes) expression in the intestine. Resveratrol significantly decreases mRNA expression of Lpl, Scd1, Ppar-γ, Acc1, and Fas related to fatty acids synthesis, adipogenesis and lipogenesis, which may be driven by increased Fiaf expression. The Pearson's correlation coefficient shows that there is a negative correlation between the body weight and the ratios of Bacteroidetes-to-Firmicutes. Therefore, resveratrol mediates the composition of gut microbes, and in turn, through the Fiaf signaling pathway, accelerates the development of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.
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208
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Tomé-Carneiro J, Larrosa M, González-Sarrías A, Tomás-Barberán FA, García-Conesa MT, Espín JC. Resveratrol and clinical trials: the crossroad from in vitro studies to human evidence. Curr Pharm Des 2014; 19:6064-93. [PMID: 23448440 PMCID: PMC3782695 DOI: 10.2174/13816128113199990407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 324] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Resveratrol (3,5,4’-trihydroxy-trans-stilbene) is a non-flavonoid polyphenol that may be present in a limited number of food-stuffs such as grapes and red wine. Resveratrol has been reported to exert a plethora of health benefits through many different mechanisms of action. This versatility and presence in the human diet have drawn the worldwide attention of many research groups over the past twenty years, which has resulted in a huge output of in vitro and animal (preclinical) studies. In line with this expectation, many resveratrol-based nutraceuticals are consumed all over the world with questionable clinical/scientific support. In fact, the confirmation of these benefits in humans through randomized clinical trials is still very limited. The vast majority of preclinical studies have been performed using assay conditions with a questionable extrapolation to humans, i.e. too high concentrations with potential safety concerns (adverse effects and drug interactions), short-term exposures, in vitro tests carried out with non-physiological metabolites and/or concentrations, etc. Unfortunately, all these hypothesis-generating studies have contributed to increased the number of ‘potential’ benefits and mechanisms of resveratrol but confirmation in humans is very limited. Therefore, there are many issues that should be addressed to avoid an apparent endless loop in resveratrol research. The so-called ‘Resveratrol Paradox’, i.e., low bioavailability but high bioactivity, is a conundrum not yet solved in which the final responsible actor (if any) for the exerted effects has not yet been unequivocally identified. It is becoming evident that resveratrol exerts cardioprotective benefits through the improvement of inflammatory markers, atherogenic profile, glucose metabolism and endothelial function. However, safety concerns remain unsolved regarding chronic consumption of high RES doses, specially in medicated people. This review will focus on the currently available evidence regarding resveratrol’s effects on humans obtained from randomized clinical trials. In addition, we will provide a critical outlook for further research on this molecule that is evolving from a minor dietary compound to a possible multi-target therapeutic drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joao Tomé-Carneiro
- Research Group of Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, CEBAS-CSIC, 30100 Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.
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209
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Zhang W, Jiang S, Qian D, Shang EX, Duan JA. Effect of liquiritin on human intestinal bacteria growth: metabolism and modulation. Biomed Chromatogr 2014; 28:1271-7. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2013] [Revised: 12/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization; Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine; Najing People's Republic of China
| | - Shu Jiang
- Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization; Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine; Najing People's Republic of China
| | - Dawei Qian
- Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization; Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine; Najing People's Republic of China
| | - Er-xin Shang
- Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization; Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine; Najing People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-ao Duan
- Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization; Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine; Najing People's Republic of China
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210
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Cardona F, Andrés-Lacueva C, Tulipani S, Tinahones FJ, Queipo-Ortuño MI. Benefits of polyphenols on gut microbiota and implications in human health. J Nutr Biochem 2014; 24:1415-22. [PMID: 23849454 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2013.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 969] [Impact Index Per Article: 96.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Revised: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The biological properties of dietary polyphenols are greatly dependent on their bioavailability that, in turn, is largely influenced by their degree of polymerization. The gut microbiota play a key role in modulating the production, bioavailability and, thus, the biological activities of phenolic metabolites, particularly after the intake of food containing high-molecular-weight polyphenols. In addition, evidence is emerging on the activity of dietary polyphenols on the modulation of the colonic microbial population composition or activity. However, although the great range of health-promoting activities of dietary polyphenols has been widely investigated, their effect on the modulation of the gut ecology and the two-way relationship "polyphenols ↔ microbiota" are still poorly understood. Only a few studies have examined the impact of dietary polyphenols on the human gut microbiota, and most were focused on single polyphenol molecules and selected bacterial populations. This review focuses on the reciprocal interactions between the gut microbiota and polyphenols, the mechanisms of action and the consequences of these interactions on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Cardona
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones Biomédicas del Hospital Virgen de la Victoria (FIMABIS), Málaga, Spain.
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211
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Supplementation of the diet with Salecan attenuates the symptoms of colitis induced by dextran sulphate sodium in mice. Br J Nutr 2014; 111:1822-9. [PMID: 24480400 DOI: 10.1017/s000711451300442x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
As a water-soluble extracellular β-glucan produced by Agrobacterium sp. ZX09, Salecan has an excellent toxicological profile and exerts multiple physiological effects. The aims of the present study were to investigate the protective effects of a Salecan diet in the well-defined dextran sulphate sodium (DSS) model of experimental murine colitis and to elucidate the mechanism involved in its effects with special attention being paid to its effect on the production of TNF-α, a primary mediator involved in the inflammatory response. Male C57BL/6J mice were fed a diet supplemented with either 4 or 8 % Salecan for 26 d and DSS was administered to induce acute colitis during the last 5 d of the experimental period. Several clinical and inflammatory parameters as well as mRNA expression of TNF-α and Dectin-1 were evaluated. The results indicated that the dietary incorporation of Salecan attenuated the severity of DSS colitis as evidenced by the decreased disease activity index, reduced severity of anaemia, attenuated changes in colon architecture and reduced colonic myeloperoxidase activity. This protection was associated with the down-regulation of TNF-α mRNA levels, which might derive from its ability to increase Dectin-1 mRNA levels. In conclusion, the present study suggests that Salecan contributes to the reduction of colonic damage and inflammation in mice with DSS-induced colitis and holds promise as a new, effective nutritional supplement in the management of inflammatory bowel disease.
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212
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Etxeberria U, Fernández-Quintela A, Milagro FI, Aguirre L, Martínez JA, Portillo MP. Impact of polyphenols and polyphenol-rich dietary sources on gut microbiota composition. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:9517-33. [PMID: 24033291 DOI: 10.1021/jf402506c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Gut microbiota plays a key role in host physiology and metabolism. Indeed, the relevance of a well-balanced gut microbiota composition to an individual's health status is essential for the person's well-being. Currently, investigations are focused on analyzing the effects of pre- and probiotics as new therapeutic tools to counteract the disruption of intestinal bacterial balance occurring in several diseases. Polyphenols exert a wide range of beneficial health effects. However, although specific attention has been paid in recent years to the function of this "biological entity" in the metabolism of polyphenols, less is known about the modulatory capacity of these bioactive compounds on gut microbiota composition. This review provides an overview of the latest investigations carried out with pure polyphenols, extracts rich in polyphenols, and polyphenol-rich dietary sources (such as cocoa, tea, wine, soy products, and fruits) and critically discusses the consequences to gut microbiota composition which are produced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usune Etxeberria
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Physiology and Toxicology, University of Navarra , 31008 Pamplona, Spain
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213
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da Silva JK, Cazarin CBB, Colomeu TC, Batista ÂG, Meletti LM, Paschoal JAR, Bogusz Júnior S, Furlan MF, Reyes FGR, Augusto F, Maróstica Júnior MR, de Lima Zollner R. Antioxidant activity of aqueous extract of passion fruit (Passiflora edulis) leaves: In vitro and in vivo study. Food Res Int 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2012.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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214
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215
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Moriasi C, Subramaniam D, Awasthi S, Ramalingam S, Anant S. Prevention of colitis-associated cancer: natural compounds that target the IL-6 soluble receptor. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2013; 12:1221-38. [PMID: 22583410 DOI: 10.2174/187152012803833080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Revised: 01/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The risk of developing colorectal cancer increases in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and a growing body of evidence shows the critical role of interleukin (IL-6) in this process. IL-6 is both a pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine whose effects are mediated through activation of STAT3. Recent studies have also demonstrated that IL-6 trans-signaling through its soluble receptor occurs in IBD and cancer. IL-6 trans-signaling therefore is emerging as an attractive approach to diminish the inflammatory signals in conditions of chronic inflammation. The purpose of cancer chemoprevention is to either delay the onset or progression from precancerous lesions. Natural compounds because of their low toxicity render themselves excellent candidates that can be administered over the lifetime of an individual. With the focus of managing IBD over a long time and preventing onset of colitis-associated cancer, we believe that there should be increased research focus on identifying chemopreventive compounds that can render themselves to long term use possibly for the lifetime of predisposed individuals. Here, we review the role of IL-6 signaling in IBD and colitis-associated cancer and underscore the importance of searching for natural compounds that would target the IL-6 trans-signaling pathway as a way to diminish chronic inflammatory conditions in the gastrointestinal tract and possibly hamper the progression to colon cancer. We propose that effective screening and identification of natural chemopreventive compounds that target IL-6 trans-signaling has important implications for the development of optimal strategies against cancer development triggered by inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cate Moriasi
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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216
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Dong F, Zhang L, Hao F, Tang H, Wang Y. Systemic responses of mice to dextran sulfate sodium-induced acute ulcerative colitis using 1H NMR spectroscopy. J Proteome Res 2013; 12:2958-66. [PMID: 23651354 DOI: 10.1021/pr4002383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The interplay between genetic mutation and environmental factors is believed to contribute to the etiology of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). While focused attention has been paid to the aforementioned research, time-specific and organ-specific metabolic changes associated with IBD are still lacking. Here, we induced acute ulcerative colitis in mice by providing water containing 3% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) for 7 days and investigated the metabolic changes of plasma, urine, and a range of biological tissues by employing a (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabonomics approach with complementary information on serum clinical chemistry and histopathology. We found that DSS-induced acute ulcerative colitis leads to significant elevations in the levels of amino acids in plasma and decreased levels in the membrane-related metabolites and a range of nucleotides, nucleobases, and nucleosides in the colon. In addition, acute-colitis-induced elevations in the levels of nucleotides in the liver were observed, accompanied by reduced levels of glucose. DSS-induced acute colitis also resulted in increased levels of oxidized glutathione and attenuated levels of taurine in the spleen. Furthermore, acute colitis resulted in depletion in the levels of gut microbial cometabolites in urine along with an increase in citric acid cycle intermediates. These findings suggest that DSS-induced acute colitis causes a disturbance of lipid and energy metabolism, damage to the colon and liver, a promoted antioxidative and anti-inflammatory response, and perturbed gut microbiotal communities. The information obtained here provided details of the time-dependent and holistic metabolic changes in the development of the DSS-induced acute ulcerative colitis, which could be useful in discovery of novel therapeutic targets for management of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangcong Dong
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, Wuhan Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, People's Republic of China
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217
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Examination of the Anti-Inflammatory, Antioxidant, and Xenobiotic-Inducing Potential of Broccoli Extract and Various Essential Oils during a Mild DSS-Induced Colitis in Rats. ISRN GASTROENTEROLOGY 2013; 2013:710856. [PMID: 23533793 PMCID: PMC3603549 DOI: 10.1155/2013/710856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Phytogenic compounds with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties are currently discussed as promising complementary agents in prevention and treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Our study aimed to evaluate possible protective and curative effects of broccoli extract (BE) and of the essential oils of turmeric (Cuo), thyme (To), and rosemary (Ro) in a rat model with a mild dextran sulphate sodium- (DSS-) induced colitis. Therefore Wistar rats were fed a diet without an additive (Con) or diets with the addition of BE, Cuo, To, and Ro during the whole experiment. Pretreatment with Ro, Cuo, and To increased the expression of the tight junction protein Cldn3. All additives reduced mRNA of VCAM-1 which plays a crucial role in the first state of inflammatory response. Only Ro pretreatment affected the expression of the antioxidant enzymes HO1, GPx2, and of glutathione-S-transferases. All additives counteracted the DSS-induced rise in COX2 and VCAM-1 expression. Colonic IL-10 was increased by Cuo, To, and Ro. During the recovery phase DSS pretreatment increased NFκB, VCAM-1, and MCP-1: This response was counter-regulated by all additives. We conclude that the phytogenic additives tested have a promising anti-inflammatory potential in vivo and a particular role in the prevention of IBD.
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218
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Lee YK. Effects of diet on gut microbiota profile and the implications for health and disease. BIOSCIENCE OF MICROBIOTA FOOD AND HEALTH 2013; 32:1-12. [PMID: 24936357 PMCID: PMC4034294 DOI: 10.12938/bmfh.32.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Gut microbes are present in large concentrations on the human intestinal mucosal surface
and play important roles in health and disease of the host. Numerous groups of gut
microbes are associated with immunological and metabolic diseases and in maintaining
health status of the host. Among these health- and disease-associated gut microbes,
Bacteroides, Clostridium and Bifidobacterium appear
regularly in the list. Scientific and clinical evidence available to date indicates that
diet is a major driving factor for the establishment of the gut microbiome. Slow
digestible carbohydrates (human milk glycan, inulin and fructooligosaccharide), insoluble
complex carbohydrates and protein diets favor the growth of Bacteroides,
Clostridium and Bifidobacterium. Fat on the other hand
suppresses the number of Bacteroides, Clostridium and
Bifidobacterium; whereas polyphenols in general suppress
Bacteroides and Clodtridium but enhance the
Bifodobacterium. The implication is that dietary habits could be a
major determinant of health and disease susceptibility. Dietary strategies could be an
effective means of potentially inducing changes in intestinal microbiota and are certainly
achievable, thus facilitating correction of intestinal microbiome aberrations or
imbalances to improve our health. Most of the physiological and functional interactions
between individual dietary components and the concoction of foods in a meal and gut
microbiota have not yet been well studied. A concerted effort is required to acquire
better understanding of their interaction in order to rationally maintain our intestinal
microbiome homeostasis and general health through dietary intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Kun Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, 117597 Singapore
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219
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Montella R, Coïsson JD, Travaglia F, Locatelli M, Malfa P, Martelli A, Arlorio M. Bioactive compounds from hazelnut skin (Corylus avellana L.): Effects on Lactobacillus plantarum P17630 and Lactobacillus crispatus P17631. J Funct Foods 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2012.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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220
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Landete JM. Updated knowledge about polyphenols: functions, bioavailability, metabolism, and health. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2012; 52:936-48. [PMID: 22747081 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2010.513779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Polyphenols are important constituents of food products of plant origin. Fruits, vegetables, and beverages are the main sources of phenolic compounds in the human diet. These compounds are directly related to sensory characteristics of foods such as flavor, astringency and color. Polyphenols are extensively metabolized both in tissues and by the colonic microbiota. Normally, the circulating polyphenols are glucuronidated and/or sulphated and no free aglycones are found in plasma. The presence of phenolic compounds in the diet is beneficial to health due to their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and vasodilating properties. The health effects of polyphenols depend on the amount consumed and their bioavailability. Moreover, polyphenols are able to kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, or protozoans. Some dietary polyphenols may have significant effects on the colonic flora providing a type of prebiotic effect. The anti-nutrient properties of polyphenols are also discussed in this paper. The antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, vasodilating, and prebiotic properties of polyphenols make them potential functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Landete
- Departamento de Biotecnología de Alimentos, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Paterna, (Valencia), España.
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221
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Selma MV, Larrosa M, Beltrán D, Lucas R, Morales JC, Tomás-Barberán F, Espín JC. Resveratrol and some glucosyl, glucosylacyl, and glucuronide derivatives reduce Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella Typhimurium, and Listeria monocytogenes Scott A adhesion to colonic epithelial cell lines. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:7367-7374. [PMID: 22762450 DOI: 10.1021/jf203967u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The efficacy of resveratrol and some glucosyl, glucosylacyl, and glucuronide derivatives in inhibiting the adhesion of Salmonella Typhimurium, Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Listeria monocytogenes Scott A to Caco-2 and HT-29 colonic cells was investigated. The three bacteria strains were capable of adhering to both colonic epithelial cell lines, which responded by producing the pro-inflammatory interleukin 8 (IL-8). Adhesion inhibition of E. coli O157:H7 and S. Typhimurium to colonic cells was ≥60 and ≥40%, respectively, when resveratrol and most of the resveratrol derivatives were applied. Lower adhesion inhibition was observed for the bacteria with higher adherence potential, L. monocytogenes (≥20%). Resveratrol-3-O-(6'-O-butanoyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside (BUT) (50 and 100 μM) and resveratrol-3-O-(6'-O-octanoyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside (OCT) (50 μM) reduced IL-8 secretion by 100%. These results suggest that one mechanism for the beneficial attributes of resveratrol and especially the derivatives BUT and OCT could be the ability to reduce the adhesion and consequent pro-inflammatory cytokine production in intestinal epithelial cells in response to pathogen adhesion. The potential use of these compounds in the prevention of foodborne infections, intestinal homeostasis loss, and inflammatory bowel diseases could be another step in finding coadjuvants or alternatives to antibiotic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- María V Selma
- Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC , 30100 Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
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222
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Azorín-Ortuño M, Yañéz-Gascón MJ, Pallarés FJ, Rivera J, González-Sarrías A, Larrosa M, Vallejo F, García-Conesa MT, Tomás-Barberán F, Espín JC. A dietary resveratrol-rich grape extract prevents the developing of atherosclerotic lesions in the aorta of pigs fed an atherogenic diet. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:5609-5620. [PMID: 22594392 DOI: 10.1021/jf301154q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The presence of grape and wine polyphenol resveratrol (RES) in the diet is negligible. Therefore, the cardiovascular benefits of this molecule, in a dietary context, remain to be established. We aimed to investigate, through dietary intervention, the effects of a resveratrol-rich grape extract (GE-RES) on the prevention of early aortic lesions in pigs fed an atherogenic diet (AD). These effects were compared with those produced by a grape extract lacking RES (GE) or RES alone. Pigs fed the AD for 4 months showed early atherosclerotic lesions in the thoracic aorta: degeneration and fragmentation of elastic fibers, increase of intima thickness, subendothelial fibrosis, and accumulation of fatty cells and anion superoxide radicals. GE-RES was the most effective treatment and prevented the disruption of aortic elastic fibers, decreased their alteration (57%), and reduced the intima thickness (33%) and the accumulation of fatty cells (42%) and O(2)(•-) (38%) in aortic tissue. In addition, GE-RES moderately downregulated the expression of the suppressors of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1) and 3 (SOCS3), key regulators of vascular cell responses, in peripheral mononuclear blood cells. Our results suggest that the consumption of this GE-RES nutraceutical, in a dietary prevention context, could prevent early atherosclerotic events. The presence of RES in the grape extract strengthened these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Azorín-Ortuño
- Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC, 30100 Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
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223
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Tomé-Carneiro J, Gonzálvez M, Larrosa M, García-Almagro FJ, Avilés-Plaza F, Parra S, Yáñez-Gascón MJ, Ruiz-Ros JA, García-Conesa MT, Tomás-Barberán FA, Espín JC. Consumption of a grape extract supplement containing resveratrol decreases oxidized LDL and ApoB in patients undergoing primary prevention of cardiovascular disease: A triple-blind, 6-month follow-up, placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Mol Nutr Food Res 2012; 56:810-21. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201100673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joao Tomé-Carneiro
- Research Group on Quality; Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods; Department of Food Science and Technology; CEBAS-CSIC; Murcia; Spain
| | - Manuel Gonzálvez
- Cardiology Service; Morales Meseguer University Hospital; Murcia; Spain
| | - Mar Larrosa
- Research Group on Quality; Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods; Department of Food Science and Technology; CEBAS-CSIC; Murcia; Spain
| | | | | | - Soledad Parra
- Clinical Analyses Service; Virgen de La Arrixaca University Hospital; Murcia; Spain
| | - María J. Yáñez-Gascón
- Research Group on Quality; Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods; Department of Food Science and Technology; CEBAS-CSIC; Murcia; Spain
| | - José A. Ruiz-Ros
- Cardiology Service; Morales Meseguer University Hospital; Murcia; Spain
| | - María T. García-Conesa
- Research Group on Quality; Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods; Department of Food Science and Technology; CEBAS-CSIC; Murcia; Spain
| | - Francisco A. Tomás-Barberán
- Research Group on Quality; Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods; Department of Food Science and Technology; CEBAS-CSIC; Murcia; Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Espín
- Research Group on Quality; Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods; Department of Food Science and Technology; CEBAS-CSIC; Murcia; Spain
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224
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Gyawali R, Ibrahim SA. Impact of plant derivatives on the growth of foodborne pathogens and the functionality of probiotics. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 95:29-45. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4117-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Revised: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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225
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Liao W, Wei H, Wang X, Qiu Y, Gou X, Zhang X, Zhou M, Wu J, Wu T, Kou F, Zhang Y, Bian Z, Xie G, Jia W. Metabonomic variations associated with AOM-induced precancerous colorectal lesions and resveratrol treatment. J Proteome Res 2012; 11:3436-48. [PMID: 22519469 DOI: 10.1021/pr300284h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Resveratrol (Res), 3,5,4'-trihydroxy-trans-stilbene, is an antioxidant found in the skin of red grapes and in several other plants. This phenolic compound has been recently reported to possess cancer chemopreventive activity that inhibits the process of carcinogenesis. However, the mechanisms underlying its anticancer effects remain largely unresolved. In this study, we investigated the chemoprotective effects of dietary Res in an azoxymethane (AOM) induced precancerous colorectal lesion model in male Wistar rats. The metabolic alterations in urine, sera, and colonic tissues of experimental rats perturbed by AOM intervention as well as the Res treatment were measured by a gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOFMS) analysis. Significant alterations of metabolites were observed in AOM group in urine, sera, and colonic tissues, which were attenuated by Res treatment and concurrent with the histopathological improvement with significantly decreased aberrant crypt foci (ACF) incidence. Representative metabolites include depleted glucose, β-hydroxybutyrate (ketone body), hypoxanthine, and elevated branched chain amino acids (isoleucine and valine) and tryptophan in colonic tissue, as well as elevated serum aminooxyacetate and urinary 4-hydroxyphenylacetate and xanthurenate. These metabolic changes suggest that the preventive effect of Res is associated with attenuation of impaired glucose and lipid metabolism and elevated protein breakdown in colonic tissues from AOM-exposed rats. It also appears that Res induced significant metabolic alterations independent of the AOM-induced metabolic changes. The significantly altered metabolites identified in Res-AOM group relative to AOM group include arachidonate, linoleate, glutamate, docosahexaenoate, palmitelaidate, 2-aminobutyrate, pyroglutamate, and threonate, all of which are involved in inflammation and oxidation processes. This suggests that Res exerts the chemopreventive effects on ACF formation by anti-inflammatory and antioxidant mechanisms in addition to amelioration of AOM-induced mitochondrial disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Liao
- Center for Chinese Medical Therapy and Systems Biology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Shanghai 201204, China
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226
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Makimura Y, Ito K, Kuwahara M, Tsubone H. Augmented activity of the pelvic nerve afferent mediated by TRP channels in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis of rats. J Vet Med Sci 2012; 74:1007-13. [PMID: 22498929 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.11-0547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteritis has been recognized as a major symptom in domestic animals and human patients suffering from feed and food poisonings. The aim of the present study was to clarify the excitatory mechanism of the pelvic nerve afferent which may influence the occurrence of enteritis in response to nociceptive chemical stimuli of the colon in normal and abnormal rats with colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). The pelvic nerve afferent activity was markedly increased by colonic instillation of solution (0.5 ml) of acetic acid (5-25%) and capsaicin (100 μg/ml). The nerve activity was augmented by colonic instillation of capsaicin to a greater extent in rats with DSS-induced colitis than in normal control rats. This augmented activity by capsaicin was more prominent at one day (DSS-1) than at 8 day (DSS-8) after the administration of DSS. The increased nerve activity caused by capsaicin in DSS-1 and DSS-8 was significantly inhibited by pretreatment with ruthenium red, which is a nonselective inhibitor of TRP channels of unmyelinated C-fibers (nociceptors). In conclusion, it was elucidated that the nociceptive function of the pelvic nerve was largely elevated at one day after DSS-induced colitis and such increased function was mostly mediated by TRP channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukitoshi Makimura
- Department of Comparative Pathophysiology, Division of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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227
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Rahal K, Schmiedlin-Ren P, Adler J, Dhanani M, Sultani V, Rittershaus AC, Zhu J, McKenna BJ, Zimmermann EM, Christman GM, Zimmermann EM. Resveratrol has antiinflammatory and antifibrotic effects in the peptidoglycan-polysaccharide rat model of Crohn's disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2012; 18:613-23. [PMID: 22431488 PMCID: PMC3433226 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.21843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Accepted: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resveratrol has antiinflammatory and antifibrotic effects. Resveratrol decreases proliferation and collagen synthesis by intestinal smooth muscle cells. We hypothesized that resveratrol would decrease inflammation and fibrosis in an animal model of Crohn's disease. METHODS Peptidoglycan-polysaccharide (PG-PS) or human serum albumin (HSA) was injected into the bowel wall of Lewis rats at laparotomy. Resveratrol or vehicle was administered daily by gavage 1-27 days postinjection. On day 28, gross abdominal and histologic findings were scored. Cecal collagen content was measured by colorimetric analysis of digital images of trichrome-stained sections. Cecal levels of procollagen, cytokine, and growth factor mRNAs were determined. RESULTS PG-PS-injected rats (vehicle-treated) developed more fibrosis than HSA-injected rats by all measurements: gross abdominal score (P < 0.001), cecal collagen content (P = 0.04), and procollagen I and III mRNAs (P ≤ 0.0007). PG-PS-injected rats treated with 40 mg/kg resveratrol showed a trend toward decreased gross abdominal score, inflammatory cytokine mRNAs, and procollagen mRNAs. PG-PS-injected rats treated with 100 mg/kg resveratrol had lower inflammatory cytokine mRNAs (IL-1β [3.50 ± 1.08 vs. 10.79 ± 1.88, P = 0.005], IL-6 [17.11 ± 9.22 vs. 45.64 ± 8.83, P = 0.03], tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) [0.80 ± 0.14 vs. 1.89 ± 0.22, P = 0.002]), transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) mRNA (2.24 ± 0.37 vs. 4.06 ± 0.58, P = 0.01), and histologic fibrosis score (6.4 ± 1.1 vs. 9.8 ± 1.0; P = 0.035) than those treated with vehicle. There were trends toward decreased gross abdominal score and decreased cecal collagen content. Procollagen I, procollagen III, and IGF-I mRNAs also trended downward. CONCLUSIONS Resveratrol decreases inflammatory cytokines and TGF-β1 in the PG-PS model of Crohn's disease and demonstrates a promising trend in decreasing tissue fibrosis. These findings may have therapeutic applications in inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinan Rahal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, Now at the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, Temple, Texas
| | - Phyllissa Schmiedlin-Ren
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Jeremy Adler
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Muhammad Dhanani
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Victoria Sultani
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, Now at the Ohio State University College of Medicine
| | | | - Ji Zhu
- Department of Statistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Barbara J. McKenna
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Ellen M. Zimmermann
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
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228
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Garcia P, Schmiedlin-Ren P, Mathias JS, Tang H, Christman GM, Zimmermann EM. Resveratrol causes cell cycle arrest, decreased collagen synthesis, and apoptosis in rat intestinal smooth muscle cells. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2012; 302:G326-35. [PMID: 22052016 PMCID: PMC3287405 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00083.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
One of the most difficult and treatment-resistant complications of Crohn's disease is the development of fibrotic intestinal strictures due to mesenchymal cell hyperplasia and collagen deposition. Resveratrol, a phytoalexin found in berries, peanuts, grapes, and red wine, has been shown to inhibit fibrosis in vasculature, heart, lung, kidney, liver, and esophagus in animal models. Resveratrol has also been shown to inhibit oxidation, inflammation, and cell proliferation and to decrease collagen synthesis in several cell types or animal models. The aim of this study was to determine whether resveratrol has antifibrotic effects on intestinal smooth muscle cells. Responses to resveratrol by cultured smooth muscle cells isolated from colons of untreated Lewis rats were examined; this rat strain is used in a model of Crohn's disease with prominent intestinal fibrosis. A relative decrease in cell numbers following treatment with 50 and 100 μM resveratrol was evident at 24 h (P ≤ 0.005). This effect was largely due to cell cycle arrest, with an increase in the percent of cells in S phase from 8 to 25-35% (P < 0.05). Cell viability was unchanged until 2-3 days of treatment when there was a 1.2- to 5.0-fold increase in the percent of apoptotic cells, depending on the assay (P < 0.05). Expression of collagen type I protein was decreased following treatment with resveratrol for 24 h (to 44 and 25% of control levels with 50 and 100 μM resveratrol, respectively; P < 0.05). Expression of procollagen types I and III mRNA was also decreased with resveratrol treatment. Resveratrol (50 μM) diminished the proliferative response to TGF-β₁ (P = 0.02) as well as IGF-I-stimulated collagen production (P = 0.02). Thus resveratrol decreases intestinal smooth muscle cell numbers through its effects on cell cycle arrest and apoptosis and also decreases collagen synthesis by the cells. These effects could be useful in preventing the smooth muscle cell hyperplasia and collagen deposition that characterize stricture formation in Crohn's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Garcia
- 1Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine and
| | | | - Jason S. Mathias
- 1Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine and
| | - Huaijing Tang
- 2Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Gregory M. Christman
- 2Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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229
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Lakhan SE, Kirchgessner A. Gut microbiota and sirtuins in obesity-related inflammation and bowel dysfunction. J Transl Med 2011; 9:202. [PMID: 22115311 PMCID: PMC3235071 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-9-202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2011] [Accepted: 11/24/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a chronic disease characterized by persistent low-grade inflammation with alterations in gut motility. Motor abnormalities suggest that obesity has effects on the enteric nervous system (ENS), which controls virtually all gut functions. Recent studies have revealed that the gut microbiota can affect obesity and increase inflammatory tone by modulating mucosal barrier function. Furthermore, the observation that inflammatory conditions influence the excitability of enteric neurons may add to the gut dysfunction in obesity. In this article, we discuss recent advances in understanding the role of gut microbiota and inflammation in the pathogenesis of obesity and obesity-related gastrointestinal dysfunction. The potential contribution of sirtuins in protecting or regulating the circuitry of the ENS under inflamed states is also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaheen E Lakhan
- Global Neuroscience Initiative Foundation, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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230
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Tabasco R, Sánchez-Patán F, Monagas M, Bartolomé B, Victoria Moreno-Arribas M, Peláez C, Requena T. Effect of grape polyphenols on lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria growth: Resistance and metabolism. Food Microbiol 2011; 28:1345-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2011.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2011] [Revised: 05/18/2011] [Accepted: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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231
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Boddicker RL, Whitley EM, Davis JE, Birt DF, Spurlock ME. Low-dose dietary resveratrol has differential effects on colorectal tumorigenesis in adiponectin knockout and wild-type mice. Nutr Cancer 2011; 63:1328-38. [PMID: 21958119 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2011.607538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is associated with a decrease in the antiinflammatory hormone, adiponectin, and increases in the circulating concentrations of multiple proinflammatory cytokines. These changes contribute to colon tumorigenesis. Resveratrol increases adiponectin production in adipocytes and attenuates the development of colon cancer. Thus, we hypothesized that adiponectin is an integral component of the mechanism by which resveratrol antagonizes colorectal tumorigenesis. To investigate this, we induced tumorigenesis in adiponectin knockout (KO) and wild-type (Wt) C57BL/6 mice through combined azoxymethane and dextran sodium sulfate treatment during which mice were fed a high-fat, lard-based diet, or the same diet containing 20 mg/kg resveratrol. After 14 wk on diet, Wt mice gained more weight and, on a percentage basis, had higher fat mass and lower lean mass than KO mice. Resveratrol tended to attenuate this response in male Wt mice. Resveratrol also tended to reduce aberrant crypt foci development and decrease circulating interleukin 6 and insulin concentrations in male but not female Wt mice. Taken together, resveratrol improved overall health of obese Wt but not KO mice as hypothesized with a differential sex response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Boddicker
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition and Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
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232
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González-Sarrías A, Gromek S, Niesen D, Seeram NP, Henry GE. Resveratrol oligomers isolated from Carex species inhibit growth of human colon tumorigenic cells mediated by cell cycle arrest. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:8632-8638. [PMID: 21761862 DOI: 10.1021/jf201561e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Research has shown that members of the Carex genus produce biologically active stilbenoids including resveratrol oligomers. This is of great interest to the nutraceutical industry given that resveratrol, a constituent of grape and red wine, has attracted immense research attention due to its potential human health benefits. In the current study, five resveratrol oligomers (isolated from Carex folliculata and Carex gynandra ), along with resveratrol, were evaluated for antiproliferative effects against human colon cancer (HCT-116, HT-29, Caco-2) and normal human colon (CCD-18Co) cells. The resveratrol oligomers included one dimer, two trimers, and two tetramers: pallidol (1); α-viniferin (2) and trans-miyabenol C (3); and kobophenols A (4) and B (5), respectively. Although not cytotoxic, the resveratrol oligomers (1-5), as well as resveratrol, inhibited growth of the human colon cancer cells. Among the six stilbenoids, α-viniferin (2) was most active against the colon cancer cells with IC(50) values of 6-32 μM (>2-fold compared to normal colon cells). Moreover, α-viniferin (at 20 μM) did not induce apoptosis but arrested cell cycle (in the S-phase) for the colon cancer but not the normal colon cells. This study adds to the growing body of knowledge supporting the anticancer effects of resveratrol and its oligomers. Furthermore, Carex species should be investigated for their nutraceutical potential given that they produce biologically active stilbenoids such as α-viniferin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio González-Sarrías
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
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233
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Azorín-Ortuño M, Yáñez-Gascón MJ, González-Sarrías A, Larrosa M, Vallejo F, Pallarés FJ, Lucas R, Morales JC, Tomás-Barberán FA, García-Conesa MT, Espín JC. Effects of long-term consumption of low doses of resveratrol on diet-induced mild hypercholesterolemia in pigs: a transcriptomic approach to disease prevention. J Nutr Biochem 2011; 23:829-37. [PMID: 21852083 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2011.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2011] [Revised: 03/28/2011] [Accepted: 04/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) have risen to alarming proportions, and there is a need for therapeutic and preventive measures. The polyphenol resveratrol (RES) protects against CVDs, but in vivo molecular mechanisms responsible for protection are not yet understood. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNCs) are involved in the development of atherosclerosis and metabolic disorders. The identification of PBMNCs genes responding to dietary compounds might help to understand the mechanisms underlying the effects of polyphenols. We determined gene expression differences between PBMNCs from pigs fed a high-fat diet manifesting a mild increase of cholesterol and pigs fed a high-fat diet containing low doses of RES. Although the consumption of RES did not modify the levels of cholesterol, microarray analyses indicated that some of the differentially expressed genes, collagens (COL1A, COL3A), lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and fatty-acid binding proteins (FABPs) involved in CVDs and lipid metabolism were up-regulated by the high-fat diet and down-regulated by RES. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction confirmed that RES and RES-containing grape extract prevented the induction of FABP4 in PBMNCs in female pigs fed a high-fat diet. Low micromolar concentrations of RES and its metabolite dihydroresveratrol exerted a minor but significant reducing effect on the induction of FABP4 expression in human macrophages treated with oxidized low-density lipoprotein. Our results show that the consumption of low doses of RES modulates the expression of genes related to lipid metabolism and metabolic disorders that are affected by a high-fat diet and suggest that some of the circulating RES metabolites may contribute to these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Azorín-Ortuño
- Department Food Science and Technology, Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, CEBAS-CSIC, P.O. Box 164, 30100 Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
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Jeong JY, Silver M, Parnes A, Nikiforow S, Berliner N, Vanasse GJ. Resveratrol ameliorates TNFα-mediated suppression of erythropoiesis in human CD34(+) cells via modulation of NF-κB signalling. Br J Haematol 2011; 155:93-101. [PMID: 21762122 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2011.08800.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Overexpression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), has been implicated in the pathogenesis of anaemia of inflammation. TNFα suppresses erythroid colony formation via both direct and indirect effects on haematopoietic progenitors, often involving activation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB signalling resulting in downregulation of transcription factors critical for erythropoiesis. There is a dearth of effective and safe therapies for many patients with inflammatory anaemia. Resveratrol is a flavanol found in red wine grapes that possesses potent anti-inflammatory properties, but studies of its impact on human erythropoiesis have proven contradictory. We investigated whether resveratrol ameliorates TNFα-mediated suppression of erythropoiesis in human CD34(+) haematopoietic progenitors. We found that resveratrol partially reverses the erythroid suppressive effects of TNFα, leading to significant recovery in burst forming unit-erythroid colony formation in human CD34(+) cells. CD34(+) cells pre-incubated with resveratrol for 72 h in the presence of TNFα inhibited NF-κB activation via decreased NF-κB nuclear localization without altering total NF-κB protein levels and independent of IκB degradation. Resveratrol also significantly restored the baseline expression of erythroid transcription factors NFE2 and the GATA1/GATA2 ratio in CD34(+) cells treated with TNFα. In conclusion, resveratrol may inhibit TNFα-mediated NF-κB activation and promote erythropoiesis in primary human CD34(+) cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jee-Yeong Jeong
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Di R, Huang MT, Ho CT. Anti-inflammatory activities of mogrosides from Momordica grosvenori in murine macrophages and a murine ear edema model. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:7474-7481. [PMID: 21631112 DOI: 10.1021/jf201207m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Momordica grosvenori (Luo Han Guo), grown primarily in Guangxi province in China, has been traditionally used for thousands of years by the Chinese to make hot drinks for the treatment of sore throat and the removal of phlegm. The natural noncaloric sweetening triterpenoid glycosides (mogrosides) contained in the M. grosvenori fruits are also antioxidative, anticarcinogenic, and helpful in preventing diabetic complications. The aim of this study was to assess the anti-inflammatory properties of mogrosides in both murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells and a murine ear edema model. The results indicate that mogrosides can inhibit inflammation induced by lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in RAW 264.7 cells by down-regulating the expression of key inflammatory genes iNOS, COX-2, and IL-6 and up-regulating some inflammation protective genes such as PARP1, BCL2l1, TRP53, and MAPK9. Similarly, in the murine ear edema model, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced inflammation was inhibited by mogrosides by down-regulating COX-2 and IL-6 and up-regulating PARP1, BCL2l1, TRP53, MAPK9, and PPARδ gene expression. This study shows that the anticancer and antidiabetic effects of M. grosvenori may result in part from its anti-inflammatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Di
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
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What is new for an old molecule? Systematic review and recommendations on the use of resveratrol. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19881. [PMID: 21698226 PMCID: PMC3116821 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 321] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2011] [Accepted: 04/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Resveratrol is a natural compound suggested to have beneficial health effects. However, people are consuming resveratrol for this reason without having the adequate scientific evidence for its effects in humans. Therefore, scientific valid recommendations concerning the human intake of resveratrol based on available published scientific data are necessary. Such recommendations were formulated after the Resveratrol 2010 conference, held in September 2010 in Helsingør, Denmark. Methodology Literature search in databases as PubMed and ISI Web of Science in combination with manual search was used to answer the following five questions: 1Can resveratrol be recommended in the prevention or treatment of human diseases?; 2Are there observed “side effects” caused by the intake of resveratrol in humans?; 3What is the relevant dose of resveratrol?; 4What valid data are available regarding an effect in various species of experimental animals?; 5Which relevant (overall) mechanisms of action of resveratrol have been documented? Conclusions/Significance The overall conclusion is that the published evidence is not sufficiently strong to justify a recommendation for the administration of resveratrol to humans, beyond the dose which can be obtained from dietary sources. On the other hand, animal data are promising in prevention of various cancer types, coronary heart diseases and diabetes which strongly indicate the need for human clinical trials. Finally, we suggest directions for future research in resveratrol regarding its mechanism of action and its safety and toxicology in human subjects.
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Pérez-Berezo T, Franch A, Ramos-Romero S, Castellote C, Pérez-Cano FJ, Castell M. Cocoa-enriched diets modulate intestinal and systemic humoral immune response in young adult rats. Mol Nutr Food Res 2011; 55 Suppl 1:S56-66. [PMID: 21462334 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201000588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2010] [Revised: 02/05/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Previous studies have shown that a highly enriched cocoa diet affects both intestinal and systemic immune function in young rats. The aim of this study was to elucidate whether diets containing lower amounts of cocoa could also influence the systemic and intestinal humoral immune response. METHODS AND RESULTS Fecal and serum samples were collected during the study and, at the end, intestinal washes were obtained and mesenteric lymph nodes and small-intestine walls were excised for gene expression assessment. IgA, IgM, IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b and IgG2c concentrations were quantified in serum whereas S-IgA and S-IgM were determined in feces and intestinal washes. Animals receiving 5 and 10% cocoa for 3 wk showed no age-related increase in serum IgG1 and IgG2a concentrations, and IgG2a values were significantly lower than those in reference animals. Serum IgM was also decreased by the 10% cocoa diet. The 5 and 10% cocoa diets dramatically reduced intestinal S-IgA concentration and modified the expression of several genes involved in IgA synthesis. A diet containing 2% cocoa had no effect on most of the studied variables. CONCLUSION The results demonstrate the downregulatory effect of a 5% or higher cocoa diet on the systemic and intestinal humoral immune response in adult rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Pérez-Berezo
- Departament de Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avenida Joan XXIII s/n, Barcelona, Spain
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Larrosa M, Azorín-Ortuño M, Yañez-Gascón MJ, García-Conesa MT, Tomás-Barberán F, Espín JC. Lack of effect of oral administration of resveratrol in LPS-induced systemic inflammation. Eur J Nutr 2011; 50:673-80. [PMID: 21373948 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-011-0178-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2010] [Accepted: 02/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The high mortality index due to sepsis and the lack of an effective treatment requires the search for new compounds that can serve as therapy for this disease. Resveratrol, a well-known anti-inflammatory natural compound, might be a good candidate for the treatment of sepsis. The aim of this work was to study the effects of oral administration of resveratrol, before and after sepsis initiation, on inflammation markers in a murine model of endotoxin-induced sepsis. METHODS Sprague-Dawley male rats were treated with resveratrol the 3 days prior to LPS administration and 45 min later. Hematological parameters, TNF-α, IL-1β and CINC-1, FRAP and TBARS levels were determined. Resveratrol and resveratrol-derived metabolites profile in plasma was compared after oral and intraperitoneal administration. RESULTS Oral treatment with resveratrol had no apparent systemic protective effects. However, resveratrol reduced the levels of lipid peroxidation in the small intestine and colon. Importantly, the administration of LPS caused a decrease in resveratrol absorption. When resveratrol bioavailability after i.p. administration was compared to that observed after oral administration, a different profile of resveratrol metabolites was found in plasma. CONCLUSION These results highlight the importance of studying the bioavailability of the assayed compounds in the experimental models used to be able to choose the best route of administration depending on the target organ and to determine which compounds or derived metabolites are effective treating the studied disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Larrosa
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus de Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain.
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Hervert-Hernández D, Goñi I. Dietary Polyphenols and Human Gut Microbiota: a Review. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2010.535233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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González-Barrio R, Truchado P, Ito H, Espín JC, Tomás-Barberán FA. UV and MS identification of Urolithins and Nasutins, the bioavailable metabolites of ellagitannins and ellagic acid in different mammals. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:1152-62. [PMID: 21265540 DOI: 10.1021/jf103894m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Urolithins are microbial metabolites produced from ellagic acid after the intake of dietary ellagitannins by different animals. Urolithin metabolites have distinct UV spectra that enable their detection and differentiation by HPLC coupled with UV photodiode array detectors. Correlations between structural characteristics, including conjugation, with the UV spectra and retention times are established. The production of urolithin derivatives in different animals feeding on ellagitannins, including rodents (rats and mice), humans, pigs, squirrels, beavers, sheep, bull calves, birds, and insects, was investigated. All mammals produced urolithins, and their glucuronyl and sulfate conjugates were the main metabolites detected in plasma and urine. Unconjugated urolithins were detected in feces, ruminal content, and beaver castoreum. Different urolithin hydroxylation patterns were observed for different animal species, suggesting that the microbiota responsible for the metabolism of ellagitannins in each animal species produces dehydroxylases for the removal of specific hydroxyls from the ellagic acid residue. Metabolites were characterized using HR HPLC-TOF-MS and ion trap MS/MS. Insects and birds feeding on ellagitannin-containing foods did not produce urolithins, although they released ellagic acid. Beavers and pigs were able to produce dehydroxyellagic acid derivatives (nasutin A), showing that in some cases the removal of hydroxyl groups from the ellagic acid nucleus can be carried out before the lactone ring is opened to produce urolithins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío González-Barrio
- Research group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, CEBAS-CSIC , P.O. Box 164, Espinardo 30100, Murcia, Spain
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Benson JM, Shepherd DM. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor activation by TCDD reduces inflammation associated with Crohn's disease. Toxicol Sci 2010; 120:68-78. [PMID: 21131560 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfq360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Crohn's disease results from a combination of genetic and environmental factors that trigger an inappropriate immune response to commensal gut bacteria. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is well known for its involvement in the toxicity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), an environmental contaminant that affects people primarily through the diet. Recently, TCDD was shown to suppress immune responses by generating regulatory T cells (Tregs). We hypothesized that AhR activation dampens inflammation associated with Crohn's disease. To test this hypothesis, we utilized the 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS) murine model of colitis. Mice were gavaged with TCDD prior to colitis induction with TNBS. Several parameters were examined including colonic inflammation via histological and flow cytometric analyses. TCDD-treated mice recovered body weight faster and experienced significantly less colonic damage. Reduced levels of interleukin (IL) 6, IL-12, interferon-gamma, and tumor necrosis factor-α demonstrated suppression of inflammation in the gut following TCDD exposure. Forkhead box P3 (Foxp3)(egfp) mice revealed that TCDD increased the Foxp3+ Treg population in gut immune tissue following TNBS exposure. Collectively, these results suggest that activation of the AhR by TCDD decreases colonic inflammation in a murine model of colitis in part by generating regulatory immune cells. Ultimately, this work may lead to the development of more effective therapeutics for the treatment of Crohn's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna M Benson
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Environmental Health Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812, USA
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Bereswill S, Muñoz M, Fischer A, Plickert R, Haag LM, Otto B, Kühl AA, Loddenkemper C, Göbel UB, Heimesaat MM. Anti-inflammatory effects of resveratrol, curcumin and simvastatin in acute small intestinal inflammation. PLoS One 2010; 5:e15099. [PMID: 21151942 PMCID: PMC2997083 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2010] [Accepted: 10/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The health beneficial effects of Resveratrol, Curcumin and Simvastatin have been demonstrated in various experimental models of inflammation. We investigated the potential anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory mechanisms of the above mentioned compounds in a murine model of hyper-acute Th1-type ileitis following peroral infection with Toxoplasma gondii. Methodology/Principal Findings Here we show that after peroral administration of Resveratrol, Curcumin or Simvastatin, mice were protected from ileitis development and survived the acute phase of inflammation whereas all Placebo treated controls died. In particular, Resveratrol treatment resulted in longer-term survival. Resveratrol, Curcumin or Simvastatin treated animals displayed significantly increased numbers of regulatory T cells and augmented intestinal epithelial cell proliferation/regeneration in the ileum mucosa compared to placebo control animals. In contrast, mucosal T lymphocyte and neutrophilic granulocyte numbers in treated mice were reduced. In addition, levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 in ileum, mesenteric lymph nodes and spleen were increased whereas pro-inflammatory cytokine expression (IL-23p19, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-6, MCP-1) was found to be significantly lower in the ileum of treated animals as compared to Placebo controls. Furthermore, treated animals displayed not only fewer pro-inflammatory enterobacteria and enterococci but also higher anti-inflammatory lactobacilli and bifidobacteria loads. Most importantly, treatment with all three compounds preserved intestinal barrier functions as indicated by reduced bacterial translocation rates into spleen, liver, kidney and blood. Conclusion/Significance Oral treatment with Resveratrol, Curcumin or Simvastatin ameliorates acute small intestinal inflammation by down-regulating Th1-type immune responses and prevents bacterial translocation by maintaining gut barrier function. These findings provide novel and potential prophylaxis and treatment options of patients with inflammatory bowel diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Bereswill
- Institut für Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Melba Muñoz
- Institut für Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - André Fischer
- Institut für Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rita Plickert
- Institut für Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lea-Maxie Haag
- Institut für Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bettina Otto
- Institut für Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja A. Kühl
- Institut für Pathologie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Ulf B. Göbel
- Institut für Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus M. Heimesaat
- Institut für Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Larrosa M, Tomé-Carneiro J, Yáñez-Gascón MJ, Alcántara D, Selma MV, Beltrán D, García-Conesa MT, Urbán C, Lucas R, Tomás-Barberán F, Morales JC, Espín JC. Preventive oral treatment with resveratrol pro-prodrugs drastically reduce colon inflammation in rodents. J Med Chem 2010; 53:7365-76. [PMID: 20866032 DOI: 10.1021/jm1007006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
There is no pharmaceutical or definitive surgical cure for inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs). The naturally occurring polyphenol resveratrol exerts anti-inflammatory properties. However, its rapid metabolism diminishes its effectiveness in the colon. The design of prodrugs to targeting active molecules to the colon provides an opportunity for therapy of IBDs. Herein we explore the efficacy of different resveratrol prodrugs and pro-prodrugs to ameliorate colon inflammation in the murine dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) model. Mice fed with a very low dose (equivalent to 10 mg for a 70 kg-person) of either resveratrol-3-O-(6'-O-butanoyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside (6) or resveratrol-3-O-(6'-O-octanoyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside (7) did not develop colitis symptoms and improved 6-fold the disease activity index (DAI) compared to resveratrol. Our results indicate that these pro-prodrugs exerted a dual effect: (1) they prevented the rapid metabolism of resveratrol and delivered higher quantities of resveratrol to the colon and (2) they reduced mucosal barrier imbalance and prevented diarrhea, which consequently facilitated the action of the delivered resveratrol in the colon mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mar Larrosa
- Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC, 30100 Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
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Hong YS, Ahn YT, Park JC, Lee JH, Lee H, Huh CS, Kim DH, Ryu DH, Hwang GS. 1H NMR-based metabonomic assessment of probiotic effects in a colitis mouse model. Arch Pharm Res 2010; 33:1091-101. [PMID: 20661720 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-010-0716-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2010] [Revised: 04/25/2010] [Accepted: 04/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic profiling of the fecal extracts of male mice was carried out to assess the effects of probiotics on colonic inflammation using (1)H NMR spectroscopy coupled with multivariate data analysis. The control group (n = 5) was administered phosphate buffered saline for 14 days. Acute colitis was induced with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) for 7 days following administration of phosphate buffered saline for 7 days (DSS-treated group, n = 5). LAB + DSS-treated group (n = 5) was administered lactic acid bacteria (LAB) daily for 7 days followed by treatment with DSS for 7 days to investigate protective effect of LAB against DSS-inducible colitis. Histological damage, myeloperoxidase activity, and malondialdehyde content of colon tissue were reduced, whereas colon length increased in LAB + DSS-treated mice compared to those in DSS-treated mice. DSS treatment was associated with fecal excretion of amino acids, short chain fatty acids, and nucleotides, revealing significant decreases of threonine, alanine, glutamate, glutamine, aspartate, lysine, glycine, butyrate, uracil, and hypoxanthine together with increases of monosaccharides, glucose, and trimethylamine in the feces of mice with DSS-induced colitis. Increased levels of acetate, butyrate, and glutamine and decreased levels of trimethylamine were found in the feces of LAB + DSS-treated mice compared to DSS-treated mice alone. The increased short chain fatty acids levels in the feces of mice fed with LAB indicate that the probiotics have protective effects against DSS-induced colitis via modulation of the gut microbiota. This work highlights the possibility for alternative approach of metabonomics in feces for assessing the probiotic effect in an animal model of inflammatory bowel disease.
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Alfaras I, Pérez M, Juan ME, Merino G, Prieto JG, Planas JM, Alvarez AI. Involvement of breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP1/ABCG2) in the bioavailability and tissue distribution of trans-resveratrol in knockout mice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:4523-4528. [PMID: 20232796 DOI: 10.1021/jf9042858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
trans-Resveratrol undergoes extensive metabolism in the intestinal cells, which leads to the formation of glucuronide and sulfate conjugates. Given the important role of the breast cancer resistance protein (ABCG2/BCRP) in the efflux of conjugated forms, the present study investigates the bioavailability and tissue distribution of trans-resveratrol and its metabolites after the oral administration of 60 mg/kg in Bcrp1(-/-) mice. trans-Resveratrol and its metabolites were measured in intestinal content, plasma and tissues by HPLC. At 30 min after administration, intestinal content showed decreases of 71% and 97% of resveratrol glucuronide and sulfate, respectively, in Bcrp1(-/-), indicating a lower efflux from the enterocytes. Furthermore, the area under plasma concentration curves (AUC) of these metabolites increased by 34% and 392%, respectively, whereas a decrease in the AUC of trans-resveratrol was found. In conclusion, Bcrp1 plays an important role in the efflux of resveratrol conjugates, contributing to their bioavailability, tissue distribution and elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Alfaras
- Grup de Fisiologia i Nutricio Experimental, Departament de Fisiologia (Farmacia) and Institut de Recerca en Nutricio i Seguretat Alimentaria (INSA), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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Sánchez-Fidalgo S, Cárdeno A, Villegas I, Talero E, de la Lastra CA. Dietary supplementation of resveratrol attenuates chronic colonic inflammation in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2010; 633:78-84. [PMID: 20132809 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2009] [Revised: 12/29/2009] [Accepted: 01/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis is a nonspecific inflammatory disorder characterized by oxidative and nitrosative stress, leucocyte infiltration and upregulation of inflammatory mediators. Resveratrol is a polyphenolic compound found in grapes and wine, with multiple pharmacological actions, mainly anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antitumour and immunomodulatory activities. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of dietary resveratrol on chronic dextran sulphate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis. Six-week-old mice were randomized into two dietary groups: one standard diet and the other enriched with resveratrol at 20mg/kg of diet. After 30days, mice were exposed to 3% DSS for 5days developing acute colitis that progressed to severe chronic inflammation after 21days of water. Our results demonstrated that resveratrol group significantly attenuated the clinical signs such as loss of body weight, diarrhea and rectal bleeding improving results from disease activity index and inflammatory score. Moreover, the totality of resveratrol-fed animals survived and finished the treatment while animals fed with standard diet showed a mortality of 40%. Three weeks after DSS removal, the polyphenol caused substantial reductions of the rise of pro-inflammatory cytokines, TNF-alpha and IL-1beta and an increase of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. Also resveratrol reduced prostaglandin E synthase-1 (PGES-1), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) proteins expression, via downregulation of p38, a mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) signal pathway. We conclude that resveratrol diet represents a novel approach to the treatment of chronic intestinal inflammation.
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Singh UP, Singh NP, Singh B, Hofseth LJ, Price RL, Nagarkatti M, Nagarkatti PS. Resveratrol (trans-3,5,4'-trihydroxystilbene) induces silent mating type information regulation-1 and down-regulates nuclear transcription factor-kappaB activation to abrogate dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2009; 332:829-39. [PMID: 19940103 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.109.160838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease is a chronic, relapsing, and tissue-destructive disease. Resveratrol (3,4,5-trihydroxy-trans-stilbene), a naturally occurring polyphenol that exhibits beneficial pleiotropic health effects, is recognized as one of the most promising natural molecules in the prevention and treatment of chronic inflammatory disease and autoimmune disorders. In the present study, we investigated the effect of resveratrol on dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis in mice and found that it effectively attenuated overall clinical scores as well as various pathological markers of colitis. Resveratrol reversed the colitis-associated decrease in body weight and increased levels of serum amyloid A, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin (IL-6), and IL-1beta. After resveratrol treatment, the percentage of CD4(+) T cells in mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) of colitis mice was restored to normal levels, and there was a decrease in these cells in the colon lamina propria (LP). Likewise, the percentages of macrophages in MLN and the LP of mice with colitis were decreased after resveratrol treatment. Resveratrol also suppressed cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression induced in DSS-exposed mice. Colitis was associated with a decrease in silent mating type information regulation-1 (SIRT1) gene expression and an increase in p-inhibitory kappaB expression and nuclear transcription factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) activation. Resveratrol treatment of mice with colitis significantly reversed these changes. This study demonstrates for the first time that SIRT1 is involved in colitis, functioning as an inverse regulator of NF-kappaB activation and inflammation. Furthermore, our results indicate that resveratrol may protect against colitis through up-regulation of SIRT1 in immune cells in the colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udai P Singh
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
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248
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Bisht K, Wagner KH, Bulmer AC. Curcumin, resveratrol and flavonoids as anti-inflammatory, cyto- and DNA-protective dietary compounds. Toxicology 2009; 278:88-100. [PMID: 19903510 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2009.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2009] [Revised: 10/29/2009] [Accepted: 11/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Numerous dietary compounds, ubiquitous in fruits, vegetables and spices have been isolated and evaluated during recent years for their therapeutic potential. These compounds include flavonoid and non-flavonoid polyphenols, which describe beneficial effects against a variety of ailments. The notion that these plant products have health promoting effects emerged because their intake was related to a reduced incidence of cancer, cardiovascular, neurological, respiratory, and age-related diseases. Exposure of the body to a stressful environment challenges cell survival and increases the risk of chronic disease developing. The polyphenols afford protection against various stress-induced toxicities through modulating intercellular cascades which inhibit inflammatory molecule synthesis, the formation of free radicals, nuclear damage and induce antioxidant enzyme expression. These responses have the potential to increase life expectancy. The present review article focuses on curcumin, resveratrol, and flavonoids and seeks to summarize their anti-inflammatory, cytoprotective and DNA-protective properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavita Bisht
- Heart Foundation Research Centre, Faculty of Health, Griffith University, Parklands Drive, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia
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249
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Selma MV, Espín JC, Tomás-Barberán FA. Interaction between phenolics and gut microbiota: role in human health. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2009; 57:6485-501. [PMID: 19580283 DOI: 10.1021/jf902107d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 862] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Dietary phenolic compounds are often transformed before absorption. This transformation modulates their biological activity. Different studies have been carried out to understand gut microbiota transformations of particular polyphenol types and identify the responsible microorganisms. Although there are potentially thousands of different phenolic compounds in the diet, they are typically transformed to a much smaller number of metabolites. The aim of this review was to discuss the current information about the microbial degradation metabolites obtained from different phenolics and their formation pathways, identifying their differences and similarities. The modulation of gut microbial population by phenolics was also reviewed in order to understand the two-way phenolic-microbiota interaction. Clostridium and Eubacterium genera, which are phylogenetically associated, are other common elements involved in the metabolism of many phenolics. The health benefits from phenolic consumption should be attributed to their bioactive metabolites and also to the modulation of the intestinal bacterial population.
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Affiliation(s)
- María V Selma
- Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC, Murcia, Spain
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250
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Jung CM, Heinze TM, Schnackenberg LK, Mullis LB, Elkins SA, Elkins CA, Steele RS, Sutherland JB. Interaction of dietary resveratrol with animal-associated bacteria. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2009; 297:266-73. [PMID: 19566680 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2009.01691.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Resveratrol (3,5,4'-trihydroxy-trans-stilbene), an antifungal phytoalexin produced by grapes, peanuts, and Japanese knotweeds, is thought to be a beneficial dietary phytochemical in red wine and grape juice. Information on its antibacterial properties and biotransformation, however, is limited. We surveyed the interactions of resveratrol with 43 strains of bacterial species that are often animal- or human-associated. Resveratrol at 50 mg L(-1) reduced the growth rates of most of the bacteria tested, but did not totally prevent growth even at much higher levels. Eleven of the 43 bacteria were capable of transforming at least 20% of the resveratrol. Three major metabolites were identified as resveratroloside, piceid, and dihydroresveratrol, and three other metabolites were partially characterized.
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