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Abstract
Robert Weiss (1973) conceptualised loneliness as perceived social isolation, which he described as a gnawing, chronic disease without redeeming features. On the scale of everyday life, it is understandable how something as personally aversive as loneliness could be regarded as a blight on human existence. However, evolutionary time and evolutionary forces operate at such a different scale of organisation than we experience in everyday life that personal experience is not sufficient to understand the role of loneliness in human existence. Research over the past decade suggests a very different view of loneliness than suggested by personal experience, one in which loneliness serves a variety of adaptive functions in specific habitats. We review evidence on the heritability of loneliness and outline an evolutionary theory of loneliness, with an emphasis on its potential adaptive value in an evolutionary timescale.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T Cacioppo
- a Center for Cognitive and Social Neuroscience , University of Chicago , Chicago , IL , USA
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202
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Lee SA, Yeh R, Surething NA. Neuroticism and Depressive Symptomatology: The Mediating Influence of College Student Floccinaucinihilipilification. JOURNAL OF COLLEGE COUNSELING 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/j.2161-1882.2013.00031.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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203
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Liu H, Shi J, Liu Y, Sheng Z. The moderating role of attachment anxiety on social network site use intensity and social capital. Psychol Rep 2013; 112:252-65. [PMID: 23654041 DOI: 10.2466/21.02.17.pr0.112.1.252-265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the moderating role of attachment anxiety on the relationship between intensity of social network site use and bridging, bonding, and maintained social capital. Data from 322 undergraduate Chinese students were collected. Hierarchical regression analyses showed positive relationships between online intensity of social network site use and the three types of social capital. Moreover, attachment anxiety moderated the effect of intensity of social network site use on social capital. Specifically, for students with lower attachment anxiety, the relationships between intensity of social network site use and bonding and bridging social capital were stronger than those with higher attachment anxiety. The result suggested that social network sites cannot improve highly anxiously attached individuals' social capital effectively; they may need more face-to-face communications.
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204
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Wilson JB, Gardner BC, Brosi MW, Topham GL, Busby DM. Dyadic Adult Attachment Style and Aggression Within Romantic Relationships. JOURNAL OF COUPLE & RELATIONSHIP THERAPY 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/15332691.2013.779185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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205
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Moreno MA, Jelenchick LA, Kota R. Exploring Depression Symptom References on Facebook among College Freshmen: A Mixed Methods Approach. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/ojd.2013.23008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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206
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Maunder
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X5.
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207
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VanderWeele TJ, Hawkley LC, Cacioppo JT. On the reciprocal association between loneliness and subjective well-being. Am J Epidemiol 2012; 176:777-84. [PMID: 23077285 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kws173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Loneliness has been shown to longitudinally predict subjective well-being. The authors used data from a longitudinal population-based study (2002-2006) of non-Hispanic white, African-American, and nonblack Latino-American persons born between 1935 and 1952 and living in Cook County, Illinois. They applied marginal structural models for time-varying exposures to examine the magnitude and persistence of the effects of loneliness on subjective well-being and of subjective well-being on loneliness. Their results indicate that, if interventions on loneliness were made 1 and 2 years prior to assessing final subjective well-being, then only the intervention 1 year prior would have an effect (standardized effect = -0.29). In contrast, increases in subjective well-being 1 year prior (standardized effect = -0.26) and 2 years prior (standardized effect = -0.13) to assessing final loneliness would both have an effect on an individual's final loneliness. These effects persist even after control is made for depressive symptoms, social support, and psychiatric conditions and medications as time-varying confounders. Results from this study indicate an asymmetrical and persistent feedback of fairly substantial magnitude between loneliness and subjective well-being. Mechanisms responsible for the asymmetry are discussed. Developing interventions for loneliness and subjective well-being could have substantial psychological and health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J VanderWeele
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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208
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Jenkins-Guarnieri MA, Wright SL, Hudiburgh LM. The relationships among attachment style, personality traits, interpersonal competency, and Facebook use. JOURNAL OF APPLIED DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appdev.2012.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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209
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Wright KB, Rosenberg J, Egbert N, Ploeger NA, Bernard DR, King S. Communication competence, social support, and depression among college students: a model of facebook and face-to-face support network influence. JOURNAL OF HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2012; 18:41-57. [PMID: 23030518 DOI: 10.1080/10810730.2012.688250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the influence of the social networking site Facebook and face-to-face support networks on depression among (N = 361) college students. The authors used the Relational Health Communication Competence Model as a framework for examining the influence of communication competence on social support network satisfaction and depression. Moreover, they examined the influence of interpersonal and social integrative motives as exogenous variables. On the basis of previous work, the authors propose and test a theoretical model using structural equation modeling. The results indicated empirical support for the model, with interpersonal motives predicting increased face-to-face and computer-mediated competence, increased social support satisfaction with face-to-face and Facebook support, and lower depression scores. The implications of the findings for theory, key limitations, and directions for future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin B Wright
- Department of Communication, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri 63108, USA.
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210
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Abstract
The goal of this study was to characterize loneliness among adolescents with respect to socioeconomic level, sex, and mothers' and fathers' education. General information about the 400 adolescents and their families were obtained. The UCLA Loneliness Scale was administered. Results of a hierarchical multiple regression showed that mothers' educational level explained a slight but statistically significant amount of variance in adolescents' loneliness scores while sex, socioeconomic level and fathers' educational level did not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aynur Bütün Ayhan
- Department of Child Development, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ankara University.
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211
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A Meta-Analytic Review of Prevalence of Postpartum Depression and its Related Factors: Social Support and Parenting Stress. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.15703/kjc.13.1.201202.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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212
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Luo Y, Hawkley LC, Waite LJ, Cacioppo JT. Loneliness, health, and mortality in old age: a national longitudinal study. Soc Sci Med 2012; 74:907-14. [PMID: 22326307 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 705] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Revised: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the relationship between loneliness, health, and mortality using a U.S. nationally representative sample of 2101 adults aged 50 years and over from the 2002 to 2008 waves of the Health and Retirement Study. We estimated the effect of loneliness at one point on mortality over the subsequent six years, and investigated social relationships, health behaviors, and health outcomes as potential mechanisms through which loneliness affects mortality risk among older Americans. We operationalized health outcomes as depressive symptoms, self-rated health, and functional limitations, and we conceptualized the relationships between loneliness and each health outcome as reciprocal and dynamic. We found that feelings of loneliness were associated with increased mortality risk over a 6-year period, and that this effect was not explained by social relationships or health behaviors but was modestly explained by health outcomes. In cross-lagged panel models that tested the reciprocal prospective effects of loneliness and health, loneliness both affected and was affected by depressive symptoms and functional limitations over time, and had marginal effects on later self-rated health. These population-based data contribute to a growing literature indicating that loneliness is a risk factor for morbidity and mortality and point to potential mechanisms through which this process works.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Luo
- Department of Sociology & Anthropology, Clemson University, 130F Brackett Hall, Clemson, SC 29634, USA.
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213
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Mosher CE, Lepore SJ, Wu L, Austin J, Valdimarsdottir H, Rowley S, Isola L, Redd WH, Rini C. Social correlates of distress following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: exploring the role of loneliness and cognitive processing. J Health Psychol 2012; 17:1022-32. [PMID: 22253329 DOI: 10.1177/1359105311432490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated whether loneliness and cognitive processing explain the influence of negative (social constraints) and positive (emotional support) relationship qualities on cancer survivors' distress. Participants were 195 cancer survivors who had undergone hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Path analysis supported the hypothesis that loneliness and cognitive processing would mediate the association between social constraints and distress. Only loneliness mediated the association between emotional support and distress - an indirect effect significant only when support came from family and friends rather than a partner. Findings suggest that addressing social constraints may enhance cancer survivors' adjustment.
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214
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Dellinger-Ness LA, Handler L. Self-Injury, Gender, and Loneliness Among College Students. JOURNAL OF COLLEGE COUNSELING 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/j.2161-1882.2007.tb00014.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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215
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Lopez FG, Fons-Scheyd A. Role Balance and Depression Among College Students: The Moderating Influence of Adult Attachment Orientations. JOURNAL OF COLLEGE COUNSELING 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/j.2161-1882.2008.tb00030.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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216
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Development of Self-regulation Abilities as Predictors of Psychological Adjustment Across the First Year of College. JOURNAL OF ADULT DEVELOPMENT 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10804-011-9133-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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217
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An intervention program focused on self-understanding and interpersonal interactions to prevent psychosocial distress among Japanese university students. J Adolesc 2011; 34:929-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2010.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2010] [Revised: 12/18/2010] [Accepted: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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218
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Ponizovsky AM, Levov K, Schultz Y, Radomislensky I. Attachment insecurity and psychological resources associated with adjustment disorders. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ORTHOPSYCHIATRY 2011; 81:265-276. [PMID: 21486268 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-0025.2011.01095.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the adult attachment styles, interpersonal distance from potential attachment figures and strangers, coping strategies, perceived social support, and stress-related self-variables among patients diagnosed with adjustment disorders (AJD). Seventy patients at an outpatient clinic and 61 matched controls completed a battery of standardized questionnaires. Univariate and multivariate statistical analyses were used to evaluate the parameters of interest. Using attachment theory (J. Bowlby, 1988) and the dynamic stress-vulnerability model of depressive disorder (G. W. Brown & T. O. Harris, 1989) as the analytical frameworks, the authors hypothesized that participants with AJD would: (a) display more insecure attachment styles, (b) be less tolerant of close interpersonal proximity, (c) use more emotion-oriented coping strategies, (d) display lower self-efficacy and self-esteem, and (e) perceive less social support from family, friends, and significant others. We further hypothesized that these variables would be predictive of depressive symptoms. All of the hypotheses were confirmed. The results suggest that the insecure fearful-avoidant attachment style is associated with severe depressive symptoms in patients with AJD. However, other psychosocial factors, such as low self-esteem and poor social support from friends, were more predictive of AJD symptoms. The findings warrant further studies on the risk and protective effects of these factors in the development of AJD and other stress-induced disorders.
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219
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Del Giudice M. Sex differences in romantic attachment: a meta-analysis. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2011; 37:193-214. [PMID: 21239594 DOI: 10.1177/0146167210392789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This article presents the first meta-analysis of sex differences in the avoidance and anxiety dimensions of adult romantic attachment, based on 113 samples (N = 66,132) from 100 studies employing two-dimensional romantic attachment questionnaires (Experiences in Close Relationships, Experiences in Close Relationships-Revised, and Adult Attachment Questionnaire). Overall, males showed higher avoidance and lower anxiety than females, with substantial between-study heterogeneity. Sex differences were much larger in community samples (bivariate D = .28) than in college samples (D = .12); web-based studies showed the smallest sex differences (D = .07) in the opposite direction. Sex differences also varied across geographic regions (overall Ds = .10 to .34). Sex differences in anxiety peaked in young adulthood, whereas those in avoidance increased through the life course. The relevance of these findings for evolutionary models of romantic attachment is discussed, and possible factors leading to underestimation of sex differences are reviewed.
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220
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Schindel-Allon I, Aderka IM, Shahar G, Stein M, Gilboa-Schechtman E. Longitudinal associations between post-traumatic distress and depressive symptoms following a traumatic event: a test of three models. Psychol Med 2010; 40:1669-1678. [PMID: 20059801 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291709992248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression are highly co-morbid following a traumatic event. Nevertheless, decisive evidence regarding the direction of the relationship between these clinical entities is missing. METHOD The aim of the present study was to examine the nature of this relationship by comparing a synchronous change model (PTSD and depression are time synchronous, possibly stemming from a third common factor) with a demoralization model (i.e. PTSD symptoms causing depression) and a depressogenic model (i.e. depressive symptoms causing PTSD symptoms). Israeli adult victims of single-event traumas (n=156) were assessed on measures of PTSD and depression at 2, 4 and 12 weeks post-event. RESULTS A cross-lagged structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis provided results consistent with the synchronous change model and the depressogenic model. CONCLUSIONS Depressive symptoms may play an important role in the development of post-traumatic symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Schindel-Allon
- Psychology Department and Gonda Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Israel
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221
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Hawkley LC, Cacioppo JT. Loneliness matters: a theoretical and empirical review of consequences and mechanisms. Ann Behav Med 2010; 40:218-27. [PMID: 20652462 PMCID: PMC3874845 DOI: 10.1007/s12160-010-9210-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1941] [Impact Index Per Article: 138.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
As a social species, humans rely on a safe, secure social surround to survive and thrive. Perceptions of social isolation, or loneliness, increase vigilance for threat and heighten feelings of vulnerability while also raising the desire to reconnect. Implicit hypervigilance for social threat alters psychological processes that influence physiological functioning, diminish sleep quality, and increase morbidity and mortality. The purpose of this paper is to review the features and consequences of loneliness within a comprehensive theoretical framework that informs interventions to reduce loneliness. We review physical and mental health consequences of loneliness, mechanisms for its effects, and effectiveness of extant interventions. Features of a loneliness regulatory loop are employed to explain cognitive, behavioral, and physiological consequences of loneliness and to discuss interventions to reduce loneliness. Loneliness is not simply being alone. Interventions to reduce loneliness and its health consequences may need to take into account its attentional, confirmatory, and memorial biases as well as its social and behavioral effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise C Hawkley
- Center for Cognitive and Social Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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222
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Cantazaro A, Wei M. Adult attachment, dependence, self-criticism, and depressive symptoms: a test of a mediational model. J Pers 2010; 78:1135-62. [PMID: 20545820 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.2010.00645.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Attachment anxiety is expected to be positively associated with dependence and self-criticism. However, attachment avoidance is expected to be negatively associated with dependence but positively associated with self-criticism. Both dependence and self-criticism are expected to be related to depressive symptoms. Data were analyzed from 424 undergraduate participants at a large Midwestern university, using structural equation modeling. Results indicated that the relation between attachment anxiety and depressive symptoms was fully mediated by dependence and self-criticism, whereas the relation between attachment avoidance and depressive symptoms was partially mediated by dependence and self-criticism. Moreover, through a multiple-group comparison analysis, the results indicated that men with high levels of attachment avoidance are more likely than women to be self-critical.
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223
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Wright SL, Perrone KM. An Examination of the Role of Attachment and Efficacy in Life Satisfaction. COUNSELING PSYCHOLOGIST 2010. [DOI: 10.1177/0011000009359204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The study examined interrelationships between attachment, social self-efficacy, career decision-making self-efficacy, and life satisfaction. Social cognitive career theory and attachment theory were integrated to provide a framework for this study. A conceptual model was proposed and tested to determine if social self-efficacy and career decision self-efficacy were full or partial mediators between attachment and life satisfaction. Structural equation modeling methods were utilized to test the model. Findings indicated that social self-efficacy and career decision self-efficacy partially mediated between attachment and life satisfaction among college students, the majority of whom were Caucasian females. This lends support to the idea that adult attachment is a fundamental source of efficacy information and operates as a critical component in college students’ perceptions of their efficacy in the domains of close relationships and career decisions, both of which impact life satisfaction. Implications for practice and research are discussed.
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224
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Lamis DA, Malone PS, Langhinrichsen-Rohling J, Ellis TE. Body investment, depression, and alcohol use as risk factors for suicide proneness in college students. CRISIS 2010; 31:118-27. [PMID: 20573605 PMCID: PMC2892815 DOI: 10.1027/0227-5910/a000012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals who are less invested in their bodies, experiencing symptoms of depression, and consuming alcohol are at increased risk for engaging in suicidal behaviors. AIMS This study examined the relationships among three risk factors - body investment, depression, and alcohol use - and suicide proneness as measured by the Life Attitudes Schedule - Short Form (LAS-SF) in college students (N = 318). METHODS Path analysis was used to construct a causal model of suicide proneness. The Body Investment Scale (BIS) subscales were assumed to be causally prior to depression, which was in turn modeled as occurring prior to alcohol use, which was in turn modeled as prior to suicide proneness. RESULTS As expected, suicide proneness was positively predicted by alcohol use, alcohol use was positively predicted by depression, and depression was negatively predicted by the body image component of the BIS. Additionally, the body image-suicide proneness link was significantly mediated by depression and its direct effect on suicide proneness as well as by the two-mediator path of body image on depression on drinking on suicide proneness. CONCLUSIONS Implications are offered for the improved identification and treatment of young adults at risk for suicidal and health-diminishing behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorian A Lamis
- Psychology Department, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
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225
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Dotan-Eliaz O, Sommer KL, Rubin YS. Multilingual Groups: Effects of Linguistic Ostracism on Felt Rejection and Anger, Coworker Attraction, Perceived Team Potency, and Creative Performance. BASIC AND APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/01973530903317177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Orly Dotan-Eliaz
- a Baruch College and The Graduate Center , City University of New York ,
| | - Kristin L. Sommer
- a Baruch College and The Graduate Center , City University of New York ,
| | - Yonata S. Rubin
- a Baruch College and The Graduate Center , City University of New York ,
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226
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Marmarosh CL. Multiple attachments and group psychotherapy: implications for college counseling centers. Int J Group Psychother 2009; 59:461-90. [PMID: 19817574 DOI: 10.1521/ijgp.2009.59.4.461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A large body of literature has supported the application of attachment theory to the understanding of college student development and the process of individual psychotherapy. Despite group treatment being one of the major methods of intervention in college counseling centers, there has been very little research guided by attachment theory that has been applied to the area of group psychotherapy. Many current assessment instruments used in college counseling centers can be supported with attachment theory, and many group therapy interventions are aimed at facilitating secure working models of self, other, and groups. This paper explores the importance of personal and group attachments in group psychotherapy and specifically addresses implications for clinical training and research in university counseling centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheri L Marmarosh
- The George Washington University, Professional Psychology Program, 2300 M Street, Suite 901, Washington, DC 20013, USA.
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227
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Conceptualizations of guilt and the corresponding relationships to emotional ambivalence, self-disclosure, loneliness and alienation. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2009.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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228
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Greenland K, Scourfield J, Maxwell N, Prior L, Scourfield J. Theoretical Antecedents of Distress Disclosure in a Community Sample of Young People. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1559-1816.2009.00515.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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229
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Perceived social isolation and cognition. Trends Cogn Sci 2009; 13:447-54. [PMID: 19726219 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2009.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 909] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2009] [Revised: 06/09/2009] [Accepted: 06/11/2009] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Social species, from Drosophila melanogaster to Homo sapiens, fare poorly when isolated. Homo sapiens, an irrepressibly meaning-making species, are, in normal circumstances, dramatically affected by perceived social isolation. Research indicates that perceived social isolation (i.e. loneliness) is a risk factor for, and may contribute to, poorer overall cognitive performance, faster cognitive decline, poorer executive functioning, increased negativity and depressive cognition, heightened sensitivity to social threats, a confirmatory bias in social cognition that is self-protective and paradoxically self-defeating, heightened anthropomorphism and contagion that threatens social cohesion. These differences in attention and cognition impact on emotions, decisions, behaviors and interpersonal interactions that can contribute to the association between loneliness and cognitive decline and between loneliness and morbidity more generally.
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230
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Depressive Symptoms and Life Satisfaction Among Emerging Adults: A Comparison of High School Dropouts and Graduates. JOURNAL OF ADULT DEVELOPMENT 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s10804-009-9076-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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231
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Langan-Fox J, Sankey MJ, Canty JM. Incongruence between implicit and self-attributed achievement motives and psychological well-being: The moderating role of self-directedness, self-disclosure and locus of control. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2009.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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232
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Nebbitt V. Self-Efficacy in African American Adolescent Males Living in Urban Public Housing. JOURNAL OF BLACK PSYCHOLOGY 2009. [DOI: 10.1177/0095798409333616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
African American adolescent males are one of our nation's most vulnerable populations. They lag behind their female counterparts in education, labor market participation, and career development. Several studies have found self-efficacy (e.g., an individual's beliefs in their capabilities to produce a desired result) improves the life chances for this vulnerable population of youth. Using a sample of 213 African American adolescent males from urban public housing living in two large cities, this article assesses the role of individual, social, and community correlates in promoting or inhibiting self-efficacy in African American adolescent males. Univariate, bivariate, and sequential regression analyses were employed. The sample reported a mean age of 15.5 (SD = 2.5) years. Self-efficacy was positively correlated to attitudes toward deviance, maternal support, maternal supervision, paternal support, and social cohesion. The regression model explained 32% of the variance in self-efficacy. Parents' behavior explained most of the variants in self-efficacy. It should be noted, however, that increases in community cohesion was associated with the largest increase in self-efficacy. Implications for practice are discussed.
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233
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Draper TW, Holman TB, Grandy SR, Blake WW. Individual, demographic, and family correlates of romantic attachments in a group of American young adults. Psychol Rep 2009; 103:857-72. [PMID: 19320222 DOI: 10.2466/pr0.103.3.857-872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Relationship avoidance and anxiety scores were obtained for 590 American young adults (M age = 23.1 yr.). Canonical correlation yielded two orthogonal patterns between the avoidance and anxiety scores with individual, demographic, and family variables. Relationship avoidance was most parsimoniously related to unresolved issues with one's family of origin, having been sexually abused, and being male (canonical correlation = .33). Relationship anxiety was most parsimoniously related to unresolved issues with one's family of origin, lack of personal income, having a strong libido, being young, and being female (canonical correlation = .25). Relationship avoidance was also correlated with not having affectionate and available parents, not having a secure and loving family, high parental conflict, low parental education and income, not having grown up with both parents, family violence, and low libido. Relationship anxiety was also correlated with low personal education. Marital status, ethnicity, and religious denomination were unrelated to either construct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Draper
- School of Family Life, 2102b, Joseph F. Smith Building, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA.
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234
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Assessing patterns of adult attachment in medical patients. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2009; 31:123-30. [PMID: 19269532 DOI: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2008.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2008] [Revised: 10/16/2008] [Accepted: 10/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Patterns of adult attachment affect physical health and yet are unfamiliar to many clinicians. The purpose of this review was to derive descriptions of prototypic patterns of adult attachment that are relevant to health care. METHODS Observations from attachment research using diverse methods to measure adult attachment were reviewed. A synthetic approach was used to integrate these observations into coherent descriptions of prototypic patterns of attachment. RESULTS Four patterns of adult attachment (secure, preoccupied, dismissing and fearful) are distinguished by prototypic patterns in intimate relationships, affect regulation, use of social support, trait descriptors, mentalization and narrative coherence. These patterns are linked to health care relationships and health outcomes. CONCLUSION Prototypic descriptions of patterns of adult attachment may guide clinicians in appreciating individual differences in interpersonal style that affect the health of patients.
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235
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Tucker P, Irwin JD. University Students’ Satisfaction With, Interest in Improving, and Receptivity to Attending Programs Aimed at Health and Well-Being. Health Promot Pract 2009; 12:388-95. [DOI: 10.1177/1524839908330814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this pilot study is to investigate students’ (a) satisfaction with nine health constructs, (b) interest in improving these health areas, and (c) receptivity to participating in programming targeting these areas. The study sample is composed of 1,778 undergraduate students from a Canadian university. Students complete a five-page paper-and-pencil questionnaire assessing the above objectives along a 5-point Likert-type scale. Students are most satisfied with their social health and report their lowest satisfaction with physical activity (M = 3.16, SD = 1.09). Overall, students are most interested in enhancing their physical activity (M = 4.10, SD = 0.79), followed by both body image (M = 3.94, SD = 0.89) and dietary habits (M = 3.94, SD = 0.85), and are receptive to programs aimed at improving their level of physical activity (M = 3.62, SD = 0.98) and body image (M = 3.42, SD = 1.63). A preference for physical activity level and body image improvement among university students is revealed and should be considered of paramount importance by campus-based health promotion practitioners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Tucker
- Faculty of Health Sciences at the University of Western Ontario, Canada,
| | - Jennifer D. Irwin
- Faculty of Health Sciences at the University of Western Ontario, Canada
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236
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Levi Y, Horesh N, Fischel T, Treves I, Or E, Apter A. Mental pain and its communication in medically serious suicide attempts: an "impossible situation". J Affect Disord 2008; 111:244-50. [PMID: 18436309 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2008.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2008] [Revised: 02/26/2008] [Accepted: 02/27/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The study of near-fatal suicide attempters may provide insight into the minds of suicidal subjects. Our aim is to test the hypothesis that mental pain is a general risk factor for suicidal behavior and communication difficulties are a particular risk factor for medically serious suicidal behavior. METHODS Thirty five subjects who made medically serious suicide attempts were compared with 67 medically not serious suicide attempters and 71 healthy controls. All were interviewed with the SCID-I and completed questionnaires covering mental pain, communication difficulties and seriousness of suicide attempt. RESULT Variables from the mental pain domain (e.g. depression) predicted the presence of suicidal behavior, and variables from the communication difficulties domain (e.g., self-disclosure) predicted the lethality and seriousness of the suicide attempts. LIMITATIONS Relatively small number of patients with medically serious suicide attempt and the relatively large number of questionnaires which may to some extent have diminished informant reliability. CONCLUSIONS Problems with sharing of feelings with others are an important risk factor for near-lethal suicide, over and above the contribution of psychiatric illness and mental pain, including depression and hopelessness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yossi Levi
- The Feinberg Child Study Center, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petah Tikva, Israel and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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237
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Perceived Academic Control: mediating the effects of optimism and social support on college students’ psychological health. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY OF EDUCATION 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s11218-008-9079-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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238
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Teixeira MAP, Dias ACG, Wottrich SH, Oliveira AM. Adaptação à universidade em jovens calouros. PSICOLOGIA ESCOLAR E EDUCACIONAL 2008. [DOI: 10.1590/s1413-85572008000100013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
O primeiro ano é um período crítico para a adaptação do estudante à universidade. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi investigar, qualitativamente, a experiência de adaptação à universidade em jovens calouros em uma universidade. Participaram do estudo 14 estudantes de diferentes cursos, com idades entre 18 e 22 anos. Os sujeitos foram entrevistados individualmente e as entrevistas submetidas a uma análise fenomenológica. Quatro grandes temas emergiram da análise: Saindo de casa, Ingressando na vida acadêmica, Percebendo mudanças em si mesmo e Adaptando-se ao curso. Os resultados indicam que a adaptação à universidade entre calouros é uma experiência que traz mudanças importantes para os estudantes, e que o sucesso na adaptação depende de muitos fatores, alguns deles não ligados diretamente ao contexto acadêmico. Apesar disso, o contexto universitário tem um papel importante a desempenhar no processo de adaptação à universidade.
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239
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Wei M, Russell DW, Mallinckrodt B, Vogel DL. The Experiences in Close Relationship Scale (ECR)-short form: reliability, validity, and factor structure. J Pers Assess 2007; 88:187-204. [PMID: 17437384 DOI: 10.1080/00223890701268041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 587] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We developed a 12-item, short form of the Experiences in Close Relationship Scale (ECR; Brennan, Clark, & Shaver, 1998) across 6 studies. In Study 1, we examined the reliability and factor structure of the measure. In Studies 2 and 3, we cross-validated the reliability, factor structure, and validity of the short form measure; whereas in Study 4, we examined test-retest reliability over a 1-month period. In Studies 5 and 6, we further assessed the reliability, factor structure, and validity of the short version of the ECR when administered as a stand-alone instrument. Confirmatory factor analyses indicated that 2 factors, labeled Anxiety and Avoidance, provided a good fit to the data after removing the influence of response sets. We found validity to be equivalent for the short and the original versions of the ECR across studies. Finally, the results were comparable when we embedded the short form within the original version of the ECR and when we administered it as a stand-alone measure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meifen Wei
- Department of Psychology, Iowa State University, Ames 50011-3180, USA.
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240
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Calais SL, Carrara K, Brum MM, Batista K, Yamada JK, Oliveira JRS. Stress entre calouros e veteranos de jornalismo. ESTUDOS DE PSICOLOGIA (CAMPINAS) 2007. [DOI: 10.1590/s0103-166x2007000100008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A vida na universidade corresponde a um período no qual os indivíduos são expostos a influências psicossociais que podem desencadear situações estressoras, prejudicando a saúde e a qualidade de vida dos estudantes. Nessa perspectiva, o objetivo deste estudo foi analisar as diferenças de sintomas, níveis e presença de stress entre calouros (n=57) e veteranos (n=48), de ambos os sexos, do curso de jornalismo de uma universidade pública no interior do Estado de São Paulo. Foi aplicado aos participantes o "Inventário de Sintomas de Stress de Lipp". Dos resultados obtidos, destacam-se: predominância de stress entre as mulheres; maior número de alunos estressados e na fase de quase-exaustão no último ano; predomínio de sintomas físicos entre calouros e psicológicos entre veteranos. Pesquisas são necessárias para elaboração de políticas institucionais que promovam condições favoráveis a um melhor desenvolvimento das potencialidades acadêmicas dos alunos.
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241
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Meredith P, Strong J, Feeney JA. Adult attachment, anxiety, and pain self-efficacy as predictors of pain intensity and disability. Pain 2006; 123:146-54. [PMID: 16644132 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2006.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2005] [Revised: 02/10/2006] [Accepted: 02/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Pain self-efficacy and anxiety have each been shown to contribute substantially to pain intensity and pain-related disability. Although adult attachment theory has been related separately to chronic pain, anxiety, and self-efficacy, it has not before been investigated with either pain self-efficacy or anxiety in the context of chronic pain. This study investigated the interrelations between these aspects of the chronic pain experience and their relative contributions towards pain intensity and disability. A clinical sample of 152 chronic pain patients participated in this study, completing self-report measures of attachment, self-efficacy, pain intensity, and disability, prior to attending a multidisciplinary pain clinic. Results revealed that fearful and preoccupied (anxious) attachment categories were associated with low pain self-efficacy, while high scores on the attachment dimension of comfort with closeness were linked with high pain self-efficacy, particularly for males. Insecure attachment (whether defined in terms of categories or dimensions) was related to higher levels of anxiety. Pain self-efficacy proved a stronger predictor of pain intensity than did anxiety and was a stronger predictor of disability than pain intensity or anxiety. In addition, comfort with closeness moderated the associations between pain self-efficacy and disability, pain self-efficacy and pain intensity, and anxiety and disability. Together, these findings support the value of adopting an attachment theoretical approach in the context of chronic pain. Treatment considerations and future research directions are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Meredith
- Division of Occupational Therapy, The University of Queensland, Australia.
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242
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Zakalik RA, Wei M. Adult attachment, perceived discrimination based on sexual orientation, and depression in gay males: Examining the mediation and moderation effects. J Couns Psychol 2006. [DOI: 10.1037/0022-0167.53.3.302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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