201
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Sutinen P, Rahkama V, Rytinki M, Palvimo JJ. Nuclear mobility and activity of FOXA1 with androgen receptor are regulated by SUMOylation. Mol Endocrinol 2014; 28:1719-28. [PMID: 25127374 DOI: 10.1210/me.2014-1035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Forkhead box (FOX) protein A1 has been dubbed a pioneer transcription factor because it binds target sites in DNA, thereby displacing nucleosomes to loosen chromatin and facilitating steroid receptor DNA binding nearby. FOXA1 is an important regulator of prostate development, collaborating with androgen receptor (AR). Post-translational modifications regulating FOXA1 are thus far poorly understood. SUMOylation, post-translational modification of proteins by small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) proteins, has emerged as an important regulatory mechanism in transcriptional regulation. In this work, we show by SUMOylation assays in COS-1 cells that the FOXA1 is modified at least in two of its three lysines embedded in SUMOylation consensus, K6 and K389, in proximity to its transactivation domains and K267 proximal to its DNA-binding domain. We also provide evidence for SUMO-2/3 modification of endogenous FOXA1 in LNCaP prostate cancer cells. Based on fluorescence recovery after photobleaching assays with mCherry-fused FOXA1 and EGFP-fused AR in HEK293 cells, the presence of FOXA1 retards the nuclear mobility of agonist-bound AR. Interestingly, mutation of the FOXA1 SUMOylation sites slows down the mobility of the pioneer factor, further retarding the nuclear mobility of the AR. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and gene expression assays suggest that the mutation enhances FOXA1's chromatin occupancy as well as its activity on AR-regulated prostate-specific antigen (PSA) locus in LNCaP cells. Moreover, the mutation altered the ability of FOXA1 to influence proliferation of LNCaP cells. Taken together, these results strongly suggest that the SUMOylation can regulate the transcriptional activity of FOXA1 with the AR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Päivi Sutinen
- Institute of Biomedicine (P.S.,V.R., M.R., J.J.P.), University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio; and Department of Pathology (J.J.P.), Kuopio University of Hospital, 70029 Kuopio, Finland
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202
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Abstract
Prostate cancer is the commonest, non-cutaneous cancer in men. At present, there is no cure for the advanced, castration-resistant form of the disease. Estrogen has been shown to be important in prostate carcinogenesis, with evidence resulting from epidemiological, cancer cell line, human tissue and animal studies. The prostate expresses both estrogen receptor alpha (ERA) and estrogen receptor beta (ERB). Most evidence suggests that ERA mediates the harmful effects of estrogen in the prostate, whereas ERB is tumour suppressive, but trials of ERB-selective agents have not translated into improved clinical outcomes. The role of ERB in the prostate remains unclear and there is increasing evidence that isoforms of ERB may be oncogenic. Detailed study of ERB and ERB isoforms in the prostate is required to establish their cell-specific roles, in order to determine if therapies can be directed towards ERB-dependent pathways. In this review, we summarise evidence on the role of ERB in prostate cancer and highlight areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam W Nelson
- Cancer Research UKCambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UKDepartment of UrologyAddenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UKDame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research LaboratoriesFaculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Level 4, Hanson Institute Building, DX Number 650 801, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, AustraliaDepartment of OncologyUniversity of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UKCancer Research UKCambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UKDepartment of UrologyAddenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UKDame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research LaboratoriesFaculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Level 4, Hanson Institute Building, DX Number 650 801, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, AustraliaDepartment of OncologyUniversity of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
| | - Wayne D Tilley
- Cancer Research UKCambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UKDepartment of UrologyAddenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UKDame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research LaboratoriesFaculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Level 4, Hanson Institute Building, DX Number 650 801, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, AustraliaDepartment of OncologyUniversity of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UKCancer Research UKCambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UKDepartment of UrologyAddenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UKDame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research LaboratoriesFaculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Level 4, Hanson Institute Building, DX Number 650 801, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, AustraliaDepartment of OncologyUniversity of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
| | - David E Neal
- Cancer Research UKCambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UKDepartment of UrologyAddenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UKDame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research LaboratoriesFaculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Level 4, Hanson Institute Building, DX Number 650 801, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, AustraliaDepartment of OncologyUniversity of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UKCancer Research UKCambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UKDepartment of UrologyAddenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UKDame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research LaboratoriesFaculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Level 4, Hanson Institute Building, DX Number 650 801, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, AustraliaDepartment of OncologyUniversity of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UKCancer Research UKCambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UKDepartment of UrologyAddenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UKDame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research LaboratoriesFaculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Level 4, Hanson Institute Building, DX Number 650 801, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, AustraliaDepartment of OncologyUniversity of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
| | - Jason S Carroll
- Cancer Research UKCambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UKDepartment of UrologyAddenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UKDame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research LaboratoriesFaculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Level 4, Hanson Institute Building, DX Number 650 801, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, AustraliaDepartment of OncologyUniversity of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UKCancer Research UKCambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UKDepartment of UrologyAddenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UKDame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research LaboratoriesFaculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Level 4, Hanson Institute Building, DX Number 650 801, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, AustraliaDepartment of OncologyUniversity of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
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203
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Androgen receptor and its splice variant, AR-V7, differentially regulate FOXA1 sensitive genes in LNCaP prostate cancer cells. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 54:49-59. [PMID: 25008967 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 05/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is an androgen-dependent disease, and tumors that are resistant to androgen ablation therapy often remain androgen receptor (AR) dependent. Among the contributors to castration-resistant PCa are AR splice variants that lack the ligand-binding domain (LBD). Instead, they have small amounts of unique sequence derived from cryptic exons or from out of frame translation. The AR-V7 (or AR3) variant is constitutively active and is expressed under conditions consistent with CRPC. AR-V7 is reported to regulate a transcriptional program that is similar but not identical to that of AR. However, it is unknown whether these differences are due to the unique sequence in AR-V7, or simply to loss of the LBD. To examine transcriptional regulation by AR-V7, we have used lentiviruses encoding AR-V7 (amino acids 1-627 of AR with the 16 amino acids unique to the variant) to prepare a derivative of the androgen-dependent LNCaP cells with inducible expression of AR-V7. An additional cell line was generated with regulated expression of AR-NTD (amino acids 1-660 of AR); this mutant lacks the LBD but does not have the AR-V7 specific sequence. We find that AR and AR-V7 have distinct activities on target genes that are co-regulated by FOXA1. Transcripts regulated by AR-V7 were similarly regulated by AR-NTD, indicating that loss of the LBD is sufficient for the observed differences. Differential regulation of target genes correlates with preferential recruitment of AR or AR-V7 to specific cis-regulatory DNA sequences providing an explanation for some of the observed differences in target gene regulation.
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204
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Fujimura T, Takahashi S, Urano T, Takayama K, Sugihara T, Obinata D, Yamada Y, Kumagai J, Kume H, Ouchi Y, Inoue S, Homma Y. Expression of androgen and estrogen signaling components and stem cell markers to predict cancer progression and cancer-specific survival in patients with metastatic prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20:4625-35. [PMID: 24987058 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-1105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Genes of androgen and estrogen signaling cells and stem cell-like cells play crucial roles in prostate cancer. This study aimed to predict clinical failure by identifying these prostate cancer-related genes. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We developed models to predict clinical failure using biopsy samples from a training set of 46 and an independent validation set of 30 patients with treatment-naïve prostate cancer with bone metastasis. Cancerous and stromal tissues were separately collected by laser-captured microdissection. We analyzed the association between clinical failure and mRNA expression of the following genes androgen receptor (AR) and its related genes (APP, FOX family, TRIM 36, Oct1, and ACSL 3), stem cell-like molecules (Klf4, c-Myc, Oct 3/4, and Sox2), estrogen receptor (ER), Her2, PSA, and CRP. RESULTS Logistic analyses to predict prostate-specific antigen (PSA) recurrence showed an area under the curve (AUC) of 1.0 in both sets for Sox2, Her2, and CRP expression in cancer cells, AR and ERα expression in stromal cells, and clinical parameters. We identified 10 prognostic factors for cancer-specific survival (CSS): Oct1, TRIM36, Sox2, and c-Myc expression in cancer cells; AR, Klf4, and ERα expression in stromal cells; and PSA, Gleason score, and extent of disease. On the basis of these factors, patients were divided into favorable-, intermediate-, and poor-risk groups according to the number of factors present. Five-year CSS rates for the 3 groups were 90%, 32%, and 12% in the training set and 75%, 48%, and 0% in the validation set, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Expression levels of androgen- and estrogen signaling components and stem cell markers are powerful prognostic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Fujimura
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Satou Takahashi
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, The Nihon University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Urano
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Anti-Aging Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenichi Takayama
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Anti-Aging Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toru Sugihara
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Obinata
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, The Nihon University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuta Yamada
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jimpei Kumagai
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruki Kume
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuyoshi Ouchi
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Inoue
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Anti-Aging Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukio Homma
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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205
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DeGraff DJ, Grabowska MM, Case T, Yu X, Herrick MK, Hayward W, Strand DW, Cates JM, Hayward SW, Gao N, Walter MA, Buttyan R, Yi Y, Kaestner KH, Matusik RJ. FOXA1 deletion in luminal epithelium causes prostatic hyperplasia and alteration of differentiated phenotype. J Transl Med 2014; 94:726-39. [PMID: 24840332 PMCID: PMC4451837 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2014.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2013] [Revised: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The forkhead box (Fox) superfamily of transcription factors has essential roles in organogenesis and tissue differentiation. Foxa1 and Foxa2 are expressed during prostate budding and ductal morphogenesis, whereas Foxa1 expression is retained in adult prostate epithelium. Previous characterization of prostatic tissue rescued from embryonic Foxa1 knockout mice revealed Foxa1 to be essential for ductal morphogenesis and epithelial maturation. However, it is unknown whether Foxa1 is required to maintain the differentiated status in adult prostate epithelium. Here, we employed the PBCre4 transgenic system and determined the impact of prostate-specific Foxa1 deletion in adult murine epithelium. PBCre4/Foxa1(loxp/loxp) mouse prostates showed progressive florid hyperplasia with extensive cribriform patterning, with the anterior prostate being most affected. Immunohistochemistry studies show mosaic Foxa1 KO consistent with PBCre4 activity, with Foxa1 KO epithelial cells specifically exhibiting altered cell morphology, increased proliferation, and elevated expression of basal cell markers. Castration studies showed that, while PBCre4/Foxa1(loxp/loxp) prostates did not exhibit altered sensitivity in response to hormone ablation compared with control prostates, the number of Foxa1-positive cells in mosaic Foxa1 KO prostates was significantly reduced compared with Foxa1-negative cells following castration. Unexpectedly, gene expression profile analyses revealed that Foxa1 deletion caused abnormal expression of seminal vesicle-associated genes in KO prostates. In summary, these results indicate Foxa1 expression is required for the maintenance of prostatic cellular differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. DeGraff
- Department of Urologic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville TN
| | | | - Tom Case
- Department of Urologic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville TN
| | - Xiuping Yu
- Department of Urologic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville TN
| | - Mary K. Herrick
- Department of Urologic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville TN
| | - William Hayward
- Department of Urologic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville TN
| | - Douglas W. Strand
- Department of Urologic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville TN
| | - Justin M. Cates
- Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville TN
| | - Simon W. Hayward
- Department of Urologic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville TN
| | - Nan Gao
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark NJ
| | | | | | - Yajun Yi
- Institute for Integrative Genomics and Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville TN
| | | | - Robert J. Matusik
- Department of Urologic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville TN,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville TN,Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville TN,Correspondence and reprint requests should be made to: Robert J. Matusik, Ph.D., William L. Bray Chair of Urologic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1161 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37232,
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206
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Sutinen P, Malinen M, Heikkinen S, Palvimo JJ. SUMOylation modulates the transcriptional activity of androgen receptor in a target gene and pathway selective manner. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:8310-9. [PMID: 24981513 PMCID: PMC4117771 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) plays an important regulatory role in prostate cancer. AR's transcriptional activity is regulated by androgenic ligands, but also by post-translational modifications, such as SUMOylation. To study the role of AR SUMOylation in genuine chromatin environment, we compared androgen-regulated gene expression and AR chromatin occupancy in PC-3 prostate cancer cell lines stably expressing wild-type (wt) or doubly SUMOylation site-mutated AR (AR-K386R,K520R). Our genome-wide gene expression analyses reveal that the SUMOylation modulates the AR function in a target gene and pathway selective manner. The transcripts that are differentially regulated by androgen and SUMOylation are linked to cellular movement, cell death, cellular proliferation, cellular development and cell cycle. Fittingly, SUMOylation mutant AR cells proliferate faster and are more sensitive to apoptosis. Moreover, ChIP-seq analyses show that the SUMOylation can modulate the chromatin occupancy of AR on many loci in a fashion that parallels their differential androgen-regulated expression. De novo motif analyses reveal that FOXA1, C/EBP and AP-1 motifs are differentially enriched at the wtAR- and the AR-K386R,K520R-preferred genomic binding positions. Taken together, our data indicate that SUMOylation does not simply repress the AR activity, but it regulates AR's interaction with the chromatin and the receptor's target gene selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Päivi Sutinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, PO Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Marjo Malinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, PO Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sami Heikkinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, PO Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jorma J Palvimo
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, PO Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland Department of Pathology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
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207
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Zhao Y, Tindall DJ, Huang H. Modulation of androgen receptor by FOXA1 and FOXO1 factors in prostate cancer. Int J Biol Sci 2014; 10:614-9. [PMID: 24948874 PMCID: PMC4062954 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.8389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgens and the androgen receptor (AR) are essential for growth and differentiation of the normal prostate gland as well as proliferation and survival of prostate cancer (PCa). Increasing evidence suggests that reactivation of the AR plays a pivotal role in disease progression to castration-resistant PCa (CRPC). Forkhead box (FOX) factors exert two distinct effects on AR function in PCa. The A-class of FOX proteins, especially FOXA1, functions as a pioneer factor to facilitate AR transactivation and PCa growth. In contrast, the O-class of FOX proteins such as FOXO1 and FOXO3, which are downstream effectors of the PTEN tumor suppressor, inhibit the transcriptional activity of either full-length AR or constitutively active splice variants of AR in a direct or indirect manner in PCa. FOXO1 also contributes to taxane-mediated inhibition of the AR and CRPC growth. Therefore, FOX family members not only have a tight relationship with AR, but also represent a pivotal group of proteins to be targeted for PCa therapy. The present review focuses primarily on recent advances in the epigenetic, mechanistic and clinical relevant aspects of regulation of the AR by FOXA1 and FOXO1 factors in PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhao
- 1. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Donald J Tindall
- 1. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; ; 2. Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; ; 3. Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Haojie Huang
- 1. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; ; 2. Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; ; 3. Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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208
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Jacob S, Nayak S, Fernandes G, Barai RS, Menon S, Chaudhari UK, Kholkute SD, Sachdeva G. Androgen receptor as a regulator of ZEB2 expression and its implications in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in prostate cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 2014; 21:473-86. [PMID: 24812058 DOI: 10.1530/erc-13-0514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Zinc finger E-box-binding protein 2 (ZEB2) is known to help mediate the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, and thereby it facilitates cancer metastasis. This study was initiated to explore whether ZEB2 expression differs in prostate cancer (PCa, n=7) and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH, n=7) tissues. In PCa tissues, the levels of both immunoreactive ZEB2 and androgen receptor (AR) were found to be significantly higher (P<0.05) when compared with BPH tissues. Co-regulation of AR and ZEB2 prompted us to investigate the role of androgenic stimuli in ZEB2 expression. ZEB2 expression was found to be significantly (P<0.05) upregulated after androgen stimulation and downregulated following AR silencing in LNCaP cells, an androgen-dependent PCa cell line. This finding suggested AR as a positive regulator of ZEB2 expression in androgen-dependent cells. Paradoxically, androgen-independent (AI) cell lines PC3 and DU145, known to possess low AR levels, showed significantly (P<0.05) higher expression of ZEB2 compared with LNCaP cells. Furthermore, forced expression of AR in PC3 (PC3-AR) and DU145 (DU-AR) cells led to reductions in ZEB2 expression, invasiveness, and migration. These cells also exhibited an increase in the levels of E-cadherin (a transcriptional target of ZEB2). Co-transfection of AR and ZEB2 cDNA constructs prevented the decline in invasiveness and migration to a significant extent. Additionally, ZEB2 downregulation was associated with an increase in miR200a/miR200b levels in PC3-AR cells and with a decrease in miR200a/miR200b levels in AR-silenced LNCaP cells. Thus, AR acts as a positive regulator of ZEB2 expression in androgen-dependent cells and as a negative regulator in AI PCa cells.
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MESH Headings
- Androgens/pharmacology
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Dihydrotestosterone/pharmacology
- Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Homeodomain Proteins/genetics
- Homeodomain Proteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Immunoenzyme Techniques
- Male
- MicroRNAs/genetics
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/drug therapy
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/genetics
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/metabolism
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/pathology
- Prostatic Hyperplasia/drug therapy
- Prostatic Hyperplasia/genetics
- Prostatic Hyperplasia/metabolism
- Prostatic Hyperplasia/pathology
- Prostatic Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Prostatic Neoplasms/genetics
- Prostatic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Prostatic Neoplasms/pathology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Receptors, Androgen/chemistry
- Receptors, Androgen/genetics
- Receptors, Androgen/metabolism
- Repressor Proteins/genetics
- Repressor Proteins/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Wound Healing
- Zinc Finger E-box Binding Homeobox 2
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheeba Jacob
- Primate Biology Laboratory, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (NIRRH), Indian Council of Medical Research, JM Street, Parel, Mumbai 400012, India GS Medical College and KEM Hospital, Parel, Mumbai 400012, India The Centre for Medical Bioinformatics, NIRRH, Parel, Mumbai 400012, India Department of Pathology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai 400012, India
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209
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Heemers HV. Targeting androgen receptor action for prostate cancer treatment: does the post-receptor level provide novel opportunities? Int J Biol Sci 2014; 10:576-87. [PMID: 24948870 PMCID: PMC4062950 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.8479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The standard of care for patients who suffer from non-organ confined prostate cancer (CaP) is androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). ADT exploits the reliance of CaP cells on androgen receptor (AR) signaling throughout CaP progression from androgen-stimulated (AS) to castration-recurrent (CR) disease. AR is a member of the nuclear receptor family of ligand-activated transcription factors. Ligand-activated AR relocates from the cytoplasm to the nucleus, where it binds to Androgen Response Elements (AREs) to regulate transcription of target genes that control CaP cell behavior and progression. Current forms of ADT interfere at 2 levels along the AR signaling axis. At the pre-receptor level, ADT limits the availability of ligand for AR, while at the receptor level, ADT interrupts AR-ligand interactions. Both forms of ADT induce remission, but are not curative and, because of extraprostatic actions, are associated with severe side effects. Here, the potential of interference with the molecular regulation of AR-dependent transcription and the action of AR target genes, at the post receptor level, as the foundation for the development of novel, more CaP- specific selective forms of ADT is explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannelore V. Heemers
- Departments of Urology and Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
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210
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Jin HJ, Zhao JC, Wu L, Kim J, Yu J. Cooperativity and equilibrium with FOXA1 define the androgen receptor transcriptional program. Nat Commun 2014; 5:3972. [PMID: 24875621 PMCID: PMC4088269 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The pioneering factor FOXA1 opens chromatin to facilitate androgen receptor (AR) binding to prostate-specific genes. How FOXA1 controls the AR cistrome, however, is incompletely understood. Here we show that AR directly binds chromatin through the androgen response elements (AREs). FOXA1 is not required for AR-chromatin interaction, but instrumental in recruiting AR to low-affinity half-AREs by opening local chromatin around adjacent FKHD sites. Too much FOXA1 creates excessive open chromatin regions, which serve as reservoirs that retain AR via abundant half-AREs, thereby reducing its availability for specific sites. FOXA1 downregulation, by contrast, relinquishes AR to permissively bind AREs across the genome, resulting in substantial AR-binding events and AR target gene expression even in the absence of androgen. Taken together, our data illustrate the mechanistic details by which cooperativity and equilibrium with FOXA1 define AR cistrome and reveal a previously unknown function of FOXA1 in inhibiting AR signalling and castration-resistant prostate cancer growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Jian Jin
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Jonathan C Zhao
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Longtao Wu
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Jung Kim
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Jindan Yu
- 1] Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA [2] Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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211
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Tangen IL, Krakstad C, Halle MK, Werner HMJ, Øyan AM, Kusonmano K, Petersen K, Kalland KH, Akslen LA, Trovik J, Hurtado A, Salvesen HB. Switch in FOXA1 status associates with endometrial cancer progression. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98069. [PMID: 24849812 PMCID: PMC4029819 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The transcription factor Forkhead box A1 (FOXA1) is suggested to be important in hormone dependent cancers, although with little data for endometrial cancer. We investigated expression levels of FOXA1 in primary and metastatic endometrial cancer in relation to clinical phenotype, and transcriptional alterations related to FOXA1 status. METHODS Protein expression of FOXA1 was explored by immunohistochemistry in 529 primary and 199 metastatic endometrial carcinoma lesions. mRNA levels from corresponding 158 fresh frozen primary and 42 metastatic lesions were analyzed using Agilent Microarrays (44k) in parallel. RESULTS Low FOXA1 protein expression in primary tumors significantly correlated with low FOXA1 mRNA, high age, non-endometrioid histology, high grade, loss of ERα and PR and poor survival (all p-values <0.05). Through a Connectivity Map search, HDAC inhibitors were suggested as potential treatment for patients with low FOXA1 expression. An increase in FOXA1 expression was observed from primary to metastatic lesions and it correlated with CDKN2A expression in metastases. CONCLUSION Low FOXA1 is associated with poor survival and suggests a potential for HDAC inhibitors in endometrial carcinoma. A switch in FOXA1 expression from primary to metastatic lesions is observed and gene expression indicates a link between FOXA1 and CDKN2A in metastatic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingvild Løberg Tangen
- Center for Cancer Biomarkers, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- * E-mail:
| | - Camilla Krakstad
- Center for Cancer Biomarkers, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Mari K. Halle
- Center for Cancer Biomarkers, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Henrica M. J. Werner
- Center for Cancer Biomarkers, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Anne M. Øyan
- Center for Cancer Biomarkers, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Microbiology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Kanthida Kusonmano
- Center for Cancer Biomarkers, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Computational Biology Unit, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Kjell Petersen
- Computational Biology Unit, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Karl Henning Kalland
- Center for Cancer Biomarkers, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Microbiology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Lars A. Akslen
- Center for Cancer Biomarkers, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jone Trovik
- Center for Cancer Biomarkers, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Antoni Hurtado
- Breast Cancer Research group, Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Helga B. Salvesen
- Center for Cancer Biomarkers, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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212
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Grabowska MM, Elliott AD, DeGraff DJ, Anderson PD, Anumanthan G, Yamashita H, Sun Q, Friedman DB, Hachey DL, Yu X, Sheehan JH, Ahn JM, Raj GV, Piston DW, Gronostajski RM, Matusik RJ. NFI transcription factors interact with FOXA1 to regulate prostate-specific gene expression. Mol Endocrinol 2014; 28:949-64. [PMID: 24801505 DOI: 10.1210/me.2013-1213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) action throughout prostate development and in maintenance of the prostatic epithelium is partly controlled by interactions between AR and forkhead box (FOX) transcription factors, particularly FOXA1. We sought to identity additional FOXA1 binding partners that may mediate prostate-specific gene expression. Here we identify the nuclear factor I (NFI) family of transcription factors as novel FOXA1 binding proteins. All four family members (NFIA, NFIB, NFIC, and NFIX) can interact with FOXA1, and knockdown studies in androgen-dependent LNCaP cells determined that modulating expression of NFI family members results in changes in AR target gene expression. This effect is probably mediated by binding of NFI family members to AR target gene promoters, because chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) studies found that NFIB bound to the prostate-specific antigen enhancer. Förster resonance energy transfer studies revealed that FOXA1 is capable of bringing AR and NFIX into proximity, indicating that FOXA1 facilitates the AR and NFI interaction by bridging the complex. To determine the extent to which NFI family members regulate AR/FOXA1 target genes, motif analysis of publicly available data for ChIP followed by sequencing was undertaken. This analysis revealed that 34.4% of peaks bound by AR and FOXA1 contain NFI binding sites. Validation of 8 of these peaks by ChIP revealed that NFI family members can bind 6 of these predicted genomic elements, and 4 of the 8 associated genes undergo gene expression changes as a result of individual NFI knockdown. These observations suggest that NFI regulation of FOXA1/AR action is a frequent event, with individual family members playing distinct roles in AR target gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena M Grabowska
- Department of Urologic Surgery (M.M.G., G.A. H.Y., Q.S., X.Y., R.J.M.), Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (A.D.E., D.W.P.), and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center (R.J.M.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232; Department of Pathology (D.J.D.), Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033; Department of Biological Sciences (P.D.A.), Salisbury University, Salisbury, Maryland 21801; Mass Spectrometry Research Center (D.B.F., D.L.H.), Department of Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Center for Structural Biology (J.H.S.), and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology (R.J.M.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232; Department of Chemistry (J.-M.A.), University of Texas Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75080; Department of Urology (G.V.R.), University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, Texas 75390; and Department of Biochemistry (R.M.G.), Developmental Genomics Group, NY State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14203
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213
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Montgomery B, Cheng HH, Drechsler J, Mostaghel EA. Glucocorticoids and prostate cancer treatment: friend or foe? Asian J Androl 2014; 16:354-8. [PMID: 24625881 PMCID: PMC4023359 DOI: 10.4103/1008-682x.125392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 12/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids have been used in the treatment of prostate cancer to slow disease progression, improve pain control and offset side effects of chemo- and hormonal therapy. However, they may also have the potential to drive prostate cancer growth via mutated androgen receptors or glucocorticoid receptors (GRs). In this review we examine historical and contemporary use of glucocorticoids in the treatment of prostate cancer, review potential mechanisms by which they may inhibit or drive prostate cancer growth, and describe potential means of defining their contribution to the biology of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce Montgomery
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Heather H Cheng
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Elahe A Mostaghel
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
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214
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Little GH, Baniwal SK, Adisetiyo H, Groshen S, Chimge NO, Kim SY, Khalid O, Hawes D, Jones JO, Pinski J, Schones DE, Frenkel B. Differential effects of RUNX2 on the androgen receptor in prostate cancer: synergistic stimulation of a gene set exemplified by SNAI2 and subsequent invasiveness. Cancer Res 2014; 74:2857-68. [PMID: 24648349 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Changes to androgen signaling during prostate carcinogenesis are associated with both inhibition of cellular differentiation and promotion of malignant phenotypes. The androgen receptor (AR)-binding transcription factor RUNX2 has been linked to prostate cancer progression but the underlying mechanisms have not been fully defined. In this study, we investigated the genome-wide influence of RUNX2 on androgen-induced gene expression and AR DNA binding in prostate cancer cells. RUNX2 inhibited the androgen response partly by promoting the dissociation of AR from its target genes such as the tumor suppressor NKX3-1. However, AR activity persists in the presence of RUNX2 at other AR target genes, some of which are cooperatively stimulated by androgen and RUNX2 signaling. These genes are associated with putative enhancers co-occupied by AR and RUNX2. One such gene, the invasion-promoting Snail family transcription factor SNAI2, was co-activated by AR and RUNX2. Indeed, these two transcription factors together, but neither alone stimulated prostate cancer cell invasiveness, which could be abolished by SNAI2 silencing. Furthermore, an immunohistochemical analysis of SNAI2 in archived primary prostate cancer specimens revealed a correlation with the RUNX2 histoscore, and simultaneous strong staining for SNAI2, RUNX2, and AR (but not any pair alone) was associated with disease recurrence. Overall, our findings suggest cooperation between AR and RUNX in the stimulation of oncogenes such as SNAI2, which might be targeted for individualized prostate cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian H Little
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Orthopedic Surgery, Preventive Medicine, and Medicine; Institute for Genetic Medicine; USC/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Departments of Molecular Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CaliforniaAuthors' Affiliations: Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Orthopedic Surgery, Preventive Medicine, and Medicine; Institute for Genetic Medicine; USC/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Departments of Molecular Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Sanjeev K Baniwal
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Orthopedic Surgery, Preventive Medicine, and Medicine; Institute for Genetic Medicine; USC/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Departments of Molecular Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CaliforniaAuthors' Affiliations: Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Orthopedic Surgery, Preventive Medicine, and Medicine; Institute for Genetic Medicine; USC/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Departments of Molecular Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Helty Adisetiyo
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Orthopedic Surgery, Preventive Medicine, and Medicine; Institute for Genetic Medicine; USC/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Departments of Molecular Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CaliforniaAuthors' Affiliations: Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Orthopedic Surgery, Preventive Medicine, and Medicine; Institute for Genetic Medicine; USC/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Departments of Molecular Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Susan Groshen
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Orthopedic Surgery, Preventive Medicine, and Medicine; Institute for Genetic Medicine; USC/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Departments of Molecular Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CaliforniaAuthors' Affiliations: Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Orthopedic Surgery, Preventive Medicine, and Medicine; Institute for Genetic Medicine; USC/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Departments of Molecular Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Nyam-Osor Chimge
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Orthopedic Surgery, Preventive Medicine, and Medicine; Institute for Genetic Medicine; USC/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Departments of Molecular Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CaliforniaAuthors' Affiliations: Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Orthopedic Surgery, Preventive Medicine, and Medicine; Institute for Genetic Medicine; USC/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Departments of Molecular Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Sun Young Kim
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Orthopedic Surgery, Preventive Medicine, and Medicine; Institute for Genetic Medicine; USC/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Departments of Molecular Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Omar Khalid
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Orthopedic Surgery, Preventive Medicine, and Medicine; Institute for Genetic Medicine; USC/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Departments of Molecular Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Debra Hawes
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Orthopedic Surgery, Preventive Medicine, and Medicine; Institute for Genetic Medicine; USC/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Departments of Molecular Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Jeremy O Jones
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Orthopedic Surgery, Preventive Medicine, and Medicine; Institute for Genetic Medicine; USC/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Departments of Molecular Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Jacek Pinski
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Orthopedic Surgery, Preventive Medicine, and Medicine; Institute for Genetic Medicine; USC/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Departments of Molecular Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CaliforniaAuthors' Affiliations: Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Orthopedic Surgery, Preventive Medicine, and Medicine; Institute for Genetic Medicine; USC/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Departments of Molecular Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Dustin E Schones
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Orthopedic Surgery, Preventive Medicine, and Medicine; Institute for Genetic Medicine; USC/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Departments of Molecular Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Baruch Frenkel
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Orthopedic Surgery, Preventive Medicine, and Medicine; Institute for Genetic Medicine; USC/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Departments of Molecular Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CaliforniaAuthors' Affiliations: Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Orthopedic Surgery, Preventive Medicine, and Medicine; Institute for Genetic Medicine; USC/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Departments of Molecular Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CaliforniaAuthors' Affiliations: Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Orthopedic Surgery, Preventive Medicine, and Medicine; Institute for Genetic Medicine; USC/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Departments of Molecular Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, California
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215
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Akram ON, DeGraff DJ, Sheehan JH, Tilley WD, Matusik RJ, Ahn JM, Raj GV. Tailoring Peptidomimetics for Targeting Protein–Protein Interactions. Mol Cancer Res 2014; 12:967-78. [DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-13-0611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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216
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Abstract
Prostate cancer treatment is dominated by strategies to control androgen receptor (AR) activity. AR has an impact on prostate cancer development through the regulation of not only transcription networks but also genomic stability and DNA repair, as manifest in the emergence of gene fusions. Whole-genome maps of AR binding sites and transcript profiling have shown changes in the recruitment and regulatory effect of AR on transcription as prostate cancer progresses. Defining other factors that are involved in this reprogramming of AR function gives various opportunities for cancer detection and therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian G Mills
- Prostate Cancer Research Group, Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway (NCMM), University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospitals, N-0318 Oslo, Norway;Departments of Cancer Prevention and Urology, Institute of Cancer Research and Oslo University Hospitals, N-0424 Oslo, Norway;Uro-Oncology Research Group, Cambridge Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
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217
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Abstract
ChIP-seq has become the primary method for identifying in vivo protein-DNA interactions on a genome-wide scale, with nearly 800 publications involving the technique appearing in PubMed as of December 2012. Individually and in aggregate, these data are an important and information-rich resource. However, uncertainties about data quality confound their use by the wider research community. Recently, the Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE) project developed and applied metrics to objectively measure ChIP-seq data quality. The ENCODE quality analysis was useful for flagging datasets for closer inspection, eliminating or replacing poor data, and for driving changes in experimental pipelines. There had been no similarly systematic quality analysis of the large and disparate body of published ChIP-seq profiles. Here, we report a uniform analysis of vertebrate transcription factor ChIP-seq datasets in the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) repository as of April 1, 2012. The majority (55%) of datasets scored as being highly successful, but a substantial minority (20%) were of apparently poor quality, and another ∼25% were of intermediate quality. We discuss how different uses of ChIP-seq data are affected by specific aspects of data quality, and we highlight exceptional instances for which the metric values should not be taken at face value. Unexpectedly, we discovered that a significant subset of control datasets (i.e., no immunoprecipitation and mock immunoprecipitation samples) display an enrichment structure similar to successful ChIP-seq data. This can, in turn, affect peak calling and data interpretation. Published datasets identified here as high-quality comprise a large group that users can draw on for large-scale integrated analysis. In the future, ChIP-seq quality assessment similar to that used here could guide experimentalists at early stages in a study, provide useful input in the publication process, and be used to stratify ChIP-seq data for different community-wide uses.
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218
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Kido T, Schubert S, Hatakeyama S, Ohyama C, Schmidtke J, Lau YFC. Expression of a Y-located human proto-oncogene TSPY in a transgenic mouse model of prostate cancer. Cell Biosci 2014; 4:9. [PMID: 24528896 PMCID: PMC3942074 DOI: 10.1186/2045-3701-4-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The human TSPY is the putative gene for the gonadoblastoma locus on the Y chromosome (GBY). Various molecular, pathological and transgenic mouse studies suggest that TSPY is a Y-located proto-oncogene contributing to the initiation/progression in human cancers, including germ cell tumors and various somatic cancers, such as prostate and liver cancer, and melanoma. The TgTSPY9 transgenic mouse line harbors a 8.2-kb human TSPY structural gene, which is tandemly integrated in the mouse Y chromosome, and expressed in a similar pattern as that of the endogenous gene in the human genome. This mouse model of human TSPY gene offers an opportunity to examine its behavior and potential contribution in various mouse models of human diseases, such as human cancers. We had investigated the expression of such TSPY-transgene in the LADY mouse model of prostate cancer, harboring a SV40 T antigen gene directed by a rat probasin promoter; and compared the expression pattern with those of endogenous TSPY gene and biomarkers in human prostate cancer specimens. RESULTS By introducing the Y-located TSPY-transgene to the LADY mice, we had examined the expression pattern of the human TSPY during prostatic oncogenesis in this mouse model of prostate cancer. Our results showed that the TSPY-transgene was activated in selected areas of the hypercellular stroma but not in the intraepithelial cells/neoplasia in the prostates of TgTSPY9/LADY mice. Using a specific biomarker, FOXA1, for epithelial cells, we demonstrated that TSPY-positive cells proliferated exclusively in the cancerous stroma in the LADY model at late stages of tumorigenesis. In contrast, in the human situation, TSPY was predominantly co-expressed with FOXA1 in the epithelial cells of PIN lesions and FOXA1 and another cancer biomarker, AMACR, in the adenocarcinoma cells in clinical prostate cancer samples of various degrees of malignancy. CONCLUSIONS Our data show that human TSPY could be abnormally activated during prostatic oncogenesis, and could possibly contribute to the heterogeneity of prostate cancer. The differential expression patterns of the human TSPY between the LADY mouse model and clinical prostate cancer suggest potential limitations of current mouse models for studies of either TSPY behavior in diseased conditions or prostate cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Yun-Fai Chris Lau
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Genetics, Department of Medicine, VA Medical Center & Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, 4150 Clement Street, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Qiu M, Bao W, Wang J, Yang T, He X, Liao Y, Wan X. FOXA1 promotes tumor cell proliferation through AR involving the Notch pathway in endometrial cancer. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:78. [PMID: 24512546 PMCID: PMC3926330 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Increasing evidence suggests that forkhead box A1 (FOXA1) is frequently dysregulated in many types of human cancers. However, the exact function and mechanism of FOXA1 in human endometrial cancer (EC) remains unclear. Methods FOXA1 expression, androgen receptor (AR) expression, and the relationships of these two markers with clinicopathological factors were determined by immunohistochemistry analysis. FOXA1 and AR were up-regulated by transient transfection with plasmids, and were down-regulated by transfection with siRNA or short hairpin RNA (shRNA). The effects of FOXA1 depletion and FOXA1 overexpression on AR-mediated transcription as well as Notch pathway and their impact on EC cell proliferation were examined by qRT-PCR, western blotting, co-immunoprecipitation, ChIP-PCR, MTT, colony-formation, and xenograft tumor–formation assays. Results We found that the expression of FOXA1 and AR in ECs was significantly higher than that in a typical hyperplasia and normal tissues. FOXA1 expression was significantly correlated with AR expression in clinical tissues. High FOXA1 levels positively correlated with pathological grade and depth of myometrial invasion in EC. High AR levels also positively correlated with pathological grade in EC. Moreover, the expression of XBP1, MYC, ZBTB16, and UHRF1, which are downstream targets of AR, was promoted by FOXA1 up-regulation or inhibited by FOXA1 down-regulation. Co-immunoprecipitation showed that FOXA1 interacted with AR in EC cells. ChIP-PCR assays showed that FOXA1 and AR could directly bind to the promoter and enhancer regions upstream of MYC. Mechanistic investigation revealed that over-expression of Notch1 and Hes1 proteins by FOXA1 could be reversed by AR depletion. In addition, we showed that down-regulation of AR attenuated FOXA1-up-regulated cell proliferation. However, AR didn’t influence the promotion effect of FOXA1 on cell migration and invasion. In vivo xenograft model, FOXA1 knockdown reduced the rate of tumor growth. Conclusions These results suggest that FOXA1 promotes cell proliferation by AR and activates Notch pathway. It indicated that FOXA1 and AR may serve as potential gene therapy in EC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Xiaoping Wan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Xinsongjiang Road, Shanghai, China.
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220
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Abstract
Androgen and the androgen receptor (AR) are critical effectors of prostate cancer. Consequently, androgen deprivation therapy is typically employed as a first-line treatment for prostate cancer patients. While initial responses are generally positive, prostate tumors frequently recur and progress to a lethal form known as castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Recently, considerable effort has been directed toward elucidating the molecular mechanisms of CRPC. Results from both preclinical and clinical studies suggest that AR-mediated signaling persists and remains functionally important in CRPC despite the elimination of androgens. Understanding the role of this pathway in the development of resistance will therefore be critical to identify alternative diagnostic markers as well as more effective therapies for the treatment of CRPC. Using next-generation sequencing and other high-throughput approaches, numerous groups are beginning to identify the key differences in the transcriptional regulatory and gene expression programs between androgen-dependent and CRPC. A number of mechanisms have been proposed for the differences and these mostly involve alterations to components of the AR co-regulatory network. In this review, we summarize current knowledge on co-regulators of the AR and discuss their potential roles in CRPC. It is anticipated that a deeper understanding of these factors will undercover new targets that can assist in the diagnosis and treatment of CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Ying Sung
- Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, Genome Institute of Singapore, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 60 Biopolis Street, #02-01 Genome, Singapore 138672, Singapore
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221
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Pinto Á. Beyond abiraterone: new hormonal therapies for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Cancer Biol Ther 2014; 15:149-55. [PMID: 24100689 PMCID: PMC3928129 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.26724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a heterogeneous disease where the previous concept of "hormone resistance" has been changed by a new generation of hormonal therapies that have proven efficacy in the castration-resistant setting. The fact is that androgens play a crucial role in the whole clinical course of prostate cancer, even when a patient meets castration-resistance criteria. The development of abiraterone showed how important and clinically meaningful can be to achieve the lowest possible levels of testosterone, and androgen receptor overexpression, mutation, or enhanced crosstalk with other pathways, which can also be targeted with new agents tested in the last few years. New androgen biosynthesis inhibitors have been developed, such as orteronel (TAK-700), but also new antiandrogens (enzalutamide, ARN-509, ODM-201) or even agents with a dual mechanism of action (galeterone). In this review the development of new hormonal therapies following the arrival of abiraterone for the treatment of prostate cancer will be summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Pinto
- Medical Oncology Department; University Hospital La Paz; IdiPAZ; Madrid, Spain
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222
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Helsen C, Claessens F. Looking at nuclear receptors from a new angle. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2014; 382:97-106. [PMID: 24055275 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
While the structures of the DNA- and ligand-binding domains of many nuclear receptors have been determined in great detail; the mechanisms by which these domains interact and possibly 'communicate' is still under debate. The first crystal structures of receptor dimers bound to ligand, DNA and coactivator peptides provided new insights in this matter. The observed binding modes revealed exciting new interaction surfaces between the different nuclear receptor domains. Such interfaces are proposed to be the route through which allosteric signals from the DNA are passed on to the ligand-binding domain and the activating functions of the receptor. The structural determinations of DNA-bound receptor dimers in solution, however, revealed an extended structure of the receptors. Here, we discuss these apparent contradictory structural data and their possible implications for the functioning of nuclear receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Helsen
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, O&N1, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frank Claessens
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, O&N1, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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223
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Sahu B, Pihlajamaa P, Dubois V, Kerkhofs S, Claessens F, Jänne OA. Androgen receptor uses relaxed response element stringency for selective chromatin binding and transcriptional regulation in vivo. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:4230-40. [PMID: 24459135 PMCID: PMC3985627 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkt1401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The DNA-binding domains (DBDs) of class I steroid receptors—androgen, glucocorticoid, progesterone and mineralocorticoid receptors—recognize a similar cis-element, an inverted repeat of 5′-AGAACA-3′ with a 3-nt spacer. However, these receptors regulate transcription programs that are largely receptor-specific. To address the role of the DBD in and of itself in ensuring specificity of androgen receptor (AR) binding to chromatin in vivo, we used SPARKI knock-in mice whose AR DBD has the second zinc finger replaced by that of the glucocorticoid receptor. Comparison of AR-binding events in epididymides and prostates of wild-type (wt) and SPARKI mice revealed that AR achieves selective chromatin binding through a less stringent sequence requirement for the 3′-hexamer. In particular, a T at position 12 in the second hexamer is dispensable for wt AR but mandatory for SPARKI AR binding, and only a G at position 11 is highly conserved among wt AR-preferred response elements. Genome-wide AR-binding events agree with the respective transcriptome profiles, in that attenuated AR binding in SPARKI mouse epididymis correlates with blunted androgen response in vivo. Collectively, AR-selective actions in vivo rely on relaxed rather than increased stringency of cis-elements on chromatin. These elements are, in turn, poorly recognized by other class I steroid receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biswajyoti Sahu
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Pihlajamaa P, Sahu B, Lyly L, Aittomäki V, Hautaniemi S, Jänne OA. Tissue-specific pioneer factors associate with androgen receptor cistromes and transcription programs. EMBO J 2014; 33:312-26. [PMID: 24451200 DOI: 10.1002/embj.201385895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) binds male sex steroids and mediates physiological androgen actions in target tissues. ChIP-seq analyses of AR-binding events in murine prostate, kidney and epididymis show that in vivo AR cistromes and their respective androgen-dependent transcription programs are highly tissue specific mediating distinct biological pathways. This high order of tissue specificity is achieved by the use of exclusive collaborating factors in the three androgen-responsive tissues. We find two novel collaborating factors for AR signaling in vivo--Hnf4α (hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α) in mouse kidney and AP-2α (activating enhancer binding protein 2α) in mouse epididymis--that define tissue-specific AR recruitment. In mouse prostate, FoxA1 serves for the same purpose. FoxA1, Hnf4α and AP-2α motifs are over-represented within unique AR-binding loci, and the cistromes of these factors show substantial overlap with AR-binding events distinct to each tissue type. These licensing or pioneering factors are constitutively bound to chromatin and guide AR to specific genomic loci upon hormone exposure. Collectively, liganded receptor and its DNA-response elements are required but not sufficient for establishment of tissue-specific transcription programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Päivi Pihlajamaa
- Institute of Biomedicine University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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225
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Ahmed A, Ali S, Sarkar FH. Advances in androgen receptor targeted therapy for prostate cancer. J Cell Physiol 2014; 229:271-6. [PMID: 24037862 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second leading cause of cancer death in men. Current research findings suggest that the androgen receptor (AR) and its signaling pathway contribute significantly to the progression of metastatic PCa. The AR is a ligand activated transcription factor, where androgens such as testosterone (T) and dihydroxytestosterone (DHT) act as the activating ligands. However in many metastatic PCa, the AR functions promiscuously and is constitutively active through multiple mechanisms. Inhibition of enzymes that take part in androgen synthesis or synthesizing antiandrogens that can inhibit the AR are two popular methods of impeding the androgen receptor signaling axis; however, the inhibition of androgen-independent activated AR function has not yet been fully exploited. This article focuses on the development of emerging novel agents that act at different steps along the androgen-AR signaling pathway to help improve the poor prognosis of PCa patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alia Ahmed
- Department of Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
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226
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Wu D, Sunkel B, Chen Z, Liu X, Ye Z, Li Q, Grenade C, Ke J, Zhang C, Chen H, Nephew KP, Huang THM, Liu Z, Jin VX, Wang Q. Three-tiered role of the pioneer factor GATA2 in promoting androgen-dependent gene expression in prostate cancer. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:3607-22. [PMID: 24423874 PMCID: PMC3973339 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkt1382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In prostate cancer, androgen receptor (AR) binding and androgen-responsive gene expression are defined by hormone-independent binding patterns of the pioneer factors FoxA1 and GATA2. Insufficient evidence of the mechanisms by which GATA2 contributes to this process precludes complete understanding of a key determinant of tissue-specific AR activity. Our observations suggest that GATA2 facilitates androgen-responsive gene expression by three distinct modes of action. By occupying novel binding sites within the AR gene locus, GATA2 positively regulates AR expression before and after androgen stimulation. Additionally, GATA2 engages AR target gene enhancers prior to hormone stimulation, producing an active and accessible chromatin environment via recruitment of the histone acetyltransferase p300. Finally, GATA2 functions in establishing and/or sustaining basal locus looping by recruiting the Mediator subunit MED1 in the absence of androgen. These mechanisms may contribute to the generally positive role of GATA2 in defining AR genome-wide binding patterns that determine androgen-responsive gene expression profiles. We also find that GATA2 and FoxA1 exhibit both independent and codependent co-occupancy of AR target gene enhancers. Identifying these determinants of AR transcriptional activity may provide a foundation for the development of future prostate cancer therapeutics that target pioneer factor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayong Wu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry and the Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA, Ohio State Biochemistry Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China and Medical Sciences Program and Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
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227
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Zhang Z, Chang CW, Hugo W, Cheung E, Sung WK. Simultaneously learning DNA motif along with its position and sequence rank preferences through expectation maximization algorithm. J Comput Biol 2014; 20:237-48. [PMID: 23461573 DOI: 10.1089/cmb.2012.0233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Although de novo motifs can be discovered through mining over-represented sequence patterns, this approach misses some real motifs and generates many false positives. To improve accuracy, one solution is to consider some additional binding features (i.e., position preference and sequence rank preference). This information is usually required from the user. This article presents a de novo motif discovery algorithm called SEME (sampling with expectation maximization for motif elicitation), which uses pure probabilistic mixture model to model the motif's binding features and uses expectation maximization (EM) algorithms to simultaneously learn the sequence motif, position, and sequence rank preferences without asking for any prior knowledge from the user. SEME is both efficient and accurate thanks to two important techniques: the variable motif length extension and importance sampling. Using 75 large-scale synthetic datasets, 32 metazoan compendium benchmark datasets, and 164 chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-Seq) libraries, we demonstrated the superior performance of SEME over existing programs in finding transcription factor (TF) binding sites. SEME is further applied to a more difficult problem of finding the co-regulated TF (coTF) motifs in 15 ChIP-Seq libraries. It identified significantly more correct coTF motifs and, at the same time, predicted coTF motifs with better matching to the known motifs. Finally, we show that the learned position and sequence rank preferences of each coTF reveals potential interaction mechanisms between the primary TF and the coTF within these sites. Some of these findings were further validated by the ChIP-Seq experiments of the coTFs. The application is available online.
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Affiliation(s)
- ZhiZhuo Zhang
- National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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228
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Chan SC, Dehm SM. Constitutive activity of the androgen receptor. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2014; 70:327-66. [PMID: 24931201 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-417197-8.00011-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in the United States. The androgen receptor (AR) signaling axis is central to all stages of PCa pathophysiology and serves as the main target for endocrine-based therapy. The most advanced stage of the disease, castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), is presently incurable and accounts for most PCa mortality. In this chapter, we highlight the mechanisms by which the AR signaling axis can bypass endocrine-targeted therapies and drive progression of CRPC. These mechanisms include alterations in growth factor, cytokine, and inflammatory signaling pathways, altered expression or activity of transcriptional coregulators, AR point mutations, and AR gene amplification leading to AR protein overexpression. Additionally, we will discuss the mechanisms underlying the synthesis of constitutively active AR splice variants (AR-Vs) lacking the COOH-terminal ligand-binding domain, as well as the role and regulation of AR-Vs in supporting therapeutic resistance in CRPC. Finally, we summarize the ongoing development of inhibitors targeting discrete AR functional domains as well as the status of new biomarkers for monitoring the AR signaling axis in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siu Chiu Chan
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Scott M Dehm
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
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229
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Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ and C/EBPα synergistically activate key metabolic adipocyte genes by assisted loading. Mol Cell Biol 2013; 34:939-54. [PMID: 24379442 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01344-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein α (C/EBPα) are key activators of adipogenesis. They mutually induce the expression of each other and have been reported to cooperate in activation of a few adipocyte genes. Recently, genome-wide profiling revealed a high degree of overlap between PPARγ and C/EBPα binding in adipocytes, suggesting that cooperativeness could be mediated through common binding sites. To directly investigate the interplay between PPARγ and C/EBPα at shared binding sites, we established a fibroblastic model system in which PPARγ and C/EBPα can be independently expressed. Using RNA sequencing, we demonstrate that coexpression of PPARγ and C/EBPα leads to synergistic activation of many key metabolic adipocyte genes. This is associated with extensive C/EBPα-mediated reprogramming of PPARγ binding and vice versa in the vicinity of these genes, as determined by chromatin immunoprecipitation combined with deep sequencing. Our results indicate that this is at least partly mediated by assisted loading involving chromatin remodeling directed by the leading factor. In conclusion, we report a novel mechanism by which the key adipogenic transcription factors, PPARγ and C/EBPα, cooperate in activation of the adipocyte gene program.
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230
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Liu Q, Zhao S, Su PF, Yu S. Gene and isoform expression signatures associated with tumor stage in kidney renal clear cell carcinoma. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2013; 7 Suppl 5:S7. [PMID: 24564989 PMCID: PMC4028983 DOI: 10.1186/1752-0509-7-s5-s7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Background Identification of expression alternations between early and late stage cancers is helpful for understanding cancer development and progression. Much research has been done focusing on stage-dependent gene expression profiles. In contrast, relatively fewer studies on isoform expression profiles have been performed due to the difficulty of quantification and noisy splicing. Here we conducted both gene- and isoform-level analysis on RNA-seq data of 234 stage I and 81 stage IV kidney renal clear cell carcinoma patients, aiming to uncover the stage-dependent expression signatures and investigate the advantage of isoform expression profiling for identifying advanced stage cancers and predicting clinical outcome. Results Both gene and isoform expression signatures are useful for distinguishing cancer stages. They provide common and unique information associated with cancer progression and metastasis. Combining gene and isoform signatures even improves the classification performance and reveals additional important biological processes, such as angiogenesis and TGF−beta signaling pathway. Moreover, expression abundance of a number of genes and isoforms is predictive of the risk of cancer death in an independent dataset, such as gene and isoform expression of ITPKA, the expression of a functional important isoform of UPS19. Conclusion Isoform expression profiling provides unique and important information which cannot be detected by gene expression profiles. Combining gene and isoform expression signatures helps to identify advanced stage cancers, predict clinical outcome, and present a comprehensive view of cancer development and progression.
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231
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Mostaghel EA, Plymate SR, Montgomery B. Molecular pathways: targeting resistance in the androgen receptor for therapeutic benefit. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 20:791-8. [PMID: 24305618 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-3601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Androgen receptor signaling is critical in the development and progression of prostate cancer, leading to intensive efforts to elucidate all potential points of inflection for therapeutic intervention. These efforts have revealed new mechanisms of resistance and raise the possibility that known mechanisms may become even more relevant in the context of effective androgen receptor suppression. These mechanisms include tumoral appropriation of alternative androgen sources, alterations in androgen receptor expression, androgen receptor mutations, truncated androgen receptor variants, alterations and cross-talk in recruitment of cofactors to androgen receptor binding sites in the genome, and androgen receptor-driven oncogenic gene fusions. New agents such as enzalutamide, EPI-001, androgen receptor-specific peptidomimetics, novel HSP90 inhibitors, and PARP inhibitors, as well as new approaches to cotargeting the androgen receptor pathway, point to the potential for more complete and durable control of androgen receptor-mediated growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elahe A Mostaghel
- Authors' Affiliations: Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center; and Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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232
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Robinson JLL, Hickey TE, Warren AY, Vowler SL, Carroll T, Lamb AD, Papoutsoglou N, Neal DE, Tilley WD, Carroll JS. Elevated levels of FOXA1 facilitate androgen receptor chromatin binding resulting in a CRPC-like phenotype. Oncogene 2013; 33:5666-74. [PMID: 24292680 PMCID: PMC4051595 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) continues to pose a significant clinical challenge with new generation second line hormonal therapies affording limited improvement in disease outcome. As the androgen receptor (AR) remains a critical driver in CRPC, understanding the determinants of its transcriptional activity is important for developing new AR targeted therapies. FOXA1 is a key component of the AR transcriptional complex yet its role in prostate cancer progression and the relationship between AR and FOXA1 are not completely resolved. It is well established that FOXA1 levels are elevated in advanced prostate cancer and metastases. We mimicked these conditions by over-expressing FOXA1 in the androgen-responsive LNCaP prostate cancer cell line and observed a significant increase in AR genomic binding at novel regions that possess increased chromatin accessibility. High levels of FOXA1 resulted in increased proliferation at both sub-optimal and high 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) concentrations. Immunohistochemical staining for FOXA1 in a clinical prostate cancer cohort revealed that high FOXA1 expression is associated with shorter time to biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy (HR 5.0, 95% CI 1.2-21.1, p=0.028), positive surgical margins and higher stage disease at diagnosis. The gene expression program that results from FOXA1 over-expression is enriched for PTEN, Wnt and other pathways typically represented in CRPC gene signatures. Together these results suggest that in an androgen-depleted state, elevated levels of FOXA1 enhance AR binding at genomic regions not normally occupied by AR, which in turn facilitates prostate cancer cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L L Robinson
- 1] Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK [2] Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - T E Hickey
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories and the Adelaide Prostate Cancer Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - A Y Warren
- Department of Histopathology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundations Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - S L Vowler
- 1] Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK [2] Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - T Carroll
- 1] Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK [2] Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - A D Lamb
- 1] Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK [2] Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK [3] Department of Urology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundations Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - N Papoutsoglou
- Department of Urology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundations Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - D E Neal
- 1] Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK [2] Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK [3] Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories and the Adelaide Prostate Cancer Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - W D Tilley
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories and the Adelaide Prostate Cancer Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - J S Carroll
- 1] Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK [2] Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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233
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Aung KMM, New SY, Hong S, Sutarlie L, Lim MGL, Tan SK, Cheung E, Su X. Studying forkhead box protein A1-DNA interaction and ligand inhibition using gold nanoparticles, electrophoretic mobility shift assay, and fluorescence anisotropy. Anal Biochem 2013; 448:95-104. [PMID: 24291642 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2013.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Revised: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Forkhead box protein 1 (FoxA1) is a member of the forkhead family of winged helix transcription factors that plays pivotal roles in the development and differentiation of multiple organs and in the regulation of estrogen-stimulated genes. Conventional analytical methods-electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and fluorescence anisotropy (FA)-as well as a gold nanoparticles (AuNPs)-based assay were used to study DNA binding properties of FoxA1 and ligand interruption of FoxA1-DNA binding. In the AuNPs assay, the distinct ability of protein-DNA complex to protect AuNPs against salt-induced aggregation was exploited to screen sequence selectivity and determine the binding affinity constant based on AuNPs color change and absorbance spectrum shift. Both conventional EMSA and FA and the AuNPs assay suggested that FoxA1 binds to DNA in a core sequence-dependent manner and the flanking sequence also played a role to influence the affinity. The EMSA and AuNPs were found to be more sensitive than FA in differentiation of sequence-dependent affinity. With the addition of a spin filtration step, AuNPs assay has been extended for studying small molecular ligand inhibition of FoxA1-DNA interactions enabling drug screening. The results correlate very well with those obtained using FA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khin Moh Moh Aung
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A(*)STAR), Singapore
| | - Siu Yee New
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A(*)STAR), Singapore
| | - Shuzhen Hong
- Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A(*)STAR), Singapore
| | - Laura Sutarlie
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A(*)STAR), Singapore
| | - Michelle Gek Liang Lim
- Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A(*)STAR), Singapore
| | - Si Kee Tan
- Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A(*)STAR), Singapore
| | - Edwin Cheung
- Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A(*)STAR), Singapore; Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
| | - Xiaodi Su
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A(*)STAR), Singapore.
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234
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Heidegger I, Massoner P, Eder IE, Pircher A, Pichler R, Aigner F, Bektic J, Horninger W, Klocker H. Novel therapeutic approaches for the treatment of castration-resistant prostate cancer. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 138:248-56. [PMID: 23792785 PMCID: PMC3834152 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a leading cause of cancer death in men in developed countries. Once the tumor has achieved a castration-refractory metastatic stage, treatment options are limited with the average survival of patients ranging from two to three years only. Recently, new drugs for treatment of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) have been approved, and others are in an advanced stage of clinical testing. In this review we provide an overview of the new therapeutic agents that arrived in the clinical praxis or are tested in clinical studies and their mode of action including hormone synthesis inhibitors, new androgen receptor blockers, bone targeting and antiangiogenic agents, endothelin receptor antagonists, growth factor inhibitors, novel radiotherapeutics and taxanes, and immunotherapeutic approaches. Results and limitations from clinical studies as well as future needs for improvement of CRPC treatments are critically discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Heidegger
- Department of Urology, Innsbruck Medical University, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Petra Massoner
- Department of Urology, Innsbruck Medical University, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Iris E. Eder
- Department of Urology, Innsbruck Medical University, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andreas Pircher
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Innsbruck Medical University, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Renate Pichler
- Department of Urology, Innsbruck Medical University, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Friedrich Aigner
- Department of Radiology, Innsbruck Medical University, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Jasmin Bektic
- Department of Urology, Innsbruck Medical University, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Horninger
- Department of Urology, Innsbruck Medical University, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Helmut Klocker
- Department of Urology, Innsbruck Medical University, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Corresponding author at: Department of Urology, Division of Experimental Urology, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria. Tel.: +43 512 504 24818; fax: +43 512 504 24817.
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235
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Clinckemalie L, Spans L, Dubois V, Laurent M, Helsen C, Joniau S, Claessens F. Androgen regulation of the TMPRSS2 gene and the effect of a SNP in an androgen response element. Mol Endocrinol 2013; 27:2028-40. [PMID: 24109594 DOI: 10.1210/me.2013-1098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
More than 50% of prostate cancers have undergone a genomic reorganization that juxtaposes the androgen-regulated promoter of TMPRSS2 and the protein coding parts of several ETS oncogenes. These gene fusions lead to prostate-specific and androgen-induced ETS expression and are associated with aggressive lesions, poor prognosis, and early-onset prostate cancer. In this study, we showed that an enhancer at 13 kb upstream of the TMPRSS2 transcription start site is crucial for the androgen regulation of the TMPRSS2 gene when tested in bacterial artificial chromosomal vectors. Within this enhancer, we identified the exact androgen receptor binding sequence. This newly identified androgen response element is situated next to two binding sites for the pioneer factor GATA2, which were identified by DNase I footprinting. Both the androgen response element and the GATA-2 binding sites are involved in the enhancer activity. Importantly, a single nucleotide polymorphism (rs8134378) within this androgen response element reduces binding and transactivation by the androgen receptor. The presence of this SNP might have implications on the expression and/or formation levels of TMPRSS2 fusions, because both have been shown to be influenced by androgens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liesbeth Clinckemalie
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine KU Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg O&N1, PO Box 901, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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236
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Ronkainen VP, Tuomainen T, Huusko J, Laidinen S, Malinen M, Palvimo JJ, Ylä-Herttuala S, Vuolteenaho O, Tavi P. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-induced G protein-coupled receptor 35 expression is an early marker of progressive cardiac remodelling. Cardiovasc Res 2013; 101:69-77. [PMID: 24095869 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvt226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS G protein-coupled receptor 35 (GPR35) has been characterized to be one of the genes that are up-regulated in human heart failure. Since mechanisms controlling GPR35 expression are not known, we investigated the regulation of GPR35 gene and protein expression in cardiac myocytes and in the mouse models of cardiac failure. METHODS AND RESULTS In cardiac myocytes, GPR35 gene expression was found to be exceptionally sensitive to hypoxia and induced by hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) activation. HIF-1-dependent regulation was established by genetic (HIF-1/VP16, Inhibitory Per/Arnt/Sim domain protein) and chemical [desferrioxamine (DFO)] modulation of the HIF-1 pathway and further confirmed by mutation analysis of the GPR35 promoter and by demonstrating direct binding of endogenous HIF-1 to the gene promoter. Hypoxia increased the number and density of GPR35 receptors on the cardiomyocyte cell membranes. Chemical GPR35 agonist Zaprinast caused GPR35 activation and receptor internalization in cardiac myocytes. In addition, overexpressed GPR35 disrupted actin cytoskeleton arrangement and caused morphological changes in cultured cardiomyocytes. GPR35 gene and protein expressions were also induced in mouse models of cardiac failure; the acute phase of myocardial infarction and during the compensatory and decompensatory phase of pressure-load induced cardiac hypertrophy. CONCLUSIONS Cardiac expression of GPR35 is regulated by hypoxia through activation of HIF-1. The expression of GPR35 in mouse models of cardiac infarction and pressure load suggests that GPR35 could be used as an early marker of progressive cardiac failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veli-Pekka Ronkainen
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, FI-90014, Oulu, Finland
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Everett LJ, Lazar MA. Cell-specific integration of nuclear receptor function at the genome. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2013; 5:615-29. [PMID: 23757177 PMCID: PMC3745817 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Revised: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NRs) encompass a family of regulatory proteins that directly couple small-molecule signaling to transcriptional regulation. Initial studies of specific NR targets led to a model in which NRs bind highly specific DNA motifs in proximal promoter regions and strongly induce gene transcription in response to ligand binding. More recently, genome-wide studies have added to the complexity of this classic model of NR function. In particular, binding of NRs at weaker or alternate motifs is common in the context of DNA assembled into chromatin, and ligand responsiveness varies at different NR target genes. Such findings have led to proposed modifications to the classic view of NR regulation, including the 'assisted loading' model in which NRs assist in opening chromatin rather than compete for binding sites, and context-specific models in which genomic and epigenomic features influence the NR function locally at each binding site. Further elucidation of these mechanisms will be particularly important for understanding cell-specific and ligand-specific functions of each NR. Emerging genomic technologies such as ChIP-seq and GRO-seq provide insights on a larger scale leading to deeper understanding of the complexities of transcriptional regulation by NRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan J Everett
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Institute of Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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238
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Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most commonly diagnosed noncutaneous malignancy and second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in US males. Clinically, locally confined disease is treated surgically and/or with radiation therapy. Invasive disease, however, must be treated with pharmacological inhibitors of androgen receptor (AR) activity, since disease progression is fundamentally reliant on AR activation. However, despite initially effective treatment options, recurrent castration-resistant PCa (CRPC) often occurs due to aberrant reactivation of AR. Additionally, it is appreciated that many other signaling molecules, such as transcription factors, oncogenes, and tumor suppressors, are often perturbed and significantly contribute to PCa initiation and progression to incurable disease. Understanding the interplay between AR signaling and other signaling networks altered in PCa will advance therapeutic approaches. Overall, comprehension of the molecular composition promoting neoplastic growth and formation of CRPC is paramount for developing durable treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randy Schrecengost
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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239
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Lee HY, Yang EG, Park H. Hypoxia enhances the expression of prostate-specific antigen by modifying the quantity and catalytic activity of Jumonji C domain-containing histone demethylases. Carcinogenesis 2013; 34:2706-15. [PMID: 23884959 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgt256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxygen concentration in prostate cancer tissue is significantly low, i.e. ~0.3% O2. This study showed that pathological hypoxia (<0.5% O2) increased the expression of androgen receptor (AR) target genes such as prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and kallikrein-related peptidase 2 in LNCaP human prostate cancer cells by modifying the quantity and activity of related Jumonji C domain-containing histone demethylases (JMJDs). Under pathological hypoxia, the catalytic activities of JMJD2A, JMJD2C and Jumonji/ARID domain-containing protein 1B (JARID1B) were blocked due to the lack of their substrate, i.e. oxygen. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analyses showed that hypoxia increased the appearance of H3K9me3 and H3K4me3, substrates of JMJD2s and JARID1B, respectively, in the PSA enhancer. In contrast, JMJD1A, which demethylates both H3K9me2 and H3K9me1, maintained its catalytic activity even under severe hypoxia. Furthermore, hypoxia increased the expression of JMJD1A. Hypoxia and androgen additively increased the recruitment of JMJD1A and p300 on the enhancer region of PSA through interaction with the hypoxia-inducible factor-1α and AR, both of which bind the PSA enhancer. Thus, hypoxia enhanced the demethylation of H3K9me2 and H3K9me1, leading to provide unmethylated H3K9 residues that are substrates for histone acetyltransferase, p300. Consequently, hypoxia increased the acetylation of histones of the PSA enhancer, which facilitates its transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho-Youl Lee
- Department of Life Science, University of Seoul, Siripdae-gil 13, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-743, Korea and
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240
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ETS factors reprogram the androgen receptor cistrome and prime prostate tumorigenesis in response to PTEN loss. Nat Med 2013; 19:1023-9. [PMID: 23817021 PMCID: PMC3737318 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Studies of ETS-mediated prostate oncogenesis have been hampered by the lack of suitable experimental systems. Here we describe a new conditional mouse model which gives robust, homogenous ERG expression throughout the prostate. When combined with homozygous Pten loss, mice developed accelerated, highly penetrant invasive prostate cancer. In mouse prostate tissue, ERG significantly increased androgen receptor (AR) binding. Robust ERG-mediated transcriptional changes, observed only in the setting of Pten loss, included restoration of AR transcriptional outut and genes involved in cell death, migration, inflammation and angiogenesis. Similarly, ETV1 positively regulated AR cistrome and transcriptional output in ETV1-translocated, PTEN-deficient human prostate cancer cells. In two large clinical cohorts, ERG and ETV1 expression correlated with higher AR transcriptional output in PTEN-negative prostate cancer specimens. We propose that ETS factors cause prostate-specific transformation by altering the AR cistrome, priming the prostate epithelium to respond to aberrant upstream signals such as PTEN loss.
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241
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Wahlestedt C. Targeting long non-coding RNA to therapeutically upregulate gene expression. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2013; 12:433-46. [DOI: 10.1038/nrd4018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 396] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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242
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The genomic landscape of prostate cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:10822-51. [PMID: 23708091 PMCID: PMC3709705 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140610822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2013] [Revised: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
By the age of 80, approximately 80% of men will manifest some cancerous cells within their prostate, indicating that prostate cancer constitutes a major health burden. While this disease is clinically insignificant in most men, it can become lethal in others. The most challenging task for clinicians is developing a patient-tailored treatment in the knowledge that this disease is highly heterogeneous and that relatively little adequate prognostic tools are available to distinguish aggressive from indolent disease. Next-generation sequencing allows a description of the cancer at an unprecedented level of detail and at different levels, going from whole genome or exome sequencing to transcriptome analysis and methylation-specific immunoprecipitation, followed by sequencing. Integration of all these data is leading to a better understanding of the initiation, progression and metastatic processes of prostate cancer. Ultimately, these insights will result in a better and more personalized treatment of patients suffering from prostate cancer. The present review summarizes current knowledge on copy number changes, gene fusions, single nucleotide mutations and polymorphisms, methylation, microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs obtained from high-throughput studies.
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243
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Schoenborn JR, Nelson P, Fang M. Genomic profiling defines subtypes of prostate cancer with the potential for therapeutic stratification. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 19:4058-66. [PMID: 23704282 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-3606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The remarkable variation in prostate cancer clinical behavior represents an opportunity to identify and understand molecular features that can be used to stratify patients into clinical subgroups for more precise outcome prediction and treatment selection. Significant progress has been made in recent years in establishing the composition of genomic and epigenetic alterations in localized and advanced prostate cancers using array-based technologies and next-generation sequencing approaches. The results of these efforts shed new light on our understanding of this disease and point to subclasses of prostate cancer that exhibit distinct vulnerabilities to therapeutics. The goal of this review is to categorize the genomic data and, where available, corresponding expression, functional, or related therapeutic information, from recent large-scale and in-depth studies that show a new appreciation for the molecular complexity of this disease. We focus on how these results inform our growing understanding of the mechanisms that promote genetic instability, as well as routes by which specific genes and biologic pathways may serve as biomarkers or potential targets for new therapies. We summarize data that indicate the presence of genetic subgroups of prostate cancers and show the high level of intra- and intertumoral heterogeneity, as well as updated information on disseminated and circulating tumor cells. The integrated analysis of all types of genetic alterations that culminate in altering critical biologic pathways may serve as the impetus for developing new therapeutics, repurposing agents used currently for treating other malignancies, and stratifying early and advanced prostate cancers for appropriate interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie R Schoenborn
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
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244
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Cano LQ, Lavery DN, Bevan CL. Mini-review: Foldosome regulation of androgen receptor action in prostate cancer. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013; 369:52-62. [PMID: 23395916 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Revised: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Steroid hormone receptors play diverse roles in many aspects of human physiology including cell division, apoptosis and homeostasis, tissue differentiation, sexual development and response to stress. These ligand-activated transcription factors require the functional activity of numerous chaperone and chaperone-associated proteins, collectively termed the foldosome, at the crucial step of ligand recognition and binding. Since the initial isolation of foldosome components and pioneering research by Pratt, Toft and colleagues we understand much regarding cytosolic receptor function. The classical view, that the role of foldosome components is restricted to the cytosol, has been modified over recent years by research highlighting additional roles of chaperone proteins in nuclear translocation and target gene expression. Further, dysregulation of chaperone activity and expression has been implicated in various cancers, including breast and prostate cancer. Consequently, the foldosome provides an attractive therapeutic target in steroid hormone receptor-driven malignancies. This review summarises current knowledge of how the foldosome impacts upon androgen receptor signalling, which is the key therapeutic target on prostate cancer, and how foldosome components may be used as biomarkers or therapeutic targets in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Querol Cano
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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245
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Takayama KI, Inoue S. Transcriptional network of androgen receptor in prostate cancer progression. Int J Urol 2013; 20:756-68. [DOI: 10.1111/iju.12146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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246
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Jin HJ, Zhao JC, Ogden I, Bergan RC, Yu J. Androgen receptor-independent function of FoxA1 in prostate cancer metastasis. Cancer Res 2013; 73:3725-36. [PMID: 23539448 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-3468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
FoxA1 (FOXA1) is a pioneering transcription factor of the androgen receptor (AR) that is indispensible for the lineage-specific gene expression of the prostate. To date, there have been conflicting reports on the role of FoxA1 in prostate cancer progression and prognosis. With recent discoveries of recurrent FoxA1 mutations in human prostate tumors, comprehensive understanding of FoxA1 function has become very important. Here, through genomic analysis, we reveal that FoxA1 regulates two distinct oncogenic processes via disparate mechanisms. FoxA1 induces cell growth requiring the AR pathway. On the other hand, FoxA1 inhibits cell motility and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) through AR-independent mechanism directly opposing the action of AR signaling. Using orthotopic mouse models, we further show that FoxA1 inhibits prostate tumor metastasis in vivo. Concordant with these contradictory effects on tumor progression, FoxA1 expression is slightly upregulated in localized prostate cancer wherein cell proliferation is the main feature, but is remarkably downregulated when the disease progresses to metastatic stage for which cell motility and EMT are essential. Importantly, recently identified FoxA1 mutants have drastically attenuated ability in suppressing cell motility. Taken together, our findings illustrate an AR-independent function of FoxA1 as a metastasis inhibitor and provide a mechanism by which recurrent FoxA1 mutations contribute to prostate cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Jian Jin
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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247
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Wang L, Qin H, Li L, Feng F, Ji P, Zhang J, Li G, Zhao Z, Gao G. Forkhead-box A1 transcription factor is a novel adverse prognosis marker in human glioma. J Clin Neurosci 2013; 20:654-8. [PMID: 23510544 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2012.03.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Revised: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Forkhead-box A1 (FOXA1), a member of the FOX family of transcription factors, has been implicated in certain tumor types including breast, prostate, lung, thyroid and esophageal squamous cell carcinomas. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinicopathological significance of FOXA1 expression in human malignant glioma. FOXA1 expression in human glioma and non-neoplastic brain tissue was measured by quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), Western blot and immunohistochemistry. The association of FOXA1 immunostaining with clinicopathological factors and prognosis in patients with glioma was also investigated. The expression levels of FOXA1 messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein in glioma tissues were significantly higher than those in corresponding non-neoplastic brain tissue (both p<0.001). In addition, the expression of FOXA1 was upregulated in high-grade glioma tissue compared with that in low-grade tissues, and increased with ascending World Health Organization (WHO) tumor grade (p=0.001). The increased expression of FOXA1 protein was also significantly correlated with low Karnofsky performance scale score (p=0.02). Moreover, the overall survival rate for patients with high FOXA1 protein expression was clearly lower than that for patients with low FOXA1 protein expression (p=0.01). Multivariate analysis showed that high FOXA1 protein expression was an independent prognostic factor for overall survival (p=0.02) in patients with glioma. In conclusion, our results suggest, for the first time, that FOXA1 might be a potential regulator of progression of human glioma and its upregulation might be closely associated with a poor clinical outcome for patients with this serious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, 569 Xinsi Road, Baqiao District, Xi'an City 710038, China
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248
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Robinson JLL, Holmes KA, Carroll JS. FOXA1 mutations in hormone-dependent cancers. Front Oncol 2013; 3:20. [PMID: 23420418 PMCID: PMC3572741 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2013.00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The forkhead protein, FOXA1, is a critical interacting partner of the nuclear hormone receptors, oestrogen receptor-α (ER) and androgen receptor (AR), which are major drivers of the two most common cancers, namely breast and prostate cancer. Over the past few years, progress has been made in our understanding of how FOXA1 influences nuclear receptor function, with both common and distinct roles in the regulation of ER or AR. Recently, another level of regulation has been described, with the discovery that FOXA1 is mutated in 1.8% of breast and 3–5% prostate cancers. In addition, a subset of both cancer types exhibit amplification of the genomic region encompassing the FOXA1 gene. Furthermore, there is evidence of somatic changes that influence the DNA sequence under FOXA1 binding regions, which may indirectly influence FOXA1-mediated regulation of ER and AR activity. These recent observations provide insight into the heterogeneity observed in ER and AR driven cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L L Robinson
- Cancer Research UK, Robinson Way Cambridge, UK ; Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK
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249
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Bernardo GM, Bebek G, Ginther CL, Sizemore ST, Lozada KL, Miedler JD, Anderson LA, Godwin AK, Abdul-Karim FW, Slamon DJ, Keri RA. FOXA1 represses the molecular phenotype of basal breast cancer cells. Oncogene 2013; 32:554-63. [PMID: 22391567 PMCID: PMC3371315 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2011] [Revised: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease that comprises multiple subtypes. Luminal subtype tumors confer a more favorable patient prognosis, which is, in part, attributed to estrogen receptor (ER)-α positivity and antihormone responsiveness. Expression of the forkhead box transcription factor, FOXA1, similarly correlates with the luminal subtype and patient survival, but is also present in a subset of ER-negative tumors. FOXA1 is also consistently expressed in luminal breast cancer cell lines even in the absence of ER. In contrast, breast cancer cell lines representing the basal subtype do not express FOXA1. To delineate an ER-independent role for FOXA1 in maintaining the luminal phenotype, and hence a more favorable prognosis, we performed expression microarray analyses on FOXA1-positive and ER-positive (MCF7, T47D), or FOXA1-positive and ER-negative (MDA-MB-453, SKBR3) luminal cell lines in the presence or absence of transient FOXA1 silencing. This resulted in three FOXA1 transcriptomes: (1) a luminal signature (consistent across cell lines), (2) an ER-positive signature (restricted to MCF7 and T47D) and (3) an ER-negative signature (restricted to MDA-MB-453 and SKBR3). Gene set enrichment analyses revealed FOXA1 silencing causes a partial transcriptome shift from luminal to basal gene expression signatures. FOXA1 binds to a subset of both luminal and basal genes within luminal breast cancer cells, and loss of FOXA1 increases enhancer RNA transcription for a representative basal gene (CD58). These data suggest FOXA1 directly represses a subset of basal signature genes. Functionally, FOXA1 silencing increases migration and invasion of luminal cancer cells, both of which are characteristics of basal subtype cells. We conclude FOXA1 controls plasticity between basal and luminal breast cancer cells, not only by inducing luminal genes but also by repressing the basal phenotype, and thus aggressiveness. Although it has been proposed that FOXA1-targeting agents may be useful for treating luminal tumors, these data suggest that this approach may promote transitions toward more aggressive cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina M. Bernardo
- Departments of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Gurkan Bebek
- Departments of Case Center for Proteomics and Bioinformatics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Charles L. Ginther
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Steven T. Sizemore
- Departments of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Kristen L. Lozada
- Departments of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - John D. Miedler
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals-Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Lee A. Anderson
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Andrew K. Godwin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Fadi W. Abdul-Karim
- Departments of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals-Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Dennis J. Slamon
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Ruth A. Keri
- Departments of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Departments of Genetics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Division of General Medical Sciences-Oncology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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250
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Sanders DA, Ross-Innes CS, Beraldi D, Carroll JS, Balasubramanian S. Genome-wide mapping of FOXM1 binding reveals co-binding with estrogen receptor alpha in breast cancer cells. Genome Biol 2013; 14:R6. [PMID: 23347430 PMCID: PMC3663086 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2013-14-1-r6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Revised: 12/24/2012] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The forkhead transcription factor FOXM1 is a key regulator of the cell cycle. It is frequently over-expressed in cancer and is emerging as an important therapeutic target. In breast cancer FOXM1 expression is linked with estrogen receptor (ERα) activity and resistance to endocrine therapies, with high levels correlated with poor prognosis. However, the precise role of FOXM1 in ER positive breast cancer is not yet fully understood. RESULTS The study utilizes chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by high-throughput sequencing to map FOXM1 binding in both ERα-positive and -negative breast cancer cell lines. The comparison between binding site distributions in the two cell lines uncovered a previously undescribed relationship between binding of FOXM1 and ERα. Further molecular analyses demonstrated that these two factors can bind simultaneously at genomic sites and furthermore that FOXM1 regulates the transcriptional activity of ERα via interaction with the coactivator CARM1. Inhibition of FOXM1 activity using the natural product thiostrepton revealed down-regulation of a set of FOXM1-regulated genes that are correlated with patient outcome in clinical breast cancer samples. CONCLUSIONS These findings reveal a novel role for FOXM1 in ERα transcriptional activity in breast cancer and uncover a FOXM1-regulated gene signature associated with ER-positive breast cancer patient prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah A Sanders
- Cancer Research UK, Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Caryn S Ross-Innes
- Cancer Research UK, Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Dario Beraldi
- Cancer Research UK, Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Jason S Carroll
- Cancer Research UK, Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Shankar Balasubramanian
- Cancer Research UK, Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
- School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0SP, UK
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