201
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Sustained accumulation of antigen-presenting cells after infection promotes local T-cell immunity. Immunol Cell Biol 2017; 95:878-883. [PMID: 28722019 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2017.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 06/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Antigen-presenting cells (APC), such as dendritic cells (DC) and macrophages, are critical for T-cell-mediated immunity. Although it is established that memory T cells accumulate and persist in peripheral tissues after the resolution of infection, whether this is also the case for APC remains unclear. Here, we report that CCR2-dependent cells infiltrate skin during acute infection with herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1 and subsequently give rise to localized populations of DCs and macrophages. These APC are found at elevated numbers at sites of resolved infection or inflammation compared with unaffected regions of skin. Importantly, this local accumulation of APC is sustained for prolonged periods of time and has important functional consequences, as it promotes interferon-γ responses by virus-specific CD4+ T cells upon localized challenge infection with HSV-1. Thus, our results highlight how infection history determines long-term changes in immune cell composition in skin and how different types of immune cells accumulate, persist and co-operate to provide optimal immunity at this critical barrier site.
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202
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Enamorado M, Iborra S, Priego E, Cueto FJ, Quintana JA, Martínez-Cano S, Mejías-Pérez E, Esteban M, Melero I, Hidalgo A, Sancho D. Enhanced anti-tumour immunity requires the interplay between resident and circulating memory CD8 + T cells. Nat Commun 2017; 8:16073. [PMID: 28714465 PMCID: PMC5520051 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms16073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of successful anti-tumoural immunity is the development of long-term protective immunity to prevent relapse. Infiltration of tumours with CD8+ T cells with a resident memory (Trm) phenotype correlates with improved survival. However, the interplay of circulating CD8+ T cells and Trm cells remains poorly explored in tumour immunity. Using different vaccination strategies that fine-tune the generation of Trm cells or circulating memory T cells, here we show that, while both subsets are sufficient for anti-tumour immunity, the presence of Trm cells improves anti-tumour efficacy. Transferred central memory T cells (Tcm) generate Trm cells following viral infection or tumour challenge. Anti-PD-1 treatment promotes infiltration of transferred Tcm cells within tumours, improving anti-tumour immunity. Moreover, Batf3-dependent dendritic cells are essential for reactivation of circulating memory anti-tumour response. Our findings show the plasticity, collaboration and requirements for reactivation of memory CD8+ T cells subsets needed for optimal tumour vaccination and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Enamorado
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Salvador Iborra
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Elena Priego
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3, Madrid 28029, Spain.,Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Arzobispo Morcillo 4, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Francisco J Cueto
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3, Madrid 28029, Spain.,Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Arzobispo Morcillo 4, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Juan A Quintana
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Sarai Martínez-Cano
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Ernesto Mejías-Pérez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC), Darwin 3, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Mariano Esteban
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC), Darwin 3, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Ignacio Melero
- Division of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), 31008 Pamplona, Spain.,University Clinic, University of Navarra and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdISNA), Pío XII, 55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Andrés Hidalgo
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3, Madrid 28029, Spain.,Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Pettenkoferstrasse 9, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - David Sancho
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3, Madrid 28029, Spain
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203
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Maintenance of pathogenic Th2 cells in allergic disorders. Allergol Int 2017; 66:369-376. [PMID: 28391979 DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunological memory is an important protective mechanism that enables host organisms to respond rapidly and vigorously to pathogens that have been previously encountered. In addition to the protective function, memory CD4+ T helper (Th) cells play a central role in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory disorders, including asthma. Recently, several investigators have identified phenotypically and functionally distinct memory Th2 cell subsets that produce IL-5. These memory Th2 cell subsets play an important role in the pathology of allergic inflammation and function as memory-type "pathogenic Th2 (Tpath2) cells" both in mice and humans. We review the role of lung Tpath2 cells in the development of allergic inflammation and, in the context of recent findings, propose a mechanism by which Tpath2 cells not only survive but also continue to function at the sites where antigens were encountered. A greater understanding of the functional molecules or signaling pathways that regulate the inflammatory niche for Tpath2 cells may aid in the design of more effective treatments for chronic inflammatory disorders.
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204
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CXCL10/CXCR3-Dependent Mobilization of Herpes Simplex Virus-Specific CD8 + T EM and CD8 + T RM Cells within Infected Tissues Allows Efficient Protection against Recurrent Herpesvirus Infection and Disease. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00278-17. [PMID: 28468883 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00278-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) establishes latency within the sensory neurons of the trigeminal ganglia (TG). HSV-specific memory CD8+ T cells play a critical role in preventing HSV-1 reactivation from TG and subsequent virus shedding in tears that trigger recurrent corneal herpetic disease. The CXC chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10)/CXC chemokine receptor 3 (CXCR3) chemokine pathway promotes T cell immunity to many viral pathogens, but its importance in CD8+ T cell immunity to recurrent herpes has been poorly elucidated. In this study, we determined how the CXCL10/CXCR3 pathway affects TG- and cornea-resident CD8+ T cell responses to recurrent ocular herpesvirus infection and disease using a well-established murine model in which HSV-1 reactivation was induced from latently infected TG by UV-B light. Following UV-B-induced HSV-1 reactivation, a significant increase in both the number and function of HSV-specific CXCR3+ CD8+ T cells was detected in TG and corneas of protected C57BL/6 (B6) mice, but not in TG and corneas of nonprotected CXCL10-/- or CXCR3-/- deficient mice. This increase was associated with a significant reduction in both virus shedding and recurrent corneal herpetic disease. Furthermore, delivery of exogenous CXCL10 chemokine in TG of CXCL10-/- mice, using the neurotropic adeno-associated virus type 8 (AAV8) vector, boosted the number and function of effector memory CD8+ T cells (TEM) and tissue-resident memory CD8+ T cells (TRM), but not of central memory CD8+ T cells (TCM), locally within TG, and improved protection against recurrent herpesvirus infection and disease in CXCL10-/- deficient mice. These findings demonstrate that the CXCL10/CXCR3 chemokine pathway is critical in shaping CD8+ T cell immunity, locally within latently infected tissues, which protects against recurrent herpesvirus infection and disease.IMPORTANCE We determined how the CXCL10/CXCR3 pathway affects CD8+ T cell responses to recurrent ocular herpesvirus infection and disease. Using a well-established murine model, in which HSV-1 reactivation in latently infected trigeminal ganglia was induced by UV-B light, we demonstrated that lack of either CXCL10 chemokine or its CXCR3 receptor compromised the mobilization of functional CD8+ TEM and CD8+ TRM cells within latently infected trigeminal ganglia following virus reactivation. This lack of T cell mobilization was associated with an increase in recurrent ocular herpesvirus infection and disease. Inversely, augmenting the amount of CXCL10 in trigeminal ganglia of latently infected CXCL10-deficient mice significantly restored the number of local antiviral CD8+ TEM and CD8+ TRM cells associated with protection against recurrent ocular herpes. Based on these findings, a novel "prime/pull" therapeutic ocular herpes vaccine strategy is proposed and discussed.
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205
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Lugli E, Hudspeth K, Roberto A, Mavilio D. Tissue-resident and memory properties of human T-cell and NK-cell subsets. Eur J Immunol 2017; 46:1809-17. [PMID: 27431095 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201545702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Efficient immune responses to invading pathogens are the result of the complex but coordinated synergy between a variety of cell types from both the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system. While adaptive and innate immune responses are highly complementary, some cells types within these two systems perform similar functions, underscoring the need for redundancy and increased flexibility. In this review, we will discuss the striking shared features of immunological memory and tissue residency recently discovered between T cells, a component of the adaptive immune system, and natural killer (NK) cells, members generally assigned to the innate compartment. Specifically, we will focus on the T-cell and NK-cell diversity at the single-cell level, on the discrete function of specific subsets, and on their anatomical location. Finally, we will discuss the implication of such diversity in the generation of long-term memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Lugli
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Kelly Hudspeth
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Roberto
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Domenico Mavilio
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.,Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine (BioMeTra), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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206
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Maisel K, Sasso MS, Potin L, Swartz MA. Exploiting lymphatic vessels for immunomodulation: Rationale, opportunities, and challenges. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2017; 114:43-59. [PMID: 28694027 PMCID: PMC6026542 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lymphatic vessels are the primary route of communication from peripheral tissues to the immune system; as such, they represent an important component of local immunity. In addition to their transport functions, new immunomodulatory roles for lymphatic vessels and lymphatic endothelial cells have come to light in recent years, demonstrating that lymphatic vessels help shape immune responses in a variety of ways: promoting tolerance to self-antigens, archiving antigen for later presentation, dampening effector immune responses, and resolving inflammation, among others. In addition to these new biological insights, the growing field of immunoengineering has begun to explore therapeutic approaches to utilize or exploit the lymphatic system for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Maisel
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Maria Stella Sasso
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lambert Potin
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Melody A Swartz
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Ben May Institute for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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207
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Xiong Y, Brinkman CC, Famulski KS, Mongodin EF, Lord CJ, Hippen KL, Blazar BR, Bromberg JS. A robust in vitro model for trans-lymphatic endothelial migration. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1633. [PMID: 28487567 PMCID: PMC5431648 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01575-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Trans-endothelial migration (TEM) is essential for leukocyte circulation. While much is known about trans-blood endothelial migration, far less is known about trans-lymphatic endothelial migration. We established an in vitro system to evaluate lymphatic TEM for various cell types across primary mouse and human lymphatic endothelial cells (LEC), and validated the model for the murine LEC cell line SVEC4-10. T cells exhibited enhanced unidirectional migration from the basal (abluminal) to the apical (luminal) surface across LEC, whereas for blood endothelial cells (BEC) they migrated similarly in both directions. This preferential, vectorial migration was chemotactic toward many different chemoattractants and dose-dependent. Stromal protein fibers, interstitial type fluid flow, distribution of chemokines in the stromal layer, and inflammatory cytokines influenced LEC phenotype and leukocyte TEM. Activated and memory CD4 T cells, macrophages, and dendritic cell (DC) showed chemoattractantΔdriven vectorial migration, while CD8 T cell migration across LEC was not. The system was further validated for studying cancer cell transmigration across lymphatic endothelium. This model for lymphatic TEM for various migrating and endothelial cell types possesses the capacity to be high-throughput, highly reproducible and integrate the complexities of lymphatic biology, stromal variability, chemoattractant distribution, and fluid flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbao Xiong
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - C Colin Brinkman
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Konrad S Famulski
- Alberta Transplant Applied Genomics Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Emmanuel F Mongodin
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Colin J Lord
- University of Minnesota Cancer Center and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, 55455, USA
| | - Keli L Hippen
- University of Minnesota Cancer Center and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, 55455, USA
| | - Bruce R Blazar
- University of Minnesota Cancer Center and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, 55455, USA
| | - Jonathan S Bromberg
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA. .,Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201, USA.
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208
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Wang B, Wu S, Wang T, Ma Z, Liu K. Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells-Mediated Protection Against Organ Dysfunction in Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation Is Associated With Peripheral Immune Responses. J Cell Biochem 2017; 118:3184-3192. [PMID: 28252221 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is a fatal thrombohemorrhagic disorder. Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) are multipotent stem cells that have tremendous therapeutic effect. Our aim was to explore whether the immune mechanisms were associated with BMSCs-afforded protection against DIC. We generated a rat model of DIC by lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 3 mg/kg) injection via the tail vein. In the treatment group, rats were pre-treated with 1 × l03 , 1 × l04 , 1 × l05 , and 1 × l06 allogeneic BMSCs before LPS injection. Blood sample was withdrawn from the abdominal aorta at 0 (before), 4, and 8 h after LPS injection and used for biochemical analyses. After experiments, the mice were sacrificed and their organs were harvested and observed by H&E and PTAH staining. Continuous infusion of LPS into the rats gradually impaired the hemostatic parameters and damaged organ functions. However, pre-treatment with BMSCs dose-dependently improved the hemostatic parameters. Meanwhile, the treatment significantly suppressed the fibrin microthrombi formation and alleviated liver, heart, lung, and renal injuries. Flow cytometry analysis demonstrated that BMSCs pre-treatment inhibited LPS-induced upregulation of CD3+ CD8+ T cells and CD3+ /CD161a+ NKT cells in the peripheral blood. BMSCs pre-treatment reversed the upregualtion of the B-cell population and the percentage of CD43+ /CD172a+ monocytes in the DIC models. Finally, BMSCs pre-treatment decreased the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) and increased the levels of interleukin-10 (IL-10) in LPS-induced DIC models. Pre-treatment with BMSCs can reduce coagulation and alleviate organ dysfunction via peripheral immune responses in LPS-induced DIC rat model. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 3184-3192, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong, University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Shuming Wu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong, University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong, University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Zengshan Ma
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong, University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Kai Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong, University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
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209
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The emerging role of ECM crosslinking in T cell mobility as a hallmark of immunosenescence in humans. Ageing Res Rev 2017; 35:322-335. [PMID: 27876574 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2016.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Immunosenescence is thought to result from cellular aging and to reflect exposure to environmental stressors and antigens, including cytomegalovirus (CMV). However, not all of the features of immunosenescence are consistent with this view, and this has led to the emergence of the sister theory of "inflammaging". The recently discovered diffuse tissue distribution of resident memory T cells (TRM) which don't recirculate, calls these theories into question. These cells account for most T cells residing in barrier epithelia which sit in and travel through the extracellular matrix (ECM). With almost all studies to date carried out on peripheral blood, the age-related changes of the ECM and their consequences for T cell mobility, which is crucial for the function of these cells, have been largely ignored. We propose an update of the theoretical framework of immunosenescence, based on a novel hypothesis: the increasing stiffness and cross-linking of the senescent ECM lead to a progressive immunodeficiency due to an age-related decrease in T cell mobility and eventually the death of these cells. A key element of this mechanism is the mechanical stress to which the cell cytoplasm and nucleus are subjected during passage through the ECM. This hypothesis is based on an "evo-devo" perspective bringing together some major characteristics of aging, to create a single interpretive framework for immunosenescence.
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210
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Hickey MJ, Chow Z. Viewing immune regulation as it happens: in vivo imaging for investigation of regulatory T-cell function. Immunol Cell Biol 2017; 95:514-519. [PMID: 28420873 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2017.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play indispensable roles in the immune system, in limiting excessive or inappropriate immune and inflammatory responses. They achieve this function via effects on other immune cells in the secondary lymphoid system, and in peripheral locations such as skin, gut and bone marrow. As for the more extensively studied cellular players in the immune system, particularly dendritic cells and conventional T cells, in vivo imaging of Tregs via two-photon (or multiphoton) microscopy (MPM) has been central to the development of understanding how these cells function. In this brief review, we will describe the studies that have utilised MPM to examine Treg behaviour in vivo. These studies have investigated Treg behaviour in lymph nodes and spleen, as well as in peripheral organs such as skin, small intestine and bone marrow. The findings from these experiments underline how assumptions made about Treg function based on results of in vitro experiments are often not supported by direct visualisation of these cells in their normal in vivo settings. Together this work reveals that only via MPM analysis can Treg function be investigated in the complicated multicellular environments where conventional T cells, antigen-presenting cells and other potential cellular targets of Tregs are present with each undergoing their own specific actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Hickey
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Monash University, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Zachary Chow
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Monash University, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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211
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Zhang H, He F, Shi M, Wang W, Tian X, Kang J, Han W, Wu R, Zhou L, Hu M, Li X, Mi F, Zhao G, Jia H. Toll-Like Receptor 4-Myeloid Differentiation Primary Response Gene 88 Pathway Is Involved in the Inflammatory Development of Polymyositis by Mediating Interferon-γ and Interleukin-17A in Humans and Experimental Autoimmune Myositis Mouse Model. Front Neurol 2017; 8:132. [PMID: 28446897 PMCID: PMC5388689 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is one of the key players in the development of many autoimmune diseases. To determine the possible role of TLR4 in polymyositis (PM) development, we collected muscle samples from PM patients and mice subjected to an experimental autoimmune myositis (EAM) model. METHODS We measured TLR4-MyD88 pathway-related factors, interferon-γ (IFN-γ), and interleukin-17A (IL-17A) in EAM mice and PM patients. Then, we observed the changes of above factors and the inflammatory development of EAM mice with TLR4 antagonist TAK-242, IFN-γ, or IL-17A antibody treatment. RESULTS The expression of TLR4, MyD88, and NF-κB was significantly upregulated in the muscle tissues both in 22 patients with PM and in the EAM model. As expected, increased levels of various cytokines, such as IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, tumor necrosis factor-α, TGF-β, IFN-γ, and IL-17A, were evident in the serum of EAM mice. Moreover, mRNA expression levels of IFN-γ and IL-17A were significantly increased in both PM patients and EAM mice. Consistently, the levels of these factors were positively correlated with the degree of muscle inflammation in EAM mice. However, when EAM mice were treated with TLR4 antagonist TAK-242, the expression of IFN-γ and IL-17A was decreased. When the cytokines were neutralized by anti-IFN-γ or anti-IL-17A antibody, the inflammatory development of EAM exacerbated or mitigated. CONCLUSION The present study provided the important evidence that the TLR4-MyD88 pathway may be involved in the immune mechanisms of PM by mediating IFN-γ and IL-17A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongya Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Fangyuan He
- Department of Neurology, Xi'an Children's Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Ming Shi
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wenxiu Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaojia Tian
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Juan Kang
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wenjuan Han
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Rui Wu
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Linfu Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Mengmeng Hu
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaobo Li
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Fang Mi
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Gang Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hongge Jia
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Neurology, Shenzhen Hospital of Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
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212
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McNamara HA, Cai Y, Wagle MV, Sontani Y, Roots CM, Miosge LA, O'Connor JH, Sutton HJ, Ganusov VV, Heath WR, Bertolino P, Goodnow CG, Parish IA, Enders A, Cockburn IA. Up-regulation of LFA-1 allows liver-resident memory T cells to patrol and remain in the hepatic sinusoids. Sci Immunol 2017; 2. [PMID: 28707003 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aaj1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Liver-resident CD8+ T cells are highly motile cells that patrol the vasculature and provide protection against liver pathogens. A key question is: how can these liver CD8+ T cells be simultaneously present in the circulation and tissue-resident? Because liver-resident T cells do not express CD103 - a key integrin for T cell residence in epithelial tissues - we investigated other candidate adhesion molecules. Using intra-vital imaging we found that CD8+ T cell patrolling in the hepatic sinusoids is dependent upon LFA-1-ICAM-1 interactions. Interestingly, liver-resident CD8+ T cells up-regulate LFA-1 compared to effector-memory cells, presumably to facilitate this behavior. Finally, we found that LFA-1 deficient CD8+ T cells failed to form substantial liver-resident memory populations following Plasmodium or LCMV immunization. Collectively, our results demonstrate that it is adhesion through LFA-1 that allows liver-resident memory CD8+ T cells to patrol and remain in the hepatic sinusoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A McNamara
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2602, Australia
| | - Y Cai
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2602, Australia
| | - M V Wagle
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2602, Australia
| | - Y Sontani
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2602, Australia
| | - C M Roots
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2602, Australia
| | - L A Miosge
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2602, Australia
| | - J H O'Connor
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2602, Australia
| | - H J Sutton
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2602, Australia
| | - V V Ganusov
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - W R Heath
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - P Bertolino
- Liver Immunology Program, Centenary Institute and AW Morrow Gastroenterology and Liver Centre, University of Sydney and Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Locked Bag No. 6, Sydney, NSW 2042, Australia
| | - C G Goodnow
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2602, Australia.,Immunogenomics Laboratory, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - I A Parish
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2602, Australia
| | - A Enders
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2602, Australia
| | - I A Cockburn
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2602, Australia
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213
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Abstract
Recent researches are revealing the importance of a new subset of memory T cells called resident memory T cells (TRMs). Once they enter the tissues according to their tissue-homing receptors, TRMs do not go back to circulation and stay in the same tissues for a long time. These T cells are defined as expressing CD69 and/or CD103, and are known to show strong effector functions. It is considered that TRMs have an important role against infection in barrier tissues such as GI tract, skin, respiratory system and reproductive tract. Furthermore, recent reports indicate their roles in organ-specific chronic inflammatory disorders, autoimmune disorders and tumor immunology even in non-barrier tissues such as central nerve system, lymphatic tissue, liver, kidney, pancreas and joint. Here in this session, the author organized what have been known about TRM both in mouse and human, including the development, functional activities and relation of TRM to disease manifestation, for the detailed understanding of this fraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rei Watanabe
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba
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214
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Mackay LK, Kallies A. Transcriptional Regulation of Tissue-Resident Lymphocytes. Trends Immunol 2017; 38:94-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2016.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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215
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Suwanpradid J, Holcomb ZE, MacLeod AS. Emerging Skin T-Cell Functions in Response to Environmental Insults. J Invest Dermatol 2017; 137:288-294. [PMID: 27784595 PMCID: PMC5552043 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Skin is the primary barrier between the body and the outside world, functioning not only as a physical barrier, but also as an immunologic first line of defense. A large number of T cells populate the skin. This review highlights the ability of these cutaneous T cells to regulate skin-specific environmental threats, including microbes, injuries, solar UV radiation, and allergens. Since much of this knowledge has been advanced from murine studies, we focus our review on how the mouse state has informed the human state, emphasizing the key parallels and differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jutamas Suwanpradid
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Zachary E Holcomb
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Amanda S MacLeod
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Pinnell Center for Investigative Dermatology and Skin Disease Research Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
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216
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Neutrophils are dispensable in the modulation of T cell immunity against cutaneous HSV-1 infection. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41091. [PMID: 28112242 PMCID: PMC5253768 DOI: 10.1038/srep41091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils rapidly infiltrate sites of inflammation during peripheral infection or tissue injury. In addition to their well described roles as pro-inflammatory phagocytes responsible for pathogen clearance, recent studies have demonstrated a broader functional repertoire including mediating crosstalk between innate and adaptive arms of the immune system. Specifically, neutrophils have been proposed to mediate antigen transport to lymph nodes (LN) to modulate T cell priming and to influence T cell migration to infected tissues. Using a mouse model of cutaneous herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection we explored potential contributions of neutrophils toward anti-viral immunity. While a transient, early influx of neutrophils was triggered by dermal scarification, we did not detect migration of neutrophils from the skin to LN. Furthermore, despite recruitment of neutrophils into LN from the blood, priming and expansion of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells was unaffected following neutrophil depletion. Finally, we found that neutrophils were dispensable for the migration of effector T cells into infected skin. Our study suggests that the immunomodulatory roles of neutrophils toward adaptive immunity may be context-dependent, and are likely determined by the type of pathogen and anatomical site of infection.
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217
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Jiang X, Park CO, Geddes Sweeney J, Yoo MJ, Gaide O, Kupper TS. Dermal γδ T Cells Do Not Freely Re-Circulate Out of Skin and Produce IL-17 to Promote Neutrophil Infiltration during Primary Contact Hypersensitivity. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169397. [PMID: 28081153 PMCID: PMC5230790 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of mouse dermal γδ T cells in inflammatory skin disorders and host defense has been studied extensively. It is known that dendritic epidermal T cells (DETC) have a monomorphic γδ T cell receptor (TCR) and reside in murine epidermis from birth. We asked if dermal γδ cells freely re-circulated out of skin, or behaved more like dermal resident memory T cells (TRM) in mice. We found that, unlike epidermal γδ T cells (DETC), dermal γδ cells are not homogeneous with regard to TCR, express the tissue resident T cell markers CD69 and CD103, bear skin homing receptors, and produce IL-17 and IL-22. We created GFP+: GFP- parabiotic mice and found that dermal γδ T cells re-circulate very slowly-more rapidly than authentic αβ TCR TRM, but more slowly than the recently described dermal αβ TCR T migratory memory cells (TMM). Mice lacking the TCR δ gene (δ-/-) had a significant reduction of 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB)-induced contact hypersensitivity (CHS). We created mice deficient in dermal γδ T cells but not DETC, and these mice also showed a markedly reduced CHS response after DNFB challenge. The infiltration of effector T cells during CHS was not reduced in dermal γδ T cell-deficient mice; however, infiltration of Gr-1+CD11b+ neutrophils, as well as ear swelling, was reduced significantly. We next depleted Gr-1+ neutrophils in vivo, and demonstrated that neutrophils are required for ear swelling, the accepted metric for a CHS response. Depletion of IL-17-producing dermal Vγ4+ cells and neutralization of IL-17 in vivo, respectively, also led to a significantly reduced CHS response and diminished neutrophil infiltration. Our findings here suggest that dermal γδ T cells have an intermediate phenotype of T cell residence, and play an important role in primary CHS through producing IL-17 to promote neutrophil infiltration.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Dermatitis, Contact/genetics
- Dermatitis, Contact/immunology
- Dermatitis, Contact/pathology
- Dermis/immunology
- Dermis/pathology
- Interleukin-17/genetics
- Interleukin-17/immunology
- Interleukins/genetics
- Interleukins/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Neutrophil Infiltration
- Neutrophils/immunology
- Neutrophils/pathology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Interleukin-22
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Jiang
- Harvard Skin Disease Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Chang Ook Park
- Harvard Skin Disease Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jenna Geddes Sweeney
- Harvard Skin Disease Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Min Jae Yoo
- Harvard Skin Disease Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Olivier Gaide
- Harvard Skin Disease Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Thomas Seth Kupper
- Harvard Skin Disease Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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218
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Hickman HD. New insights into antiviral immunity gained through intravital imaging. Curr Opin Virol 2017; 22:59-63. [PMID: 28081484 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2016.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Viral infections pose an ongoing challenge for mankind. Much of our knowledge of the immune response to viral infections comes from ex vivo analyses of infected animals, which provide important yet static information about events occurring within the host. Recently, a relatively new technique known as intravital microscopy (IVM) has been applied to the study of antiviral immunity. Intravital imaging affords a unique, real-time view of both viral dynamics and the ensuing immune response (along with their interplay) in the living animal. This review details some of the newest observations about the antiviral immune response gained using IVM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather D Hickman
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States.
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219
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Slütter B, Van Braeckel-Budimir N, Abboud G, Varga SM, Salek-Ardakani S, Harty JT. Dynamics of influenza-induced lung-resident memory T cells underlie waning heterosubtypic immunity. Sci Immunol 2017; 2:2/7/eaag2031. [PMID: 28783666 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aag2031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Lung-resident memory CD8 T cells (TRM) induced by influenza A virus (IAV) that are pivotal for providing subtype-transcending protection against IAV infection (heterosubtypic immunity) are not maintained long term, causing gradual loss of protection. The short-lived nature of lung TRM contrasts sharply with long-term maintenance of TRM induced by localized infections in the skin and in other tissues. We show that the decline in lung TRM is determined by an imbalance between apoptosis and lung recruitment and conversion to TRM of circulating memory cells. We show that circulating effector memory cells (TEM) rather than central memory cells (TCM) are the precursors for conversion to lung TRM Time-dependent changes in expression of genes critical for lymphocyte trafficking and TRM differentiation, in concert with enrichment of TCM, diminish the capacity of circulating memory CD8 T cells to form TRM with time, explaining why IAV-induced TRM are not stably maintained. Systemic booster immunization, through increasing the number of circulating TEM, increases lung TRM, providing a potential new avenue to enhance IAV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bram Slütter
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.,Cluster of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, 2333 CC Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Georges Abboud
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Steven M Varga
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.,Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Shahram Salek-Ardakani
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - John T Harty
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA. .,Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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220
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Borges da Silva H, Jameson SC. Retrieving short-term memories of flu. Sci Immunol 2017; 2:2/7/eaam5330. [PMID: 28783668 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aam5330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Circulating TEM constantly seed the lung TRM pool after influenza infection (this issue).
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrique Borges da Silva
- Center for Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA
| | - Stephen C Jameson
- Center for Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA.
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221
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Initiation, Persistence and Exacerbation of Food Allergy. BIRKHÄUSER ADVANCES IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-69968-4_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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222
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Hunter MC, Teijeira A, Halin C. T Cell Trafficking through Lymphatic Vessels. Front Immunol 2016; 7:613. [PMID: 28066423 PMCID: PMC5174098 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
T cell migration within and between peripheral tissues and secondary lymphoid organs is essential for proper functioning of adaptive immunity. While active T cell migration within a tissue is fairly slow, blood vessels and lymphatic vessels (LVs) serve as speedy highways that enable T cells to travel rapidly over long distances. The molecular and cellular mechanisms of T cell migration out of blood vessels have been intensively studied over the past 30 years. By contrast, less is known about T cell trafficking through the lymphatic vasculature. This migratory process occurs in one manner within lymph nodes (LNs), where recirculating T cells continuously exit into efferent lymphatics to return to the blood circulation. In another manner, T cell trafficking through lymphatics also occurs in peripheral tissues, where T cells exit the tissue by means of afferent lymphatics, to migrate to draining LNs and back into blood. In this review, we highlight how the anatomy of the lymphatic vasculature supports T cell trafficking and review current knowledge regarding the molecular and cellular requirements of T cell migration through LVs. Finally, we summarize and discuss recent insights regarding the presumed relevance of T cell trafficking through afferent lymphatics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan C. Hunter
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alvaro Teijeira
- Immunology and Immunotherapy Department, CIMA, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Cornelia Halin
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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223
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Rosato PC, Beura LK, Masopust D. Tissue resident memory T cells and viral immunity. Curr Opin Virol 2016; 22:44-50. [PMID: 27987416 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2016.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Tissue resident memory T cells (TRM) constitute a recently identified T cell lineage that is responsible for frontline defense against viral infections. In contrast to central and effector memory T cells, which constitutively recirculate between tissues and blood, TRM reside permanently within tissues. As the main surveyors of non-lymphoid tissues, TRM are positioned to rapidly respond upon reinfection at barrier sites. During a viral reinfection, TRM trigger the local tissue environment to activate and recruit immune cells and establish an antiviral state. Consistent with this function, there is empirical evidence that TRM accelerate control in the event of reinfection or possible reactivation of latent infections in solid organs and barrier tissues. Here we review recent literature highlighting the protective functions of TRM in multiple viral challenge models and contextualize the implications of these findings for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela C Rosato
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States; Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
| | - Lalit K Beura
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States; Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
| | - David Masopust
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States; Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States.
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224
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Muschaweckh A, Buchholz VR, Fellenzer A, Hessel C, König PA, Tao S, Tao R, Heikenwälder M, Busch DH, Korn T, Kastenmüller W, Drexler I, Gasteiger G. Antigen-dependent competition shapes the local repertoire of tissue-resident memory CD8+ T cells. J Exp Med 2016; 213:3075-3086. [PMID: 27899444 PMCID: PMC5154944 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20160888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory CD8+ T cells (TRM) constitute a major component of the immune-surveillance system in nonlymphoid organs. Local, noncognate factors are both necessary and sufficient to support the programming of TRM cell fate in tissue-infiltrating T cells. Recent evidence suggests that TCR signals received in infected nonlymphoid tissues additionally contribute to TRM cell formation. Here, we asked how antigen-dependent pathways influence the generation of skin-resident memory T cells that arise from a polyclonal repertoire of cells induced by infection with an antigenically complex virus and recombinant vaccine vector. We found that CD8+ T cells of different specificities underwent antigen-dependent competition in the infected tissue, which shaped the composition of the local pool of TRM cells. This local cross-competition was active for T cells recognizing antigens that are coexpressed by infected cells. In contrast, TRM cell development remained largely undisturbed by the presence of potential competitors when antigens expressed in the same tissue were segregated through infection with antigenically distinct viral quasispecies. Functionally, local cross-competition might serve as a gatekeeping mechanism to regulate access to the resident memory niche and to fine-tune the local repertoire of antiviral TRM cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Muschaweckh
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München and Helmholtz Zentrum München, 81675 Munich, Germany.,Klinikum rechts der Isar, Department of Neurology, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Veit R Buchholz
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Hygiene, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Anne Fellenzer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene and Forschungszentrum für Immuntherapie, University of Mainz Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Christian Hessel
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene and Forschungszentrum für Immuntherapie, University of Mainz Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Paul-Albert König
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München and Helmholtz Zentrum München, 81675 Munich, Germany.,Institut für Klinische Chemie und Pathobiochemie, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Sha Tao
- Institute for Virology, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ronny Tao
- Institute for Virology, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Mathias Heikenwälder
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München and Helmholtz Zentrum München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Dirk H Busch
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Hygiene, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Korn
- Klinikum rechts der Isar, Department of Neurology, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Kastenmüller
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München and Helmholtz Zentrum München, 81675 Munich, Germany.,Institute of Experimental Immunology, Universität Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Ingo Drexler
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München and Helmholtz Zentrum München, 81675 Munich, Germany .,Institute for Virology, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Georg Gasteiger
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München and Helmholtz Zentrum München, 81675 Munich, Germany .,Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene and Forschungszentrum für Immuntherapie, University of Mainz Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany.,Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Freiburg Medical Center, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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225
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Nakayama T, Hirahara K, Onodera A, Endo Y, Hosokawa H, Shinoda K, Tumes DJ, Okamoto Y. Th2 Cells in Health and Disease. Annu Rev Immunol 2016; 35:53-84. [PMID: 27912316 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-051116-052350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Helper T (Th) cell subsets direct immune responses by producing signature cytokines. Th2 cells produce IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, which are important in humoral immunity and protection from helminth infection and are central to the pathogenesis of many allergic inflammatory diseases. Molecular analysis of Th2 cell differentiation and maintenance of function has led to recent discoveries that have refined our understanding of Th2 cell biology. Epigenetic regulation of Gata3 expression by chromatin remodeling complexes such as Polycomb and Trithorax is crucial for maintaining Th2 cell identity. In the context of allergic diseases, memory-type pathogenic Th2 cells have been identified in both mice and humans. To better understand these disease-driving cell populations, we have developed a model called the pathogenic Th population disease induction model. The concept of defined subsets of pathogenic Th cells may spur new, effective strategies for treating intractable chronic inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshinori Nakayama
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; , , , , , , , .,AMED-CREST, AMED, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Hirahara
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; , , , , , , ,
| | - Atsushi Onodera
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; , , , , , , , .,Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Yusuke Endo
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; , , , , , , ,
| | - Hiroyuki Hosokawa
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; , , , , , , ,
| | - Kenta Shinoda
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; , , , , , , ,
| | - Damon J Tumes
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; , , , , , , , .,South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, North Terrace, Adelaide SA 5000, Australia
| | - Yoshitaka Okamoto
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
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226
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Takamura S, Yagi H, Hakata Y, Motozono C, McMaster SR, Masumoto T, Fujisawa M, Chikaishi T, Komeda J, Itoh J, Umemura M, Kyusai A, Tomura M, Nakayama T, Woodland DL, Kohlmeier JE, Miyazawa M. Specific niches for lung-resident memory CD8+ T cells at the site of tissue regeneration enable CD69-independent maintenance. J Exp Med 2016; 213:3057-3073. [PMID: 27815325 PMCID: PMC5154946 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20160938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Takamura et al. show that most lung CD8+ TRM cells are not maintained in the inducible bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (iBALT) but are maintained in specific niches created at the site of tissue regeneration, which are termed as repair-associated memory depots (RAMDs). CD8+ tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM cells) reside permanently in nonlymphoid tissues and provide a first line of protection against invading pathogens. However, the precise localization of CD8+ TRM cells in the lung, which physiologically consists of a markedly scant interstitium compared with other mucosa, remains unclear. In this study, we show that lung CD8+ TRM cells localize predominantly in specific niches created at the site of regeneration after tissue injury, whereas peripheral tissue-circulating CD8+ effector memory T cells (TEM cells) are widely but sparsely distributed in unaffected areas. Although CD69 inhibited sphingosine 1–phosphate receptor 1–mediated egress of CD8+ T cells immediately after their recruitment into lung tissues, such inhibition was not required for the retention of cells in the TRM niches. Furthermore, despite rigid segregation of TEM cells from the TRM niche, prime-pull strategy with cognate antigen enabled the conversion from TEM cells to TRM cells by creating de novo TRM niches. Such damage site–specific localization of CD8+ TRM cells may be important for efficient protection against secondary infections by respiratory pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiki Takamura
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
| | - Hideki Yagi
- Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Hakata
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
| | - Chihiro Motozono
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
| | - Sean R McMaster
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Tomoko Masumoto
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
| | - Makoto Fujisawa
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
| | - Tomomi Chikaishi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
| | - Junko Komeda
- Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
| | - Jun Itoh
- Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
| | - Miki Umemura
- Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
| | - Ami Kyusai
- Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
| | - Michio Tomura
- Laboratory of Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Otani University, Tondabayashi, Osaka 584-8540, Japan
| | - Toshinori Nakayama
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Inage, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - David L Woodland
- Keystone Symposia on Molecular and Cellular Biology, Silverthorne, CO 80498
| | - Jacob E Kohlmeier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Masaaki Miyazawa
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan.,Anti-Aging Center, Kindai University, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
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227
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Regulatory T cells are essential to promote proper CD4 T-cell priming upon mucosal infection. Mucosal Immunol 2016; 9:1395-1406. [PMID: 27007674 PMCID: PMC5035160 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2016.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) limit autoimmunity and immunopathology using a variety of suppressive mechanisms, but their roles during pathogen-directed immune responses remain unclear. Following herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2) infection, mice lacking Tregs fail to control viral replication, pointing to a role for Tregs in facilitating productive immune responses. Using adoptive transfer of T-cell receptor transgenic CD4 T cells into Treg-sufficient or Treg-depleted mice prior to HSV-2 infection, we found that Tregs are required for timely accumulation of HSV-2-specific CD4 T cells within the infected tissues. Further, Tregs are critical for appropriate trafficking of dendritic cells (DCs) from the vaginal mucosa to the draining lymph nodes, which results in fully effective CD4 T-cell priming, activation, and ultimately migration to the infected tissues. Using CTLA-4 conditional knockout mice, we demonstrate that Tregs impact DC migration through a CTLA-4-mediated mechanism. Together, our data highlight the critical role of Tregs in proper potentiation of adaptive immune responses to microbial infection.
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228
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Sepahi A, Casadei E, Tacchi L, Muñoz P, LaPatra SE, Salinas I. Tissue Microenvironments in the Nasal Epithelium of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Define Two Distinct CD8α+ Cell Populations and Establish Regional Immunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:4453-4463. [PMID: 27798156 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal surfaces require balancing different physiological roles and immune functions. To effectively achieve multifunctionality, mucosal epithelia have evolved unique microenvironments that create unique regional immune responses without impairing other normal physiological functions. Whereas examples of regional immunity are known in other mucosal epithelia, to date, no immune microenvironments have been described in the nasal mucosa, a site where the complex functions of olfaction and immunity need to be orchestrated. In this study we identified the presence of CD8α+ cells in the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) nasal epithelium. Nasal CD8α+ cells display a distinct phenotype suggestive of CD8+ T cells with high integrin β2 expression. Importantly, nasal CD8α+ cells are located in clusters at the mucosal tip of each olfactory lamella but scattered in the neuroepithelial region. The grouping of CD8α+ cells may be explained by the greater expression of CCL19, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1 in the mucosal tip compared with the neuroepithelium. Whereas viral Ag uptake occurred via both tip and lateral routes, tip-resident MHC class II+ cells are located significantly closer to the lumen of the nasal cavity than are their neuroepithelial counterparts, therefore having quicker access to invading pathogens. Our studies reveal compartmentalized mucosal immune responses within the nasal mucosa of a vertebrate species, a strategy that likely optimizes local immune responses while protecting olfactory sensory functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Sepahi
- Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Elisa Casadei
- Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Luca Tacchi
- Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Pilar Muñoz
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Regional Campus Mare Nostrum, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; and
| | | | - Irene Salinas
- Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131;
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229
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Gaylo A, Schrock DC, Fernandes NRJ, Fowell DJ. T Cell Interstitial Migration: Motility Cues from the Inflamed Tissue for Micro- and Macro-Positioning. Front Immunol 2016; 7:428. [PMID: 27790220 PMCID: PMC5063845 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Effector T cells exit the inflamed vasculature into an environment shaped by tissue-specific structural configurations and inflammation-imposed extrinsic modifications. Once within interstitial spaces of non-lymphoid tissues, T cells migrate in an apparent random, non-directional, fashion. Efficient T cell scanning of the tissue environment is essential for successful location of infected target cells or encounter with antigen-presenting cells that activate the T cell's antimicrobial effector functions. The mechanisms of interstitial T cell motility and the environmental cues that may promote or hinder efficient tissue scanning are poorly understood. The extracellular matrix (ECM) appears to play an important scaffolding role in guidance of T cell migration and likely provides a platform for the display of chemotactic factors that may help to direct the positioning of T cells. Here, we discuss how intravital imaging has provided insight into the motility patterns and cellular machinery that facilitates T cell interstitial migration and the critical environmental factors that may optimize the efficiency of effector T cell scanning of the inflamed tissue. Specifically, we highlight the local micro-positioning cues T cells encounter as they migrate within inflamed tissues, from surrounding ECM and signaling molecules, as well as a requirement for appropriate long-range macro-positioning within distinct tissue compartments or at discrete foci of infection or tissue damage. The central nervous system (CNS) responds to injury and infection by extensively remodeling the ECM and with the de novo generation of a fibroblastic reticular network that likely influences T cell motility. We examine how inflammation-induced changes to the CNS landscape may regulate T cell tissue exploration and modulate function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Gaylo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Aab Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Dillon C. Schrock
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Aab Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Ninoshka R. J. Fernandes
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Aab Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Deborah J. Fowell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Aab Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
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230
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Reilly EC, Lambert-Emo K, Topham DJ. The Effects of Acute Neutrophil Depletion on Resolution of Acute Influenza Infection, Establishment of Tissue Resident Memory (TRM), and Heterosubtypic Immunity. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164247. [PMID: 27741316 PMCID: PMC5065200 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
After disease resolution, a small subset of influenza specific CD8+ T cells can remain in the airways of the lung as a tissue resident memory population (TRM). These cells are critical for protection from subsequent infections with heterosubtypic influenza viruses. Although it is well established that expression of the collagen IV binding integrin alpha 1 is necessary for the retention and maintenance of TRM cells, other requirements allowing them to localize to the airways and persist are less well understood. We recently demonstrated that inhibition of neutrophils or neutrophil derived chemokine CXCL12 during acute influenza virus infection reduces the effector T cell response and affects the ability of these cells to localize to the airways. We therefore sought to determine whether the defects that occur in the absence of neutrophils would persist throughout resolution of the disease and impact the development of the TRM population. Interestingly, the early alterations in the CD8+ T cell response recover by two weeks post-infection, and mice form a protective population of TRM cells. Overall, these observations show that acute neutrophil depletion results in a delay in the effector CD8+ T cell response, but does not adversely impact the development of TRM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma C. Reilly
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Kris Lambert-Emo
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - David J. Topham
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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231
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Yin C, Mohanta SK, Srikakulapu P, Weber C, Habenicht AJR. Artery Tertiary Lymphoid Organs: Powerhouses of Atherosclerosis Immunity. Front Immunol 2016; 7:387. [PMID: 27777573 PMCID: PMC5056324 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Artery tertiary lymphoid organs (ATLOs) are atherosclerosis-associated lymphoid aggregates with varying degrees of complexity ranging from small T/B-cell clusters to well-structured lymph node-like though unencapsulated lymphoid tissues. ATLOs arise in the connective tissue that surrounds diseased arteries, i.e., the adventitia. ATLOs have been identified in aged atherosclerosis-prone hyperlipidemic apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE-/-) mice: they are organized into distinct immune cell compartments, including separate T-cell areas, activated B-cell follicles, and plasma cell niches. Analyses of ATLO immune cell subsets indicate antigen-specific T- and B-cell immune reactions within the atherosclerotic arterial wall adventitia. Moreover, ATLOs harbor innate immune cells, including a large component of inflammatory macrophages, B-1 cells, and an aberrant set of antigen-presenting cells. There is marked neoangiogenesis, irregular lymphangiogenesis, neoformation of high endothelial venules, and de novo synthesis of lymph node-like conduits. Molecular mechanisms of ATLO formation remain to be identified though media vascular smooth muscle cells may adopt features of lymphoid tissue organizer-like cells by expressing lymphorganogenic chemokines, i.e., CXCL13 and CCL21. Although these data are consistent with the view that ATLOs participate in primary T- and B-cell responses against elusive atherosclerosis-specific autoantigens, their specific protective or disease-promoting roles remain to be identified. In this review, we discuss what is currently known about ATLOs and their potential impact on atherosclerosis and make attempts to define challenges ahead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changjun Yin
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Sarajo Kumar Mohanta
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Prasad Srikakulapu
- Cardiovascular Research Center (CVRC), University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Christian Weber
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
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232
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Flechtner JB, Long D, Larson S, Clemens V, Baccari A, Kien L, Chan J, Skoberne M, Brudner M, Hetherington S. Immune responses elicited by the GEN-003 candidate HSV-2 therapeutic vaccine in a randomized controlled dose-ranging phase 1/2a trial. Vaccine 2016; 34:5314-5320. [PMID: 27642130 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE GEN-003 is a candidate therapeutic HSV-2 vaccine containing a fragment of infected cell protein 4 (ICP4.2), a deletion mutant of glycoprotein D2 (gD2ΔTMR), and Matrix-M2 adjuvant. In a dose-ranging phase 1/2a clinical trial, immunization with GEN-003 reduced viral shedding and the percentage of reported herpetic lesion days. Here we examine the immune responses in the same trial, to characterize vaccine-related changes in antibody and cell-mediated immunity. METHODS Participants with genital HSV-2 infection were randomized to 1 of 3 doses of GEN-003, antigens without adjuvant, or placebo. Subjects received 3 intramuscular doses, three weeks apart, and were monitored for viral shedding, lesions and immunogenicity. Antibody titers were measured by ELISA and neutralization assay in serum samples collected at baseline and 3weeks post each dose. T cell responses were assessed pre-immunization and 1week post each dose by IFN-γ ELISpot and intracellular cytokine staining. Blood was also collected at 6 and 12months to monitor durability of immune responses. RESULTS Antibody and T cell responses increased with vaccination and were potentiated by adjuvant. Among the doses tested, the rank order of reduction in viral shedding follows the ranking of fold change from baseline in T cell responses. Some immune responses persisted up to 12months. CONCLUSION All measures of immunity are increased by vaccination with GEN-003; however, a correlate of protection is yet to be defined.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Amy Baccari
- Genocea Biosciences, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Lena Kien
- Genocea Biosciences, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jason Chan
- Genocea Biosciences, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
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233
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Jain NG, Wong EA, Aranyosi AJ, Boneschansker L, Markmann JF, Briscoe DM, Irimia D. Microfluidic mazes to characterize T-cell exploration patterns following activation in vitro. Integr Biol (Camb) 2016; 7:1423-31. [PMID: 26325525 DOI: 10.1039/c5ib00146c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The migration of T-cell subsets within peripheral tissues is characteristic of inflammation and immunoregulation. In general, the lymphocyte migratory response is assumed directional and guided by local gradients of chemoattractants and/or chemorepellents. However, little is known about how cells explore their tissue environment, and whether lymphocyte activation may influence speed and exploratory patterns of migration. To probe migration patterns by T-cells we designed a microfluidic maze device that replicates critical features of a tissue-like microenvironment. We quantified the migration patterns of unstimulated and mitogen-activated human T-cells at single cell resolution and found significant differences in exploration within microfluidic mazes. While unstimulated lymphocytes migrated in a directed manner, activated T-cells migrated through large areas of the mazes in an exploratory pattern in response to the chemoattractants RANTES (CCL5) and IP-10 (CXCL10). The analysis of migration enabled by the microfluidic devices help develop new methods for determining how human circulating T-cells function in vivo to seek out antigens in health and disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namrata G Jain
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA and Transplant Research Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Elisabeth A Wong
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Alexander J Aranyosi
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Leo Boneschansker
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA and Transplant Research Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - James F Markmann
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA and Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave, MA 02139, USA
| | - David M Briscoe
- Transplant Research Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA. and Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave, MA 02139, USA
| | - Daniel Irimia
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA.
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234
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Pink M, Ratsch BA, Mardahl M, Durek P, Polansky JK, Karl M, Baumgrass R, Wallner S, Cadenas C, Gianmoena K, Floess S, Chen W, Nordstroem K, Tierling S, Olek S, Walter J, Hamann A, Syrbe U. Imprinting of Skin/Inflammation Homing in CD4+ T Cells Is Controlled by DNA Methylation within the Fucosyltransferase 7 Gene. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:3406-3414. [PMID: 27591321 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
E- and P-selectin ligands (E- and P-ligs) guide effector memory T cells into skin and inflamed regions, mediate the inflammatory recruitment of leukocytes, and contribute to the localization of hematopoietic precursor cells. A better understanding of their molecular regulation is therefore of significant interest with regard to therapeutic approaches targeting these pathways. In this study, we examined the transcriptional regulation of fucosyltransferase 7 (FUT7), an enzyme crucial for generation of the glycosylated E- and P-ligs. We found that high expression of the coding gene fut7 in murine CD4+ T cells correlates with DNA demethylation within a minimal promoter in skin/inflammation-seeking effector memory T cells. Retinoic acid, a known inducer of the gut-homing phenotype, abrogated the activation-induced demethylation of this region, which contains a cAMP responsive element. Methylation of the promoter or mutation of the cAMP responsive element abolished promoter activity and the binding of CREB, confirming the importance of this region and of its demethylation for fut7 transcription in T cells. Furthermore, studies on human CD4+ effector memory T cells confirmed demethylation within FUT7 corresponding to high FUT7 expression. Monocytes showed an even more extensive demethylation of the FUT7 gene whereas hepatocytes, which lack selectin ligand expression, exhibited extensive methylation. In conclusion, we show that DNA demethylation within the fut7 gene controls selectin ligand expression in mice and humans, including the inducible topographic commitment of T cells for skin and inflamed sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Pink
- Experimental Rheumatology, German Rheumatism Research Center, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Boris A Ratsch
- Experimental Rheumatology, German Rheumatism Research Center, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Maibritt Mardahl
- Experimental Rheumatology, German Rheumatism Research Center, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Pawel Durek
- Experimental Rheumatology, German Rheumatism Research Center, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Julia K Polansky
- Experimental Rheumatology, German Rheumatism Research Center, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Karl
- Signal Transduction, German Rheumatism Research Center, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ria Baumgrass
- Signal Transduction, German Rheumatism Research Center, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Wallner
- Institute of Clinical and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Regensburg, 93042 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Cristina Cadenas
- Leibniz Research Center for Working Environment and Human Factors, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Kathrin Gianmoena
- Leibniz Research Center for Working Environment and Human Factors, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Stefan Floess
- Experimental Immunology, Helmholz Center for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Wei Chen
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13092 Berlin, Germany
| | - Karl Nordstroem
- Laboratory of Epigenetics, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Sascha Tierling
- Laboratory of Epigenetics, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Sven Olek
- Epiontis GmbH, 12489 Berlin, Germany; and
| | - Jörn Walter
- Laboratory of Epigenetics, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Alf Hamann
- Experimental Rheumatology, German Rheumatism Research Center, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Uta Syrbe
- Medical Clinic for Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases, and Rheumatology, Charité University Hospital, 12200 Berlin, Germany
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235
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Fan X, Rudensky AY. Hallmarks of Tissue-Resident Lymphocytes. Cell 2016; 164:1198-1211. [PMID: 26967286 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.02.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Although they are classically viewed as continuously recirculating through the lymphoid organs and blood, lymphocytes also establish residency in non-lymphoid tissues, most prominently at barrier sites, including the mucosal surfaces and skin. These specialized tissue-resident lymphocyte subsets span the innate-adaptive continuum and include innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), unconventional T cells (e.g., NKT, MAIT, γδ T cells, and CD8αα(+) IELs), and tissue-resident memory T (T(RM)) cells. Although these diverse cell types differ in the particulars of their biology, they nonetheless exhibit important shared features, including a role in the preservation of tissue integrity and function during homeostasis, infection, and non-infectious perturbations. In this Review, we discuss the hallmarks of tissue-resident innate, innate-like, and adaptive lymphocytes, as well as their potential functions in non-lymphoid organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiying Fan
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 417 East 68(th) Street, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Alexander Y Rudensky
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 417 East 68(th) Street, New York, NY 10065, USA; Ludwig Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 417 East 68(th) Street, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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236
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Woon HG, Braun A, Li J, Smith C, Edwards J, Sierro F, Feng CG, Khanna R, Elliot M, Bell A, Hislop AD, Tangye SG, Rickinson AB, Gebhardt T, Britton WJ, Palendira U. Compartmentalization of Total and Virus-Specific Tissue-Resident Memory CD8+ T Cells in Human Lymphoid Organs. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005799. [PMID: 27540722 PMCID: PMC4991796 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Disruption of T cell memory during severe immune suppression results in reactivation of chronic viral infections, such as Epstein Barr virus (EBV) and Cytomegalovirus (CMV). How different subsets of memory T cells contribute to the protective immunity against these viruses remains poorly defined. In this study we examined the compartmentalization of virus-specific, tissue resident memory CD8+ T cells in human lymphoid organs. This revealed two distinct populations of memory CD8+ T cells, that were CD69+CD103+ and CD69+CD103-, and were retained within the spleen and tonsils in the absence of recent T cell stimulation. These two types of memory cells were distinct not only in their phenotype and transcriptional profile, but also in their anatomical localization within tonsils and spleen. The EBV-specific, but not CMV-specific, CD8+ memory T cells preferentially accumulated in the tonsils and acquired a phenotype that ensured their retention at the epithelial sites where EBV replicates. In vitro studies revealed that the cytokine IL-15 can potentiate the retention of circulating effector memory CD8+ T cells by down-regulating the expression of sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor, required for T cell exit from tissues, and its transcriptional activator, Kruppel-like factor 2 (KLF2). Within the tonsils the expression of IL-15 was detected in regions where CD8+ T cells localized, further supporting a role for this cytokine in T cell retention. Together this study provides evidence for the compartmentalization of distinct types of resident memory T cells that could contribute to the long-term protection against persisting viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Giap Woon
- Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Newtown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Asolina Braun
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jane Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Corey Smith
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jarem Edwards
- Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Newtown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Frederic Sierro
- Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Newtown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Carl G. Feng
- Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Newtown, New South Wales, Australia
- Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Newtown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rajiv Khanna
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michael Elliot
- Chris O’Brien Lifehouse Cancer Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Newtown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andrew Bell
- School of Cancer Sciences and MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew D. Hislop
- School of Cancer Sciences and MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart G. Tangye
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
- St Vincent’s Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Alan B. Rickinson
- School of Cancer Sciences and MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Gebhardt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Warwick J. Britton
- Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Newtown, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Newtown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Umaimainthan Palendira
- Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Newtown, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Newtown, New South Wales, Australia
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237
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Cheng WK, Plumb AW, Lai JCY, Abraham N, Dutz JP. Topical CpG Oligodeoxynucleotide Adjuvant Enhances the Adaptive Immune Response against Influenza A Infections. Front Immunol 2016; 7:284. [PMID: 27524984 PMCID: PMC4965457 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Current influenza vaccines generate humoral immunity, targeting highly variable epitopes and thus fail to achieve long-term protection. T cells recognize and respond to several highly conserved epitopes across influenza serotypes. A strategy of raising strong cytotoxic T cell memory responses to epitopes conserved across serotypes would provide cross serotype protection, eliminating the need for annual vaccination. We explored the adjuvant potential of epicutaneous (ec) and subcutaneous (sc) delivery of CpG oligodeoxynucleotide in conjunction with sc protein immunization to improve protection against influenza A virus (IAV) infections using a mouse model. We found enhanced long-term protection with epicutaneous CpG ODN (ecCpG) compared to subcutaneous CpG ODN (scCpG) as demonstrated by reduced viral titers in the lungs. This correlated with increased antigen-specific CD8 T cells in the airways and the lungs. The memory T cell response after immunization with ecCpG adjuvant was comparable to memory response by priming with IAV infection in the lungs. In addition, ecCpG was more efficient than scCpG in inducing the generation of IFN-γ producing CD4 T cells. The adjuvant effect of ecCpG was accompanied with its ability to modulate tissue-homing molecules on T cells that may direct them to the site of infection. Together, this work provides evidence for using ecCpG to induce strong antibody and memory T cell responses to confer protection against IAV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing Ki Cheng
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, Faculty of Medicine, Child and Family Research Institute, The University of British Columbia , Vancouver, BC , Canada
| | - Adam William Plumb
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Science, Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia , Vancouver, BC , Canada
| | - Jacqueline Cheuk-Yan Lai
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, Faculty of Medicine, Child and Family Research Institute, The University of British Columbia , Vancouver, BC , Canada
| | - Ninan Abraham
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Science, Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jan Peter Dutz
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, Faculty of Medicine, Child and Family Research Institute, The University of British Columbia , Vancouver, BC , Canada
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238
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Acosta-Ramirez E, Tram C, Kampen RM, Tillman MR, Schwendener RA, Xing Z, Halperin SA, Wang J. Respiratory macrophages regulate CD4 T memory responses to mucosal immunization with recombinant adenovirus-based vaccines. Cell Immunol 2016; 310:53-62. [PMID: 27425590 PMCID: PMC7094387 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory macrophages have dual functional roles that regulate CD4 T cell responses to recombinant adenovirus-based vaccination in a stage-dependent manner. Respiratory macrophages suppress the initial CD4 T cell activation and the subsequent size of tissue-resident CD4 memory T cells. Respiratory macrophages and potentially circulating monocytes are critically required for the development and fitness of long-term tissue-resident CD4 memory T cells.
Respiratory immunization is an attractive way to generate systemic and mucosal protective memory responses that are required for preventing mucosally transmitted infections. However, the molecular and cellular mechanisms for controlling memory T cell responses remain incompletely understood. In this study, we investigated the role of respiratory macrophage (MΦ) in regulating CD4 T cell responses to recombinant adenovirus-based (rAd) vaccines. We demonstrated that rAd intranasal (i.n.) vaccination induced migration and accumulation of respiratory MΦ and circulatory monocytes in the mediastinal lymph nodes and lung parenchyma. Under the influence of respiratory MΦ CD4 T cells exhibited slow proliferation kinetics and an increased tendency of generating central memory, as opposed to effector memory, CD4 T cell responses in vitro and in vivo. Correspondingly, depletion of MΦ using clodronate-containing liposome prior to i.n. immunization significantly enhanced CD4 T cell proliferation and increased the frequency of CD4 memory T cells in the airway lumen, demonstrating that MΦ initially serve as a negative regulator in limiting generation of mucosal tissue-resident memory CD4 T cells. However, clodronate-containing liposome delivery following i.n. immunization markedly reduced the frequencies of memory CD4 T cells in the airway lumen and spleen, indicating that respiratory MΦ and potentially circulating monocytes are critically required for maintaining long-term memory CD4 T cells. Collectively, our data demonstrate that rAd-induced mucosal CD4 T memory responses are regulated by respiratory MΦ and/or monocytes at multiple stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Acosta-Ramirez
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, and IWK Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, and IWK Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Cynthia Tram
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, and IWK Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, and IWK Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Rachel M Kampen
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, and IWK Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, and IWK Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Melanie R Tillman
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, and IWK Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, and IWK Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Reto A Schwendener
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Zhou Xing
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Scott A Halperin
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, and IWK Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, and IWK Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, and IWK Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Jun Wang
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, and IWK Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, and IWK Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, and IWK Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
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239
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Choi YW, Kang MC, Seo YB, Namkoong H, Park Y, Choi DH, Suh YS, Lee SW, Sung YC, Jin HT. Intravaginal Administration of Fc-Fused IL7 Suppresses the Cervicovaginal Tumor by Recruiting HPV DNA Vaccine-Induced CD8 T Cells. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 22:5898-5908. [PMID: 27407095 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-0423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The induction of tissue-localized virus-specific CD8 T-cell response is essential for the development of an effective therapeutic vaccine against genital diseases, such as cervical cancer and genital herpes. Here, we aimed to elucidate the immunologic role of IL7 in the induction of mucosal cellular immunity. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN IL7 was engineered through Fc fusion to enhance mucosal delivery across the genital epithelial barrier. The immunomodulatory role of IL7 was evaluated by monitoring the kinetics of various immune cells and measuring the expression of chemokines and cytokines after intravaginal administration of Fc-fused IL7 (IL7-Fc). The antitumor effects of intramuscular human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA vaccine or topical IL7-Fc alone or in a combinational regimen on mice survival were compared using a orthotopic cervical cancer model. RESULTS Intravaginal treatment of IL7-Fc, but not native IL7, induces upregulation of chemokines (CXCL10, CCL3, CCL4, and CCL5), cytokines (IFNγ, TNFα, IL6, and IL1β), and an adhesion molecule (VCAM-1) in the genital tract, leading to the recruitment of several leukocytes, including CD4, CD8, γδ T cells, and dendritic cells. Importantly, in this murine cervical cancer model, topical administration of IL7-Fc after intramuscular HPV DNA vaccination increases the number of HPV-specific CD8 T cells in the genital mucosa, but not in the spleen, leading to stronger antitumor activity than the HPV DNA vaccine alone. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide an important insight into the immunomodulatory role of IL7-Fc via topical application and the design of therapeutic vaccine regimen that induces effective genital-mucosal CD8 T-cell responses. Clin Cancer Res; 22(23); 5898-908. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Woo Choi
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon Cheol Kang
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Bok Seo
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Namkoong
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunji Park
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hoon Choi
- Research Institute, Genexine Inc., Korea Bio Park, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - You Suk Suh
- Research Institute, Genexine Inc., Korea Bio Park, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Woo Lee
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea.,Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Chul Sung
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea.,Research Institute, Genexine Inc., Korea Bio Park, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Tak Jin
- Research Institute, Biodion Inc, Korea Bio Park, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
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240
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IL-17A-producing resident memory γδ T cells orchestrate the innate immune response to secondary oral Listeria monocytogenes infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:8502-7. [PMID: 27402748 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1600713113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Memory γδ T cells are important for the clearance of Listeria monocytogenes infection in the intestinal mucosa. However, the mechanisms by which memory γδ T cells provide protection against secondary oral infection are poorly understood. Here we used a recombinant strain of L. monocytogenes that efficiently invades the intestinal epithelium to show that Vγ4(+) memory γδ T cells represent a resident memory (Trm) population in the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs). The γδ Trm exhibited a remarkably static pattern of migration that radically changed following secondary oral L. monocytogenes infection. The γδ Trms produced IL-17A early after rechallenge and formed organized clusters with myeloid cells surrounding L. monocytogenes replication foci only after a secondary oral infection. Antibody blocking studies showed that in addition to IL-17A, the chemokine receptor C-X-C chemokine receptor 3 (CXCR3) is also important to enable the local redistribution of γδ Trm cells and myeloid cells specifically near the sites of L. monocytogenes replication within the MLN to restrict bacterial growth and spread. Our findings support a role for γδ Trms in orchestrating protective immune responses against intestinal pathogens.
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241
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Gurung P, Kanneganti TD. Autoinflammatory Skin Disorders: The Inflammasomme in Focus. Trends Mol Med 2016; 22:545-564. [PMID: 27267764 PMCID: PMC4925313 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Autoinflammatory skin disorders are a group of heterogeneous diseases that include diseases such as cryopyrin-associated periodic syndrome (CAPS) and familial Mediterranean fever (FMF). Therapeutic strategies targeting IL-1 cytokines have proved helpful in ameliorating some of these diseases. While inflammasomes are the major regulators of IL-1 cytokines, inflammasome-independent complexes can also process IL-1 cytokines. Herein, we focus on recent advances in our understanding of how IL-1 cytokines, stemming from inflammasome-dependent and -independent pathways are involved in the regulation of skin conditions. Importantly, we discuss several mouse models of skin inflammation generated to help elucidate the basic cellular and molecular effects and modulation of IL-1 in the skin. Such models offer perspectives on how these signaling pathways could be targeted to improve therapeutic approaches in the treatment of these rare and debilitating inflammatory skin disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prajwal Gurung
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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242
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Park SL, Mackay LK, Gebhardt T. Distinct recirculation potential of CD69 +CD103 - and CD103 + thymic memory CD8 + T cells. Immunol Cell Biol 2016; 94:975-980. [PMID: 27328704 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2016.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells occupy peripheral and lymphoid tissues where they confer protection against local infection. While epithelial CD8+ TRM cells coexpress CD69 and CD103, CD103- memory cells have been described in various organs and are often presumed non-recirculating based on their expression of CD69. We found that both CD69+CD103+ and CD69+CD103- memory cells populated the thymus upon transfer of CD8+ effector T cells into uninfected recipients. Transcriptionally and phenotypically, CD103+ thymic cells resembled non-lymphoid TRM cells, whereas CD69+CD103- cells displayed a profile that was more closely related to recirculating cells. Although CD69 was required for optimal CD103+ TRM formation, its expression alone did not identify permanently resident cells, as CD69+CD103- cells disappeared from the thymus following antibody-mediated depletion of recirculating cells. Our findings highlight a distinct migration potential of phenotypically divergent thymic CD8+ memory T cells and emphasise the inadequacy of CD69 as a marker of tissue residency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone L Park
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Laura K Mackay
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Thomas Gebhardt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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243
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Bedoui S, Heath WR, Mueller SN. CD
4
+
T‐cell help amplifies innate signals for primary
CD
8
+
T‐cell immunity. Immunol Rev 2016; 272:52-64. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sammy Bedoui
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology The University of Melbourne Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity Parkville Vic. Australia
| | - William R. Heath
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology The University of Melbourne Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity Parkville Vic. Australia
- The Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging The University of Melbourne Parkville Vic. Australia
| | - Scott N. Mueller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology The University of Melbourne Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity Parkville Vic. Australia
- The Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging The University of Melbourne Parkville Vic. Australia
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244
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245
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Affiliation(s)
- Veit R. Buchholz
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München (TUM), 81675 München, Germany; ,
| | - Ton N.M. Schumacher
- Division of Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute (NKI), 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Dirk H. Busch
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München (TUM), 81675 München, Germany; ,
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246
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Skin CD4(+) memory T cells exhibit combined cluster-mediated retention and equilibration with the circulation. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11514. [PMID: 27160938 PMCID: PMC4866325 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although memory T cells within barrier tissues can persist as permanent residents, at least some exchange with blood. The extent to which this occurs is unclear. Here we show that memory CD4+ T cells in mouse skin are in equilibrium with the circulation at steady state. These cells are dispersed throughout the inter-follicular regions of the dermis and form clusters with antigen presenting cells around hair follicles. After infection or administration of a contact sensitizing agent, there is a sustained increase in skin CD4+ T-cell content, which is confined to the clusters, with a concomitant CCL5-dependent increase in CD4+ T-cell recruitment. Skin CCL5 is derived from CD11b+ cells and CD8+ T cells, with the elimination of the latter decreasing CD4+ T-cell numbers. These results reveal a complex pattern of tissue-retention and equilibration for CD4+ memory T cells in skin, which is altered by infection and inflammation history. Memory T cells are vital responders to skin inflammation, but cell localization and dynamics of exchange with the bloodstream are not clear. Here the authors use parabiosis and intravital microscopy to show that CD4+ memory T cells equilibrate with the circulation and cluster around hair follicles in response to CCL5-dependent responses to viral infection or contact sensitization.
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247
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Lauvau G, Boutet M, Williams TM, Chin SS, Chorro L. Memory CD8(+) T Cells: Innate-Like Sensors and Orchestrators of Protection. Trends Immunol 2016; 37:375-385. [PMID: 27131432 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2016] [Revised: 04/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Recent findings have revealed roles for systemic and mucosa-resident memory CD8(+) T cells in the orchestration of innate immune responses critical to host defense upon microbial infection. Here we integrate these findings into the current understanding of the molecular and cellular signals controlling memory CD8(+) T cell reactivation and the mechanisms by which these cells mediate effective protection in vivo. The picture that emerges presents memory CD8(+) T cells as early sensors of danger signals, mediating protective immunity both through licensing of cellular effectors of the innate immune system and via the canonical functions associated with memory T cells. We discuss implications for the development of T cell vaccines and therapies and highlight important areas in need of further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégoire Lauvau
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Marie Boutet
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tere M Williams
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shu Shien Chin
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York, NY, USA
| | - Laurent Chorro
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York, NY, USA
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248
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Gaylo A, Overstreet MG, Fowell DJ. Imaging CD4 T Cell Interstitial Migration in the Inflamed Dermis. J Vis Exp 2016:e53585. [PMID: 27078264 PMCID: PMC4841317 DOI: 10.3791/53585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of CD4 T cells to carry out effector functions is dependent upon the rapid and efficient migration of these cells in inflamed peripheral tissues through an as-yet undefined mechanism. The application of multiphoton microscopy to the study of the immune system provides a tool to measure the dynamics of immune responses within intact tissues. Here we present a protocol for non-invasive intravital multiphoton imaging of CD4 T cells in the inflamed mouse ear dermis. Use of a custom imaging platform and a venous catheter allows for the visualization of CD4 T cell dynamics in the dermal interstitium, with the ability to interrogate these cells in real-time via the addition of blocking antibodies to key molecular components involved in motility. This system provides advantages over both in vitro models and surgically invasive imaging procedures. Understanding the pathways used by CD4 T cells for motility may ultimately provide insight into the basic function of CD4 T cells as well as the pathogenesis of both autoimmune diseases and pathology from chronic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Gaylo
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY
| | - Michael G Overstreet
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY
| | - Deborah J Fowell
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY;
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249
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Kaufman HL, Amatruda T, Reid T, Gonzalez R, Glaspy J, Whitman E, Harrington K, Nemunaitis J, Zloza A, Wolf M, Senzer NN. Systemic versus local responses in melanoma patients treated with talimogene laherparepvec from a multi-institutional phase II study. J Immunother Cancer 2016; 4:12. [PMID: 26981242 PMCID: PMC4791835 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-016-0116-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We previously reported that talimogene laherparepvec, an oncolytic herpes virus encoding granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), resulted in an objective response rate of 26 % in patients with advanced melanoma in a phase II clinical trial. The response of individual lesions, however, was not reported. Since talimogene laherparepvec is thought to mediate anti-tumor activity through both direct tumor cytolysis and induction of systemic tumor-specific immunity, we sought to determine the independent response rate in virus-injected and non-injected lesions. Methods Fifty patients with stage IIIC or IV melanoma were treated with talimogene laherparepvec in a multi-institutional single-arm open-label phase II clinical trial. In this study patients were treated until a complete response was achieved, all accessible tumors disappeared, clinically significant disease progression, or unacceptable toxicity. This report is a post hoc analysis of the systemic effects of talimogene laherparepvec in injected lesions and two types of uninjected lesions—non-visceral lesions and visceral lesions. Results Eleven of 23 patients (47.8 %) had a ≥ 30 % reduction in the total burden of uninjected non-visceral lesions, and 2 of 12 patients (16.7 %) had a ≥ 30 % reduction in the total burden of visceral lesions. Among 128 evaluable lesions directly injected with talimogene laherparepvec, 86 (67.2 %) decreased in size by ≥ 30 % and 59 (46.1 %) completely resolved. Of 146 uninjected non-visceral lesions, 60 (41.1 %) decreased in size by ≥ 30 %, the majority of which (44 [30.1 %]) completely resolved. Of 32 visceral lesions, 4 (12.5 %) decreased in size by ≥ 30 %, and 3 (9.4 %) completely resolved. The median time to lesion response was shortest for lesions that were directly injected (18.4 weeks), followed by uninjected non-visceral lesions (23.1 weeks) and visceral lesions (51.3 weeks), consistent with initiation of a delayed regional and systemic anti-tumor immune response to talimogene laherparepvec. Conclusions These results support a regional and systemic effect of talimogene laherparepvec immunotherapy in patients with advanced melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard L Kaufman
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, 195 Little Albany Street, Room 2004, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA
| | | | - Tony Reid
- University of California San Diego Medical Center, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Rene Gonzalez
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO USA
| | - John Glaspy
- UCLA Jonsson Comprehesive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Eric Whitman
- Carol G. Simon Cancer Center, Morristown, NJ USA
| | - Kevin Harrington
- The Institute of Cancer Research/Royal Marsden NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
| | | | - Andrew Zloza
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, 195 Little Albany Street, Room 2004, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA
| | | | - Neil N Senzer
- Mary Crowley Cancer Research Centers, Dallas, TX USA
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250
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Busch DH, Fräßle SP, Sommermeyer D, Buchholz VR, Riddell SR. Role of memory T cell subsets for adoptive immunotherapy. Semin Immunol 2016; 28:28-34. [PMID: 26976826 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive transfer of primary (unmodified) or genetically engineered antigen-specific T cells has demonstrated astonishing clinical results in the treatment of infections and some malignancies. Besides the definition of optimal targets and antigen receptors, the differentiation status of transferred T cells is emerging as a crucial parameter for generating cell products with optimal efficacy and safety profiles. Long-living memory T cells subdivide into phenotypically as well as functionally different subsets (e.g. central memory, effector memory, tissue-resident memory T cells). This diversification process is crucial for effective immune protection, with probably distinct dependencies on the presence of individual subsets dependent on the disease to which the immune response is directed as well as its organ location. Adoptive T cell therapy intends to therapeutically transfer defined T cell immunity into patients. Efficacy of this approach often requires long-term maintenance of transferred cells, which depends on the presence and persistence of memory T cells. However, engraftment and survival of highly differentiated memory T cell subsets upon adoptive transfer is still difficult to achieve. Therefore, the recent observation that a distinct subset of weakly differentiated memory T cells shows all characteristics of adult tissue stem cells and can reconstitute all types of effector and memory T cell subsets, became highly relevant. We here review our current understanding of memory subset formation and T cell subset purification, and its implications for adoptive immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk H Busch
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München (TUM), Munich 81675, Germany; Focus Group "Clinical Cell Processing and Purification", Institute for Advanced Study, TUM, Munich 81675, Germany; National Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich 81675, Germany.
| | - Simon P Fräßle
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München (TUM), Munich 81675, Germany; Focus Group "Clinical Cell Processing and Purification", Institute for Advanced Study, TUM, Munich 81675, Germany
| | - Daniel Sommermeyer
- Program in Immunology, Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Veit R Buchholz
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München (TUM), Munich 81675, Germany
| | - Stanley R Riddell
- Focus Group "Clinical Cell Processing and Purification", Institute for Advanced Study, TUM, Munich 81675, Germany; Program in Immunology, Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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