201
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Román M, Baraibar I, López I, Nadal E, Rolfo C, Vicent S, Gil-Bazo I. KRAS oncogene in non-small cell lung cancer: clinical perspectives on the treatment of an old target. Mol Cancer 2018; 17:33. [PMID: 29455666 PMCID: PMC5817724 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-018-0789-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung neoplasms are the leading cause of death by cancer worldwide. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) constitutes more than 80% of all lung malignancies and the majority of patients present advanced disease at onset. However, in the last decade, multiple oncogenic driver alterations have been discovered and each of them represents a potential therapeutic target. Although KRAS mutations are the most frequently oncogene aberrations in lung adenocarcinoma patients, effective therapies targeting KRAS have yet to be developed. Moreover, the role of KRAS oncogene in NSCLC remains unclear and its predictive and prognostic impact remains controversial. The study of the underlying biology of KRAS in NSCLC patients could help to determine potential candidates to evaluate novel targeted agents and combinations that may allow a tailored treatment for these patients. The aim of this review is to update the current knowledge about KRAS-mutated lung adenocarcinoma, including a historical overview, the biology of the molecular pathways involved, the clinical relevance of KRAS mutations as a prognostic and predictive marker and the potential therapeutic approaches for a personalized treatment of KRAS-mutated NSCLC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Román
- Department of Oncology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008, Pamplona, Spain.,Program of Solid Tumors and Biomarkers, Center for Applied Medical Research, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Iosune Baraibar
- Department of Oncology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008, Pamplona, Spain.,Program of Solid Tumors and Biomarkers, Center for Applied Medical Research, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Inés López
- Program of Solid Tumors and Biomarkers, Center for Applied Medical Research, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ernest Nadal
- Thoracic Oncology Unit, Department of Medical Oncology, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), L'Hospitalet del Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Christian Rolfo
- Phase I-Early Clinical Phase I-Early Clinical Trials Unit, Oncology Department, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Silvestre Vicent
- Program of Solid Tumors and Biomarkers, Center for Applied Medical Research, Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Health Research Institute (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Gil-Bazo
- Department of Oncology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008, Pamplona, Spain. .,Program of Solid Tumors and Biomarkers, Center for Applied Medical Research, Pamplona, Spain. .,Navarra Health Research Institute (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain.
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202
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Rourke JL, Hu Q, Screaton RA. AMPK and Friends: Central Regulators of β Cell Biology. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2018; 29:111-122. [PMID: 29289437 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2017.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
If left unchecked, prediabetic hyperglycemia can progress to diabetes and often life-threatening attendant secondary complications. Central to the process of glucose homeostasis are pancreatic β cells, which sense elevations in plasma glucose and additional dietary components and respond by releasing the appropriate quantity of insulin, ensuring the arrest of hepatic glucose output and glucose uptake in peripheral tissues. Given that β cell failure is associated with the transition from prediabetes to diabetes, improved β cell function ('compensation') has a central role in preventing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Recent data have shown that both insulin secretion and β cell mass dynamics are regulated by the liver kinase B1-AMP-activated kinase (LKB1-AMPK) pathway and related kinases of the AMPK family; thus, an improved understanding of the biological roles of AMPK in the β cell is now of considerable interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian L Rourke
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, ONT, M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Queenie Hu
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, ONT, M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Robert A Screaton
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, ONT, M4N 3M5, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ONT, M5S 1A8, Canada.
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203
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Badur MG, Metallo CM. Reverse engineering the cancer metabolic network using flux analysis to understand drivers of human disease. Metab Eng 2018; 45:95-108. [PMID: 29199104 PMCID: PMC5927620 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2017.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic dysfunction has reemerged as an essential hallmark of tumorigenesis, and metabolic phenotypes are increasingly being integrated into pre-clinical models of disease. The complexity of these metabolic networks requires systems-level interrogation, and metabolic flux analysis (MFA) with stable isotope tracing present a suitable conceptual framework for such systems. Here we review efforts to elucidate mechanisms through which metabolism influences tumor growth and survival, with an emphasis on applications using stable isotope tracing and MFA. Through these approaches researchers can now quantify pathway fluxes in various in vitro and in vivo contexts to provide mechanistic insights at molecular and physiological scales respectively. Knowledge and discoveries in cancer models are paving the way toward applications in other biological contexts and disease models. In turn, MFA approaches will increasingly help to uncover new therapeutic opportunities that enhance human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet G Badur
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | - Christian M Metallo
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, USA; Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, USA; Diabetes and Endocrinology Research Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, USA; Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, USA.
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204
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Pathology and genetics of hereditary colorectal cancer. Pathology 2018; 50:49-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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205
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Richardson AM, Havel LS, Koyen AE, Konen JM, Shupe J, Wiles WG, Martin WD, Grossniklaus HE, Sica G, Gilbert-Ross M, Marcus AI. Vimentin Is Required for Lung Adenocarcinoma Metastasis via Heterotypic Tumor Cell-Cancer-Associated Fibroblast Interactions during Collective Invasion. Clin Cancer Res 2017; 24:420-432. [PMID: 29208669 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-1776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Vimentin is an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) biomarker and intermediate filament protein that functions during cell migration to maintain structure and motility. Despite the abundance of clinical data linking vimentin to poor patient outcome, it is unclear if vimentin is required for metastasis or is a correlative biomarker. We developed a novel genetically engineered mouse model (GEMM) to probe vimentin in lung adenocarcinoma metastasis.Experimental Design: We used the LSL-KrasG12D/Lkb1fl/fl/Vim-/- model (KLV-/-), which incorporates a whole-body knockout of vimentin and is derived from the Cre-dependent LSL-KrasG12D/Lkb1fl/fl model (KLV+/+). We compared the metastatic phenotypes of the GEMMs and analyzed primary tumors from the KLV models and lung adenocarcinoma patients to assess vimentin expression and function.Results: Characterization of KLV+/+ and KLV-/- mice shows that although vimentin is not required for primary lung tumor growth, vimentin is required for metastasis, and vimentin loss generates lower grade primary tumors. Interestingly, in the KLV+/+ mice, vimentin was not expressed in tumor cells but in cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) surrounding collective invasion packs (CIPs) of epithelial tumor cells, with significantly less CIPs in KLV-/- mice. CIPs correlate with tumor grade and are vimentin-negative and E-cadherin-positive, indicating a lack of cancer cell EMT. A similar heterotypic staining pattern was observed in human lung adenocarcinoma samples. In vitro studies show that vimentin is required for CAF motility to lead tumor cell invasion, supporting a vimentin-dependent model of collective invasion.Conclusions: These data show that vimentin is required for lung adenocarcinoma metastasis by maintaining heterotypic tumor cell-CAF interactions during collective invasion. Clin Cancer Res; 24(2); 420-32. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra M Richardson
- Cancer Biology Graduate Program, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.,Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.,Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Lauren S Havel
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.,Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Allyson E Koyen
- Cancer Biology Graduate Program, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.,Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jessica M Konen
- Cancer Biology Graduate Program, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.,Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.,Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - John Shupe
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.,Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - W G Wiles
- Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.,The Cancer Animal Models Shared Resource
| | - W David Martin
- Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.,The Cancer Animal Models Shared Resource
| | - Hans E Grossniklaus
- Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.,Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Gabriel Sica
- Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Melissa Gilbert-Ross
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia. .,Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.,The Cancer Animal Models Shared Resource
| | - Adam I Marcus
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia. .,Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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206
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He SS, Chen Y, Wang HZ, Shen XM, Sun P, Dong J, Liao XB, Guo GF, Chen JG, Xia LP, Hu PL, Qiu HJ, Liu SS, Zhou YX, Wang W, Hu WH, Cai XY. Loss of LKB1 Expression Decreases the Survival and Promotes Laryngeal Cancer Metastasis. J Cancer 2017; 8:3548-3554. [PMID: 29151940 PMCID: PMC5687170 DOI: 10.7150/jca.20535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Given recent results indicating that diminished LKB1 expression in laryngeal cancer correlates with shorter survival. We aim to perform an analysis estimate the role of decreased liver kinase B1(LKB1) and in the prognostication of human laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC). Methods: We conducted a retrospective study and evaluate the expression of LKB1 and p16INK4a (p16) in 208 clinical advanced-stage LSCC tissue samples by using immunohistochemistry. The specimens were received at Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center (Guangzhou, China). To evaluate the independent prognostic relevance of LKB1, univariate and multivariate Cox regression models were used, overall survival (OS) and distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS) were compared using the Kaplan-Meier method. Results: Immunohistochemical analyses revealed that 80/208 (38.5%) of the LSCC tissue samples expressed high LKB1. Low LKB1 expression was associated with a significantly shorter OS and DMFS than high LKB1 expression (P = 0.041 and 0.028, respectively; log-rank test), and there was a poorer OS in the p16-positive than p16-negative group. In the subgroup stratified by p16 status, the shorter OS were also seen with low LKB1 expression. Multivariate survival analysis indicated that high LKB1 expression was an independent prognostic factor for OS (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.628, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.060-2.500, P = 0.026) and DMFS (HR: 2.182, 95% CI: 1.069-4.456, P = 0.032). Conclusions: Our data indicated that low expression of LKB1 was significantly associated with poor prognosis and it may represent a marker of tumor metastasis in patients with LSCC. When combined with p16, LKB1 was also of prognostic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha-Sha He
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou.,Department of Radiation, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou.,Department of Radiation, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong-Zhi Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou.,Department of Radiology, The First People's Hospital of Foshan (The affiliated Foshan Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University), Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Peng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou.,Department of Pathology, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou.,Department of VIP Region, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin-Biao Liao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Gui-Fang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou.,Department of VIP Region, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ju-Gao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou
| | - Liang-Ping Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou.,Department of VIP Region, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pei-Li Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou.,Department of VIP Region, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui-Juan Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou.,Department of VIP Region, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shou-Sheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou.,Department of VIP Region, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Xin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou.,Department of VIP Region, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou.,Department of Gastric Surgery, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei-Han Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou.,Department of Radiation, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiu-Yu Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou.,Department of VIP Region, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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207
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Pancreatic Cancer: Molecular Characterization, Clonal Evolution and Cancer Stem Cells. Biomedicines 2017; 5:biomedicines5040065. [PMID: 29156578 PMCID: PMC5744089 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines5040065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the fourth most common cause of cancer-related death and is the most lethal of common malignancies with a five-year survival rate of <10%. PDAC arises from different types of non-invasive precursor lesions: intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms, mucinous cystic neoplasms and pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia. The genetic landscape of PDAC is characterized by the presence of four frequently-mutated genes: KRAS, CDKN2A, TP53 and SMAD4. The development of mouse models of PDAC has greatly contributed to the understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms through which driver genes contribute to pancreatic cancer development. Particularly, oncogenic KRAS-driven genetically-engineered mouse models that phenotypically and genetically recapitulate human pancreatic cancer have clarified the mechanisms through which various mutated genes act in neoplasia induction and progression and have led to identifying the possible cellular origin of these neoplasias. Patient-derived xenografts are increasingly used for preclinical studies and for the development of personalized medicine strategies. The studies of the purification and characterization of pancreatic cancer stem cells have suggested that a minority cell population is responsible for initiation and maintenance of pancreatic adenocarcinomas. The study of these cells could contribute to the identification and clinical development of more efficacious drug treatments.
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208
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Wen S, Zhan B, Feng J, Hu W, Lin X, Bai J, Huang H. Non-invasively predicting differentiation of pancreatic cancer through comparative serum metabonomic profiling. BMC Cancer 2017; 17:708. [PMID: 29096620 PMCID: PMC5668965 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3703-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The differentiation of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) could be associated with prognosis and may influence the choices of clinical management. No applicable methods could reliably predict the tumor differentiation preoperatively. Thus, the aim of this study was to compare the metabonomic profiling of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma with different differentiations and assess the feasibility of predicting tumor differentiations through metabonomic strategy based on nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. METHODS By implanting pancreatic cancer cell strains Panc-1, Bxpc-3 and SW1990 in nude mice in situ, we successfully established the orthotopic xenograft models of PDAC with different differentiations. The metabonomic profiling of serum from different PDAC was achieved and analyzed by using 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy combined with the multivariate statistical analysis. Then, the differential metabolites acquired were used for enrichment analysis of metabolic pathways to get a deep insight. RESULTS An obvious metabonomic difference was demonstrated between all groups and the pattern recognition models were established successfully. The higher concentrations of amino acids, glycolytic and glutaminolytic participators in SW1990 and choline-contain metabolites in Panc-1 relative to other PDAC cells were demonstrated, which may be served as potential indicators for tumor differentiation. The metabolic pathways and differential metabolites identified in current study may be associated with specific pathways such as serine-glycine-one-carbon and glutaminolytic pathways, which can regulate tumorous proliferation and epigenetic regulation. CONCLUSION The NMR-based metabonomic strategy may be served as a non-invasive detection method for predicting tumor differentiation preoperatively.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Biomarkers, Tumor/blood
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/blood
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Feasibility Studies
- Humans
- Metabolomics/methods
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Nude
- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/blood
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/pathology
- Prognosis
- Reproducibility of Results
- Transplantation, Heterologous
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Wen
- Department of General Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, 350001 China
| | - Bohan Zhan
- Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005 China
| | - Jianghua Feng
- Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005 China
| | - Weize Hu
- Department of General Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, 350001 China
| | - Xianchao Lin
- Department of General Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, 350001 China
| | - Jianxi Bai
- Department of General Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, 350001 China
| | - Heguang Huang
- Department of General Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, 350001 China
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209
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Reid MA, Dai Z, Locasale JW. The impact of cellular metabolism on chromatin dynamics and epigenetics. Nat Cell Biol 2017; 19:1298-1306. [PMID: 29058720 PMCID: PMC5886854 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 327] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The substrates used to modify nucleic acids and chromatin are affected by nutrient availability and the activity of metabolic pathways. Thus, cellular metabolism constitutes a fundamental component of chromatin status and thereby of genome regulation. Here we describe the biochemical and genetic principles of how metabolism can influence chromatin biology and epigenetics, discuss the functional roles of this interplay in developmental and cancer biology, and present future directions in this rapidly emerging area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Reid
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, 27710, USA
| | - Ziwei Dai
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, 27710, USA
| | - Jason W. Locasale
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, 27710, USA
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210
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YAP/TAZ-mediated activation of serine metabolism and methylation regulation is critical for LKB1-deficient breast cancer progression. Biosci Rep 2017; 37:BSR20171072. [PMID: 28931725 PMCID: PMC5653917 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20171072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The crucial interplay between metabolic remodeling and the epigenetics could contribute to promote cancer progression. A remarkable association within interaction, LKB1 has been reported, suggesting that the expression of key enzymes involving de novo serine synthesis and DNA methyltransferases like DNMT1 and DNMT3A increase LKB1-deficiency cells. However, the complex interactional link between metabolic remodeling and the epigenetics is still unclear. Hence, we focus on the relationship between YAP/TAZ and serine metabolism to control methylation of DNA or histone in breast cancer with LKB1 deficiency. We hypothesize that YAP/TAZ may have the function to activate key enzymes involving serine metabolism like PSPH and up-regulate the amino acid transporters to supply sources of serine synthesis through activation of C-MYC with TEAD1. Further, we speculate that YAP/TAZ in dependent of FOS may promote DNMT1 and subsequently mediate DNMT1-G9A complex involving serine metabolism and the methylation of DNA and histone. We hope that our study will stimulate further studies and a new targeted therapy and early medical intervention for YAP/TAZ could be a useful option for breast cancer cases complicated with LKB1 deficiency.
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211
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Mehrmohamadi M, Jeong SH, Locasale JW. Molecular features that predict the response to antimetabolite chemotherapies. Cancer Metab 2017; 5:8. [PMID: 29026541 PMCID: PMC5627437 DOI: 10.1186/s40170-017-0170-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antimetabolite chemotherapeutic agents that target cellular metabolism are widely used in the clinic and are thought to exert their anti-cancer effects mainly through non-specific cytotoxic effects. However, patients vary dramatically with respect to treatment outcome, and the sources of heterogeneity remain largely unknown. METHODS Here, we introduce a computational method for identifying gene expression signatures of response to chemotherapies and apply it to human tumors and cancer cell lines. Furthermore, we characterize a set of 17 antimetabolite agents in various contexts to investigate determinants of sensitivity to these agents. RESULTS We identify distinct favorable and unfavorable metabolic expression signatures for 5-FU and Gemcitabine. Importantly, we find that metabolic pathways targeted by each of these antimetabolites are specifically enriched in its expression signatures. We provide evidence against the common notion about non-specific cytotoxic functions of antimetabolite drugs. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates through unbiased analyses that the activities of metabolic pathways likely contribute to therapeutic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahya Mehrmohamadi
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710 USA.,Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710 USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710 USA.,Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Field of Genetics, Genomics and Development, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA
| | - Seong Ho Jeong
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Field of Genetics, Genomics and Development, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA
| | - Jason W Locasale
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710 USA.,Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710 USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710 USA
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212
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Ruess DA, Görgülü K, Wörmann SM, Algül H. Pharmacotherapeutic Management of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma: Current and Emerging Concepts. Drugs Aging 2017; 34:331-357. [PMID: 28349415 DOI: 10.1007/s40266-017-0453-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is a devastating malignancy, which is the result of late diagnosis, aggressive disease, and a lack of effective treatment options. Thus, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is projected to become the second leading cause of cancer-related death by 2030. This review summarizes recent developments of oncological therapy in the palliative setting of metastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. It further compiles novel targets and therapeutic approaches as well as promising treatment combinations, which are presently in preclinical evaluation, covering several aspects of the hallmarks of cancer. Finally, challenges to the implementation of an individualized therapy approach in the context of precision medicine are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dietrich A Ruess
- Internal Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany.
| | - Kivanc Görgülü
- Internal Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Sonja M Wörmann
- Internal Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Hana Algül
- Internal Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany.
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213
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Newman AC, Maddocks ODK. Serine and Functional Metabolites in Cancer. Trends Cell Biol 2017; 27:645-657. [PMID: 28601431 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Folate metabolism functions to supply one-carbon units that are vital for a range of biochemical reactions. Cancer cells can utilise serine as a major source of one-carbon units, rendering them dependent upon extracellular serine uptake or de novo serine synthesis for maximal growth and proliferation. One-carbon units are required for the production of critical cellular components, such as nucleotides, which enable cancer cells to maintain high proliferate rates. Of recent interest, one-carbon metabolism contributes to the biosynthesis and recycling of functional metabolites, such as ATP, S-adenosyl-methionine (SAM), and NAD(P)H, with important downstream consequences for cancer cell survival. In this review, we describe recent advances in our understanding of the importance of one-carbon metabolism in cancer, focussing upon the routes through which cancer cells obtain and use one-carbon units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice C Newman
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Oliver D K Maddocks
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK.
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214
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Salimian Rizi B, Achreja A, Nagrath D. Nitric Oxide: The Forgotten Child of Tumor Metabolism. Trends Cancer 2017; 3:659-672. [PMID: 28867169 PMCID: PMC5679229 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a signaling molecule with pleiotropic physiological roles in normal cells and pathophysiological roles in cancer. NO synthetase expression and NO synthesis are linked to altered metabolism, neoplasticity, invasiveness, chemoresistance, immune evasion, and ultimately to poor prognosis of cancer patients. Exogenous NO in the microenvironment facilitates paracrine signaling, mediates immune responses, and triggers angiogenesis. NO regulates posttranslational protein modifications, S-nitrosation, and genome-wide epigenetic modifications that can have both tumor-promoting and tumor-suppressing effects. We review mechanisms that link NO to cancer hallmarks, with a perspective of co-targeting NO metabolism with first-line therapies for improved outcome. We highlight the need for quantitative flux analysis to study NO in tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahar Salimian Rizi
- Agilent Technologies, Lexington, Massachusetts, USA; These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Abhinav Achreja
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Deepak Nagrath
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
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215
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Hai J, Liu S, Bufe L, Do K, Chen T, Wang X, Ng C, Li S, Tsao MS, Shapiro GI, Wong KK. Synergy of WEE1 and mTOR Inhibition in Mutant KRAS-Driven Lung Cancers. Clin Cancer Res 2017; 23:6993-7005. [PMID: 28821559 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-1098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Purpose:KRAS-activating mutations are the most common oncogenic driver in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), but efforts to directly target mutant KRAS have proved a formidable challenge. Therefore, multitargeted therapy may offer a plausible strategy to effectively treat KRAS-driven NSCLCs. Here, we evaluate the efficacy and mechanistic rationale for combining mTOR and WEE1 inhibition as a potential therapy for lung cancers harboring KRAS mutations.Experimental Design: We investigated the synergistic effect of combining mTOR and WEE1 inhibitors on cell viability, apoptosis, and DNA damage repair response using a panel of human KRAS-mutant and wild type NSCLC cell lines and patient-derived xenograft cell lines. Murine autochthonous and human transplant models were used to test the therapeutic efficacy and pharmacodynamic effects of dual treatment.Results: We demonstrate that combined inhibition of mTOR and WEE1 induced potent synergistic cytotoxic effects selectively in KRAS-mutant NSCLC cell lines, delayed human tumor xenograft growth and caused tumor regression in a murine lung adenocarcinoma model. Mechanistically, we show that inhibition of mTOR potentiates WEE1 inhibition by abrogating compensatory activation of DNA repair, exacerbating DNA damage in KRAS-mutant NSCLC, and that this effect is due in part to reduction in cyclin D1.Conclusions: These findings demonstrate that compromised DNA repair underlies the observed potent synergy of WEE1 and mTOR inhibition and support clinical evaluation of this dual therapy for patients with KRAS-mutant lung cancers. Clin Cancer Res; 23(22); 6993-7005. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine Hai
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Shengwu Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lauren Bufe
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Khanh Do
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ting Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Xiaoen Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Christine Ng
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre/University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shuai Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ming-Sound Tsao
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre/University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Geoffrey I Shapiro
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kwok-Kin Wong
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts. .,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York
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216
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Silva E, Rosario FJ, Powell TL, Jansson T. Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Is a Novel Molecular Mechanism Linking Folate Availability and Cell Function. J Nutr 2017; 147:1237-1242. [PMID: 28592519 DOI: 10.3945/jn.117.248823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Folate deficiency has been linked to a wide range of disorders, including cancer, neural tube defects, and fetal growth restriction. Folate regulates cellular function mediated by its involvement in the synthesis of nucleotides, which are needed for DNA synthesis, and its function as a methyl donor, which is critical for DNA methylation. Here we review current data showing that folate sensing by mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) constitutes a novel and distinct pathway by which folate modulates cell functions such as nutrient transport, protein synthesis, and mitochondrial respiration. The mTOR signaling pathway responds to growth factors and changes in nutrient availability to control cell growth, proliferation, and metabolism. mTOR exists in 2 complexes, mTOR complex (mTORC) 1 and mTORC2, which have distinct upstream regulators and downstream targets. Folate deficiency in pregnant mice caused a marked inhibition of mTORC1 and mTORC2 signaling in multiple maternal and fetal tissues, downregulation of placental amino acid transporters, and fetal growth restriction. In addition, folate deficiency in primary human trophoblast (PHT) cells resulted in inhibition of mTORC1 and mTORC2 signaling and decreased the activity of key amino acid transporters. Folate sensing by mTOR in PHT cells is independent of the accumulation of homocysteine and requires the proton-coupled folate transporter (PCFT; solute carrier 46A1). Furthermore, mTORC1 and mTORC2 regulate trophoblast folate uptake by modulating the cell surface expression of folate receptor α and the reduced folate carrier. These findings, which provide a novel link between folate availability and cell function, growth, and proliferation, may have broad biological significance given the critical role of folate in normal cell function and the multiple diseases that have been associated with decreased or excessive folate availability. Low maternal folate concentrations are linked to restricted fetal growth, and we propose that the underlying mechanisms involve trophoblast mTOR folate sensing resulting in inhibition of mTORC1 and mTORC2 and downregulation of placental amino acid transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Silva
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and
| | | | - Theresa L Powell
- Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
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217
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Newman AC, Maddocks ODK. One-carbon metabolism in cancer. Br J Cancer 2017; 116:1499-1504. [PMID: 28472819 PMCID: PMC5518849 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2017.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 300] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells require one-carbon units for nucleotide synthesis, methylation and reductive metabolism, and these pathways support the high proliferative rate of cancer cells. As such, anti-folates, drugs that target one-carbon metabolism, have long been used in the treatment of cancer. Amino acids, such as serine are a major one-carbon source, and cancer cells are particularly susceptible to deprivation of one-carbon units by serine restriction or inhibition of de novo serine synthesis. Recent work has also begun to decipher the specific pathways and sub-cellular compartments that are important for one-carbon metabolism in cancer cells. In this review we summarise the historical understanding of one-carbon metabolism in cancer, describe the recent findings regarding the generation and usage of one-carbon units and explore possible future therapeutics that could exploit the dependency of cancer cells on one-carbon metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice C Newman
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Oliver D K Maddocks
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
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218
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219
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Hujber Z, Petővári G, Szoboszlai N, Dankó T, Nagy N, Kriston C, Krencz I, Paku S, Ozohanics O, Drahos L, Jeney A, Sebestyén A. Rapamycin (mTORC1 inhibitor) reduces the production of lactate and 2-hydroxyglutarate oncometabolites in IDH1 mutant fibrosarcoma cells. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2017; 36:74. [PMID: 28578659 PMCID: PMC5457553 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-017-0544-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple studies concluded that oncometabolites (e.g. D-2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG) related to mutant isocitrate dehydrogenase 1/2 (IDH1/2) and lactate) have tumour promoting potential. Regulatory mechanisms implicated in the maintenance of oncometabolite production have great interest. mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) orchestrates different pathways, influences cellular growth and metabolism. Considering hyperactivation of mTOR in several malignancies, the question has been addressed whether mTOR operates through controlling of oncometabolite accumulation in metabolic reprogramming. METHODS HT-1080 cells - carrying originally endogenous IDH1 mutation - were used in vitro and in vivo. Anti-tumour effects of rapamycin were studied using different assays. The main sources and productions of the oncometabolites (2-HG and lactate) were analysed by 13C-labeled substrates. Alterations at protein and metabolite levels were followed by Western blot, flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry using rapamycin, PP242 and different glutaminase inhibitors, as well. RESULTS Rapamycin (mTORC1 inhibitor) inhibited proliferation, migration and altered the metabolic activity of IDH1 mutant HT-1080 cells. Rapamycin reduced the level of 2-HG sourced mainly from glutamine and glucose derived lactate which correlated to the decreased incorporation of 13C atoms from 13C-substrates. Additionally, decreased expressions of lactate dehydrogenase A and glutaminase were also observed both in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Considering the role of lactate and 2-HG in regulatory network and in metabolic symbiosis it could be assumed that mTOR inhibitors have additional effects besides their anti-proliferative effects in tumours with glycolytic phenotype, especially in case of IDH1 mutation (e.g. acute myeloid leukemias, gliomas, chondrosarcomas). Based on our new results, we suggest targeting mTOR activity depending on the metabolic and besides molecular genetic phenotype of tumours to increase the success of therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Hujber
- 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, Budapest, 1085, Hungary
| | - Gábor Petővári
- 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, Budapest, 1085, Hungary
| | - Norbert Szoboszlai
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, 1518, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Titanilla Dankó
- 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, Budapest, 1085, Hungary
| | - Noémi Nagy
- 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, Budapest, 1085, Hungary
| | - Csilla Kriston
- 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, Budapest, 1085, Hungary
| | - Ildikó Krencz
- 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, Budapest, 1085, Hungary
| | - Sándor Paku
- 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, Budapest, 1085, Hungary.,Tumor Progression Research Group of Joint Research Organization of Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Olivér Ozohanics
- Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, MS Proteomics Research Group, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Drahos
- Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, MS Proteomics Research Group, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - András Jeney
- 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, Budapest, 1085, Hungary
| | - Anna Sebestyén
- 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, Budapest, 1085, Hungary. .,Tumor Progression Research Group of Joint Research Organization of Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
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220
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Windler C, Gey C, Seeger K. Skin melanocytes and fibroblasts show different changes in choline metabolism during cellular senescence. Mech Ageing Dev 2017; 164:82-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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221
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Maddocks ODK, Athineos D, Cheung EC, Lee P, Zhang T, van den Broek NJF, Mackay GM, Labuschagne CF, Gay D, Kruiswijk F, Blagih J, Vincent DF, Campbell KJ, Ceteci F, Sansom OJ, Blyth K, Vousden KH. Modulating the therapeutic response of tumours to dietary serine and glycine starvation. Nature 2017; 544:372-376. [PMID: 28425994 DOI: 10.1038/nature22056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 375] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The non-essential amino acids serine and glycine are used in multiple anabolic processes that support cancer cell growth and proliferation (reviewed in ref. 1). While some cancer cells upregulate de novo serine synthesis, many others rely on exogenous serine for optimal growth. Restriction of dietary serine and glycine can reduce tumour growth in xenograft and allograft models. Here we show that this observation translates into more clinically relevant autochthonous tumours in genetically engineered mouse models of intestinal cancer (driven by Apc inactivation) or lymphoma (driven by Myc activation). The increased survival following dietary restriction of serine and glycine in these models was further improved by antagonizing the anti-oxidant response. Disruption of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (using biguanides) led to a complex response that could improve or impede the anti-tumour effect of serine and glycine starvation. Notably, Kras-driven mouse models of pancreatic and intestinal cancers were less responsive to depletion of serine and glycine, reflecting an ability of activated Kras to increase the expression of enzymes that are part of the serine synthesis pathway and thus promote de novo serine synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver D K Maddocks
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
- University of Glasgow Institute of Cancer Sciences, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Dimitris Athineos
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Eric C Cheung
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Pearl Lee
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Tong Zhang
- University of Glasgow Institute of Cancer Sciences, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | | | - Gillian M Mackay
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | | | - David Gay
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Flore Kruiswijk
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Julianna Blagih
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - David F Vincent
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | | | - Fatih Ceteci
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Owen J Sansom
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
- University of Glasgow Institute of Cancer Sciences, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Karen Blyth
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Karen H Vousden
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
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222
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Self-Referential Encoding on Modules of Anticodon Pairs-Roots of the Biological Flow System. Life (Basel) 2017; 7:life7020016. [PMID: 28383509 PMCID: PMC5492138 DOI: 10.3390/life7020016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The proposal that the genetic code was formed on the basis of (proto)tRNA Dimer-Directed Protein Synthesis is reviewed and updated. The tRNAs paired through the anticodon loops are an indication on the process. Dimers are considered mimics of the ribosomes-structures that hold tRNAs together and facilitate the transferase reaction, and of the translation process-anticodons are at the same time codons for each other. The primitive protein synthesis system gets stabilized when the product peptides are stable and apt to bind the producers therewith establishing a self-stimulating production cycle. The chronology of amino acid encoding starts with Glycine and Serine, indicating the metabolic support of the Glycine-Serine C1-assimilation pathway, which is also consistent with evidence on origins of bioenergetics mechanisms. Since it is not possible to reach for substrates simpler than C1 and compounds in the identified pathway are apt for generating the other central metabolic routes, it is considered that protein synthesis is the beginning and center of a succession of sink-effective mechanisms that drive the formation and evolution of the metabolic flow system. Plasticity and diversification of proteins construct the cellular system following the orientation given by the flow and implementing it. Nucleic acid monomers participate in bioenergetics and the polymers are conservative memory systems for the synthesis of proteins. Protoplasmic fission is the final sink-effective mechanism, part of cell reproduction, guaranteeing that proteins don't accumulate to saturation, which would trigger inhibition.
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223
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Micevic G, Theodosakis N, Bosenberg M. Aberrant DNA methylation in melanoma: biomarker and therapeutic opportunities. Clin Epigenetics 2017; 9:34. [PMID: 28396701 PMCID: PMC5381063 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-017-0332-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant DNA methylation is an epigenetic hallmark of melanoma, known to play important roles in melanoma formation and progression. Recent advances in genome-wide methylation methods have provided the means to identify differentially methylated genes, methylation signatures, and potential biomarkers. However, despite considerable effort and advances in cataloging methylation changes in melanoma, many questions remain unanswered. The aim of this review is to summarize recent developments, emerging trends, and important unresolved questions in the field of aberrant DNA methylation in melanoma. In addition to reviewing recent developments, we carefully synthesize the findings in an effort to provide a framework for understanding the current state and direction of the field. To facilitate clarity, we divided the review into DNA methylation changes in melanoma, biomarker opportunities, and therapeutic developments. We hope this review contributes to accelerating the utilization of the diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic potential of DNA methylation for the benefit of melanoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goran Micevic
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.,Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520 USA
| | - Nicholas Theodosakis
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.,Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520 USA
| | - Marcus Bosenberg
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.,Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520 USA
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224
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Terranova R, Vitobello A, Del Rio Espinola A, Wolf CR, Schwarz M, Thomson J, Meehan R, Moggs J. Progress in identifying epigenetic mechanisms of xenobiotic-induced non-genotoxic carcinogenesis. CURRENT OPINION IN TOXICOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cotox.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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225
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Kennedy RA, Thavaraj S, Diaz-Cano S. An Overview of Autosomal Dominant Tumour Syndromes with Prominent Features in the Oral and Maxillofacial Region. Head Neck Pathol 2017; 11:364-376. [PMID: 28110467 PMCID: PMC5550396 DOI: 10.1007/s12105-017-0778-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Several autosomal dominant inherited tumour syndromes demonstrate prominent features in the oral and maxillofacial region. Although multiple organ systems are frequently involved, the target organs more frequently affected are the skin (nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome, Brooke-Spiegler syndrome, Birt-Hogg-Dube syndrome and Muir-Torre syndrome), gastrointestinal tract (Peutz-Jegher syndrome and Gardner syndrome) or endocrine system (multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2b and hyperparathyroidism-jaw tumour syndrome). In some syndromes, the disease is multisystem with skin index lesions presenting in the head and neck (Cowden syndrome and tuberous sclerosis complex). The pertinent features of these syndromes are reviewed with a systems-based approach, emphasising their clinical impact and diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A. Kennedy
- Head and Neck Pathology, King’s College London Dental Institute, Guy’s & St, NHS Foundation Trust, London, SE1 9RT UK ,Head and Neck Pathology, Guy’s Hospital, Floor 4, Tower Wing, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT UK
| | - Selvam Thavaraj
- Head and Neck Pathology, King’s College London Dental Institute, Guy’s & St, NHS Foundation Trust, London, SE1 9RT UK
| | - Salvador Diaz-Cano
- Department of Histopathology, King’s College Hospital, London, SE5 9R UK
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226
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Integrins and Cell Metabolism: An Intimate Relationship Impacting Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18010189. [PMID: 28106780 PMCID: PMC5297821 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrins are important regulators of cell survival, proliferation, adhesion and migration. Once activated, integrins establish a regulated link between the extracellular matrix and the cytoskeleton. Integrins have well-established functions in cancer, such as in controlling cell survival by engagement of many specific intracellular signaling pathways and in facilitating metastasis. Integrins and associated proteins are regulated by control of transcription, membrane traffic, and degradation, as well as by a number of post-translational modifications including glycosylation, allowing integrin function to be modulated to conform to various cellular needs and environmental conditions. In this review, we examine the control of integrin function by cell metabolism, and the impact of this regulation in cancer. Within this context, nutrient sufficiency or deprivation is sensed by a number of metabolic signaling pathways such as AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) 1, which collectively control integrin function by a number of mechanisms. Moreover, metabolic flux through specific pathways also controls integrins, such as by control of integrin glycosylation, thus impacting integrin-dependent cell adhesion and migration. Integrins also control various metabolic signals and pathways, establishing the reciprocity of this regulation. As cancer cells exhibit substantial changes in metabolism, such as a shift to aerobic glycolysis, enhanced glucose utilization and a heightened dependence on specific amino acids, the reciprocal regulation of integrins and metabolism may provide important clues for more effective treatment of various cancers.
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227
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LKB1 promotes metabolic flexibility in response to energy stress. Metab Eng 2016; 43:208-217. [PMID: 28034771 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2016.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The Liver Kinase B1 (LKB1) tumor suppressor acts as a metabolic energy sensor to regulate AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling and is commonly mutated in various cancers, including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Tumor cells deficient in LKB1 may be uniquely sensitized to metabolic stresses, which may offer a therapeutic window in oncology. To address this question we have explored how functional LKB1 impacts the metabolism of NSCLC cells using 13C metabolic flux analysis. Isogenic NSCLC cells expressing functional LKB1 exhibited higher flux through oxidative mitochondrial pathways compared to those deficient in LKB1. Re-expression of LKB1 also increased the capacity of cells to oxidize major mitochondrial substrates, including pyruvate, fatty acids, and glutamine. Furthermore, LKB1 expression promoted an adaptive response to energy stress induced by anchorage-independent growth. Finally, this diminished adaptability sensitized LKB1-deficient cells to combinatorial inhibition of mitochondrial complex I and glutaminase. Together, our data implicate LKB1 as a major regulator of adaptive metabolic reprogramming and suggest synergistic pharmacological strategies for mitigating LKB1-deficient NSCLC tumor growth.
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228
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Alterations of Epigenetic Regulators in Pancreatic Cancer and Their Clinical Implications. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17122138. [PMID: 27999365 PMCID: PMC5187938 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17122138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is one of the most aggressive human cancer types with a five-year survival less than 7%. Emerging evidence revealed that many genetic alterations in pancreatic cancer target epigenetic regulators. Some of these mutations are driver mutations in cancer development. Several most important mechanisms of epigenetic regulations include DNA methylation, histone modifications (methylation, acetylation, and ubiquitination), chromatin remodeling, and non-coding ribonucleic acids (RNAs). These modifications can alter chromatin structure and promoter accessibility, and thus lead to aberrant gene expression. However, exactly how these alterations affect epigenetic reprogramming in pancreatic cancer cells and in different stages of tumor development is still not clear. This mini-review summarizes the current knowledge of epigenetic alterations in pancreatic cancer development and progression, and discusses the clinical applications of epigenetic regulators as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets in pancreatic cancer.
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Abstract
Intermediary metabolism provides substrates that shape epigenetic status, but whether this interaction can be responsible for oncogenesis is largely unknown. In a recent issue of Nature, Kottakis et al. (2016) now show that the common tumor suppressor gene LKB1 can function by mediating this connection through an LKB1/AMPK/mTOR signaling axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Gao
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jason W Locasale
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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