201
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López-León M, Outeiro TF, Goya RG. Cell reprogramming: Therapeutic potential and the promise of rejuvenation for the aging brain. Ageing Res Rev 2017; 40:168-181. [PMID: 28903069 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2017] [Revised: 08/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Aging is associated with a progressive increase in the incidence of neurodegenerative diseases, with Alzheimer's (AD) and Parkinson's (PD) disease being the most conspicuous examples. Within this context, the absence of efficacious therapies for most age-related brain pathologies has increased the interest in regenerative medicine. In particular, cell reprogramming technologies have ushered in the era of personalized therapies that not only show a significant potential for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases but also promise to make biological rejuvenation feasible. We will first review recent evidence supporting the emerging view that aging is a reversible epigenetic phenomenon. Next, we will describe novel reprogramming approaches that overcome some of the intrinsic limitations of conventional induced-pluripotent-stem-cell technology. One of the alternative approaches, lineage reprogramming, consists of the direct conversion of one adult cell type into another by transgenic expression of multiple lineage-specific transcription factors (TF). Another strategy, termed pluripotency factor-mediated direct reprogramming, uses universal TF to generate epigenetically unstable intermediates able to differentiate into somatic cell types in response to specific differentiation factors. In the third part we will review studies showing the potential relevance of the above approaches for the treatment of AD and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micaela López-León
- Institute for Biochemical Research (INIBIOLP) - Histology B & Pathology B, School of Medicine, National University of La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Tiago F Outeiro
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Rodolfo G Goya
- Institute for Biochemical Research (INIBIOLP) - Histology B & Pathology B, School of Medicine, National University of La Plata, La Plata, Argentina.
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202
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Smith DK, He M, Zhang CL, Zheng JC. The therapeutic potential of cell identity reprogramming for the treatment of aging-related neurodegenerative disorders. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 157:212-229. [PMID: 26844759 PMCID: PMC5848468 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neural cell identity reprogramming strategies aim to treat age-related neurodegenerative disorders with newly induced neurons that regenerate neural architecture and functional circuits in vivo. The isolation and neural differentiation of pluripotent embryonic stem cells provided the first in vitro models of human neurodegenerative disease. Investigation into the molecular mechanisms underlying stem cell pluripotency revealed that somatic cells could be reprogrammed to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and these cells could be used to model Alzheimer disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington disease, and Parkinson disease. Additional neural precursor and direct transdifferentiation strategies further enabled the induction of diverse neural linages and neuron subtypes both in vitro and in vivo. In this review, we highlight neural induction strategies that utilize stem cells, iPSCs, and lineage reprogramming to model or treat age-related neurodegenerative diseases, as well as, the clinical challenges related to neural transplantation and in vivo reprogramming strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek K Smith
- Department of Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Miao He
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; Department of Physical Therapy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Chun-Li Zhang
- Department of Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| | - Jialin C Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; Department of Family Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China.
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203
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Shahbazi E, Mirakhori F, Ezzatizadeh V, Baharvand H. Reprogramming of somatic cells to induced neural stem cells. Methods 2017; 133:21-28. [PMID: 28939501 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2017.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Revised: 09/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent investigations have demonstrated that defined sets of exogenous factors (chemical and/or biochemical) can convert human and mouse somatic cells into induced neural stem cells (iNSCs). Considering the self-renewal and multi-potential differentiation capabilities of iNSCs, generation of these cells has considerably enhanced cell therapy for treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. These cells can also serve as models for investigation of the mechanism(s) underlying neurodegenerative diseases and as an asset in drug discovery. Meanwhile, using the process of direct conversion/transdifferentiation, by bypassing pluripotent state and consequently reducing tumorigenesis and genetic instability risks, establishment of several desired cells are feasible. In this review, we describe the pros and cons of different methods employed to directly reprogram somatic cells to iNSCs along with the progress of iNSCs applications and the future challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebrahim Shahbazi
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran; Department of Developmental Biology, University of Science and Culture, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fahimeh Mirakhori
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Vahid Ezzatizadeh
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Baharvand
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran; Department of Developmental Biology, University of Science and Culture, Tehran, Iran.
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204
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Zhu Y, Uezono N, Yasui T, Nakashima K. Neural stem cell therapy aiming at better functional recovery after spinal cord injury. Dev Dyn 2017; 247:75-84. [PMID: 28766845 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Injury to the spinal cord causes transection of axon fibers and neural cell death, resulting in disruption of the neural network and severe functional loss. Reconstruction of the damaged neural circuits was once considered to be hopeless as the adult mammalian central nervous system has very poor ability to regenerate. For this reason, there is currently no effective therapeutic treatment for spinal cord injury (SCI). However, with recent developments in stem cell research and cell culture technology, regenerative therapy using neural stem cell (NSC) transplantation has rapidly been developed, and this therapeutic strategy makes it possible to rebuild the destroyed neural circuits. In this review, we discuss the recent breakthroughs in NSC transplantation therapy for SCI. Developmental Dynamics 247:75-84, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yicheng Zhu
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Naohiro Uezono
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Yasui
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kinichi Nakashima
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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205
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Direct Reprogramming of Resident NG2 Glia into Neurons with Properties of Fast-Spiking Parvalbumin-Containing Interneurons. Stem Cell Reports 2017; 9:742-751. [PMID: 28844658 PMCID: PMC5599255 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Converting resident glia into functional and subtype-specific neurons in vivo by delivering reprogramming genes directly to the brain provides a step forward toward the possibility of treating brain injuries or diseases. To date, it has been possible to obtain GABAergic and glutamatergic neurons via in vivo conversion, but the precise phenotype of these cells has not yet been analyzed in detail. Here, we show that neurons reprogrammed using Ascl1, Lmx1a, and Nurr1 functionally mature and integrate into existing brain circuitry and that the majority of the reprogrammed neurons have properties of fast-spiking, parvalbumin-containing interneurons. When testing different combinations of genes for neural conversion with a focus on pro-neural genes and dopamine fate determinants, we found that functional neurons can be generated using different gene combinations and in different brain regions and that most of the reprogrammed neurons become interneurons, independently of the combination of reprogramming factors used. Reprogramed striatal NG2 glia yield neurons similar to fast-spiking interneurons Reprogrammed neurons reach functional maturation after 12 weeks Dopamine (DA) denervation leads to TH expression but no reprogramming into DA neurons Variation in pro-neural genes or fate specifiers does not affect neuronal phenotype
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206
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The Potential of Targeting Brain Pathology with Ascl1/Mash1. Cells 2017; 6:cells6030026. [PMID: 28832532 PMCID: PMC5617972 DOI: 10.3390/cells6030026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The proneural factor Achaete-scute complex-like 1 (Ascl1/Mash1) acts as a pioneering transcription factor that initializes neuronal reprogramming. It drives neural progenitors and non-neuronal cells to exit the cell cycle, and promotes neuronal differentiation by activating neuronal target genes, even those that are normally repressed. Importantly, force-expression of Ascl1 was shown to drive proliferative reactive astroglia formed during stroke and glioblastoma stem cells towards neuronal differentiation, and this could potentially diminish CNS damage resulting from their proliferation. As a pro-neural factor, Ascl1 also has the general effect of enhancing neurite growth by damaged or surviving neurons. Here, a hypothesis that brain pathologies associated with traumatic/ischemic injury and malignancy could be targeted with pro-neural factors that drives neuronal differentiation is formulated and explored. Although a good number of caveats exist, exogenous over-expression of Ascl1, alone or in combination with other factors, may be worth further consideration as a therapeutic approach in brain injury and cancer.
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207
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Bennis A, ten Brink JB, Moerland PD, Heine VM, Bergen AA. Comparative gene expression study and pathway analysis of the human iris- and the retinal pigment epithelium. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182983. [PMID: 28827822 PMCID: PMC5565104 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is a neural monolayer lining the back of the eye. Degeneration of the RPE leads to severe vision loss in, so far incurable, diseases such as age-related macular degeneration and some forms of retinitis pigmentosa. A promising future replacement therapy may be autologous iris epithelial cell transdifferentiation into RPE in vitro and, subsequently, transplantation. In this study we compared the gene expression profiles of the iris epithelium (IE) and the RPE. Methods We collected both primary RPE- and IE cells from 5 freshly frozen human donor eyes, using respectively laser dissection microscopy and excision. We performed whole-genome expression profiling using 44k Agilent human microarrays. We investigated the gene expression profiles on both gene and functional network level, using R and the knowledge database Ingenuity. Results The major molecular pathways related to the RPE and IE were quite similar and yielded basic neuro-epithelial cell functions. Nonetheless, we also found major specific differences: For example, genes and molecular pathways, related to the visual cycle and retinol biosynthesis are significantly higher expressed in the RPE than in the IE. Interestingly, Wnt and aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR-) signaling pathways are much higher expressed in the IE than in the RPE, suggesting, respectively, a possible pluripotent and high detoxification state of the IE. Conclusions This study provides a valuation of the similarities and differences between the expression profiles of the RPE and IE. Our data combined with that of the literature, represent a most comprehensive perspective on transcriptional variation, which may support future research in the development of therapeutic transplantation of IE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bennis
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN-KNAW), Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jacoline B. ten Brink
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Perry D. Moerland
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vivi M. Heine
- Department of Pediatrics / Child Neurology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arthur A. Bergen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN-KNAW), Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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208
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Epigenetic regulation of neural stem cell differentiation towards spinal cord regeneration. Cell Tissue Res 2017; 371:189-199. [PMID: 28695279 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-017-2656-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Severe spinal cord injury (SCI) leads to almost complete neural cell loss at the injured site, causing the irreversible disruption of neuronal circuits. The transplantation of neural stem or precursor cells (NS/PCs) has been regarded as potentially effective for SCI treatment because NS/PCs can compensate for the injured sites by differentiating into neurons and glial cells (astrocytes and oligodendrocytes). An understanding of the molecular mechanisms that regulate the proliferation, fate specification and maturation of NS/PCs and their progeny would facilitate the establishment of better therapeutic strategies for regeneration after SCI. In recent years, several studies of SCI animal models have demonstrated that the modulation of specific epigenetic marks by histone modifiers and non-coding RNAs directs the setting of favorable cellular environments that promote the neuronal differentiation of NS/PCs and/or the elongation of the axons of the surviving neurons at the injured sites. In this review, we provide an overview of recent progress in the epigenetic regulation/manipulation of neural cells for the treatment of SCI.
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209
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Li H, Chen G. In Vivo Reprogramming for CNS Repair: Regenerating Neurons from Endogenous Glial Cells. Neuron 2017; 91:728-738. [PMID: 27537482 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Neuroregeneration in the CNS has proven to be difficult despite decades of research. The old dogma that CNS neurons cannot be regenerated in the adult mammalian brain has been overturned; however, endogenous adult neurogenesis appears to be insufficient for brain repair. Stem cell therapy once held promise for generating large quantities of neurons in the CNS, but immunorejection and long-term functional integration remain major hurdles. In this Perspective, we discuss the use of in vivo reprogramming as an emerging technology to regenerate functional neurons from endogenous glial cells inside the brain and spinal cord. Besides the CNS, in vivo reprogramming has been demonstrated successfully in the pancreas, heart, and liver and may be adopted in other organs. Although challenges remain for translating this technology into clinical therapies, we anticipate that in vivo reprogramming may revolutionize regenerative medicine by using a patient's own internal cells for tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hedong Li
- Department of Biology, Huck Institutes of Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | - Gong Chen
- Department of Biology, Huck Institutes of Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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210
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Pino A, Fumagalli G, Bifari F, Decimo I. New neurons in adult brain: distribution, molecular mechanisms and therapies. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 141:4-22. [PMID: 28690140 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
"Are new neurons added in the adult mammalian brain?" "Do neural stem cells activate following CNS diseases?" "How can we modulate their activation to promote recovery?" Recent findings in the field provide novel insights for addressing these questions from a new perspective. In this review, we will summarize the current knowledge about adult neurogenesis and neural stem cell niches in healthy and pathological conditions. We will first overview the milestones that have led to the discovery of the classical ventricular and hippocampal neural stem cell niches. In adult brain, new neurons originate from proliferating neural precursors located in the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricles and in the subgranular zone of the hippocampus. However, recent findings suggest that new neuronal cells can be added to the adult brain by direct differentiation (e.g., without cell proliferation) from either quiescent neural precursors or non-neuronal cells undergoing conversion or reprogramming to neuronal fate. Accordingly, in this review we will also address critical aspects of the newly described mechanisms of quiescence and direct conversion as well as the more canonical activation of the neurogenic niches and neuroblast reservoirs in pathological conditions. Finally, we will outline the critical elements involved in neural progenitor proliferation, neuroblast migration and differentiation and discuss their potential as targets for the development of novel therapeutic drugs for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annachiara Pino
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Italy
| | - Guido Fumagalli
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Italy
| | - Francesco Bifari
- Laboratory of Cell Metabolism and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Italy.
| | - Ilaria Decimo
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Italy.
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211
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Julian LM, McDonald AC, Stanford WL. Direct reprogramming with SOX factors: masters of cell fate. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2017; 46:24-36. [PMID: 28662445 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade significant advances have been made toward reprogramming the fate of somatic cells, typically by overexpression of cell lineage-determinant transcription factors. As key regulators of cell fate, the SOX family of transcription factors has emerged as potent drivers of direct somatic cell reprogramming into multiple lineages, in some cases as the sole overexpressed factor. The vast capacity of SOX factors, especially those of the SOXB1, E and F subclasses, to reprogram cell fate is enlightening our understanding of organismal development, cancer and disease, and offers tremendous potential for regenerative medicine and cell-based therapies. Understanding the molecular mechanisms through which SOX factors reprogram cell fate is essential to optimize the development of novel somatic cell transdifferentiation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Julian
- Sprott Centre for Stem Cell Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1L8L6, Canada
| | - Angela Ch McDonald
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G0A4, Canada; Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S3G9, Canada
| | - William L Stanford
- Sprott Centre for Stem Cell Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1L8L6, Canada; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faulty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Rd, Ottawa, Ontario K1H8M5, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faulty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Rd, Ottawa, Ontario K1H8M5, Canada; Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Rd, Ottawa, Ontario K1H8M5, Canada.
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212
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Gascón S, Masserdotti G, Russo GL, Götz M. Direct Neuronal Reprogramming: Achievements, Hurdles, and New Roads to Success. Cell Stem Cell 2017; 21:18-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2017.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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213
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Boda E, Nato G, Buffo A. Emerging pharmacological approaches to promote neurogenesis from endogenous glial cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2017. [PMID: 28647491 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.06.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders are emerging as leading contributors to the global disease burden. While some drug-based approaches have been designed to limit or prevent neuronal loss following acute damage or chronic neurodegeneration, regeneration of functional neurons in the adult Central Nervous System (CNS) still remains an unmet need. In this context, the exploitation of endogenous cell sources has recently gained an unprecedented attention, thanks to the demonstration that, in some CNS regions or under specific circumstances, glial cells can activate spontaneous neurogenesis or can be instructed to produce neurons in the adult mammalian CNS parenchyma. This field of research has greatly advanced in the last years and identified interesting molecular and cellular mechanisms guiding the neurogenic activation/conversion of glia. In this review, we summarize the evolution of the research devoted to understand how resident glia can be directed to produce neurons. We paid particular attention to pharmacologically-relevant approaches exploiting the modulation of niche-associated factors and the application of selected small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrica Boda
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi-Montalcini, University of Turin, I-10126 Turin, Italy; Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, I-10043 Orbassano, Turin, Italy.
| | - Giulia Nato
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi-Montalcini, University of Turin, I-10126 Turin, Italy; Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, I-10043 Orbassano, Turin, Italy
| | - Annalisa Buffo
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi-Montalcini, University of Turin, I-10126 Turin, Italy; Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, I-10043 Orbassano, Turin, Italy
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214
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The novel tool of cell reprogramming for applications in molecular medicine. J Mol Med (Berl) 2017; 95:695-703. [PMID: 28597071 PMCID: PMC5487694 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-017-1550-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent discoveries in the field of stem cell biology have enabled scientists to “reprogram” cells from one type to another. For example, it is now possible to place adult skin or blood cells in a dish and convert them into neurons, liver, or heart cells. It is also possible to literally “rejuvenate” adult cells by reprogramming them into embryonic-like stem cells, which in turn can be differentiated into every tissue and cell type of the human body. Our ability to reprogram cell types has four main implications for medicine: (1) scientists can now take skin or blood cells from patients and convert them to other cells to study disease processes. This disease modeling approach has the advantage over animal models because it is directly based on human patient cells. (2) Reprogramming could also be used as a “clinical trial in a dish” to evaluate the general efficacy and safety of newly developed drugs on human patient cells before they would be tested in animal models or people. (3) In addition, many drugs have deleterious side effects like heart arrhythmias in only a small and unpredictable subpopulation of patients. Reprogramming could facilitate precision medicine by testing the safety of already approved drugs first on reprogrammed patient cells in a personalized manner prior to administration. For example, drugs known to sometimes cause arrhythmias could be first tested on reprogrammed heart cells from individual patients. (4) Finally, reprogramming allows the generation of new tissues that could be grafted therapeutically to regenerate lost or damaged cells.
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215
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Sun X, Hu X, Wang D, Yuan Y, Qin S, Tan Z, Gu Y, Huang X, He C, Su Z. Establishment and characterization of primary astrocyte culture from adult mouse brain. Brain Res Bull 2017; 132:10-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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216
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Bone morphogenetic protein signaling mediated by ALK-2 and DLX2 regulates apoptosis in glioma-initiating cells. Oncogene 2017; 36:4963-4974. [PMID: 28459464 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling exerts antitumor activities in glioblastoma; however, its precise mechanisms remain to be elucidated. Here, we demonstrated that the BMP type I receptor ALK-2 (encoded by the ACVR1 gene) has crucial roles in apoptosis induction of patient-derived glioma-initiating cells (GICs), TGS-01 and TGS-04. We also characterized a BMP target gene, Distal-less homeobox 2 (DLX2), and found that DLX2 promoted apoptosis and neural differentiation of GICs. The tumor-suppressive effects of ALK-2 and DLX2 were further confirmed in a mouse orthotopic transplantation model. Interestingly, valproic acid (VPA), an anti-epileptic compound, induced BMP2, BMP4, ACVR1 and DLX2 mRNA expression with a concomitant increase in phosphorylation of Smad1/5. Consistently, we showed that treatment with VPA induced apoptosis of GICs, whereas silencing of ALK-2 or DLX2 expression partially suppressed it. Our study thus reveals BMP-mediated inhibitory mechanisms for glioblastoma, which explains, at least in part, the therapeutic effects of VPA.
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217
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Masoudi A, Dargahi L, Abbaszadeh F, Pourgholami MH, Asgari A, Manoochehri M, Jorjani M. Neuroprotective effects of astaxanthin in a rat model of spinal cord injury. Behav Brain Res 2017; 329:104-110. [PMID: 28442361 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) often leads to constant neurological deficits and long-term unalterable disability. Apoptosis plays an important role in the initiation of the secondary injury cascades leading to progressive tissue damage and severely functional deficits after SCI. Although the primary mechanical destructive events cannot be reversed, a therapeutic intervention could be carried out in order to moderate the secondary injury damage several hours to weeks after injury. Astaxanthin (AST) is a strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents with the potential to render anti-apoptotic and neuroprotective effects. In the current study, we examined the therapeutic potential of AST on adult rats after severe SCI contusion. Results of BBB scores showed that AST improved motor function after SCI compared to control groups. Western blot analysis showed reduced expression of Bax and Cleaved-caspase-3 proteins and increased expression of the Bcl-2 protein in response to AST treatment (p<0.05). The histology results also showed that AST considerably preserved myelinated white matter and the number of motor neurons. This study is the first to report that AST reduces neuronal apoptosis, diminishes pathological tissue damage and improves functional recovery after SCI. The observed prominent neuroprotective effects, introduces AST as a promising therapy for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Masoudi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Dargahi
- Neurobiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Abbaszadeh
- Neurobiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Alireza Asgari
- Sport Physiology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Aerospace Medicine Research Center, AJA Medical Sciences University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Manoochehri
- School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Jorjani
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Neurobiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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218
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Induction of functional dopamine neurons from human astrocytes in vitro and mouse astrocytes in a Parkinson's disease model. Nat Biotechnol 2017; 35:444-452. [PMID: 28398344 DOI: 10.1038/nbt.3835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cell replacement therapies for neurodegenerative disease have focused on transplantation of the cell types affected by the pathological process. Here we describe an alternative strategy for Parkinson's disease in which dopamine neurons are generated by direct conversion of astrocytes. Using three transcription factors, NEUROD1, ASCL1 and LMX1A, and the microRNA miR218, collectively designated NeAL218, we reprogram human astrocytes in vitro, and mouse astrocytes in vivo, into induced dopamine neurons (iDANs). Reprogramming efficiency in vitro is improved by small molecules that promote chromatin remodeling and activate the TGFβ, Shh and Wnt signaling pathways. The reprogramming efficiency of human astrocytes reaches up to 16%, resulting in iDANs with appropriate midbrain markers and excitability. In a mouse model of Parkinson's disease, NeAL218 alone reprograms adult striatal astrocytes into iDANs that are excitable and correct some aspects of motor behavior in vivo, including gait impairments. With further optimization, this approach may enable clinical therapies for Parkinson's disease by delivery of genes rather than cells.
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219
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Semmler A, Frisch C, Bleul C, Smith D, Bigler L, Prost JC, Blom H, Linnebank M. Intrauterine valproate exposure is associated with alterations in hippocampal cell numbers and folate metabolism in a rat model of valproate teratogenicity. Seizure 2017; 46:7-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2016] [Revised: 01/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
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220
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Torper O, Götz M. Brain repair from intrinsic cell sources: Turning reactive glia into neurons. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2017; 230:69-97. [PMID: 28552236 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2016.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The replacement of lost neurons in the brain due to injury or disease holds great promise for the treatment of neurological disorders. However, logistical and ethical hurdles in obtaining and maintaining viable cells for transplantation have proven difficult to overcome. In vivo reprogramming offers an alternative, to bypass many of the restrictions associated with an exogenous cell source as it relies on a source of cells already present in the brain. Recent studies have demonstrated the possibility to target and reprogram glial cells into functional neurons with high efficiency in the murine brain, using virally delivered transcription factors. In this chapter, we explore the different populations of glial cells, how they react to injury and how they can be exploited for reprogramming purposes. Further, we review the most significant publications and how they have contributed to the understanding of key aspects in direct reprogramming needed to take into consideration, like timing, cell type targeted, and regional differences. Finally, we discuss future challenges and what remains to be explored in order to determine the potential of in vivo reprogramming for future brain repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olof Torper
- Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Planegg, Germany; Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany; SYNERGY, Excellence Cluster of Systems Neurology, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Planegg, Germany
| | - Magdalena Götz
- Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Planegg, Germany; Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany; SYNERGY, Excellence Cluster of Systems Neurology, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Planegg, Germany.
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221
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Cavelti-Weder C, Zumsteg A, Li W, Zhou Q. Reprogramming of Pancreatic Acinar Cells to Functional Beta Cells by In Vivo Transduction of a Polycistronic Construct Containing Pdx1, Ngn3, MafA in Mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 40:4A.10.1-4A.10.12. [PMID: 28152182 DOI: 10.1002/cpsc.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
To generate new beta cells after birth is a key focus of regenerative medicine, which could greatly aid the major health burden of diabetes. Beta-cell regeneration has been described using four different approaches: (1) the development of beta cells from putative precursor cells of the adult pancreas, which is termed neogenesis, (2) replication of existing beta cells, (3) differentiation from embryonic or induced pluripotent stem cells, and (4) reprogramming of non-beta cells to beta cells. Studies from the authors' laboratory have shown that beta-cell reprogramming can be achieved by transduction of adult pancreatic tissues with viral constructs containing the three developmentally important transcription factors Pdx1, Ngn3, and MafA. This protocol outlines the generation of a polycistronic construct containing the three transcription factors, the expansion and purification of the polycistronic virus, and in vivo transduction for acinar to beta-cell reprogramming in adult mice. The ultimate goal is to generate beta-like cells that resemble as closely as possible endogenous beta cells in phenotype and function for potential translational applications. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Cavelti-Weder
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston.,University Hospital of Basel, Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Basel, Switzerland
| | - A Zumsteg
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge.,Covagen AG, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - W Li
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge.,Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Life Sciences and Technology, Shanghai
| | - Q Zhou
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge
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222
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Tuning neural circuits by turning the interneuron knob. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2017; 42:144-151. [DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2016.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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223
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Pignataro D, Sucunza D, Rico AJ, Dopeso-Reyes IG, Roda E, Rodríguez-Perez AI, Labandeira-Garcia JL, Broccoli V, Kato S, Kobayashi K, Lanciego JL. Gene therapy approaches in the non-human primate model of Parkinson's disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2017; 125:575-589. [PMID: 28130586 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-017-1681-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The field of gene therapy has recently witnessed a number of major conceptual changes. Besides the traditional thinking that comprises the use of viral vectors for the delivery of a given therapeutic gene, a number of original approaches have been recently envisaged, focused on using vectors carrying genes to further modify basal ganglia circuits of interest. It is expected that these approaches will ultimately induce a therapeutic potential being sustained by gene-induced changes in brain circuits. Among others, at present, it is technically feasible to use viral vectors to (1) achieve a controlled release of neurotrophic factors, (2) conduct either a transient or permanent silencing of any given basal ganglia circuit of interest, (3) perform an in vivo cellular reprogramming by promoting the conversion of resident cells into dopaminergic-like neurons, and (4) improving levodopa efficacy over time by targeting aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase. Furthermore, extensive research efforts based on viral vectors are currently ongoing in an attempt to better replicate the dopaminergic neurodegeneration phenomena inherent to the progressive intraneuronal aggregation of alpha-synuclein. Finally, a number of incoming strategies will soon emerge over the horizon, these being sustained by the underlying goal of promoting alpha-synuclein clearance, such as, for instance, gene therapy initiatives based on increasing the activity of glucocerebrosidase. To provide adequate proof-of-concept on safety and efficacy and to push forward true translational initiatives based on these different types of gene therapies before entering into clinical trials, the use of non-human primate models undoubtedly plays an instrumental role.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Pignataro
- Department of Neurosciences, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pio XII Ave 55, Edificio CIMA, 31008, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - D Sucunza
- Department of Neurosciences, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pio XII Ave 55, Edificio CIMA, 31008, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - A J Rico
- Department of Neurosciences, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pio XII Ave 55, Edificio CIMA, 31008, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - I G Dopeso-Reyes
- Department of Neurosciences, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pio XII Ave 55, Edificio CIMA, 31008, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - E Roda
- Department of Neurosciences, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pio XII Ave 55, Edificio CIMA, 31008, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - A I Rodríguez-Perez
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Experimental Neurology, Department of Morphological Sciences, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - J L Labandeira-Garcia
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Experimental Neurology, Department of Morphological Sciences, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - V Broccoli
- Division of Neuroscience, Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132, Milan, Italy
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience, 20129, Milan, Italy
| | - S Kato
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - K Kobayashi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - José L Lanciego
- Department of Neurosciences, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pio XII Ave 55, Edificio CIMA, 31008, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain.
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224
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Ghasemi-Kasman M, Zare L, Baharvand H, Javan M. In vivo
conversion of astrocytes to myelinating cells by miR-302/367 and valproate to enhance myelin repair. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2017; 12:e462-e472. [DOI: 10.1002/term.2276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Ghasemi-Kasman
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences; Tarbiat Modares University; Tehran Iran
| | - Leila Zare
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences; Tarbiat Modares University; Tehran Iran
| | - Hossein Baharvand
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center; Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR; Tehran Iran
- Department of Developmental Biology; University of Science and Culture, ACECR; Tehran Iran
| | - Mohammad Javan
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences; Tarbiat Modares University; Tehran Iran
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center; Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR; Tehran Iran
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225
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Xu Z, Chu X, Jiang H, Schilling H, Chen S, Feng J. Induced dopaminergic neurons: A new promise for Parkinson's disease. Redox Biol 2017; 11:606-612. [PMID: 28110217 PMCID: PMC5256671 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Motor symptoms that define Parkinson’s disease (PD) are caused by the selective loss of nigral dopaminergic (DA) neurons. Cell replacement therapy for PD has been focused on midbrain DA neurons derived from human fetal mesencephalic tissue, human embryonic stem cells (hESC) or human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC). Recent development in the direct conversion of human fibroblasts to induced dopaminergic (iDA) neurons offers new opportunities for transplantation study and disease modeling in PD. The iDA neurons are generated directly from human fibroblasts in a short period of time, bypassing lengthy differentiation process from human pluripotent stem cells and the concern for potentially tumorigenic mitotic cells. They exhibit functional dopaminergic neurotransmission and relieve locomotor symptoms in animal models of Parkinson’s disease. In this review, we will discuss this recent development and its implications to Parkinson’s disease research and therapy. Fibroblasts can be directly converted to induced dopaminergic neurons by transcription factors. Many different types of cells can be converted to induced neurons in vitro and in vivo. Appropriate cell culture conditions enhance the direct conversion to induced neurons. The conversion to induced neurons is enhanced by G1 arrest and p53 attenuation. iDA neurons is a promising tool for PD research and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Xu
- Veterans Affairs Western New York Healthcare System, Buffalo, NY 14215, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA; Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute of Health Science, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science and Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xingkun Chu
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute of Health Science, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science and Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Houbo Jiang
- Veterans Affairs Western New York Healthcare System, Buffalo, NY 14215, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Haley Schilling
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Shengdi Chen
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute of Health Science, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science and Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jian Feng
- Veterans Affairs Western New York Healthcare System, Buffalo, NY 14215, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA.
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226
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Kokaia Z, Tornero D, Lindvall O. Transplantation of reprogrammed neurons for improved recovery after stroke. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2017; 231:245-263. [PMID: 28554399 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2016.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Somatic cells such as fibroblasts, reprogrammed to induced pluripotent stem cells, can be used to generate neural stem/progenitor cells or neuroblasts for transplantation. In this review, we summarize recent studies demonstrating that when grafted intracerebrally in animal models of stroke, reprogrammed neurons improve function, probably by several different mechanisms, e.g., trophic actions, modulation of inflammation, promotion of angiogenesis, cellular and synaptic plasticity, and neuroprotection. In our own work, we have shown that human skin-derived reprogrammed neurons, fated to cortical progeny, integrate in stroke-injured neuronal network and form functional afferent synapses with host neurons, responding to peripheral sensory stimulation. However, whether neuronal replacement plays a role for the improvement of sensory, motor, and cognitive deficits after transplantation of reprogrammed neurons is still unclear. We conclude that further preclinical studies are needed to understand the therapeutic potential of grafted reprogrammed neurons and to define a road map for their clinical translation in stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaal Kokaia
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Restorative Neurology, Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Daniel Tornero
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Restorative Neurology, Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund, Sweden
| | - Olle Lindvall
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Restorative Neurology, Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund, Sweden
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227
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Abstract
Stem cells, especially neural stem cells (NSCs), are a very attractive cell source for potential reconstruction of injured spinal cord though either neuroprotection, neural regeneration, remyelination, replacement of lost neural cells, or reconnection of disrupted axons. The later have great potential since recent studies demonstrate long-distance growth and connectivity of axons derived from transplanted NSCs after spinal cord injury (SCI). In addition, transplanted NSCs constitute a permissive environment for host axonal regeneration and serve as new targets for host axonal connection. This reciprocal connection between grafted neurons and host neurons constitutes a neuronal relay formation that could restore functional connectivity after SCI.
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228
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Pandamooz S, Salehi MS, Nabiuni M, Dargahi L. Valproic acid preserves motoneurons following contusion in organotypic spinal cord slice culture. J Spinal Cord Med 2017; 40:100-106. [PMID: 27576744 PMCID: PMC5376140 DOI: 10.1080/10790268.2016.1213518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating condition causing neuronal loss. A key challenge in treatment of SCI is how to retain neurons after injury. Valproic acid (VPA) is a drug recently has been appreciated for its neuroprotective and neurotrophic properties in various SCI models. In this study the role of VPA was assessed in organotypic spinal cord slice culture following the contusion. DESIGN The lumbar enlargement of adult rat was cut transversely and slices were cultured. Seven days after culturing, injury was induced by dropping a 0.5 gram weight from 3 cm height on the slice surface. One hour after injury, the VPA was administered at 1, 5 and 10 µM concentrations. Afterward, at day 1 and 3 post injury (DPI: 1 and 3) propidium iodide (PI) and immunohistochemistry staining were performed to evaluate the cell death, NeuN and β-Tubulin expression, respectively. RESULTS The PI staining of slices at DPI: 1 and 3 following treatment with VPA revealed significant decreases in the cell death in all three concentrations comparing to the non-treated group. Also immunostaining showed VPA only at 5 µM concentration considerably rescued ventral horn' MNs from death and protected the neuronal integrity. CONCLUSION The results of this study indicate applying VPA one hour after injury can prevent the death of a majority of cells, importantly MNs and preserve the neuronal integrity. Since the first 24 hours after SCI is a critical period for employing any treatment, VPA can be considered as an option for further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sareh Pandamooz
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran,Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Correspondence to: Sareh Pandamooz Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Saied Salehi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Nabiuni
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Dargahi
- NeuroBiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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229
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Guillemot F, Hassan BA. Beyond proneural: emerging functions and regulations of proneural proteins. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2016; 42:93-101. [PMID: 28025176 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2016.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Proneural proteins, which include Ascl1, Atoh1 and Neurogenins épinière in vertebrates and Achaete-Scute proteins and Atonal in Drosophila, are expressed in the developing nervous system throughout the animal kingdom and have an essential and well-characterised role in specifying the neural identity of progenitors. New properties and additional roles of these factors have emerged in recent years, including the regulation of stem cell proliferation and the capacity to reprogram many types of cells into neurons. This review will focus on these recent findings. The review will also discuss the mechanisms that allow proneural proteins to induce the transcription of their target genes in different chromatin contexts and the phosphorylation events and other post-transcriptional mechanisms that regulate the proneural proteins themselves.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bassem A Hassan
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Inserm, CNRS, Institut du Cerveau et la Moëlle Epinière (ICM) - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Boulevard de l'hôpital, F-75013 Paris, France.
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230
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Abstract
Changes in cell identity occur in adult mammalian organisms but are rare and often linked to disease. Research in the last few decades has thrown light on how to manipulate cell fate, but the conversion of a particular cell type into another within a living organism (also termed in vivo transdifferentiation) has only been recently achieved in a limited number of tissues. Although the therapeutic promise of this strategy for tissue regeneration and repair is exciting, important efficacy and safety concerns will need to be addressed before it becomes a reality in the clinical practice. Here, we review the most relevant in vivo transdifferentiation studies in adult mammalian animal models, offering a critical assessment of this potentially powerful strategy for regenerative medicine.
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231
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Srivastava D, DeWitt N. In Vivo Cellular Reprogramming: The Next Generation. Cell 2016; 166:1386-1396. [PMID: 27610565 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.08.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cellular reprogramming technology has created new opportunities in understanding human disease, drug discovery, and regenerative medicine. While a combinatorial code was initially found to reprogram somatic cells to pluripotency, a "second generation" of cellular reprogramming involves lineage-restricted transcription factors and microRNAs that directly reprogram one somatic cell to another. This technology was enabled by gene networks active during development, which induce global shifts in the epigenetic landscape driving cell fate decisions. A major utility of direct reprogramming is the potential of harnessing resident support cells within damaged organs to regenerate lost tissue by converting them into the desired cell type in situ. Here, we review the progress in direct cellular reprogramming, with a focus on the paradigm of in vivo reprogramming for regenerative medicine, while pointing to hurdles that must be overcome to translate this technology into future therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Srivastava
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Roddenberry Stem Cell Center at Gladstone, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Departments of Pediatrics and Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
| | - Natalie DeWitt
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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232
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Duan H, Li X, Wang C, Hao P, Song W, Li M, Zhao W, Gao Y, Yang Z. Functional hyaluronate collagen scaffolds induce NSCs differentiation into functional neurons in repairing the traumatic brain injury. Acta Biomater 2016; 45:182-195. [PMID: 27562609 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2016.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 08/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The traumatic brain injury (TBI) usually causes brain tissue defects, including neuronal death or loss, which ultimately results in dysfunction in some degree. The cell replacement therapy is now one of the most promising methods for such injury. There are currently various methods to induce the differentiation of stem cells into neurons, but all extremely complex, slow and unstable. Here we report that the sodium hyaluronate collagen scaffold loaded with bFGF (bFGF-controlled releasing system, bFGF-CRS) can induce neural stem cells (NSCs) to differentiate into multi-type and mature functional neurons at a high percentage of 82±1.528% in two weeks. The quantitative real-time (QRT) PCR results reveal that a long-term activation of bFGF receptors could up-regulate ERK/MAPK signal pathways, thus facilitating the formation of presynaptic and postsynaptic structure among the induced neuronal cells (iN cells). The functional synaptic connections established among iN cells were detected by the planar multielectrode dish system. When jointly transplanting the bFGF-CRS and NSCs into the CA1 zone of the rat TBI area, the results suggested that bFGF-CRS provided an optimal microenvironment, which promoted survival, neuronal differentiation of transplanted NSCs and functional synapse formation not only among iN cells but also between iN cells and the host brain tissue in TBI rats, consequently leading to the cognitive function recovery of TBI rats. These findings in vitro and in vivo may lay a foundation for the application of bFGF-CRS and shed light on the delivery of exogenous cells or nutrients to the CNS injury or disease area. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE A sodium hyaluronate collagen scaffold was specifically functionalized with nutrient-bFGF which can induce the differentiation of neural stem cells (NSCs) into multi-type and mature functional neurons at a high percentage in two week. When jointly transplanting the bFGF-CRS and NSCs into the CA1 zone of the traumatic brain injured area of adult rats, the bFGF-CRS could provide an optimal microenvironment, which promoted survival, migration and neuronal differentiation of transplanted NSCs and functional synapse formation among iN cells, as well as between iN cells and host brain tissue in TBI rats, consequently leading to the cognitive function recovery of TBI rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Duan
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Captial Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Xiaoguang Li
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Captial Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Cong Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Captial Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Peng Hao
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Captial Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Wei Song
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Captial Medical University, Beijing 100068, China; China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing 100068, China
| | - Manli Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Wen Zhao
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Captial Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yudan Gao
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Captial Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Zhaoyang Yang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Captial Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
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233
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Bruzos-Cidon C, Castaño J, Torrecilla M, Sanchez-Pernaute R, Giorgetti A. Fast and Efficient Neural Conversion of Human Hematopoietic Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 39:1F.15.1-1F.15.20. [PMID: 31816186 DOI: 10.1002/cpsc.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A major challenge in regenerative medicine is the generation of functionally effective target cells to replace or repair damaged tissues. The finding that most somatic cells can be directly converted into cells of another lineage by the expression of specific transcription factors has paved the way to novel applications. Induced neurons (iNs) represent an alternative source of neurons for disease modeling, drug screening, and potentially, for cell replacement therapy. This unit describes methods for the efficient conversion of blood cells into iNs, including protocols to isolate cord blood CD133+ cells, infect them with Sendai virus vectors that express SOX2 and c-MYC, and differentiate the infected cells (PB-MNCs) into mature neurons. A method to reprogram peripheral blood mononuclear cells into iNs is also described. Support protocols describe how to culture rat astrocytes and characterize the electrophysiology of iNs. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Bruzos-Cidon
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain
| | - Julio Castaño
- Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute, Department of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Torrecilla
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain
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234
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Noristani HN, Sabourin JC, Boukhaddaoui H, Chan-Seng E, Gerber YN, Perrin FE. Spinal cord injury induces astroglial conversion towards neuronal lineage. Mol Neurodegener 2016; 11:68. [PMID: 27716282 PMCID: PMC5052929 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-016-0133-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurons have intrinsic capability to regenerate after lesion, though not spontaneously. Spinal cord injury (SCI) causes permanent neurological impairments partly due to formation of a glial scar that is composed of astrocytes and microglia. Astrocytes play both beneficial and detrimental roles on axonal re-growth, however, their precise role after SCI is currently under debate. METHODS We analyzed molecular changes in astrocytes at multiple stages after two SCI severities using cell-specific transcriptomic analyses. RESULTS We demonstrate that astrocyte response after injury depends on both time after injury and lesion severity. We then establish that injury induces an autologous astroglial transdifferentiation where over 10 % of astrocytes express classical neuronal progenitor markers including βIII-tubulin and doublecortin with typical immature neuronal morphology. Lineage tracing confirmed that the origin of these astrocytes is resident mature, rather than newly formed astrocytes. Astrocyte-derived neuronal progenitors subsequently express GABAergic, but not glutamatergic-specific markers. Furthermore, we have identified the neural stem cell marker fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 (Fgfr4) as a potential autologous modulator of astrocytic transdifferentiation following SCI. Finally, we establish that astroglial transdifferentiation into neuronal progenitors starts as early as 72 h and continues to a lower degrees up to 6 weeks post-lesion. CONCLUSION We thus demonstrate for the first time autologous injury-induced astroglial conversion towards neuronal lineage that may represent a therapeutic strategy to replace neuronal loss and improve functional outcomes after central nervous system injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harun Najib Noristani
- University of Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34095, France.,INSERM U1198, Place Eugène Bataillon CC105, 34095, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France.,EPHE, Paris, F-75014, France.,INSERM U1051, F-34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean Charles Sabourin
- Integrative Biology of Neurodegeneration", IKERBASQUE Basque Foundation for Science and Neuroscience Department, University of the Basque Country, E-48013, Bilbao, Spain
| | | | - Emilie Chan-Seng
- Integrative Biology of Neurodegeneration", IKERBASQUE Basque Foundation for Science and Neuroscience Department, University of the Basque Country, E-48013, Bilbao, Spain.,Department of Neurosurgery, Gui de Chauliac Hospital, F-34295, Montpellier, France
| | - Yannick Nicolas Gerber
- University of Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34095, France.,INSERM U1198, Place Eugène Bataillon CC105, 34095, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France.,EPHE, Paris, F-75014, France.,Integrative Biology of Neurodegeneration", IKERBASQUE Basque Foundation for Science and Neuroscience Department, University of the Basque Country, E-48013, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Florence Evelyne Perrin
- University of Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34095, France. .,INSERM U1198, Place Eugène Bataillon CC105, 34095, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France. .,EPHE, Paris, F-75014, France. .,INSERM U1051, F-34095, Montpellier, France. .,Integrative Biology of Neurodegeneration", IKERBASQUE Basque Foundation for Science and Neuroscience Department, University of the Basque Country, E-48013, Bilbao, Spain.
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235
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López-Serrano C, Torres-Espín A, Hernández J, Alvarez-Palomo AB, Requena J, Gasull X, Edel MJ, Navarro X. Effects of the Post-Spinal Cord Injury Microenvironment on the Differentiation Capacity of Human Neural Stem Cells Derived from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Cell Transplant 2016; 25:1833-1852. [DOI: 10.3727/096368916x691312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) causes loss of neural functions below the level of the lesion due to interruption of spinal pathways and secondary neurodegenerative processes. The transplant of neural stem cells (NSCs) is a promising approach for the repair of SCI. Reprogramming of adult somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) is expected to provide an autologous source of iPSC-derived NSCs, avoiding the immune response as well as ethical issues. However, there is still limited information on the behavior and differentiation pattern of transplanted iPSC-derived NSCs within the damaged spinal cord. We transplanted iPSC-derived NSCs, obtained from adult human somatic cells, into rats at 0 or 7 days after SCI, and evaluated motor-evoked potentials and locomotion of the animals. We histologically analyzed engraftment, proliferation, and differentiation of the iPSC-derived NSCs and the spared tissue in the spinal cords at 7, 21, and 63 days posttransplant. Both transplanted groups showed a late decline in functional recovery compared to vehicle-injected groups. Histological analysis showed proliferation of transplanted cells within the tissue and that cells formed a mass. At the final time point, most grafted cells differentiated to neural and astroglial lineages, but not into oligodendrocytes, while some grafted cells remained undifferentiated and proliferative. The proinflammatory tissue microenviroment of the injured spinal cord induced proliferation of the grafted cells and, therefore, there are possible risks associated with iPSC-derived NSC transplantation. New approaches are needed to promote and guide cell differentiation, as well as reduce their tumorigenicity once the cells are transplanted at the lesion site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara López-Serrano
- Group of Neuroplasticity and Regeneration, Institute of Neurosciences, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Abel Torres-Espín
- Group of Neuroplasticity and Regeneration, Institute of Neurosciences, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Joaquim Hernández
- Group of Neuroplasticity and Regeneration, Institute of Neurosciences, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Ana B. Alvarez-Palomo
- Control of Pluripotency Laboratory, Department of Physiological Sciences I, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Requena
- Control of Pluripotency Laboratory, Department of Physiological Sciences I, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Gasull
- Neurophysiology Lab, Department of Physiological Sciences I, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Michael J. Edel
- Control of Pluripotency Laboratory, Department of Physiological Sciences I, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- University of Sydney Medical School, Westmead Children's Hospital, Division of Pediatrics and Child Health, Westmead, Australia
- School of Anatomy, Physiology & Human Biology, and Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine (CCTRM), University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia
| | - Xavier Navarro
- Group of Neuroplasticity and Regeneration, Institute of Neurosciences, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Bellaterra, Spain
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236
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Kleiderman S, Gutbier S, Ugur Tufekci K, Ortega F, Sá JV, Teixeira AP, Brito C, Glaab E, Berninger B, Alves PM, Leist M. Conversion of Nonproliferating Astrocytes into Neurogenic Neural Stem Cells: Control by FGF2 and Interferon-γ. Stem Cells 2016; 34:2861-2874. [PMID: 27603577 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Conversion of astrocytes to neurons, via de-differentiation to neural stem cells (NSC), may be a new approach to treat neurodegenerative diseases and brain injuries. The signaling factors affecting such a cell conversion are poorly understood, and they are hard to identify in complex disease models or conventional cell cultures. To address this question, we developed a serum-free, strictly controlled culture system of pure and homogeneous "astrocytes generated from murine embryonic stem cells (ESC)." These stem cell derived astrocytes (mAGES), as well as standard primary astrocytes resumed proliferation upon addition of FGF. The signaling of FGF receptor tyrosine kinase converted GFAP-positive mAGES to nestin-positive NSC. ERK phosphorylation was necessary, but not sufficient, for cell cycle re-entry, as EGF triggered no de-differentiation. The NSC obtained by de-differentiation of mAGES were similar to those obtained directly by differentiation of ESC, as evidenced by standard phenotyping, and also by transcriptome mapping, metabolic profiling, and by differentiation to neurons or astrocytes. The de-differentiation was negatively affected by inflammatory mediators, and in particular, interferon-γ strongly impaired the formation of NSC from mAGES by a pathway involving phosphorylation of STAT1, but not the generation of nitric oxide. Thus, two antagonistic signaling pathways were identified here that affect fate conversion of astrocytes independent of genetic manipulation. The complex interplay of the respective signaling molecules that promote/inhibit astrocyte de-differentiation may explain why astrocytes do not readily form neural stem cells in most diseases. Increased knowledge of such factors may provide therapeutic opportunities to favor such conversions. Stem Cells 2016;34:2861-2874.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Kleiderman
- Department of Biology, The Doerenkamp-Zbinden Chair of in-vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine/Alternatives to Animal Experimentation, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Simon Gutbier
- Department of Biology, The Doerenkamp-Zbinden Chair of in-vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine/Alternatives to Animal Experimentation, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Kemal Ugur Tufekci
- Department of Biology, The Doerenkamp-Zbinden Chair of in-vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine/Alternatives to Animal Experimentation, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Health Sciences, Dokuz Eylul University, Inciralti, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Felipe Ortega
- Institute/Department of Physiological Chemistry, Research Group Adult Neurogenesis and Cellular Reprogramming, Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University, Avenue Puerta de Hierro, Institute of Neurochemistry (IUIN), Spain and Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clinico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - João V Sá
- IBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ana P Teixeira
- IBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Catarina Brito
- IBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Enrico Glaab
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Benedikt Berninger
- Institute/Department of Physiological Chemistry, Research Group Adult Neurogenesis and Cellular Reprogramming, Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Paula M Alves
- IBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Marcel Leist
- Department of Biology, The Doerenkamp-Zbinden Chair of in-vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine/Alternatives to Animal Experimentation, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
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237
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Grealish S, Drouin-Ouellet J, Parmar M. Brain repair and reprogramming: the route to clinical translation. J Intern Med 2016; 280:265-75. [PMID: 27539906 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The adult brain has a very limited capacity for generation of new neurons, and neurogenesis only takes place in restricted regions. Some evidence for neurogenesis after injury has been reported, but few, if any, neurons are replaced after brain injury or degeneration, and the permanent loss of neurons leads to long-term disability and loss of brain function. For decades, researchers have been developing cell transplantation using exogenous cell sources for brain repair, and this method has now been shown to successfully restore lost function in experimental and clinical trials. Here, we review the development of cell-replacement strategies for brain repair in Parkinson's disease using the example of human foetal brain cells being successfully translated from preclinical findings to clinical trials. These trials demonstrate that cell-replacement therapy is a viable option for patients with Parkinson's disease, but more importantly also show how the limited availability of foetal cells calls for development of novel cell sources and methods for generating new neurons for brain repair. We focus on new stem cell sources that are on the threshold of clinical application for brain repair and discuss emerging cellular reprogramming technologies. Reviewing the current status of direct neural conversion, both in vitro and in vivo, where somatic cells are directly reprogrammed into functional neurons without passing through a stem cell intermediate, we conclude that both methods result in the successful replacement of new neurons that mature and integrate into the host brain. Thus, this new field shows great promise for future brain repair, although much work is still needed in preclinical animal models before it can be seriously considered for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Grealish
- Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - J Drouin-Ouellet
- Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - M Parmar
- Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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238
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Jessberger S. Stem Cell-Mediated Regeneration of the Adult Brain. Transfus Med Hemother 2016; 43:321-326. [PMID: 27781019 DOI: 10.1159/000447646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute or chronic injury of the adult mammalian brain is often associated with persistent functional deficits as its potential for regeneration and capacity to rebuild lost neural structures is limited. However, the discovery that neural stem cells (NSCs) persist throughout life in discrete regions of the brain, novel approaches to induce the formation of neuronal and glial cells, and recently developed strategies to generate tissue for exogenous cell replacement strategies opened novel perspectives how to regenerate the adult brain. Here, we will review recently developed approaches for brain repair and discuss future perspectives that may eventually allow for developing novel treatment strategies in acute and chronic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Jessberger
- Laboratory of Neural Plasticity, Brain Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Science, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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239
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Enhancer Analysis Unveils Genetic Interactions between TLX and SOX2 in Neural Stem Cells and In Vivo Reprogramming. Stem Cell Reports 2016; 5:805-815. [PMID: 26607952 PMCID: PMC4649261 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2015.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The orphan nuclear receptor TLX is a master regulator of postnatal neural stem cell (NSC) self-renewal and neurogenesis; however, it remains unclear how TLX expression is precisely regulated in these tissue-specific stem cells. Here, we show that a highly conserved cis-element within the Tlx locus functions to drive gene expression in NSCs. We demonstrate that the transcription factors SOX2 and MYT1 specifically interact with this genomic element to directly regulate Tlx enhancer activity in vivo. Knockdown experiments further reveal that SOX2 dominantly controls endogenous expression of TLX, whereas MYT1 only plays a modulatory role. Importantly, TLX is essential for SOX2-mediated in vivo reprogramming of astrocytes and itself is also sufficient to induce neurogenesis in the adult striatum. Together, these findings unveil functional genetic interactions among transcription factors that are critical to NSCs and in vivo cell reprogramming. An evolutionarily conserved enhancer drives Tlx expression in neural stem cells SOX2 directly activates the identified enhancer and Tlx expression SOX2-mediated in vivo reprogramming of astrocytes to neuroblasts requires TLX
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240
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Chen Y, Pu J, Zhang B. Progress and Challenges of Cell Replacement Therapy for Neurodegenerative Diseases Based on Direct Neural Reprogramming. Hum Gene Ther 2016; 27:962-970. [PMID: 27589383 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2016.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by protein aggregation and progressive degeneration of neurons, causing severe functional deficiency in cognition, behavior, and movement. Until now, there has been no effective treatment available in the clinic. Considering the selective loss of specific neurons in the human brain in the pathogenesis of these diseases, generating functional neurons in vitro or in vivo to replace the lost neurons represents a novel strategy to treat neurodegenerative diseases. Human embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells have good potential for cell replacement therapy. However, limitations, such as the possibility of tumor formation, have hindered its applications. Recently, a novel approach, direct neural reprogramming, in which somatic cells are reprogrammed to functional neurons without a stem-cell state, has emerged an alternative for cell replacement. Specific human somatic cells can be reprogrammed to functional subtype neurons via the introduction of transcription factors, microRNAs, or small molecules in vitro and in vivo, thereby reducing the risk of carcinogenesis. Studies demonstrated symptomatic relief when induced neurons were transplanted into animal models. Although the direct neural reprogramming holds great promise for cell replacement therapy, there remain a number of challenges for its clinical application, including low efficiency, unclear mechanisms, and safety concerns. This review highlights the progress and challenges of this technique, and discusses perspectives for its applications in cell replacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chen
- Department of Neurology, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiali Pu
- Department of Neurology, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Baorong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
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241
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Chang EH, Adorjan I, Mundim MV, Sun B, Dizon MLV, Szele FG. Traumatic Brain Injury Activation of the Adult Subventricular Zone Neurogenic Niche. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:332. [PMID: 27531972 PMCID: PMC4969304 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is common in both civilian and military life, placing a large burden on survivors and society. However, with the recognition of neural stem cells in adult mammals, including humans, came the possibility to harness these cells for repair of damaged brain, whereas previously this was thought to be impossible. In this review, we focus on the rodent adult subventricular zone (SVZ), an important neurogenic niche within the mature brain in which neural stem cells continue to reside. We review how the SVZ is perturbed following various animal TBI models with regards to cell proliferation, emigration, survival, and differentiation, and we review specific molecules involved in these processes. Together, this information suggests next steps in attempting to translate knowledge from TBI animal models into human therapies for TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Hyuk Chang
- Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. Seoul, South Korea
| | - Istvan Adorjan
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of OxfordOxford, UK; Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis UniversityBudapest, Hungary
| | - Mayara V Mundim
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bin Sun
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford Oxford, UK
| | - Maria L V Dizon
- Department of Pediatrics, Prentice Women's Hospital, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Francis G Szele
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford Oxford, UK
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242
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Brumm AJ, Nunez S, Doroudchi MM, Kawaguchi R, Duan J, Pellegrini M, Lam L, Carmichael ST, Deb A, Hinman JD. Astrocytes Can Adopt Endothelial Cell Fates in a p53-Dependent Manner. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:4584-4596. [PMID: 27389775 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9974-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes respond to a variety of CNS injuries by cellular enlargement, process outgrowth, and upregulation of extracellular matrix proteins that function to prevent expansion of the injured region. This astrocytic response, though critical to the acute injury response, results in the formation of a glial scar that inhibits neural repair. Scar-forming cells (fibroblasts) in the heart can undergo mesenchymal-endothelial transition into endothelial cell fates following cardiac injury in a process dependent on p53 that can be modulated to augment cardiac repair. Here, we sought to determine whether astrocytes, as the primary scar-forming cell of the CNS, are able to undergo a similar cellular phenotypic transition and adopt endothelial cell fates. Serum deprivation of differentiated astrocytes resulted in a change in cellular morphology and upregulation of endothelial cell marker genes. In a tube formation assay, serum-deprived astrocytes showed a substantial increase in vessel-like morphology that was comparable to human umbilical vein endothelial cells and dependent on p53. RNA sequencing of serum-deprived astrocytes demonstrated an expression profile that mimicked an endothelial rather than astrocyte transcriptome and identified p53 and angiogenic pathways as specifically upregulated. Inhibition of p53 with genetic or pharmacologic strategies inhibited astrocyte-endothelial transition. Astrocyte-endothelial cell transition could also be modulated by miR-194, a microRNA downstream of p53 that affects expression of genes regulating angiogenesis. Together, these studies demonstrate that differentiated astrocytes retain a stimulus-dependent mechanism for cellular transition into an endothelial phenotype that may modulate formation of the glial scar and promote injury-induced angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Brumm
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, 635 Charles E. Young Dr. South, Rm 415, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Stefanie Nunez
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, 635 Charles E. Young Dr. South, Rm 415, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Mehdi M Doroudchi
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, 635 Charles E. Young Dr. South, Rm 415, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Riki Kawaguchi
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jinhzu Duan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Broad Stem Cell Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Matteo Pellegrini
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Letters and Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Larry Lam
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Letters and Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - S Thomas Carmichael
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, 635 Charles E. Young Dr. South, Rm 415, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Arjun Deb
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Broad Stem Cell Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Jason D Hinman
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, 635 Charles E. Young Dr. South, Rm 415, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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243
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Li X, Kozielski K, Cheng YH, Liu H, Zamboni CG, Green J, Mao HQ. Nanoparticle-mediated conversion of primary human astrocytes into neurons and oligodendrocytes. Biomater Sci 2016; 4:1100-12. [PMID: 27328202 PMCID: PMC4922536 DOI: 10.1039/c6bm00140h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) diseases and injuries are accompanied by reactive gliosis and scarring involving the activation and proliferation of astrocytes to form hypertrophic and dense structures, which present a significant barrier to neural regeneration. Engineering astrocytes to functional neurons or oligodendrocytes may constitute a novel therapeutic strategy for CNS diseases and injuries. Such direct cellular programming has been successfully demonstrated using viral vectors via the transduction of transcriptional factors, such as Sox2, which could program resident astrocytes into neurons in the adult brain and spinal cord, albeit the efficiency was low. Here we report a non-viral nanoparticle-based transfection method to deliver Sox2 or Olig2 into primary human astrocytes and demonstrate the effective conversion of the astrocytes into neurons and oligodendrocyte progenitors following the transgene expression of Sox2 and Olig2, respectively. This approach is highly translatable for engineering astrocytes to repair injured CNS tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Li
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA. and Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA and Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Kristen Kozielski
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA. and Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Yu-Hao Cheng
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA. and Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA and Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Huanhuan Liu
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA. and Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA and Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Camila Gadens Zamboni
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA. and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Jordan Green
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA. and Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA and Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Hai-Quan Mao
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA. and Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA and Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
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244
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Bond AM, Ming GL, Song H. Adult Mammalian Neural Stem Cells and Neurogenesis: Five Decades Later. Cell Stem Cell 2016; 17:385-95. [PMID: 26431181 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 556] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Adult somatic stem cells in various organs maintain homeostatic tissue regeneration and enhance plasticity. Since its initial discovery five decades ago, investigations of adult neurogenesis and neural stem cells have led to an established and expanding field that has significantly influenced many facets of neuroscience, developmental biology, and regenerative medicine. Here we review recent progress and focus on questions related to adult mammalian neural stem cells that also apply to other somatic stem cells. We further discuss emerging topics that are guiding the field toward better understanding adult neural stem cells and ultimately applying these principles to improve human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison M Bond
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Guo-Li Ming
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; The Solomon Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Hongjun Song
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; The Solomon Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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245
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Smith DK, Wang L, Zhang CL. Physiological, pathological, and engineered cell identity reprogramming in the central nervous system. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2016; 5:499-517. [PMID: 27258392 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Multipotent neural stem cells persist in restricted regions of the adult mammalian central nervous system. These proliferative cells differentiate into diverse neuron subtypes to maintain neural homeostasis. This endogenous process can be reprogrammed as a compensatory response to physiological cues, traumatic injury, and neurodegeneration. In addition to innate neurogenesis, recent research has demonstrated that new neurons can be engineered via cell identity reprogramming in non-neurogenic regions of the adult central nervous system. A comprehensive understanding of these reprogramming mechanisms will be essential to the development of therapeutic neural regeneration strategies that aim to improve functional recovery after injury and neurodegeneration. WIREs Dev Biol 2016, 5:499-517. doi: 10.1002/wdev.234 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek K Smith
- Department of Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390, U.S.A.,.,Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390, U.S.A.,
| | - Leilei Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390, U.S.A.,.,Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390, U.S.A.,
| | - Chun-Li Zhang
- Department of Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390, U.S.A.,.,Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390, U.S.A.,
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246
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Liu J, Wu X, Zhang H, Qiu R, Yoshikawa K, Lu Q. Prospective separation and transcriptome analyses of cortical projection neurons and interneurons based on lineage tracing by Tbr2 (Eomes)-GFP/Dcx-mRFP reporters. Dev Neurobiol 2016; 76:587-99. [PMID: 26248544 PMCID: PMC4744584 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In the cerebral cortex, projection neurons and interneurons work coordinately to establish neural networks for normal cortical functions. While the specific mechanisms that control productions of projection neurons and interneurons are beginning to be revealed, a global characterization of the molecular differences between these two neuron types is crucial for a more comprehensive understanding of their developmental specifications and functions. In this study, using lineage tracing power of combining Tbr2(Eomes)-GFP and Dcx-mRFP reporter mice, we prospectively separated intermediate progenitor cell (IPC)-derived neurons (IPNs) from non-IPC-derived neurons (non-IPNs) of the embryonic cerebral cortex. Molecular characterizations revealed that IPNs and non-IPNs were enriched with projection neurons and interneurons, respectively. Expression profiling documented cell-specific genes including differentially expressed transcriptional regulators that might be involved in cellular specifications, for instance, our data found that SOX1 and SOX2, which were known for important functions in neural stem/progenitor cells, continued to be expressed by interneurons but not by projection neurons. Transcriptome analyses of cortical neurons isolated at different stages of neurogenesis revealed distinct temporal patterns of expression of genes involved in early-born or late-born neuron specification. These data present a resource useful for further investigation of the molecular regulations and functions of projection neurons and interneurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiancheng Liu
- Department of Neurosciences, Beckman Research Institute of City of
Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Xiwei Wu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Beckman Research
Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Heying Zhang
- Department of Neurosciences, Beckman Research Institute of City of
Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Runxiang Qiu
- Department of Neurosciences, Beckman Research Institute of City of
Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Kazuaki Yoshikawa
- Laboratory of Regulation of Neuronal Development, Institute for
Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Qiang Lu
- Department of Neurosciences, Beckman Research Institute of City of
Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
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247
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Mansouri S, Nejad R, Karabork M, Ekinci C, Solaroglu I, Aldape KD, Zadeh G. Sox2: regulation of expression and contribution to brain tumors. CNS Oncol 2016; 5:159-73. [PMID: 27230973 DOI: 10.2217/cns-2016-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumors of the CNS are composed of a complex mixture of neoplastic cells, in addition to vascular, inflammatory and stromal components. Similar to most other tumors, brain tumors contain a heterogeneous population of cells that are found at different stages of differentiation. The cancer stem cell hypothesis suggests that all tumors are composed of subpopulation of cells with stem-like properties, which are capable of self-renewal, display resistance to therapy and lead to tumor recurrence. One of the most important transcription factors that regulate cancer stem cell properties is SOX2. In this review, we focus on SOX2 and the complex network of signaling molecules and transcription factors that regulate its expression and function in brain tumor initiating cells. We also highlight important findings in the literature about the role of SOX2 in glioblastoma and medulloblastoma, where it has been more extensively studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila Mansouri
- McFeeters-Hamilton Center for Neuro-Oncology Research, 101 College St., Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Romina Nejad
- McFeeters-Hamilton Center for Neuro-Oncology Research, 101 College St., Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Merve Karabork
- School of Medicine, Koç University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, 34450, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Can Ekinci
- School of Medicine, Koç University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, 34450, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ihsan Solaroglu
- School of Medicine, Koç University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, 34450, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey.,School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Kenneth D Aldape
- McFeeters-Hamilton Center for Neuro-Oncology Research, 101 College St., Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Gelareh Zadeh
- McFeeters-Hamilton Center for Neuro-Oncology Research, 101 College St., Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada.,Division of Neurosurgery, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, M5T 2S8, Canada
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248
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Connexin 50 modulates Sox2 expression in spinal-cord-derived ependymal stem/progenitor cells. Cell Tissue Res 2016; 365:295-307. [PMID: 27221278 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-016-2421-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Ion channels included in the family of Connexins (Cx) have been reported to influence the secondary expansion of traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) and neuropathic pain following SCI. However, Cxs also contribute to spinal cord neurogenesis during the remyelinating process and functional recovery after SCI. Certain Cxs have been recently related to the control of cell proliferation and the differentiation of neuronal progenitors. Adult spinal-cord-derived ependymal stem progenitor cells (epSPC) show high expression levels of Cx50 in non-pathological conditions and lower expression when they actively proliferate after injury (epSPCi). We explore the role of Cx50 in the ependymal population in the modulation of Sox2, a crucial factor of neural progenitor self-renewal and a promising target for promoting neuronal-cell-fate induction for neuronal tissue repair. Short-interfering-RNA ablation or over-expression of Cx50 regulates the expression of Sox2 in both epSPC and epSPCi. Interestingly, Cx50 and Sox2 co-localize at the nucleus indicating a potential role for this ion channel beyond cell-to-cell communication in the spinal cord. In vivo and in vitro experiments with Clotrimazole, a specific pharmacological modulator of Cx50, show the convergent higher expression of Cx50 and Sox2 in the isolated epSPC/epSPCi and in spinal cord tissue. Therefore, the pharmacological modulation of Cx50 might constitute an interesting mechanism for Sox2 induction to modulate the endogenous regenerative potential of neuronal tissue with a potential application in regenerative therapies.
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249
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Leng Y, Wang J, Wang Z, Liao HM, Wei M, Leeds P, Chuang DM. Valproic Acid and Other HDAC Inhibitors Upregulate FGF21 Gene Expression and Promote Process Elongation in Glia by Inhibiting HDAC2 and 3. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2016; 19:pyw035. [PMID: 27207921 PMCID: PMC5006201 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyw035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibroblast growth factor 21, a novel regulator of glucose and lipid metabolism, has robust protective properties in neurons. However, its expression and function in glia are unknown. Valproic acid, a mood stabilizer and anticonvulsant, is a histone deacetylase inhibitor and a dynamic gene regulator. We investigated whether histone deacetylase inhibition by valproic acid and other inhibitors upregulates fibroblast growth factor 21 expression and, if so, sought to identify the histone deacetylase isoform(s) involved and their role in altering glial cell morphology. METHODS C6 glioma or primary cortical glial cultures were treated with histone deacetylase inhibitors, and fibroblast growth factor 21 levels and length of cell processes were subsequently measured. Histone deacetylase 1, 2, or 3 was also knocked down to detect which isoform was involved in regulating fibroblast growth factor 21 mRNA levels. Finally, knockdown and overexpression of fibroblast growth factor 21 were performed to determine whether it played a role in regulating cell process length. RESULTS Treatment of C6 cells or primary glial cultures with valproic acid elevated fibroblast growth factor 21 mRNA levels, extended cell process length, and markedly increased acetylated histone-H3 levels. Other histone deacetylase inhibitors including pan- and class I-specific inhibitors, or selective knockdown of histone deacetylase 2 or 3 isoform produced similar effects. Knockdown or overexpression of fibroblast growth factor 21 significantly decreased or increased C6 cell process length, respectively. CONCLUSIONS In glial cell line and primary glia, using pharmacological inhibition and selective gene silencing of histone deacetylases to boost fibroblast growth factor 21 mRNA levels results in elongation of cell processes. Our study provides a new mechanism via which histone deacetylase 2 and 3 participate in upregulating fibroblast growth factor 21 transcription and extending process outgrowth in glia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Leng
- Molecular Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.
| | | | | | | | | | | | - De-Maw Chuang
- Molecular Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.
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250
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Abstract
Astrocytes are the most explored non-neuronal cells in the brain under neurophysiological and neurodegenerative conditions. Extensive research has been done to understand their specific role during neuropathological conditions but still the existing findings could not conclude their mechanism of action and their specific role in neurodegenerative conditions. This review discusses their physiological and pathological roles, their activation, morphological alterations and their probable use in search of new therapeutic targets for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarika Singh
- a 1 Toxicology Division, CSIR-CDRI , Lucknow , India.,b 2 Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics , University of California , San Francisco, San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Neeraj Joshi
- a 1 Toxicology Division, CSIR-CDRI , Lucknow , India.,b 2 Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics , University of California , San Francisco, San Francisco , CA , USA
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