201
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Riggi N, Cironi L, Suvà ML, Stamenkovic I. Sarcomas: genetics, signalling, and cellular origins. Part 1: The fellowship of TET. J Pathol 2007; 213:4-20. [PMID: 17691072 DOI: 10.1002/path.2209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Sarcomas comprise some of the most aggressive solid tumours that, for the most part, respond poorly to chemo- and radiation therapy and are associated with a sombre prognosis when surgical removal cannot be performed or is incomplete. Partly because of their lower frequency, sarcomas have not been studied as intensively as carcinomas and haematopoietic malignancies, and the molecular mechanisms that underlie their pathogenesis are only beginning to be understood. Even more enigmatic is the identity of the primary cells from which these tumours originate. Over the past 25 years, however, several non-random chromosomal translocations have been found to be associated with defined sarcomas. Each of these translocations generates a fusion gene believed to be directly related to the pathogenesis of the sarcoma in which it is expressed. The corresponding fusion proteins provide a unique tool not only to study the process of sarcoma development, but also to identify cells that are permissive for their putative oncogenic properties. This is the first of two reviews that cover the mechanisms whereby specific fusion/mutant gene products participate in sarcoma development and the cellular context that may provide the necessary permissiveness for their expression and oncogenicity. Part 1 of the review focuses on sarcomas that express fusion genes containing TET gene family products, including EWSR1, TLS/FUS, and TAFII68. Part 2 (J Pathol 2007; DOI: 10.1002/path.2008) summarizes our current understanding of the genetic and cellular origins of sarcomas expressing fusion genes exclusive of TET family members; it also covers soft tissue malignancies harbouring specific mutations in RTK-encoding genes, the prototype of which are gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GIST).
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Affiliation(s)
- N Riggi
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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202
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Hameed M. Pathology and genetics of adipocytic tumors. Cytogenet Genome Res 2007; 118:138-47. [DOI: 10.1159/000108294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2006] [Accepted: 03/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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203
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Bode-Lesniewska B, Frigerio S, Exner U, Abdou MT, Moch H, Zimmermann DR. Relevance of translocation type in myxoid liposarcoma and identification of a novel EWSR1-DDIT3 fusion. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2007; 46:961-71. [PMID: 17647282 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical course of myxoid/round cell liposarcoma (MRCL) is characterized by frequent local recurrences and metastases at unusual sites. MRCLs carry specific translocations, t(12;16) or rarely t(12;22), linking the FUS or the EWSR1 gene with the DDIT3 gene, respectively. Nine FUS/DDIT3 and three EWSR1/DDIT3 variants of fusion transcripts have been described thus far. In search of prognostic markers for MRCL, we analyzed the translocation types of 31 patients and related them to the event free and overall survival. Using break-apart FISH and RT-PCR combined with DNA sequencing, we detected FUS/DDIT3 fusions in 30 sarcomas, while an EWSR1/DDIT3 translocation was identified in one tumor. FUS/DDIT3 type II (exons 5-2) was most commonly detected (20 cases), followed by type I (7-2) (7 cases) and type III (8-2) (3 cases). A single tumor carrying a t(12;22) translocation expressed a hitherto unknown EWSR1-DDIT3 fusion transcript (13-3) linking the complete RNA-binding domain of EWSR1 with a short piece of the 5'-UTR and the entire open reading frame of the DDIT3 gene. Interestingly, five of six patients with type I (7-2) FUS/DDIT3 fusions displayed local recurrences and/or metastatic spread within the first 3 years, generally requiring chemotherapeutical treatment (median disease-free survival 17 months). In contrast, 9 of 13 patients with type II FUS/DDIT3 translocations remained at 3 years disease-free (median disease-free survival 75 months). Since the total number of patients is still limited, further studies are required to verify a putative association of type I FUS/DDIT3-fusion transcripts with a prognosis of MRCL.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aged
- Base Sequence
- Calmodulin-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 12
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 22
- DNA Primers
- Female
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Liposarcoma, Myxoid/genetics
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- RNA-Binding Protein EWS
- RNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Repressor Proteins/genetics
- Transcription Factor CHOP/genetics
- Translocation, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- B Bode-Lesniewska
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland.
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204
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Ng TL, O'Sullivan MJ, Pallen CJ, Hayes M, Clarkson PW, Winstanley M, Sorensen PHB, Nielsen TO, Horsman DE. Ewing sarcoma with novel translocation t(2;16) producing an in-frame fusion of FUS and FEV. J Mol Diagn 2007; 9:459-63. [PMID: 17620387 PMCID: PMC1975098 DOI: 10.2353/jmoldx.2007.070009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ewing family tumors are molecularly characterized by expression of chimeric transcripts generated by specific chromosomal translocations, most commonly involving fusion of the EWS gene to a member of the ETS family of transcription factors (including FLI1, ERG, ETV1, E1AF, and FEV). Approximately 85% of reported cases of Ewing sarcoma bear an EWS-FLI1 fusion. In rare cases, FUS can substitute for EWS, with translocation t(16;21)(p11;q24) producing a FUS-ERG fusion with no EWS rearrangement. We report a case of Ewing sarcoma, presenting as a pathological fracture of the distal clavicle in a 33-year-old male, in which cytogenetic analysis revealed a single t(2;16)(q35;p11) balanced translocation. Fluorescence in situ hybridization using a commercially available diagnostic probe was negative for an EWS gene rearrangement; instead, break-apart fluorescence in situ hybridization probes for FUS and FEV were positive for a translocation involving these genes. Cloning and sequencing of the breakpoint region demonstrated an in-frame fusion of FUS to FEV. In conclusion, this represents the first reported case of Ewing family tumors demonstrating a variant translocation involving FUS and FEV and highlights the need to consider alternative permutations of fusion partners for molecular diagnosis of sarcomas.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Base Sequence
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 2/genetics
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Male
- Metaphase
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/chemistry
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics
- Sarcoma, Ewing/genetics
- Sarcoma, Ewing/pathology
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Translocation, Genetic/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony L Ng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, British Columbia Cancer Agency, 600 W. 10th Ave., Vancouver, BC, Canada, V5Z 4E6
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205
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A Monoclonal Antibody for Molecular Diagnosis of Myxoid-Round Cell Liposarcoma. Adv Anat Pathol 2007. [DOI: 10.1097/pap.0b013e3180ca8ac0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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206
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Cleynen I, Brants JR, Peeters K, Deckers R, Debiec-Rychter M, Sciot R, Van de Ven WJM, Petit MMR. HMGA2 regulates transcription of the Imp2 gene via an intronic regulatory element in cooperation with nuclear factor-kappaB. Mol Cancer Res 2007; 5:363-72. [PMID: 17426251 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-06-0331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
IMP2 (insulin-like growth factor-II mRNA binding protein 2) is an oncofetal protein that is aberrantly expressed in several types of cancer. We recently identified the Imp2 gene as a target gene of the architectural transcription factor HMGA2 (high mobility group A2) and its tumor-specific truncated form HMGA2Tr. In this study, we investigated the mechanism via which HMGA2 regulates Imp2 gene expression. We show that HMGA2 and HMGA2Tr directly regulate transcription of the Imp2 gene by binding to an AT-rich regulatory region located in the first intron. In reporter experiments, we show that this AT-rich regulatory region mimics the response of the endogenous Imp2 gene to HMGA2 and HMGA2Tr. Furthermore, we show that a consensus nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) binding site located immediately adjacent to the AT-rich regulatory region binds NF-kappaB and that NF-kappaB and HMGA2 cooperate to regulate Imp2 gene expression. Finally, we provide evidence that there is a strong and statistically significant correlation between HMGA2 and IMP2 gene expression in human liposarcomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Cleynen
- Department of Human Genetics, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, Box 602, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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207
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Kim S, Lee J, Kim J. Regulation of oncogenic transcription factor hTAF(II)68-TEC activity by human glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). Biochem J 2007; 404:197-206. [PMID: 17302560 PMCID: PMC1868794 DOI: 10.1042/bj20061297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Tumour-specific chromosomal rearrangements are known to create chimaeric products with the ability to generate many human cancers. hTAF(II)68-TEC (where hTAF(II)68 is human TATA-binding protein-associated factor II 68 and TEC is translocated in extraskeletal chondrosarcoma) is such a fusion product, resulting from a t(9;17) chromosomal translocation found in extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcomas, where the hTAF(II)68 NTD (N-terminal domain) is fused to TEC protein. To identify proteins that control hTAF(II)68-TEC function, we used affinity chromatography on immobilized hTAF(II)68 (NTD) and MALDI-TOF (matrix-assisted laser-desorption ionization-time-of-flight) MS and isolated a novel hTAF(II)68-TEC-interacting protein, GAPDH (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase). GAPDH is a glycolytic enzyme that is also involved in the early steps of apoptosis, nuclear tRNA export, DNA replication, DNA repair and transcription. hTAF(II)68-TEC and GAPDH were co-immunoprecipitated from cell extracts, and glutathione S-transferase pull-down assays revealed that the C-terminus of hTAF(II)68 (NTD) was required for interaction with GAPDH. In addition, three independent regions of GAPDH (amino acids 1-66, 67-160 and 160-248) were involved in binding to hTAF(II)68 (NTD). hTAF(II)68-TEC-dependent transcription was enhanced by GAPDH, but not by a GAPDH mutant defective in hTAF(II)68-TEC binding. Moreover, a fusion of GAPDH with the GAL4 DNA-binding domain increased the promoter activity of a reporter containing GAL4 DNA-binding sites, demonstrating the presence of a transactivation domain(s) in GAPDH. The results of the present study suggest that the transactivation potential of the hTAF(II)68-TEC oncogene product is positively modulated by GAPDH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sol Kim
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul 121-742, Korea
| | - Jungwoon Lee
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul 121-742, Korea
| | - Jungho Kim
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul 121-742, Korea
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
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208
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Galietta A, Gunby RH, Redaelli S, Stano P, Carniti C, Bachi A, Tucker PW, Tartari CJ, Huang CJ, Colombo E, Pulford K, Puttini M, Piazza RG, Ruchatz H, Villa A, Donella-Deana A, Marin O, Perrotti D, Gambacorti-Passerini C. NPM/ALK binds and phosphorylates the RNA/DNA-binding protein PSF in anaplastic large-cell lymphoma. Blood 2007; 110:2600-9. [PMID: 17537995 PMCID: PMC1988934 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-01-028647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The oncogenic fusion tyrosine kinase nucleophosmin/anaplastic lymphoma kinase (NPM/ALK) induces cellular transformation in anaplastic large-cell lymphomas (ALCLs) carrying the t(2;5) chromosomal translocation. Protein-protein interactions involving NPM/ALK are important for the activation of downstream signaling pathways. This study was aimed at identifying novel NPM/ALK-binding proteins that might contribute to its oncogenic transformation. Using a proteomic approach, several RNA/DNA-binding proteins were found to coimmunoprecipitate with NPM/ALK, including the multifunctional polypyrimidine tract binding proteinassociated splicing factor (PSF). The interaction between NPM/ALK and PSF was dependent on an active ALK kinase domain and PSF was found to be tyrosine-phosphorylated in NPM/ALK-expressing cell lines and in primary ALK(+) ALCL samples. Furthermore, PSF was shown to be a direct substrate of purified ALK kinase domain in vitro, and PSF Tyr293 was identified as the site of phosphorylation. Y293F PSF was not phosphorylated by NPM/ALK and was not delocalized in NPM/ALK(+) cells. The expression of ALK fusion proteins induced delocalization of PSF from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and forced overexpression of PSF-inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis in cells expressing NPM/ALK. PSF phosphorylation also increased its binding to RNA and decreased the PSF-mediated suppression of GAGE6 expression. These results identify PSF as a novel NPM/ALK-binding protein and substrate, and suggest that PSF function may be perturbed in NPM/ALK-transformed cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamaria Galietta
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
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209
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Li H, Watford W, Li C, Parmelee A, Bryant MA, Deng C, O’Shea J, Lee SB. Ewing sarcoma gene EWS is essential for meiosis and B lymphocyte development. J Clin Invest 2007; 117:1314-23. [PMID: 17415412 PMCID: PMC1838927 DOI: 10.1172/jci31222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2006] [Accepted: 02/06/2007] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ewing sarcoma gene EWS encodes a putative RNA-binding protein with proposed roles in transcription and splicing, but its physiological role in vivo remains undefined. Here, we have generated Ews-deficient mice and demonstrated that EWS is required for the completion of B cell development and meiosis. Analysis of Ews(-/-) lymphocytes revealed a cell-autonomous defect in precursor B lymphocyte (pre-B lymphocyte) development. During meiosis, Ews-null spermatocytes were deficient in XY bivalent formation and showed reduced meiotic recombination, resulting in massive apoptosis and complete arrest in gamete maturation. Inactivation of Ews in mouse embryonic fibroblasts resulted in premature cellular senescence, and the mutant animals showed hypersensitivity to ionizing radiation. Finally, we showed that EWS interacts with lamin A/C and that loss of EWS results in a reduced lamin A/C expression. Our findings reveal essential functions for EWS in pre-B cell development and meiosis, with proposed roles in DNA pairing and recombination/repair mechanisms. Furthermore, we demonstrate a novel role of EWS in cellular senescence, possibly through its interaction and modulation of lamin A/C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjie Li
- Genetics of Development and Disease Branch, NIDDK,
Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, and
Pathology Section, Diagnostic and Research Services Branch, Division of Veterinary Resources, and Office of Research Services, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Wendy Watford
- Genetics of Development and Disease Branch, NIDDK,
Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, and
Pathology Section, Diagnostic and Research Services Branch, Division of Veterinary Resources, and Office of Research Services, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Cuiling Li
- Genetics of Development and Disease Branch, NIDDK,
Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, and
Pathology Section, Diagnostic and Research Services Branch, Division of Veterinary Resources, and Office of Research Services, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Alissa Parmelee
- Genetics of Development and Disease Branch, NIDDK,
Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, and
Pathology Section, Diagnostic and Research Services Branch, Division of Veterinary Resources, and Office of Research Services, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Mark A. Bryant
- Genetics of Development and Disease Branch, NIDDK,
Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, and
Pathology Section, Diagnostic and Research Services Branch, Division of Veterinary Resources, and Office of Research Services, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Chuxia Deng
- Genetics of Development and Disease Branch, NIDDK,
Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, and
Pathology Section, Diagnostic and Research Services Branch, Division of Veterinary Resources, and Office of Research Services, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - John O’Shea
- Genetics of Development and Disease Branch, NIDDK,
Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, and
Pathology Section, Diagnostic and Research Services Branch, Division of Veterinary Resources, and Office of Research Services, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sean Bong Lee
- Genetics of Development and Disease Branch, NIDDK,
Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, and
Pathology Section, Diagnostic and Research Services Branch, Division of Veterinary Resources, and Office of Research Services, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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210
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Shitashige M, Naishiro Y, Idogawa M, Honda K, Ono M, Hirohashi S, Yamada T. Involvement of splicing factor-1 in beta-catenin/T-cell factor-4-mediated gene transactivation and pre-mRNA splicing. Gastroenterology 2007; 132:1039-54. [PMID: 17383426 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2007.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2006] [Accepted: 12/07/2006] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS beta-Catenin is the downstream effector of the Wnt signaling pathway and is involved in the process of colorectal carcinogenesis. However, it is still uncertain whether beta-catenin exerts its oncogenic function solely by coactivating the target genes of T-cell factor-4 (TCF4). We previously reported that the beta-catenin/TCF4 complex contains several classes of RNA-binding proteins and regulates the premessenger RNA splicing reaction, but the identity of the exact effector molecule downstream of the beta-catenin/TCF4 complex has not been established. METHODS Using isotope-coded affinity tagging and mass spectrometry, we examined more than 4000 peptides derived from colorectal cancer cells and identified that splicing factor-1 (SF1) was one of the proteins whose expression is regulated by the beta-catenin/TCF4 complex. RESULTS The expression of SF1 was found to be correlated with the differentiation status of intestinal epithelial cells and inversely correlated with tumorigenesis. Immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence microscopy revealed that SF1 was a complex, and beta-catenin-evoked gene transactivation and cell proliferation were negatively regulated by SF1 complementary DNA transfection. SF1 was essential for the induction of alternative splicing by the beta-catenin/TCF4 complex, and SF1 complementary DNA transfection induced known cancer-related splice variants, such as Wnt-induced secreted protein-1v and fibroblast growth factor receptor-3-ATII. CONCLUSIONS The beta-catenin/TCF4 complex regulates the level of SF1 protein expression, and, conversely, SF1 interacts with the complex and regulates its gene transactivation and premessenger RNA splicing activities. Identification of the interaction may shed light on a novel aspect of the Wnt signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miki Shitashige
- Chemotherapy Division and Cancer Proteomics Project, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
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211
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Guipaud O, Guillonneau F, Labas V, Praseuth D, Rossier J, Lopez B, Bertrand P. An in vitro enzymatic assay coupled to proteomics analysis reveals a new DNA processing activity for Ewing sarcoma and TAF(II)68 proteins. Proteomics 2007; 6:5962-72. [PMID: 17106916 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200600259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Based on structural and functional similarities, translocated in liposarcoma/fusion (TLS/FUS) protein, Ewing sarcoma (EWS) protein and human TATA binding protein-associated factor (hTAF(II)68) have been grouped in the TLS-EWS-TAF(II)68 (TET) protein family. Translocations involving their genes lead to sarcomas. Polypyrimidine tract-binding protein-associated splicing factor (PSF), although not grouped in this family, presents structural and functional similarities with TET proteins and is involved in translocation leading to carcinoma. Beside their role in RNA metabolism, the precise cellular functions of these multifunctional proteins are not yet fully elucidated. We previously showed that both TLS/FUS and PSF display activities able to pair homologous DNA on membrane in an in vitro assay. In the present study, we address the question whether EWS and hTAF(II)68 also display pairing on membrane activities, and to a larger extent whether other proteins also exhibit such activity. We applied the pairing on membrane assay to 2-DE coupled to MS analysis for a global screening of DNA pairing on membrane activities. In addition to TLS/FUS and PSF, this test allowed us to identify EWS and hTAF(II)68, but no other proteins, indicating a feature specific to a protein family whose members share extensive structural similarities. This common activity suggests a role for TET proteins and PSF in genome plasticity control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Guipaud
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Département de Radiobiologie et Radiopathologie, Fontenay aux Roses, France
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212
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Biologie moléculaire des sarcomes des tissus mous. ONCOLOGIE 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s10269-006-0559-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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213
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Elwood H, Parwani A, Cai G. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy of myxoid liposarcoma metastatic to the liver: Cytomorphologic and cytogenetic features. Diagn Cytopathol 2007; 35:734-7. [DOI: 10.1002/dc.20743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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214
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Riggi N, Cironi L, Provero P, Suvà ML, Stehle JC, Baumer K, Guillou L, Stamenkovic I. Expression of the FUS-CHOP fusion protein in primary mesenchymal progenitor cells gives rise to a model of myxoid liposarcoma. Cancer Res 2006; 66:7016-23. [PMID: 16849546 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-3979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A subset of sarcomas is associated with specific chromosomal translocations that give rise to fusion genes believed to participate in transformation and oncogenesis. Identification of the primary cell environment that provides permissiveness for the oncogenic potential of these fusion genes is essential to understand sarcoma pathogenesis. We have recently shown that expression of the EWS-FLI-1 fusion protein in primary mesenchymal progenitor cells (MPCs) suffices to develop Ewing's sarcoma-like tumors in mice. Because most sarcomas bearing unique chromosomal translocations are believed to originate from common progenitor cells, and because MPCs populate most organs, we expressed the sarcoma-associated fusion proteins FUS/TLS-CHOP, EWS-ATF1, and SYT-SSX1 in MPCs and tested the tumorigenic potential of these cells in vivo. Whereas expression of EWS-ATF1 and SYT-SSX1 failed to transform MPCs, FUS-CHOP-expressing cells formed tumors resembling human myxoid liposarcoma. Transcription profile analysis of these tumors revealed induction of transcripts known to be associated with myxoid liposarcoma and novel candidate genes, including PDGFA, whose expression was confirmed in human tumor samples. MPC(FUS-CHOP) and the previously described MPC(EWS-FLI-1) tumors displayed distinct transcription profiles, consistent with the different target gene repertoires of their respective fusion proteins. Unexpectedly, a set of genes implicated in cell survival and adhesion displayed similar behavior in the two tumors, suggesting events that may be common to primary MPC transformation. Taken together, our observations suggest that expression of FUS-CHOP may be the initiating event in myxoid liposarcoma pathogenesis, and that MPCs may constitute one cell type from which these tumors originate.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bone Marrow Cells/metabolism
- Bone Marrow Cells/pathology
- Bone Marrow Cells/physiology
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/metabolism
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/pathology
- Humans
- Liposarcoma, Myxoid/genetics
- Liposarcoma, Myxoid/metabolism
- Liposarcoma, Myxoid/pathology
- Mesenchymal Stem Cells/cytology
- Mesenchymal Stem Cells/metabolism
- Mesenchymal Stem Cells/pathology
- Mesenchymal Stem Cells/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, SCID
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/biosynthesis
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics
- RNA-Binding Protein FUS/biosynthesis
- RNA-Binding Protein FUS/genetics
- Transcription Factor CHOP/biosynthesis
- Transcription Factor CHOP/genetics
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolò Riggi
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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215
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Engström K, Willén H, Kåbjörn-Gustafsson C, Andersson C, Olsson M, Göransson M, Järnum S, Olofsson A, Warnhammar E, Aman P. The myxoid/round cell liposarcoma fusion oncogene FUS-DDIT3 and the normal DDIT3 induce a liposarcoma phenotype in transfected human fibrosarcoma cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2006; 168:1642-53. [PMID: 16651630 PMCID: PMC1606602 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2006.050872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Myxoid/round cell liposarcoma (MLS/RCLS) is the most common subtype of liposarcoma. Most MLS/RCLS carry a t(12;16) translocation, resulting in a FUS-DDIT3 fusion gene. We investigated the role of the FUS-DDIT3 fusion in the development of MLS/RCLS in FUS-DDIT3- and DDIT3-transfected human HT1080 sarcoma cells. Cells expressing FUS-DDIT3 and DDIT3 grew as liposarcomas in severe combined immunodeficient mice and exhibited a capillary network morphology that was similar to networks of MLS/RCLS. Microarray-based comparison of HT1080, the transfected cells, and an MLS/RCLS-derived cell line showed that the FUS-DDIT3- and DDIT3-transfected variants shifted toward an MLS/RCLS-like expression pattern. DDIT3-transfected cells responded in vitro to adipogenic factors by accumulation of fat and transformation to a lipoblast-like morphology. In conclusion, because the fusion oncogene FUS-DDIT3 and the normal DDIT3 induce a liposarcoma phenotype when expressed in a primitive sarcoma cell line, MLS/RCLS may develop from cell types other than preadipocytes. This may explain the preferential occurrence of MLS/RCLS in nonadipose tissues. In addition, development of lipoblasts and the typical MLS/RCLS capillary network could be an effect of the DDIT3 transcription factor partner of the fusion oncogene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Engström
- Department of Oncology, Lundberg Laboratory for Cancer Research, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Pérez-Mancera PA, Sánchez-García I. Understanding mesenchymal cancer: the liposarcoma-associated FUS-DDIT3 fusion gene as a model. Semin Cancer Biol 2006; 15:206-14. [PMID: 15826835 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2005.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Chromosomal translocations entail the generation of gene fusions in mesenchymal tumors. Despite the successful identification of these specific and consistent genetic events, the nature of the intimate association between the gene fusion and the resulting phenotype still remains to be elucidated. Here these studies are reviewed, using FUS-DDIT3 as a model to illustrate how they have contributed to current understanding in unique and unexpected ways. FUS-DDIT3 is a chimeric oncogene generated by the most common chromosomal translocation t(12;16)(q13;p11) associated with liposarcomas. The application of transgenic methods to the study of this sarcoma-associated FUS-DDIT3 gene fusion has provided insights into their functions in vivo, and suggested mechanisms by which lineage selection may be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Pérez-Mancera
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular y Celular del Cancer (IBMCC), CSIC/Universidad de Salamanca, 37007-Salamanca, Spain
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218
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Quintanilla-Martinez L, Pittaluga S, Miething C, Klier M, Rudelius M, Davies-Hill T, Anastasov N, Martinez A, Vivero A, Duyster J, Jaffe ES, Fend F, Raffeld M. NPM-ALK-dependent expression of the transcription factor CCAAT/enhancer binding protein beta in ALK-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Blood 2006; 108:2029-36. [PMID: 16709933 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-10-014258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
CCAAT/enhancer binding protein beta (C/EBPbeta) is one of a 6-member family of C/EBPs. These transcription factors are involved in the regulation of various aspects of cellular growth and differentiation. Although C/EBPbeta has important functions in B- and T-cell differentiation, its expression has not been well studied in lymphoid tissues. We, therefore, analyzed its expression by immunohistochemistry and Western blot in normal lymphoid tissues and in 248 well-characterized lymphomas and lymphoma cell lines. Nonneoplastic lymphoid tissues and most B-cell, T-cell, and Hodgkin lymphomas lacked detectable levels of C/EBPbeta. In contrast, most (40 of 45; 88%) cases of ALK-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) strongly expressed C/EBPbeta. Western blot analysis confirmed C/EBPbeta expression in the ALK-positive ALCLs and demonstrated elevated levels of the LIP isoform, which has been associated with increased proliferation and aggressiveness in carcinomas. Transfection of Ba/F3 and 32D cells with NPM-ALK and a kinase-inhibitable modified NPM-ALK resulted in the induction of C/EBPbeta and demonstrated dependence on NPM-ALK kinase activity. In conclusion, we report the constitutive expression of C/EBPbeta in ALK-positive ALCL and show its relationship to NPM-ALK. We suggest that C/EBPbeta is likely to play an important role in the pathogenesis and unique phenotype of this lymphoma.
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219
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Horndasch M, Lienkamp S, Springer E, Schmitt A, Pavenstädt H, Walz G, Gloy J. The C/EBP homologous protein CHOP (GADD153) is an inhibitor of Wnt/TCF signals. Oncogene 2006; 25:3397-407. [PMID: 16434966 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
CHOP (GADD153) is a protein of the C/EBP family of transcriptional regulators, which dimerizes with other C/EBP members and changes their DNA-binding and transactivation properties. It induces growth arrest and apoptosis after endoplasmatic reticulum stress or DNA damage. CHOP is also expressed during early embryogenesis and upregulated in tumour tissues with defective Wnt signals. We report here that CHOP functions as a specific inhibitor of Wnt/T-cell factor (TCF) signalling. CHOP inhibits TCF-dependent transcription in human embryonic and colon cancer cell lines. Injection of CHOP mRNA into early Xenopus laevis embryos suppresses dorsal organizer formation and inhibits secondary axis formation and TCF-dependent transcription in response to Wnt-8, Dishevelled, beta-Catenin and TCF-VP16. In embryos and human cells, this inhibition depends on the N-terminal transactivation domain of CHOP, whereas the C-terminal dimerization domain is dispensable. CHOP binds to TCF factors, thereby preventing the binding of TCF to its DNA recognition site. Our findings demonstrate a novel function of CHOP as a Wnt repressor.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Horndasch
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University Hospital of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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220
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Morito N, Yoh K, Fujioka Y, Nakano T, Shimohata H, Hashimoto Y, Yamada A, Maeda A, Matsuno F, Hata H, Suzuki A, Imagawa S, Mitsuya H, Esumi H, Koyama A, Yamamoto M, Mori N, Takahashi S. Overexpression of c-Maf Contributes to T-Cell Lymphoma in Both Mice and Human. Cancer Res 2006; 66:812-9. [PMID: 16424013 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-2154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
c-Maf translocation or overexpression has been observed in human multiple myeloma. Although c-maf might function as an oncogene in multiple myeloma, a role for this gene in other cancers has not been shown. In this study, we have found that mice transgenic for c-Maf whose expression was direct to the T-cell compartment developed T-cell lymphoma. Moreover, we showed that cyclin D2, integrin beta(7), and ARK5 were up-regulated in c-Maf transgenic lymphoma cells. Furthermore, 60% of human T-cell lymphomas (11 of 18 cases), classified as angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma, were found to express c-Maf. These results suggest that c-Maf might cause a type of T-cell lymphoma in both mice and humans and that ARK5, in addition to cyclin D2 and integrin beta(7), might be downstream target genes of c-Maf leading to malignant transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Morito
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Biomolecular and Integrated Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan
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221
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Perani M, Antonson P, Hamoudi R, Ingram CJE, Cooper CS, Garrett MD, Goodwin GH. The Proto-oncoprotein SYT Interacts with SYT-interacting Protein/Co-activator Activator (SIP/CoAA), a Human Nuclear Receptor Co-activator with Similarity to EWS and TLS/FUS Family of Proteins. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:42863-76. [PMID: 16227627 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m502963200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The proto-oncoprotein SYT is involved in the unique translocation t(X;18) found in synovial sarcoma SYT-SSX fusions. SYT has a conserved N-terminal domain (SNH domain) that interacts with the human paralog of Drosophila Brahma (hBRM) and Brahma-related gene 1 (BRG1) chromatin remodeling proteins and a C-terminal transactivating sequence rich in glutamine, proline, glycine, and tyrosine (QPGY domain). Here we reported the isolation of the ribonucleoprotein SYT-interacting protein/co-activator activator (SIP/CoAA), which specifically binds the QPGY domain of SYT and also the SYT-SSX2 translocation fusion. SIP/CoAA is a general nuclear co-activator and an RNA splicing modulator that contains two RNA recognition motifs and multiple hexapeptide repeats. We showed that the region consisting of the hexapeptide motif (YQ domain) is similar to the hexapeptide repeat domain found in EWS and in TLS/FUS family proteins. The YQ domain also resembles the QPGY region of SYT itself and like all these other domains acts as a transcriptional activator in reporter assays. Most interestingly, the last 84 amino acids adjacent to YQ down-modulate by 25-fold the YQ transactivation of the reporter gene, and both domains are important for SIP/CoAA binding to SYT. In addition, SYT acts together with SIP/CoAA in stimulating estrogen and glucocorticoid receptor-dependent transcriptional activation. Activation is hormone-dependent and requires functional hBRM and/or BRG1. The stimulation is strongly reduced if the N-terminal region of hBRM/BRG1 (amino acids 1-211) is deleted. This region encompasses the SNF11 binding domain (amino acids 156-211), which interacts specifically with SYT in vivo and in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Perani
- Section of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Institute of Cancer Research and Cancer Research UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG, United Kingdom.
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222
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Abstract
Ewing tumors, which comprise Ewing's sarcoma and peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumors, are highly aggressive and mostly affect children and adolescents. Their molecular signature is a chromosomal translocation leading to the generation of EWS-ETS (or very rarely FUS-ETS) fusion proteins that are capable of transforming cells. These oncoproteins act as aberrant transcription factors due to the fusion of an ETS DNA binding domain to a highly potent EWS (or FUS) transactivation domain. Accordingly, many EWS-ETS target genes have been identified whose dysregulation could contribute to the development of tumor formation. Furthermore, EWS-ETS oncoproteins may impact on RNA splicing or affect other proteins through disturbing their ability to form functional complexes. The molecular knowledge gained so far from studying EWS-ETS oncoproteins has not only broadened our understanding of Ewing tumors but also improved the diagnosis of these highly undifferentiated tumors. In addition, several potential prognostic markers have been uncovered and novel therapies are suggested that may improve the still dismal survival rate of Ewing tumor patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Janknecht
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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223
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Sato S, Idogawa M, Honda K, Fujii G, Kawashima H, Takekuma K, Hoshika A, Hirohashi S, Yamada T. Beta-catenin interacts with the FUS proto-oncogene product and regulates pre-mRNA splicing. Gastroenterology 2005; 129:1225-36. [PMID: 16230076 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2005.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2005] [Accepted: 07/06/2005] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS beta-Catenin is a downstream effector of the Wnt signaling pathway and is believed to exert its oncogenic function by activating T-cell factor (TCF)/lymphoid enhancer factor (LEF) family transcriptional factors. However, it is still uncertain whether the diverse effects of beta-catenin are caused solely by aberrant gene transactivation. In this study, we used a proteomics approach to obtain further insight into the functional properties of nuclear beta-catenin. METHODS The protein assembly of a native beta-catenin-containing complex in nuclear extracts from a colorectal cancer cell line, DLD-1, was identified using immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry. RESULTS beta-Catenin physically interacted with fusion (FUS)/translocated in liposarcoma (TLS) and various RNA-binding proteins. The expression of FUS/TLS was closely associated with the accumulation of beta-catenin and with the undifferentiated status of intestinal epithelial cells. The transient transfection of FUS suppressed beta-catenin-evoked gene transactivation of TCF/LEF, and beta-catenin transfection affected the splicing pattern of the E1A minigene and induced a novel splicing variant of estrogen receptor (ER)-beta exerting a dominant-negative activity. CONCLUSIONS Human cancer expresses a large variety of alternatively spliced messenger RNA (mRNA), but the precise molecular mechanisms responsible for cancer-related alternative splicing are largely unknown. In this study, we demonstrated the interaction of beta-catenin with FUS/TLS and other RNA-binding proteins involved in the regulation of pre-mRNA splicing. Certain mRNA splicing abbreviations seen in human cancers may be induced by the activation of the Wnt signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Sato
- Chemotherapy Division and Cancer Proteomics Project, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
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224
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Yoshida K, Oikawa K, Takanashi M, Kuroda M. Detection of fusion genes in sarcomas using paraffin-embedded tissues. Neuropathology 2005; 25:263-8. [PMID: 16193845 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1789.2005.00642.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Many sarcomas are characterized by specific recurrent chromosomal translocations resulting in gene fusions. The genes involved in almost all of these translocations have been cloned, greatly changing sarcoma diagnosis. At the biological level, these chromosomal translocations produce highly specific fusion genes that encode key molecules for tumor development. The clinical correlation between these translocation-derived genetic markers and discrete histopathological entities has been remarkable. Today, detection of fusion genes plays a crucial role in the diagnosis of sarcomas that harbor atypical clinical or pathological presentations. The focus of this brief review is the recent impact that cytogenetic and molecular detection of these translocations has had on sarcoma diagnosis using paraffin-embedded sections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Yoshida
- Department of Pathology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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225
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Hallor KH, Mertens F, Jin Y, Meis-Kindblom JM, Kindblom LG, Behrendtz M, Kalén A, Mandahl N, Panagopoulos I. Fusion of the EWSR1 and ATF1 genes without expression of the MITF-M transcript in angiomatoid fibrous histiocytoma. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2005; 44:97-102. [PMID: 15884099 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiomatoid fibrous histiocytoma (AFH) is a rare soft tissue tumor that usually occurs in children and young adults. Only two cases of AFH with genetic rearrangements have been reported previously; both of these had a FUS-ATF1 fusion gene. We have studied an AFH from a 9-year-old boy whose tumor displayed a t(12;22)(q13;q12) as the sole cytogenetic aberration. FISH,RT-PCR, and sequence analyses revealed an EWSR1-ATF1 fusion gene that has previously been reported in clear cell sarcoma (CCS), a soft tissue sarcoma that is morphologically and clinically distinct from AFH. This study thus has demonstrated that the EWSR1-ATF1 chimera represents a fusion gene that can be associated with different tumor types. Simultaneous expression of the EWSR1-ATF1 and MITF-M transcripts in CCS has led to the proposal that the MITF-M promoter is transactivated by EWSR1-ATF1. The AFH, however, did not express the MITF-M transcript, supporting the theory that MITF-M expression in CCS is a reflection of its cellular origin, rather than a consequence of the presence of an EWSR1-ATF1 fusion protein. Activation of the EWSR1-ATF1 oncogene is probably an early step in the transformation process, but the overall gene expression patterns are likely to vary considerably between AFH and CCS, in keeping with their clinicopathologic differences.
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226
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Zou J, Ichikawa H, Blackburn ML, Hu HM, Zielinska-Kwiatkowska A, Mei Q, Roth GJ, Chansky HA, Yang L. The oncogenic TLS-ERG fusion protein exerts different effects in hematopoietic cells and fibroblasts. Mol Cell Biol 2005; 25:6235-46. [PMID: 15988032 PMCID: PMC1168819 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.25.14.6235-6246.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The oncogenic TLS-ERG fusion protein is found in human myeloid leukemia and Ewing's sarcoma as a result of specific chromosomal translocation. To unveil the potential mechanism(s) underlying cellular transformation, we have investigated the effects of TLS-ERG on both gene transcription and RNA splicing. Here we show that the TLS protein forms complexes with RNA polymerase II (Pol II) and the serine-arginine family of splicing factors in vivo. Deletion analysis of TLS-ERG in both mouse L-G myeloid progenitor cells and NIH 3T3 fibroblasts revealed that the RNA Pol II-interacting domain of TLS-ERG resides within the first 173 amino acids. While TLS-ERG repressed expression of the luciferase reporter gene driven by glycoprotein IX promoter in L-G cells but not in NIH 3T3 cells, the fusion protein was able to affect splicing of the E1A reporter in NIH 3T3 cells but not in L-G cells. To identify potential target genes of TLS-ERG, the fusion protein and its mutants were stably expressed in both L-G and NIH 3T3 cells through retroviral transduction. Microarray analysis of RNA samples from these cells showed that TLS-ERG activates two different sets of genes sharing little similarity in the two cell lines. Taken together, these results suggest that the oncogenic TLS-ERG fusion protein transforms hematopoietic cells and fibroblasts via different pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhui Zou
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Washington, Seattle 98195, USA
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227
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Qian J, Chen Z, Lin J, Wang W, Cen J. Decreased expression of CCAAT/enhancer binding protein zeta (C/EBPzeta) in patients with different myeloid diseases. Leuk Res 2005; 29:1435-41. [PMID: 16005964 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2005.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2005] [Accepted: 05/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
CCAAT/enhancer binding proteins (C/EBPs) are a family of transcription factors that have been implicated in diverse cellular functions such as cellular differentiation and proliferation, and inflammatory processes. C/EBPzeta, also known as GADD153, CHOP10, and DDIT3 has been found associated with the development of myxoid liposarcoma and the progression of melanoma. To investigate the correlation of C/EBPzeta transcript levels with the development of leukemia, samples from 187 patients with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) were examined for C/EBPzeta mRNA using real-time quantitative PCR (RQ-PCR). RQ-PCR analysis demonstrated the median levels of C/EBPzeta were significantly decreased in MDS, AML, and CML patients compared with normal controls (1.40, 0.96, 2.60 versus 14.69, P<0.0001). Significant differences were also observed between patients with CML and with AML or MDS. These results suggest that the insufficient dosage of C/EBPzeta might be involved in the development of leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Qian
- The Department of Hematology, The First People's Hospital of Zhenjiang, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212002, PR China
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228
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Göransson M, Elias E, Ståhlberg A, Olofsson A, Andersson C, Aman P. Myxoid liposarcoma FUS-DDIT3 fusion oncogene induces C/EBP beta-mediated interleukin 6 expression. Int J Cancer 2005; 115:556-60. [PMID: 15688424 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.20893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The myxoid/round cell liposarcoma oncogene FUS-DDIT3 is the result of a translocation derived gene fusion between the splicing factor FUS and DDIT3. In order to investigate the downstream targets of DDIT3, and the transforming effects of the FUS-DDIT3 fusion protein, we have introduced DDIT3-GFP and FUS-DDIT3-GFP constructs into a human fibrosarcoma cell line. The gene expression profiles of stable transfectants were compared to the original fibrosarcoma cell line by microarray analysis. We here report that the NFkappaB and C/EBP beta controlled gene IL6 is upregulated in DDIT3- and FUS-DDIT3-expressing fibrosarcoma cell lines and in myxoid liposarcoma cell lines. Strong expression of the tumor associated multifunctional cytokine interleukin 6 was confirmed both at mRNA and protein level. Knockdown experiments using siRNA against CEBPB transcripts showed that the effect of FUS-DDIT3 on IL6 expression is C/EBP beta dependent. Chromatin immunoprecipitation revealed direct interaction between the IL6 promoter and the C/EBP beta protein. In addition, the effect of DDIT3 and FUS-DDIT3 on the expression of other acute phase genes was examined using real-time PCR. We demonstrate for the first time that DDIT3 and FUS-DDIT3 show opposite transcriptional regulation of IL8 and suggest that FUS-DDIT3 may affect the synergistic activation of promoters regulated by C/EBP beta and NFkappaB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melker Göransson
- Lundberg Laboratory for Cancer Research (LLCR), Department of Pathology, Goteborg University, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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229
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Codrington R, Pannell R, Forster A, Drynan LF, Daser A, Lobato N, Metzler M, Rabbitts TH. The Ews-ERG fusion protein can initiate neoplasia from lineage-committed haematopoietic cells. PLoS Biol 2005; 3:e242. [PMID: 15974803 PMCID: PMC1159166 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0030242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2004] [Accepted: 05/09/2005] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The EWS-ERG fusion protein is found in human sarcomas with the chromosomal translocation t(21;22)(q22;q12), where the translocation is considered to be an initiating event in sarcoma formation within uncommitted mesenchymal cells, probably long-lived progenitors capable of self renewal. The fusion protein may not therefore have an oncogenic capability beyond these progenitors. To assess whether EWS-ERG can be a tumour initiator in cells other than mesenchymal cells, we have analysed Ews-ERG fusion protein function in a cellular environment not typical of that found in human cancers, namely, committed lymphoid cells. We have used Ews-ERG invertor mice having an inverted ERG cDNA cassette flanked by loxP sites knocked in the Ews intron 8, crossed with mice expressing Cre recombinase under the control of the Rag1 gene to give conditional, lymphoid-specific expression of the fusion protein. Clonal T cell neoplasias arose in these mice. This conditional Ews gene fusion model of tumourigenesis shows that Ews-ERG can cause haematopoietic tumours and the precursor cells are committed cells. Thus, Ews-ERG can function in cells that do not have to be pluripotent progenitors or mesenchymal cells. Using a mouse model, these authors study the potential of a known cancer-related gene to cause tumors in cells committed to different lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard Pannell
- 1MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Forster
- 1MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Lesley F Drynan
- 1MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Angelika Daser
- 1MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nati Lobato
- 1MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Markus Metzler
- 1MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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230
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Kuroda M, Tanabe H, Yoshida K, Oikawa K, Saito A, Kiyuna T, Mizusawa H, Mukai K. Alteration of chromosome positioning during adipocyte differentiation. J Cell Sci 2005; 117:5897-903. [PMID: 15537832 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.01508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosomes are highly restricted to specific chromosome territories within the interphase nucleus. The arrangement of chromosome territories is non-random, exhibiting a defined radial distribution as well as a preferential association with specific nuclear compartments, which indicates a functional role for chromosome-territory organization in the regulation of gene expression. In this report, we focus on changes in adipocyte differentiation that are related to a specific chromosomal translocation associated with liposarcoma tumorigenesis, t(12;16). We have examined the relative and radial positioning of the chromosome territories of human chromosomes 12 and 16 during adipocyte differentiation, and detected a close association between the territories of chromosomes 12 and 16 in differentiated adipocytes, an association not observed in preadipocytes. Although further studies are required to elucidate the underlying reasons for the adipocyte-specific translocation of chromosomes 12 and 16, our observations indicate that alteration of relative chromosome positioning might play a key role in the tumorigenesis of human liposarcomas. In addition, these results demonstrate the potential impact of higher order chromatin organization on the epigenetic mechanisms that control gene expression and gene silencing during cell differentiation.
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MESH Headings
- Adipocytes/cytology
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Nucleus/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Centromere/ultrastructure
- Chromatin/metabolism
- Chromosome Positioning
- Chromosomes/ultrastructure
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 12
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Gene Silencing
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Liposarcoma/metabolism
- Microscopy, Confocal
- Models, Statistical
- Time Factors
- Translocation, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiko Kuroda
- Department of Pathology, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8402, Japan.
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231
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Abstract
Sarcomas comprise a heterogeneous group of malignancies that are derived from mesenchymal cells, which under normal circumstances lead to the development of connective tissues such as bone, muscle, fat, and cartilage. During the past decade, insight has been gained regarding the aberrancies that occur during normal development that result in mesenchymal cells transforming into sarcomas. More recently, these insights have led to the development of successful therapies that target the specific mechanisms inherent to individual sarcomas. This overview discusses some of the aberrant molecular mechanisms shared in sarcomas and reviews several sarcoma subtypes in which the most advances have been made. Finally, the ways in which these advances in basic science are translating into and redefining clinical practice are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Matushansky
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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232
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Forster A, Pannell R, Drynan LF, Codrington R, Daser A, Metzler M, Lobato MN, Rabbitts TH. The invertor knock-in conditional chromosomal translocation mimic. Nat Methods 2004; 2:27-30. [PMID: 15782166 DOI: 10.1038/nmeth727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2004] [Accepted: 11/15/2004] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Knock-in models of tumor-specific chromosomal translocations can generate lethal mutations. To circumvent this, a new conditional gene fusion model has been developed (invertor mice) and exemplified with the Ews-ERG fusion oncogene. An ERG segment, flanked by loxP sites, was knocked in to an intron of the Ews gene but in an inverted transcription orientation and lineage-specific Ews-ERG fusion created by Cre-mediated inversion. This invertor method is a completely conditional approach, applicable to any gene fusion, to emulate effects of translocations found in human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Forster
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QH, UK
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233
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Lepourcelet M, Tou L, Cai L, Sawada JI, Lazar AJF, Glickman JN, Williamson JA, Everett AD, Redston M, Fox EA, Nakatani Y, Shivdasani RA. Insights into developmental mechanisms and cancers in the mammalian intestine derived from serial analysis of gene expression and study of the hepatoma-derived growth factor (HDGF). Development 2004; 132:415-27. [PMID: 15604097 DOI: 10.1242/dev.01579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The vertebrate intestine is a model for investigating inductive cellular interactions and the roles of epithelial stem cells in tissue regeneration, and for understanding parallels between development and cancer. We have used serial analysis of gene expression to measure transcript levels across stages in mouse intestine development. The data (http://genome.dfci.harvard.edu/GutSAGE) identify novel differentiation products, potential effectors of epithelial-mesenchymal interactions, and candidate markers and regulators of intestinal epithelium. Transcripts that decline significantly during intestine development frequently are absent from the adult gut. We show that a significant proportion of such genes may be reactivated in human colon cancers. As an example, hepatoma-derived growth factor (HDGF) mRNA is expressed prominently in early gut tissue, with substantially reduced levels after villous epithelial differentiation. HDGF expression is dramatically increased in human colorectal cancers, especially in tumors proficient in DNA mismatch repair, and thus represents a novel marker for a distinctive tumor subtype. HDGF overexpression in fetal intestine explants inhibits maturation, suggesting a role in epithelial differentiation. To investigate the molecular basis for HDGF functions, we isolated components of a nuclear HDGF complex, including heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins implicated in processing RNA. These genes are regulated in tandem with HDGF during intestine development and one factor, TLS/Fus, is commonly overexpressed in colon cancers. Tumor expression of fetal genes may underlie similarities between developing and malignant tissues, such as self-renewal, invasion and angiogenesis. Our findings also advance understanding of HDGF functions and implicate this developmentally regulated gene in RNA metabolic pathways that may influence malignant behaviors in colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maina Lepourcelet
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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234
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Cal S, Quesada V, Llamazares M, Díaz-Perales A, Garabaya C, López-Otín C. Human polyserase-2, a novel enzyme with three tandem serine protease domains in a single polypeptide chain. J Biol Chem 2004; 280:1953-61. [PMID: 15536082 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m409139200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We have cloned a human cDNA encoding a new serine protease that has been called polyserase-2 (polyserine protease-2) because it is the second identified human enzyme with several tandem serine protease domains in its amino acid sequence. The first serine protease domain contains all characteristic features of these enzymes, whereas the second and third domains lack one residue of the catalytic triad of serine proteases and are predicted to be catalytically inactive. This complex domain organization is also present in the sequences of mouse and rat polyserase-2 and resembles that of polyserase-1, which also contains three serine protease domains in its amino acid sequence. However, polyserase-2 lacks additional domains present in polyserase-1, including a type II transmembrane motif and a low-density lipoprotein receptor A module. Enzymatic analysis demonstrated that both full-length polyserase-2 and its first serine protease domain hydrolyzed synthetic peptides used for assaying serine proteases. Nevertheless, the activity of the isolated domain was greater than that of the entire protein, suggesting that the two catalytically inactive serine protease domains of polyserase-2 may modulate the activity of the first domain. Northern blot analysis showed that polyserase-2 is expressed in fetal kidney; adult skeletal muscle, liver, placenta, prostate, and heart; and tumor cell lines derived from lung and colon adenocarcinomas. Finally, analysis of post-translational processing mechanisms of polyserase-2 revealed that, contrary to those affecting to the membrane-bound polyserase-1, this novel polyprotein is a secreted enzyme whose three protease domains remain as an integral part of a single polypeptide chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Cal
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Oncología, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain.
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235
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Yamamoto K, Hato A, Minagawa K, Yakushijin K, Urahama N, Gomyo H, Sada A, Okamura A, Ito M, Matsui T. Unbalanced translocation der(11)t(11;12)(q23;q13): a new recurrent cytogenetic aberration in myelodysplastic syndrome with a complex karyotype. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 155:67-73. [PMID: 15527905 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2004.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2003] [Revised: 02/19/2004] [Accepted: 02/24/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cytogenetic abnormalities are observed in approximately one half of cases of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). Partial or complete chromosome losses and chromosome gains are frequently found, but there is a relatively high incidence of unbalanced translocations in MDS. We describe here two cases of MDS with an unbalanced translocation, der(11)t(11;12)(q23;q13). Both patients were 69 years of age and diagnosed with refractory anemia with excess of blasts in transformation (RAEB-t) according to the high percentage of blasts in the peripheral blood. Cytoplasmic hypogranulation of neutrophils was evident as a dysplastic change. The blasts were positive for CD4 and CD41a as well as CD13, CD33, CD34 and HLA-DR in both cases. Chromosome analysis showed complex karyotypes including a der(11)t(1;11)(q11;p15)t(11;12)(q23;q13) in case 1 and der(11)t(11;12)(q23;q13) in case 2 plus several marker chromosomes. Spectral karyotyping confirmed the der(11)t(11; 12)(q23;q13) and clarified the origin of marker chromosomes, resulting in del(5q) and del(7q). Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analyses with a probe for the MLL gene demonstrated that the breakpoints at 11q23 were telomeric to the MLL gene in both cases. FISH also showed that the breakpoint at 11p15 of the case 1 was telomeric to the NUP98 gene. Considering another reported case, our results indicate that the der(11)t(11;12)(q23;q13) is a recurrent cytogenetic abnormality and may be involved in the pathogenesis of advanced-stage MDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuya Yamamoto
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Kobe University School of Medicine, 7-5-2 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
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236
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Sandberg AA. Updates on the cytogenetics and molecular genetics of bone and soft tissue tumors: liposarcoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 155:1-24. [PMID: 15527898 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2004.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2004] [Revised: 07/09/2004] [Accepted: 07/12/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Avery A Sandberg
- Department of DNA Diagnostics, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, 350 West Thomas Road, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA.
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237
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Schwarzbach MHM, Koesters R, Germann A, Mechtersheimer G, Geisbill J, Winkler S, Niedergethmann M, Ridder R, Buechler MW, von Knebel Doeberitz M, Willeke F. Comparable transforming capacities and differential gene expression patterns of variant FUS/CHOP fusion transcripts derived from soft tissue liposarcomas. Oncogene 2004; 23:6798-805. [PMID: 15286712 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1207840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The chromosomal translocation t(12;16)(q13;p11) is a common genetic alteration in myxoid and round-cell liposarcomas. It results in transcription of various chimeric FUS/CHOP fusion transcripts that encode different oncogenic proteins. Recent reports suggest that these may have different neoplastic transformation activities. To audit this hypothesis, we transfected expression plasmids for the two major variant FUS/CHOP transcripts I and II in NIH 3T3 cells and determined the number of outgrowing foci as well as their growth potential in soft agar. In addition, we compared tumour growth in nude mice upon subcutaneous injection of the respective transfectants. No significant differences in transformation assays in vitro and in vivo were observed, suggesting that both variant transcripts confer comparable transforming activities. The histopathological picture of tumours derived from both cell populations resembles high-grade spindle cell sarcomas. This suggests that both FUS/CHOP variants cause similar patterns of differential gene expression. This hypothesis was confirmed by mRNA-expression profiles of the respective cell clones. Strong overexpression of the pentaxin-related gene (PTX), the osteoblast-specific factor 2 (osf-2), the basic Kruppel-like factor (bklf), the leucoprotease inhibitor, and the cyclophilin B were observed in both types of FUS/CHOP-transfected cell clones. Taken together, our data suggest that different FUS/CHOP variants cause transformation of mesenchymal cells via the same pathways with comparable efficacy.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Chromosome Mapping
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 12/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16/genetics
- DNA Primers
- Exons/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Genetic Variation
- Humans
- Liposarcoma/genetics
- Liposarcoma/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics
- RNA-Binding Protein FUS/genetics
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Soft Tissue Neoplasms/genetics
- Soft Tissue Neoplasms/pathology
- Transcription Factor CHOP
- Transcription, Genetic/genetics
- Translocation, Genetic/genetics
- Transplantation, Heterologous
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238
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Horstmann S, Perry A, Reifenberger G, Giangaspero F, Huang H, Hara A, Masuoka J, Rainov NG, Bergmann M, Heppner FL, Brandner S, Chimelli L, Montagna N, Jackson T, Davis DG, Markesbery WR, Ellison DW, Weller RO, Taddei GL, Conti R, Del Bigio MR, González-Cámpora R, Radhakrishnan VV, Söylemezoglu F, Uro-Coste E, Qian J, Kleihues P, Ohgaki H. Genetic and expression profiles of cerebellar liponeurocytomas. Brain Pathol 2004; 14:281-9. [PMID: 15446583 PMCID: PMC8095792 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2004.tb00065.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebellar liponeurocytoma, a rare, newly identified CNS neoplasm of adults, is characterized by advanced neuronal/neurocytic and focal lipomatous differentiation, low proliferative potential and a favorable clinical prognosis. Despite the different age distribution and benign biological behavior, the cerebellar liponeurocytoma shares several features with the cerebellar medulloblastoma, which may include an origin from the periventricular matrix of the fourth ventricle or the external granular layer of the cerebellum. To establish the genetic profile of cerebellar liponeurocytomas, we have formed an international consortium and collected tumor samples from 20 patients. DNA sequencing revealed TP53 missense mutations in 4 (20%) of 20 cerebellar liponeurocytomas, a frequency higher than in medulloblastomas. There was no case with PTCH, APC, or beta-catenin mutations, each of which may be present in subsets of medulloblastomas. Isochromosome 17q, a genetic hallmark of classic medulloblastomas, was not observed in any of the cases investigated by FISH analysis. cDNA array analyses were carried out on 4 cerebellar liponeurocytomas, 4 central neurocytomas, and 4 classic medulloblastomas. Cluster analysis of the cDNA expression data of 1176 genes grouped cerebellar liponeurocytomas close to central neurocytomas, but distinct from medulloblastomas. These results suggest cerebellar liponeurocytoma as a distinct tumor entity that is genetically different from medulloblastoma. Furthermore, the cDNA expression array data suggest a relationship to central neurocytomas, but the presence of TP53 mutations, which are absent in central neurocytomas, suggests that their genetic pathways are different.
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239
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Klint P, Hellman U, Wernstedt C, Aman P, Ron D, Claesson-Welsh L. Translocated in liposarcoma (TLS) is a substrate for fibroblast growth factor receptor-1. Cell Signal 2004; 16:515-20. [PMID: 14709340 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2003.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Binding of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) to the high affinity receptor-1 (FGFR-1) leads to activation of its endogenous tyrosine kinase activity. A number of substrates for the FGFR-1 kinase have been identified. Among those, FGF receptor-substrate-2 (FRS-2) was identified by virtue of its interaction with p13suc, a yeast protein involved in cell cycle regulation. We have used immobilized p13suc to identify a new substrate for FGRF-1, which is identical to "translocated in liposarcoma" (TLS). TLS is a RNA/DNA-binding protein which occurs in fusion products with different transcription factors in a variety of solid tumours. We show that TLS is tyrosine phosphorylated in intact cells by a number of different growth factors, indicating a role in growth regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Klint
- Rudbeck Laboratory, Department of Genetics and Pathology, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
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240
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Delva L, Gallais I, Guillouf C, Denis N, Orvain C, Moreau-Gachelin F. Multiple functional domains of the oncoproteins Spi-1/PU.1 and TLS are involved in their opposite splicing effects in erythroleukemic cells. Oncogene 2004; 23:4389-99. [PMID: 15064749 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1207578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The hematopoietic transcription factor Spi-1/PU.1 is an oncoprotein participating to the malignant transformation of proerythroblasts in the Friend erythroleukemia or in the erythroleukemic process developed in spi-1 transgenic mice. Overexpression of Spi-1 in proerythroblasts blocks their differentiation. We have shown that Spi-1 promotes the use of the proximal 5'-splice site during the E1A pre-mRNA splicing and interferes with the effect of TLS (Translocated in LipoSarcoma) in this splicing assay. TLS was identified from chromosomal translocations in human liposarcoma and acute myeloid leukemia. Here, we determine the function of Spi-1 domains in splicing and in the interference with TLS. In transient transfection assays in erythroid cells, we show that the DNA binding domain cooperates with the transactivation domain or the PEST region of Spi-1 to modify the function of TLS in splicing. Interestingly, the 27 C-terminal amino acids, which determine the DNA binding activity of Spi-1, are necessary for the splicing function of Spi-1 as well as for its ability to interfere with TLS. Finally, we demonstrate that in leukemic proerythroblasts overexpressing Spi-1, TLS has lost its splicing effect. Thus, we hypothesize that oncogenic pathways in proerythroblasts may involve the ability of Spi-1 to alter splicing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Delva
- Inserm U528, Section de recherche, Institut Curie, Paris, France
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241
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Yuki Y, Imoto I, Imaizumi M, Hibi S, Kaneko Y, Amagasa T, Inazawa J. Identification of a novel fusion gene in a pre-B acute lymphoblastic leukemia with t(1;19)(q23;p13). Cancer Sci 2004; 95:503-7. [PMID: 15182431 PMCID: PMC11159863 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2004.tb03240.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2004] [Revised: 04/15/2004] [Accepted: 04/16/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The most common nonrandom translocation found among childhood pre-B acute lymphoblastic leukemias (ALL) is t(1;19)(q23;p13), which frequently results in fusion of E2A with PBX1. However, rare cases of childhood ALL and various other hematological diseases with t(1;19) lack the E2A-PBX1 fusion. Analyzing a cell line with pre-B-cell phenotype, TS-2, that carries t(1;19)(q23;p13) but lacks the E2A-PBX1 fusion, we successfully cloned the breakpoints, which fell within introns of MEF2D and DAZAP1. Both chimeric transcripts, MEF2D-DAZAP1 and DAZAP1-MEF2D, whose sequences indicated in-frame fusions between MEF2D and DAZAP1, were expressed in TS-2 cells and in bone-marrow cells of the patient from whom the TS-2 was established. MEF2D-DAZAP1 and DAZAP1-MEF2D proteins were both located in the nucleus, and MEF2D-DAZAP1 was able to form dimers with MEF2D and HDAC4. In addition, exogenous expression of MEF2D-DAZAP1 and DAZAP1-MEF2D promoted the growth of HeLa cells. Given the frequency of t(1;19) without the E2A-PBX1 fusion in hematological malignancies, we suggest that MEF2D / DAZAP1 rearrangements might be involved in the pathogenesis of those diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Yuki
- Department of Molecular Cytogenetics, Medical Research Institute, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
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242
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Weng WH, Wejde J, Ahlén J, Pang ST, Lui WO, Larsson C. Characterization of large chromosome markers in a malignant fibrous histiocytoma by spectral karyotyping, comparative genomic hybridization (CGH), and array CGH. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 150:27-32. [PMID: 15041220 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2003.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2003] [Revised: 08/06/2003] [Accepted: 08/14/2003] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we characterized the chromosomal composition of an intra-abdominal soft tissue sarcoma diagnosed as a malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH). By applying a combination of spectral karyotyping, G-banding, and comparative genomic hybridization (CGH), this case was shown to carry large chromosome markers with material mainly from chromosomes 6 and 8. Further characterization of this unique tumor revealed high-level amplifications at the 6q21 approximately q23, 8p21 approximately pter, 8q24 approximately qter, and 12q13 approximately q21 regions. Using array CGH, these amplified regions were found to include MASL1 in 8p, as well s MDM2 and CDK4 in 12q, which have been shown to be amplified in MFH. Similarly, gains of 6q and 8q have also been seen in MFH. In conclusion, our study demonstrates the occurrence of large chromosome markers in MFH and suggests that the regions 6q21 approximately q23, 8p21 approximately pter, 8q24 approximately qter, and 12q13 approximately q21 might harbor oncogenes that could play a role in MFH's tumorigenesis. In addition, gain of 12q13 approximately q21, which is typical of well-differentiated liposarcoma, may also occur in MFH, supporting the previously suggested overlap in genetic etiologies between these two tumor types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Hui Weng
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Hospital, CMM L8:01, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden.
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243
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Panagopoulos I, Storlazzi CT, Fletcher CDM, Fletcher JA, Nascimento A, Domanski HA, Wejde J, Brosjö O, Rydholm A, Isaksson M, Mandahl N, Mertens F. The chimericFUS/CREB3l2gene is specific for low-grade fibromyxoid sarcoma. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2004; 40:218-28. [PMID: 15139001 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-grade fibromyxoid sarcoma (LGFMS) is a variant of fibrosarcoma that was recognized as a distinct tumor entity only quite recently. We previously described a translocation, t(7;16)(q33;p11), that resulted in a fusion of the FUS and CREB3L2 (also known as BBF2H7) genes in two soft tissue tumors that fulfilled morphologic criteria for LGFMS. To delineate the spectrum of tumors that may harbor the FUS/CREB3L2 gene, we selected 45 low-grade spindle cell sarcomas for reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and/or fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analyses; none of these tumors had originally been diagnosed as LGFMS. Furthermore, also included were two benign soft tissue tumors and nine high-grade sarcomas with supernumerary ring chromosomes or 7q3 rearrangement and three tumors diagnosed as LGFMS prior to the genetic analysis. Of the 59 tumors analyzed, 12 were FUS/CREB3L2-positive, all of which were diagnosed at histopathologic re-examination as being LGFMS, of both the classical subtype and the subtype with giant collagen rosettes. The breakpoints in the fusion transcripts were always in exons 6 or 7 of FUS and exon 5 of CREB3L2. The results indicated that FUS/CREB3L2 is specifically associated with LGFMS and that RT-PCR or FISH analysis may be useful for the differential diagnosis.
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244
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Alappat SR, Zhang M, Zhao X, Alliegro MA, Alliegro MC, Burdsal CA. Mouse pigpen encodes a nuclear protein whose expression is developmentally regulated during craniofacial morphogenesis. Dev Dyn 2003; 228:59-71. [PMID: 12950080 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.10353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Pigpen, a nuclear protein with RNA-binding motifs and a putative transcriptional activation domain (TAD), is expressed at high levels in proliferating endothelial cells and expression is down-regulated when cells adopt a quiescent or differentiated phenotype. We cloned the mouse homolog of pigpen and investigated the regulation of its expression during embryogenesis. In situ hybridization demonstrated that a broad pattern of pigpen expression became restricted during tooth formation in the mandible. In the eye, pigpen showed a spatial restriction to the more proliferating and less differentiated regions of the lens and neural retina. Expression was also restricted in the developing vibrissae, lung, and kidney, all sites where epithelial-mesenchymal interactions are vital for morphogenesis. In vitro assays, that focused on the mandible and tooth development, indicated that epithelial signals, mediated by fibroblast growth factor-8, were required to maintain pigpen expression in the mandibular mesenchyme, whereas bone morphogenetic protein-4 negatively regulated expression in that tissue during early odontogenesis. At the protein level, immunocytochemistry demonstrated that Pigpen was expressed diffusely in the cytoplasm and more concentratedly in focal granules within the nuclei of mouse embryonic cells. Lastly, CAT reporter assays showed that the N-terminus of mouse pigpen encodes an active TAD. These data suggest that mouse Pigpen may activate transcription in vivo in response to specific growth factor signals and regulate proliferation and/or differentiation events during mouse organogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia R Alappat
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.
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245
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Sandberg AA, Bridge JA. Updates on the cytogenetics and molecular genetics of bone and soft tissue tumors: chondrosarcoma and other cartilaginous neoplasms. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 2003; 143:1-31. [PMID: 12742153 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-4608(03)00002-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Avery A Sandberg
- Department of DNA Diagnostics, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, 350 West Thomas Road, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA.
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246
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Abstract
An usual case of mesenteric lipoblastoma in a 2-year-old child is presented, and the literature on the subject is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed H Al-Salem
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Qatif Central Hospital, Qatif, Saudi Arabia.
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247
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Abstract
Liposarcoma of the head and neck is rare. Only 12 cases of scalp liposarcoma have been previously reported. In this report, we describe a case of myxoid/round cell liposarcoma in the scalp of a 28-year-old woman. This case report highlights a histologic pattern rarely reported in the head and neck but consistent with the evolving classification of liposarcomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn D Newlands
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 300 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555-0521, USA
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248
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Meissner M, Lopato S, Gotzmann J, Sauermann G, Barta A. Proto-oncoprotein TLS/FUS is associated to the nuclear matrix and complexed with splicing factors PTB, SRm160, and SR proteins. Exp Cell Res 2003; 283:184-95. [PMID: 12581738 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-4827(02)00046-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
TLS/FUS is a nucleic acid-binding protein whose N-terminal half functions as a transcriptional activator domain in fusion oncoproteins found in human leukemias and liposarcomas. Previous reports have suggested a role for TLS/FUS in transcription and splicing processes. Here we report the association of TLS/FUS with the nuclear matrix and investigate its role in splicing. Splicing of two pre-mRNAs was inhibited in a TLS/FUS-immunodepleted extract and could only be partly restored by addition of recombinant TLS/FUS or/and SR proteins, known interaction partners of TLS/FUS. The subsequent analysis of TLS/FUS immunoprecipitates revealed that, in addition to the SR proteins SC35 and SRp75, the splicing factor PTB (hnRNPI) and the splicing coactivator SRm160 are complexed with TLS/FUS, thus explaining the inability to restore splicing completely. Coimmunolocalization confirmed the nuclear matrix association and interaction of TLS/FUS with PTB, SR proteins, and SRm160. Our results suggest that the matrix protein TLS/FUS plays a role in spliceosome assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Meissner
- Institute of Cancer Research, Borschkegasse 8a, University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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249
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Perrotti D, Calabretta B. Post-transcriptional mechanisms in BCR/ABL leukemogenesis: role of shuttling RNA-binding proteins. Oncogene 2002; 21:8577-83. [PMID: 12476304 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1206085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Shuttling hnRNPs control the fate of eukaryotic mRNAs throughout their journey from the active site of transcription to that of translation; thus, gain or loss of their function in hematopoietic cells might result in altered hematopoiesis and/or be associated with the process of leukemogenesis. In BCR/ABL-expressing cells, there is a marked increase in the protein levels FUS, hnRNP A1 and hnRNP E2, three RNA-binding proteins involved in the regulation of mRNA processing, nucleocytoplasmic export, and translation. Ectopic expression and/or inhibition of the activity of these RNA-binding proteins affects proliferation, survival, and differentiation of normal and BCR/ABL-expressing cells, suggesting that enhanced expression/activity of certain RNA-binding proteins plays an important, but as yet unrecognized, role in BCR/ABL leukemogenesis. The identification of the mRNA subsets associated with RNA-binding proteins upregulated in BCR/ABL-expressing cells should functionally link the process of leukemogenesis with alteration of mRNA metabolism.
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MESH Headings
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/pathology
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/physiopathology
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism
- RNA Processing, Post-Transcriptional
- RNA-Binding Proteins/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Perrotti
- Thomas Jefferson University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kimmel Cancer Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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250
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Abstract
A wide array of diagnostic tests are available to evaluate molecular abnormalities in pediatric cancer. Classic cytogenetics, FISH, flow cytometry, PCR, and Southern blot analysis are in widespread use throughout pediatric hospitals. Examples of the application of these methods in pediatric cancer diagnosis are reviewed. Newer methods such as CGH, SKY, gene expression microarrays and proteomic methods are under active investigation andwill almost certainly lead to significant advances in our ability to diagnose and treat pediatric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon M Rowland
- Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital and Research Center at Oakland, 747 52nd Street, Oakland, CA 94609, USA.
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