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Boldt J, Walz G, Triem J, Suttner S, Kumle B. Retraction Note: Point-of-care (POC) measurement of coagulation after cardiac surgery. Intensive Care Med 2023; 49:489. [PMID: 36943443 DOI: 10.1007/s00134-023-07019-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J Boldt
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Klinikum der Stadt Ludwigshafen, Bremserstr. 79, 67063, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - G Walz
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Klinikum der Stadt Ludwigshafen, Bremserstr. 79, 67063, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - J Triem
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Klinikum der Stadt Ludwigshafen, Bremserstr. 79, 67063, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - S Suttner
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Klinikum der Stadt Ludwigshafen, Bremserstr. 79, 67063, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - B Kumle
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Klinikum der Stadt Ludwigshafen, Bremserstr. 79, 67063, Ludwigshafen, Germany
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Schneider J, Henningsen M, Pisarski P, Walz G, Jänigen B. Impact of G-CSF Therapy on Leukopenia and Acute Rejection Following Kidney Transplantation. Int J Organ Transplant Med 2021; 12:1-8. [PMID: 34987735 PMCID: PMC8717965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leukopenia is a common problem after kidney transplantation. The therapeutic approach typically includes a reduction of the immunosuppressive therapy, which is associated with an increased risk of rejection and allograft loss. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) is used as a therapeutic option to raise the leukocyte blood count; however, the effect on acute rejections is controversial. OBJECTIVE The goal of this study is to examine the incidence of acute rejections following G-CSF therapy. METHODS We retrospectively evaluated patients with leukopenia following kidney transplantation and GCSF therapy between January 2007 and December 2017 at our center compared to controls with matched minimal leucocyte blood count in a matched pair analysis. RESULTS We identified 12 patients, who received G-CSF therapy with a cumulative dose of 10.74 µg/kg body weight over a time frame of 4.3 days. G-CSF therapy resulted in a significantly shorter time period with leucocytes <3,000/µL (9.5 vs. 16.6 days), but also trended towards an increased risk of rejection within the next 30 days with three patients in the G-CSF group and no patient in the control group (p=0.06) developing an acute biopsy-proven rejection. Infection and mortality rate in the subsequent year were not different between groups. CONCLUSION G-CSF therapy decreases the duration of leukopenia post-kidney transplantation, but may also increase the risk of an acute rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Schneider
- Department of Medicine IV, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - M. Henningsen
- Department of Medicine IV, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - P. Pisarski
- Department of General and Digestive Surgery, Section of Transplant Surgery, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - G. Walz
- Department of Medicine IV, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - B. Jänigen
- Department of General and Digestive Surgery, Section of Transplant Surgery, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
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Robinson P, McEwan P, Ong A, Ørskov B, Sandford R, Scolari F, Walz G, Bennet-Wilton H, O'Reilly K. FP064ASSESSING THE LONG TERM OUTCOMES OF AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT POLYCYSTIC KIDNEY DISEASE (ADPKD) USING THE ADPKD OUTCOMES MODEL: A UK CASE STUDY. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfv167.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Jing J, Kielstein JT, Schultheiss UT, Sitter T, Titze SI, Schaeffner ES, McAdams-DeMarco M, Kronenberg F, Eckardt KU, Kottgen A, for the GCKD Study Investigators, Eckardt KU, Titze S, Prokosch HU, Barthlein B, Reis A, Ekici AB, Gefeller O, Hilgers KF, Hubner S, Avendano S, Becker-Grosspitsch D, Hauck N, Seuchter SA, Hausknecht B, Rittmeier M, Weigel A, Beck A, Ganslandt T, Knispel S, Dressel T, Malzer M, Floege J, Eitner F, Schlieper G, Findeisen K, Arweiler E, Ernst S, Unger M, Lipski S, Schaeffner E, Baid-Agrawal S, Petzold K, Schindler R, Kottgen A, Schultheiss U, Meder S, Mitsch E, Reinhard U, Walz G, Haller H, Lorenzen J, Kielstein JT, Otto P, Sommerer C, Follinger C, Zeier M, Wolf G, Busch M, Paul K, Dittrich L, Sitter T, Hilge R, Blank C, Wanner C, Krane V, Schmiedeke D, Toncar S, Cavitt D, Schonowsky K, Borner-Klein A, Kronenberg F, Raschenberger J, Kollerits B, Forer L, Schonherr S, Weissensteiner H, Oefner P, Gronwald W, Zacharias H, Schmid M. Prevalence and correlates of gout in a large cohort of patients with chronic kidney disease: the German Chronic Kidney Disease (GCKD) study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2014; 30:613-21. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfu352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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McEwan P, Bennett Wilton H, Robinson P, Hadimeri H, Ong A, Ørskov B, Peces R, Sandford R, Scolari F, Walz G, Woon C, O'Reilly K. Development Of A Model To Predict Disease Progression In Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD). Value Health 2014; 17:A564. [PMID: 27201867 DOI: 10.1016/j.jval.2014.08.1870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P McEwan
- Swansea Centre for Health Economics, Swansea, UK
| | | | - P Robinson
- Otsuka Pharmaceutical Europe Ltd, Wexham, UK
| | - H Hadimeri
- Department of Nephrology, Kärnsjukhuset, Skövde, Sweden
| | - A Ong
- Academic Nephrology Unit, Department of Infection and Immunity, The University of Sheffield Medical School, UK
| | - B Ørskov
- Department of Medicine, Renal Division, Copenhagen University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - R Peces
- Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - R Sandford
- Academic Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Addenbrooke's Treatment Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - F Scolari
- Department of Nephrology, University of Brescia, Italy
| | - G Walz
- Department of Nephrology, University Medical Centre Freiburg, Zentrale Klinische Forschung, Freiburg, Germany
| | - C Woon
- McCann Complete Medical, Macclesfield, UK
| | - K O'Reilly
- Otsuka Pharmaceutical Europe Ltd, Wexham, UK
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Abstract
The optical properties of molecules may he affected by an electric field. With suitable molecules, these effects allow to determine the electric dipole moments and certain components of the polarizability tensors in the ground state and in excited electronic states, the directions of transition moments and certain components of the transition polarizability tensors. The magnitude of the electrooptical effects depends on the effective electric field acting on the molecule. In preceding papers the representation of the effective field was based on the Onsager model. More recent experimental investigations have shown that this approximation is not sufficient when using polar solvents. Here, local fluctuations of the electric field have to be taken into account. Basing on previous theories, an extension including these effects is developed which agrees with the experimental results, as will be shown in the following paper7. Also, an approximate expression is derived for the mean square of the effective electric field
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Affiliation(s)
- W. Liptay
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie der Universität Mainz
| | - G. Walz
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie der Universität Mainz
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7
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Cabrera-Lopez C, Ars E, Marti T, Harris PC, Torra R, Clerckx C, Migeon T, Chen Z, Ronco P, Plaisier E, Lamers IJ, Van Reeuwijk J, Azam M, Boldt K, Maria M, Koster-Kamphuis L, Qamar R, Ueffing M, Cremers FP, Roepman R, Arts HH, Papizh S, Dlin V, Leontieva I, Tutelman K, Perrone RD, Bae KT, Chapman AB, Devuyst O, Gansevoort RT, Grantham JJ, Higashihara E, Torres VE, Sergeyeva O, Zhou W, Blais JD, Czerwiec FS, Liu F, Liao Y, Fu P, Casteleijn N, Zittema D, Bakker S, Boertien W, Gaillard C, Meijer E, Spithoven E, Struck J, Gansevoort R, Robinson P, McEwan P, Hadimeri H, Ong ACM, Orskov B, Peces R, Sandford R, Scolari F, Walz G, Cooke C, O'Reilly K, Riwanto M, Kapoor S, Rodriguez D, Edenhofer I, Segerer S, Wuthrich RP, De Rechter S, Bacchetta J, Van Dyck M, Evenepoel P, De Schepper J, Levtchenko E, Mekahli D, Carr A, Makin A, Baker A, Obeidova L, Stekrova J, Seeman T, Puchmajerova A, Reiterova J, Kohoutova M, Tesar V, Treille S, Bailly JM, Guillaume B, Tuta L, Stanigut A, Botea F, Jo HA, Park HC, Kim H, Han M, Huh H, Jeong JC, Oh KH, Yang J, Koo TY, Hwang YH, Ahn C, Pisani A, Remuzzi G, Ruggenenti P, Riccio E, Visciano B, Spinelli L, Kim JI, Park KM, Liu FX, Rutherford P, Smoyer-Tomic K, Martinez Jimenez V, Comas J, Arcos E, Diaz JM, Muray S, Cabezuelo J, Ballarin J, Ars E, Torra R, Miyaoka T, Morimoto S, Kataoka H, Mochizuki T, Tsuchiya K, Ichihara A, Nitta K. RENAL DEVELOPMENT AND CYSTIC DISEASES. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2014. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfu141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Mace C, Chugh S, Clement L, Zschiedrich S, Godel M, Hartleben B, Eulenbruch K, Munder S, Herbach N, Rastaldi MP, Cohen CD, Hall MN, Ruegg MA, Walz G, Huber TB, Barbora S, Barbora S, Eva H, Pierre R, Vladimir T, Hanna D, Hanna D, Melanie H, Arnaud F, Dominique G, Sophie F, Catherine J, Pierre A, Michel G, Pierre R, Aulagnon F, Aulagnon F, Champion L, Walker F, Verine J, Arnaud L, Glotz D, Vrtovsnik F, Daugas E. The EU and glomerular diseases. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2012. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfs191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Abstract
Almost 16 million Germans are treated annually in an emergency room (ER). Most patients are seen in a specialty ER and only 10-20% of all hospitals have a centralized ER facility. Clinical emergency medicine is currently not adequately reimbursed, but represents a major patient entry point for most hospitals. It remains unclear whether the implementation of specialized ER physicians is more cost-effective than centralized specialization. However, it appears reasonable to centralize all ER resources, to optimize the workflow using electronic patient charts and order entry sets and to incorporate the general practitioner into the treatment of simple medical problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Walz
- Medizinische Klinik IV, Universitätsklinikum, Hugstetter Strasse 55, Freiburg, Germany.
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Schmidts M, Hartleben B, Mayer B, Schneider L, Wanner N, Widmeier E, Walz G, Huber T. The polarity protein scribble interacts with Neph1 during glomerular development. Klin Padiatr 2011. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0031-1273781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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11
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Geyer M, Wilpert J, Wiech T, Theilacker C, Stubanus M, Kramer-Zucker A, Fischer KG, Drognitz O, Frydrychowicz A, Kern W, Walz G, Pisarski P. Rapidly progressive hepatic alveolar echinococcosis in an ABO-incompatible renal transplant recipient. Transpl Infect Dis 2010; 13:278-84. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3062.2010.00583.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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12
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Schafer T, Putz M, Lienkamp S, Ganner A, Bergbreiter A, Ramachandran H, Gieloff V, Gerner M, Mattonet C, Czarnecki PG, Sayer JA, Otto EA, Hildebrandt F, Kramer-Zucker A, Walz G. Genetic and physical interaction between the NPHP5 and NPHP6 gene products. Hum Mol Genet 2009. [DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddp387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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13
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Teschner S, Gerke P, Geyer M, Wilpert J, Krumme B, Benzing T, Walz G. Leflunomide Therapy for Polyomavirus-Induced Allograft Nephropathy: Efficient BK Virus Elimination Without Increased Risk of Rejection. Transplant Proc 2009; 41:2533-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2009.06.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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14
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Wobser R, Wilpert J, Kayser G, Walz G, Stubanus M. [Disseminated histoplasmosis with involvement of mediastinum and skin in an immunocompetent patient]. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 2009; 134:589-93. [PMID: 19277935 DOI: 10.1055/s-0029-1208090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
HISTORY AND ADMISSION FINDINGS A 29-years-old Brazilian woman was admitted to hospital because of progressive dyspnoea, shivering and fever. She reported a noticeable swelling at the right mandible and an ulcerative tumor at the side of the nose. INVESTIGATIONS Laboratory tests showed normocytic, normochromic anemia with an elevation of the inflammatory parameters. Radiology showed an enlargement of the upper mediastinum. Computed tomography revealed extensive, confluent lymphoma. There were groups of cervical lymph nodes, especially in the area of the right jaw. Bronchoscopy showed extensive space-occupying lesions with severe inflammation of the trachea. DIAGNOSIS Bronchial biopsy revealed necrotizing, granulomatous inflammation with dense infiltration of lymphatic cells. Small and spheroidal pathogens were seen within giant cells. Grocott-silver stain was positive, indicating histoplasmosis. Histological work-up of the ulcerating tumor at the side of the nose also showed Histoplasma capsulatum. TREATMENT AND COURSE 8 weeks after starting specific treatment with oral itraconazole the inflammatory parameters had fallen to normal and computed tomography showed regression of the mediastinal bulge. CONCLUSION Large mediastinal and cervical lymphatic masses with space-occupying bronchial lesions suggest should, in the differential diagnosis, consider not only malignant tumor but also infections. If the patient had been abroad (in this case in Brazil), pathogens like Histoplasma capsulatum, which is not present in Europe, have to be considered. In this immunocompetent patient the severe progression and dissemination of the disease, involving mediastinum, throat and skin, is most unusual.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Wobser
- Abteilung für Nephrologie und Allgemeinmedizin, Medizinische Klinik IV, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Hugstetterstrasse 55, Freiburg
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15
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Geyer M, Fischer KG, Drognitz O, Walz G, Pisarski P, Wilpert J. ABO-Incompatible Kidney Transplantation with Antigen-Specific Immunoadsorption and Rituximab – Insights and Uncertainties. Contributions to Nephrology 2008; 162:47-60. [DOI: 10.1159/000170812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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16
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Klingmüller U, Bauer A, Bohl S, Nickel PJ, Breitkopf K, Dooley S, Zellmer S, Kern C, Merfort I, Sparna T, Donauer J, Walz G, Geyer M, Kreutz C, Hermes M, Götschel F, Hecht A, Walter D, Egger L, Neubert K, Borner C, Brulport M, Schormann W, Sauer C, Baumann F, Preiss R, MacNelly S, Godoy P, Wiercinska E, Ciuclan L, Edelmann J, Zeilinger K, Heinrich M, Zanger UM, Gebhardt R, Maiwald T, Heinrich R, Timmer J, von Weizsäcker F, Hengstler JG. Primary mouse hepatocytes for systems biology approaches: a standardized in vitro system for modelling of signal transduction pathways. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 153:433-47. [PMID: 17186705 DOI: 10.1049/ip-syb:20050067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Complex cellular networks regulate regeneration, detoxification and differentiation of hepatocytes. By combining experimental data with mathematical modelling, systems biology holds great promises to elucidate the key regulatory mechanisms involved and predict targets for efficient intervention. For the generation of high-quality quantitative data suitable for mathematical modelling a standardised in vitro system is essential. Therefore the authors developed standard operating procedures for the preparation and cultivation of primary mouse hepatocytes. To reliably monitor the dynamic induction of signalling pathways, the authors established starvation conditions and evaluated the extent of starvation-associated stress by quantifying several metabolic functions of cultured primary hepatocytes, namely activities of glutathione-S-transferase, glutamine synthetase, CYP3A as well as secretion of lactate and urea into the culture medium. Establishment of constant metabolic activities after an initial decrease compared with freshly isolated hepatocytes showed that the cultured hepatocytes achieve a new equilibrium state that was not affected by our starving conditions. To verify the highly reproducible dynamic activation of signalling pathways in the in vitro system, the authors examined the JAK-STAT, SMAD, PI3 kinase, MAP kinase, NF-kappaB and Wnt/beta-catenin signalling pathways. For the induction of gp130, JAK1 and STAT3 phosphorylation IL6 was used, whereas TGFbeta was applied to activate the phosphorylation of SMAD1, SMAD2 and SMAD3. Both Akt/PKB and ERK1/2 phosphorylation were stimulated by the addition of hepatocyte growth factor. The time-dependent induction of a pool of signalling competent beta-catenin was monitored in response to the inhibition of GSK3beta. To analyse whether phosphorylation is actually leading to transcriptional responses, luciferase reporter gene constructs driven by multiple copies of TGFbeta-responsive motives were applied, demonstrating a dose-dependent increase in luciferase activity. Moreover, the induction of apoptosis by the TNF-like cytokine Fas ligand was studied in the in vitro system. Thus, the mouse hepatocyte in vitro system provides an important basis for the generation of high-quality quantitative data under standardised cell culture conditions that is essential to elucidate critical hepatocellular functions by the systems biology approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Klingmüller
- Boveri Group, Systems Biology of Signal Transduction, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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17
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Abstract
Polycystic kidneys are caused by an amazingly broad array of genetic mutations and manipulations. The ciliary hypothesis has evolved as the unifying concept of cystogenesis: cilia, bend by fluid flow, initiate a calcium influx that prevents cyst formation. The integrity of ciliary functions has been linked to the polycystic kidney disease gene products localizing to the cilium or the basal body/centrosome. Until recently, the signals and cellular programs located downstream of the ciliary-mediated calcium flux have remained elusive. Now, several reports point towards a role of the cilium or the basal body/centrosome complex in planar cell polarity, a pathway that orients cell in the plane of a tissue layer. First, Inversin, a protein mutated in nephronophthisis type II was found to act as a switch between the canonical and the noncanonical Wnt cascade, suggesting that beta-catenin/TCF-dependent gene transcription has to be curtailed to allow normal tubular differentiation. Second, heterozygote deletions of Bardet-Biedl syndrome proteins affect neural tube closure and disrupt the cochlear sterociliary bundles, two typical planar cell polarity defects. Third, tubular epithelial cells undergo oriented cell division during tubular elongation, along the axis of the anterior-posterior axis of the nephron. Thus, the cilium or the basal body/centrosome complex may provide the spatial cues to position the centrosome and the mitotic spindle before the next cell division. Failure to communicate this spatial information may condemn the tubular epithelial cells to proliferate and to form cysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Simons
- Renal Division, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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18
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Horndasch M, Lienkamp S, Springer E, Schmitt A, Pavenstädt H, Walz G, Gloy J. The C/EBP homologous protein CHOP (GADD153) is an inhibitor of Wnt/TCF signals. Oncogene 2006; 25:3397-407. [PMID: 16434966 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
CHOP (GADD153) is a protein of the C/EBP family of transcriptional regulators, which dimerizes with other C/EBP members and changes their DNA-binding and transactivation properties. It induces growth arrest and apoptosis after endoplasmatic reticulum stress or DNA damage. CHOP is also expressed during early embryogenesis and upregulated in tumour tissues with defective Wnt signals. We report here that CHOP functions as a specific inhibitor of Wnt/T-cell factor (TCF) signalling. CHOP inhibits TCF-dependent transcription in human embryonic and colon cancer cell lines. Injection of CHOP mRNA into early Xenopus laevis embryos suppresses dorsal organizer formation and inhibits secondary axis formation and TCF-dependent transcription in response to Wnt-8, Dishevelled, beta-Catenin and TCF-VP16. In embryos and human cells, this inhibition depends on the N-terminal transactivation domain of CHOP, whereas the C-terminal dimerization domain is dispensable. CHOP binds to TCF factors, thereby preventing the binding of TCF to its DNA recognition site. Our findings demonstrate a novel function of CHOP as a Wnt repressor.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Horndasch
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University Hospital of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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19
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Zeisel M, Fang X, Wilpert J, Thimme R, Timmer J, Donauer J, Walz G, Depla E, von Weizsäcker F, Blum H, Baumert T. O.173 Virus-host interactions during the first steps of viral infection: host cell responses induced by cellular binding of hepatitis C virus-like particles. J Clin Virol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s1386-6532(06)80163-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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20
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Abstract
Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by protein loss in the urine, hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia and edema. Several diseases cause a nephrotic syndrome, as they damage the glomerular podocytes. These specialized epithelial cells, together with endothelial cells of the glomerular capillaries and the basal membrane, form a filter that retains plasma proteins in the circulation. A disturbance of this filter causes proteinuria. The three most common primary glomerular diseases are minimal change, membranous glomerulonephritis, and the primary focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. The familiar forms are rare; however, the identification of the relevant gene defects has greatly advanced our understanding of podocyte function as well as the pathogenesis of nephrotic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Walz
- Medizinische Klinik IV, Universitätsklinikum, Freiburg, Germany.
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21
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Walz G. [Pathogenesis of cystic kidney diseases]. Verh Dtsch Ges Pathol 2003; 86:138-44. [PMID: 12647363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Several gene mutations cause renal cysts in humans, including PKD1 and PKD2 (autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease, ADPKD), PKHD1 (autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease, ARPKD), TSC1 and TSC2 (Tuberous Sclerosis), NPHP1 (Nephronophthisis type I), and VHL (von-Hippel-Lindau syndrome). This raises the question, whether there are common denominators of cyst development. Both polycystin-1 and fibrocystin, the gene products of PKD1 and PKHD1, appear to act as adhesion molecules. Polycystin-2, encoded by PKD2, is a ion channel that requires polycystin-1 to translocate to the plasma membrane. Polycystin-1 mandates TSC2 for the transport to the plasma membrane; thus, mutations of TSC2 could cause cyst formation by compromising the function of polycystin-1. Disturbances of fibrillary adhesion complexes may represent the final common pathway of NPHP1 as well as VHL mutations. Delineating common pathways of cystogenesis may help to design therapeutic strategies that combat the development and/or progression of renal cysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Walz
- Medizinische Klinik IV (Nephrologie und Allgemeinmedizin), Universitätsklinikum Freiburg
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22
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Abstract
Mutations of NPHS1 or NPHS2, the genes encoding for the glomerular podocyte proteins nephrin and podocin, cause steroid-resistant proteinuria. In addition, mice lacking CD2-associated protein (CD2AP) develop a nephrotic syndrome that resembles NPHS mutations suggesting that all three proteins are essential for the integrity of glomerular podocytes. Although the precise glomerular function of either protein remains unknown, it has been suggested that nephrin forms zipper-like interactions to maintain the structure of podocyte foot processes. We demonstrate now that nephrin is a signaling molecule, which stimulates mitogen-activated protein kinases. Nephrin-induced signaling is greatly enhanced by podocin, which binds to the cytoplasmic tail of nephrin. Mutational analysis suggests that abnormal or inefficient signaling through the nephrin-podocin complex contributes to the development of podocyte dysfunction and proteinuria.
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Affiliation(s)
- T B Huber
- Renal Division, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg 79106, Germany
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Benzing T, Gerke P, Höpker K, Hildebrandt F, Kim E, Walz G. Nephrocystin interacts with Pyk2, p130(Cas), and tensin and triggers phosphorylation of Pyk2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98:9784-9. [PMID: 11493697 PMCID: PMC55530 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.171269898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Juvenile nephronophthisis type 1 is caused by mutations of NPHP1, the gene encoding for nephrocystin. The function of nephrocystin is presently unknown, but the presence of a Src homology 3 domain and its recently described interaction with p130(Cas) suggest that nephrocystin is part of the focal adhesion signaling complex. We generated a nephrocystin-specific antiserum and analyzed the interaction of native nephrocystin with endogenous proteins. Immunoprecipitation of nephrocystin revealed that nephrocystin forms protein complexes with p130(Cas), proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2), and tensin, indicating that these proteins participate in a common signaling pathway. Expression of nephrocystin resulted in phosphorylation of Pyk2 on tyrosine 402 as well as activation of downstream mitogen-activated protein kinases, such as ERK1 and ERK2. Our findings suggest that nephrocystin helps to recruit Pyk2 to cell matrix adhesions, thereby initiating phosphorylation of Pyk2 and Pyk2-dependent signaling. A lack of functional nephrocystin may compromise Pyk2 signaling in a subset of renal epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Benzing
- Renal Division, University Hospital Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; and Children's Hospital, and Molecular Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
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Schreiber R, Kindle P, Benzing T, Walz G, Kunzelmann K. Control of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator by alphaG(i) and RGS proteins. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001; 281:917-23. [PMID: 11237748 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2001.4455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) has been shown previously to be regulated by inhibitory G proteins. In the present study, we demonstrate inhibition of CFTR by alphaG(i2) and alphaG(i1), but not alphaG(0), in Xenopus oocytes. We further examined whether regulators of G protein signaling (RGS) proteins interfere with alphaG(i)-dependent inhibition of CFTR. Activation of CFTR by IBMX and forskolin was attenuated in the presence of alphaG(i2), indicating inhibition of CFTR by alphaG(i2) in Xenopus oocytes. Coexpression of the proteins RGS3 and RGS7 together with CFTR and alphaG(i2) partially recovered activation by IBMX/forskolin. 14-3-3, a protein that is known to interfere with RGS proteins, counteracted the effects of RGS3. These data demonstrate the regulation of CFTR by alphaG(i) in Xenopus oocytes. Because RGS proteins interfere with the G protein-dependent regulation of CFTR, this may offer new potential pathways for pharmacological intervention in cystic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Schreiber
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
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25
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Vandorpe DH, Chernova MN, Jiang L, Sellin LK, Wilhelm S, Stuart-Tilley AK, Walz G, Alper SL. The cytoplasmic C-terminal fragment of polycystin-1 regulates a Ca2+-permeable cation channel. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:4093-101. [PMID: 11044446 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m006252200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The cytoplasmic C-terminal portion of the polycystin-1 polypeptide (PKD1(1-226)) regulates several important cell signaling pathways, and its deletion suffices to cause autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. However, a functional link between PKD1 and the ion transport processes required to drive renal cyst enlargement has remained elusive. We report here that expression at the Xenopus oocyte surface of a transmembrane fusion protein encoding the C-terminal portion of the PKD1 cytoplasmic tail, PKD1(115-226), but not the N-terminal portion, induced a large, Ca(2+)-permeable cation current, which shifted oocyte reversal potential (E(rev)) by +33 mV. Whole cell currents were sensitive to inhibition by La(3+), Gd(3+), and Zn(2+), and partially inhibited by SKF96365 and amiloride. Currents were not activated by bath hypertonicity, but were inhibited by acid pH. Outside-out patches pulled from PKD1(115-226)-expressing oocytes exhibited a 5.1-fold increased NP(o) of endogenous 20-picosiemens cation channels of linear conductance. PKD1(115-226)-injected oocytes also exhibited elevated NP(o) of unitary calcium currents in outside-out and cell-attached patches, and elevated calcium permeability documented by fluorescence ratio and (45)Ca(2+) flux experiments. Both Ca(2+) conductance and influx were inhibited by La(3+). Mutation of candidate phosphorylation sites within PKD1(115-226) abolished the cation current. We conclude that the C-terminal cytoplasmic tail of PKD1 up-regulates inward current that includes a major contribution from Ca(2+)-permeable nonspecific cation channels. Dysregulation of these or similar channels in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease may contribute to cyst formation or expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Vandorpe
- Molecular Medicine and Renal Units, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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26
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Benzing T, Yaffe MB, Arnould T, Sellin L, Schermer B, Schilling B, Schreiber R, Kunzelmann K, Leparc GG, Kim E, Walz G. 14-3-3 interacts with regulator of G protein signaling proteins and modulates their activity. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:28167-72. [PMID: 10862767 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m002905200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulator of G protein signaling (RGS) proteins function as GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) that stimulate the inactivation of heterotrimeric G proteins. We have recently shown that RGS proteins may be regulated on a post-translational level (Benzing, T., Brandes, R., Sellin, L., Schermer, B., Lecker, S., Walz, G., and Kim, E. (1999) Nat. Med. 5, 913-918). However, mechanisms controlling the GAP activity of RGS proteins are poorly understood. Here we show that 14-3-3 proteins associate with RGS7 and RGS3. Binding of 14-3-3 is mediated by a conserved phosphoserine located in the Galpha-interacting portion of the RGS domain; interaction with 14-3-3 inhibits the GAP activity of RGS7, depends upon phosphorylation of a conserved residue within the RGS domain, and results in inhibition of GAP function. Collectively, these data indicate that phosphorylation-dependent binding of 14-3-3 may act as molecular switch that controls the GAP activity keeping a substantial fraction of RGS proteins in a dormant state.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Benzing
- Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Freiburg, Hugstetterstr. 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
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27
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Benzing T, Brandes R, Sellin L, Schermer B, Lecker S, Walz G, Kim E. Upregulation of RGS7 may contribute to tumor necrosis factor-induced changes in central nervous function. Nat Med 1999; 5:913-8. [PMID: 10426315 DOI: 10.1038/11354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The central nervous dysfunctions of lethargy, fever and anorexia are manifestations of sepsis that seem to be mediated by increased cytokine production. Here we demonstrate that tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, an essential mediator of endotoxin-induced sepsis, prevents the proteasome-dependent degradation of RGS7, a regulator of G-protein signaling. The stabilization of RGS7 by TNF-alpha requires activation of the stress-activated protein kinase p38 and the presence of candidate mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation sites. In vivo, RGS7 is rapidly upregulated in mouse brain after exposure to either endotoxin or TNF-alpha, a response that is nearly abrogated in mice lacking TNF receptor 1. Our findings indicate that TNF-mediated upregulation of RGS7 may contribute to sepsis-induced changes in central nervous function.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Benzing
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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28
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Kim E, Arnould T, Sellin L, Benzing T, Comella N, Kocher O, Tsiokas L, Sukhatme VP, Walz G. Interaction between RGS7 and polycystin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999; 96:6371-6. [PMID: 10339594 PMCID: PMC26888 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.96.11.6371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/1998] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulators of G protein signaling (RGS) proteins accelerate the intrinsic GTPase activity of certain Galpha subunits and thereby modulate a number of G protein-dependent signaling cascades. Currently, little is known about the regulation of RGS proteins themselves. We identified a short-lived RGS protein, RGS7, that is rapidly degraded through the proteasome pathway. The degradation of RGS7 is inhibited by interaction with a C-terminal domain of polycystin, the protein encoded by PKD1, a gene involved in autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease. Furthermore, membranous expression of C-terminal polycystin relocalized RGS7. Our results indicate that rapid degradation and interaction with integral membrane proteins are potential means of regulating RGS proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Kim
- Laboratory of Molecular and Developmental Neuroscience, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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29
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Arnould T, Sellin L, Benzing T, Tsiokas L, Cohen HT, Kim E, Walz G. Cellular activation triggered by the autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease gene product PKD2. Mol Cell Biol 1999; 19:3423-34. [PMID: 10207066 PMCID: PMC84135 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.19.5.3423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is caused by germ line mutations in at least three ADPKD genes. Two recently isolated ADPKD genes, PKD1 and PKD2, encode integral membrane proteins of unknown function. We found that PKD2 upregulated AP-1-dependent transcription in human embryonic kidney 293T cells. The PKD2-mediated AP-1 activity was dependent upon activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinases p38 and JNK1 and protein kinase C (PKC) epsilon, a calcium-independent PKC isozyme. Staurosporine, but not the calcium chelator BAPTA [1,2-bis(o-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N', N'-tetraacetate], inhibited PKD2-mediated signaling, consistent with the involvement of a calcium-independent PKC isozyme. Coexpression of PKD2 with the interacting C terminus of PKD1 dramatically augmented PKD2-mediated AP-1 activation. The synergistic signaling between PKD1 and PKD2 involved the activation of two distinct PKC isozymes, PKC alpha and PKC epsilon, respectively. Our findings are consistent with others that support a functional connection between PKD1 and PKD2 involving multiple signaling pathways that converge to induce AP-1 activity, a transcription factor that regulates different cellular programs such as proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Activation of these signaling cascades may promote the full maturation of developing tubular epithelial cells, while inactivation of these signaling cascades may impair terminal differentiation and facilitate the development of renal tubular cysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Arnould
- Department of Medicine, Renal Division Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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30
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Ananth S, Knebelmann B, Grüning W, Dhanabal M, Walz G, Stillman IE, Sukhatme VP. Transforming growth factor beta1 is a target for the von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor and a critical growth factor for clear cell renal carcinoma. Cancer Res 1999; 59:2210-6. [PMID: 10232610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
The von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) tumor suppressor gene is mutated in patients with VHL disease and in the majority of patients with sporadic clear cell renal carcinoma (RCC). Overexpression of transforming growth factor (TGF) beta1 has been observed in patients with several cancers, including RCCs, with serum and urine levels correlating inversely with prognosis. We have demonstrated that the VHL tumor suppressor gene product represses TGF-beta1 mRNA and protein levels (approximately 3-4-fold) in 786-O RCC cells by decreasing the TGF-beta1 mRNA half-life. Exogenously added TGF-beta1 did not suppress the growth of 786-O cells in vitro, nor did the addition of neutralizing antibody (Ab) against TGF-beta have any effect. Indeed, 786-O cells were found to express no TGF-beta type II receptor protein, thus allowing them to escape from the negative growth control of TGF-beta1. In contrast to the in vitro data, neutralizing Ab to TGF-beta inhibited tumorigenesis and, in some cases, regressed established 786-O tumors in athymic mice. Immunohistochemistry for von Willebrand's factor revealed a 3-4-fold lower tumor microvessel count in the mice treated with TGF-beta Ab compared to controls, suggesting that the Ab was inhibiting angiogenesis. Our findings indicate that TGF-beta1 is a novel target for the VHL tumor suppressor and that antagonizing its paracrine action may provide novel avenues for treatment of RCCs as well as other tumors that secrete TGF-beta1.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell/blood supply
- Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell/genetics
- Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell/metabolism
- Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell/pathology
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Gene Deletion
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genes, Tumor Suppressor
- Half-Life
- Humans
- Kidney Neoplasms/blood supply
- Kidney Neoplasms/genetics
- Kidney Neoplasms/metabolism
- Kidney Neoplasms/pathology
- Ligases
- Mice
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Mice, Nude
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/genetics
- Proteins/genetics
- Proteins/metabolism
- RNA Processing, Post-Transcriptional
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- RNA, Neoplasm/metabolism
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- Transfection
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/antagonists & inhibitors
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/genetics
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/immunology
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolism
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/pharmacology
- Transplantation, Heterologous
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/drug effects
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins
- Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases
- Von Hippel-Lindau Tumor Suppressor Protein
- von Willebrand Factor/analysis
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ananth
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical Schoool, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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31
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Abstract
The recently discovered family of regulators of G protein signaling (RGS) accelerates the intrinsic GTPase activity of certain Galpha subunits, thereby terminating G protein signaling. Particularly high mRNA levels of one family member, RGS3, are found in the adult kidney. To establish the temporal and spatial renal expression pattern of RGS3, a polyclonal antiserum was raised against the COOH terminus of RGS3. Staining of mouse renal tissue at different gestational stages revealed high levels of RGS3 within the developing and mature tubular epithelial cells. We tested whether RGS3 can modulate tubular migration, an important aspect of tubular development, in response to G protein-mediated signaling. Several mouse intermedullary collecting duct (mIMCD-3) cell lines were generated that expressed RGS3 under the control of an inducible promoter. Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a potent chemoattractant that mediates its effects through heterotrimeric G proteins. We found that induction of RGS3 significantly reduced LPA-mediated cell migration in RGS3-expressing mIMCD-3 clones, whereas chemotaxis induced by hepatocyte growth factor remained unaffected by RGS3. Our findings suggest that RGS3 modulates tubular functions during renal development and in the adult kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Grüning
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02215, Massachusetts
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32
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Abstract
The function(s) of the genes (PKD1 and PKD2) responsible for the majority of cases of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease is unknown. While PKD1 encodes a large integral membrane protein containing several structural motifs found in known proteins involved in cell-cell or cell-matrix interactions, PKD2 has homology to PKD1 and the major subunit of the voltage-activated Ca2+ channels. We now describe sequence homology between PKD2 and various members of the mammalian transient receptor potential channel (TRPC) proteins, thought to be activated by G protein-coupled receptor activation and/or depletion of internal Ca2+ stores. We show that PKD2 can directly associate with TRPC1 but not TRPC3 in transfected cells and in vitro. This association is mediated by two distinct domains in PKD2. One domain involves a minimal region of 73 amino acids in the C-terminal cytoplasmic tail of PKD2 shown previously to constitute an interacting domain with PKD1. However, distinct residues within this region mediate specific interactions with TRPC1 or PKD1. The C-terminal domain is sufficient but not necessary for the PKD2-TRPC1 association. A more N-terminal domain located within transmembrane segments S2 and S5, including a putative pore helical region between S5 and S6, is also responsible for the association. Given the ability of the TRPC to form functional homo- and heteromultimeric complexes, these data provide evidence that PKD2 may be functionally related to TRPC proteins and suggest a possible role of PKD2 in modulating Ca2+ entry in response to G protein-coupled receptor activation and/or store depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Tsiokas
- Renal Division, RW 563, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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33
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Kim E, Arnould T, Sellin LK, Benzing T, Fan MJ, Grüning W, Sokol SY, Drummond I, Walz G. The polycystic kidney disease 1 gene product modulates Wnt signaling. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:4947-53. [PMID: 9988738 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.8.4947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Two distinct signaling pathways, involving Wnt signaling and polycystin, have been found to be critical for normal kidney development. Renal tubulogenesis requires the presence of certain Wnt proteins, whereas mutations in polycystin impede the terminal differentiation of renal tubular epithelial cells, causing the development of large cystic kidneys that characterize autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Polycystin is an integral membrane protein, consisting of several extracellular motifs indicative of cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, coupled through multiple transmembrane domains to a functionally active cytoplasmic domain. We report here that expression of the C-terminal cytoplasmic domain of polycystin stabilizes soluble endogenous beta-catenin and stimulates TCF-dependent gene transcription in human embryonic kidney cells. Microinjection of the polycystin C-terminal cytoplasmic domain induces dorsalization in zebrafish. Our findings suggest that polycystin has the capacity to modulate Wnt signaling during renal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Kim
- Laboratory of Molecular and Developmental Neuroscience, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
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34
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Two different point-of-care (POC) systems for the monitoring of coagulation variables at the bedside were evaluated with regard to practicability, accuracy and costs. DESIGN Prospective, descriptive study. SETTING Single-institutional, clinical investigation on an intensive care unit (ICU) of an urban, university-affiliated hospital. PATIENTS Eighty cardiac surgery patients were studied postoperatively. INTERVENTIONS Arterial blood samples were drawn postoperatively on the ICU at different data points. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS Activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) and prothrombin time (PT) were measured using two POC systems (Thrombolytic Assessment System [TAS] and CoaguCheck Plus). At the same time coagulation parameters were measured by the central laboratory of the hospital. Measurements were carried out at different data points after cardiac surgery on the ICU. The direct and indirect costs of measuring aPTT/PT were also assessed. Bias analyses revealed good agreement of the POC-based monitoring of aPTT/PT with laboratory-based monitoring of coagulation (e. g. aPTT CoaguCheck: bias of -2.8 s with +/- 2 SD [limits of agreement] of +13.7 and -19.1 s). Mean turn-around time (TAT; time from blood sampling until availability of data for the ICU physicians) was significantly longer for the central laboratory-based coagulation monitoring (130 +/- 38 min) than for the two POC systems (aPTT-TAS: 9.6 +/- 2.7 min; aPTT-CoaguCheck: 6.5 +/- 1.9 min). Blood sampling at unfavorable times increased the TAT for laboratory-based measurements considerably. The direct costs for measuring aPPT and PT were significantly higher using both POC systems (aPTT-TAS: $4.84; aPTT-CoaguCheck: $4.34) than for the central laboratory ($1.59). Costs for transportation increased the laboratory-based monitoring considerably ($3.77). CONCLUSIONS Both POC analyzers may reduce the potential for preanalytical errors associated with coagulation measurements at the central laboratory, hasten TAT significantly and may improve patient therapy by reducing inappropriate administration of blood products.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Boldt
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Klinikum der Stadt Ludwigshafen, Germany
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35
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Abstract
The Wnt-inducible homeobox gene Siamois is expressed in Xenopus embryos before gastrulation and is necessary for formation of the Spemann organizer. Here we show that 5'-flanking sequences of the Siamois coding region can specifically activate a heterologous reporter gene in dorsovegetal cells, thus mimicking Siamois's endogenous expression. A 245-bp DNA fragment is sufficient for activation by both Wnts and endogenous inducers. A dominant negative form of Xenopus T cell-specific factor 3 (XTCF-3) inhibited promoter activity, indicating that T cell-specific factor (TCF)/lymphocyte enhancer binding factor 1 (LEF-1) signaling is necessary for regulation of Siamois. Mutagenesis of two individual TCF sites in the -245 promoter revealed that the proximal, but not distal, site is necessary for dorsovegetal activation. These observations suggest that Siamois is directly regulated by TCFs during dorsoventral axis determination. Further deletion analysis identified a positive regulatory region that is required for dorsal activation, but not for Wnt inducibility, of the promoter. We also present evidence for autoregulation of Siamois transcription. Furthermore, the Siamois promoter was activated by Wnt signaling in 293T tissue culture cells, demonstrating that regulation of the promoter is functionally conserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Fan
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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36
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Arnould T, Kim E, Tsiokas L, Jochimsen F, Grüning W, Chang JD, Walz G. The polycystic kidney disease 1 gene product mediates protein kinase C alpha-dependent and c-Jun N-terminal kinase-dependent activation of the transcription factor AP-1. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:6013-8. [PMID: 9497315 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.11.6013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is a common hereditary disorder that accounts for 8-10% of end stage renal disease. PKD1, one of two recently isolated ADPKD gene products, has been implicated in cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. However, the signaling pathway of PKD1 remains undefined. We found that the C-terminal 226 amino acids of PKD1 transactivate an AP-1 promoter construct in human embryonic kidney cells (293T). PKD1-induced transcription is specific for AP-1; promoter constructs containing cAMP response element-binding protein, c-Fos, c-Myc, or NFkappaB-binding sites are unaffected by PKD1. In vitro kinase assays revealed that PKD1 triggers the activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), but not of mitogen-activated protein kinases p38 or p44. Dominant-negative Rac-1 and Cdc42 mutations abrogated PKD1-mediated JNK and AP-1 activation, suggesting a critical role for small GTP-binding proteins in PKD1-mediated signaling. Several protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitors decreased PKD1-mediated AP-1 activation. Conversely, expression of the C-terminal domain of PKD1 increased PKC activity in 293T cells. A dominant-negative PKC alpha, but not a dominant-negative PKC beta or delta, abrogated PKD1-mediated AP-1 activation. These findings indicate that small GTP-binding proteins and PKC alpha mediate PKD1-induced JNK/AP-1 activation, together comprising a signaling cascade that may regulate renal tubulogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Arnould
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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37
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Abstract
PKD1 and PKD2 are two recently identified genes that are responsible for the vast majority of autosomal polycystic kidney disease, a common inherited disease that causes progressive renal failure. PKD1 encodes polycystin, a large glycoprotein that contains several extracellular motifs indicative of a role in cell-cell or cell-matrix interactions, and the PKD2 encodes a protein with homology to a voltage-activated calcium channel and to PKD1. It is currently unknown how mutations of either protein functionally cause autosomal polycystic kidney disease. We show that PKD1 and PKD2 interact through their C-terminal cytoplasmic tails. This interaction resulted in an up-regulation of PKD1 but not PKD2. Furthermore, the cytoplasmic tail of PKD2 but not PKD1 formed homodimers through a coiled-coil domain distinct from the region required for interaction with PKD1. These interactions suggest that PKD1 and PKD2 may function through a common signaling pathway that is necessary for normal tubulogenesis and that PKD1 may require the presence of PKD2 for stable expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Tsiokas
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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38
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Haller H, Kunzendorf U, Sacherer K, Lindschau C, Walz G, Distler A, Luft FC. T cell adhesion to P-selectin induces tyrosine phosphorylation of pp125 focal adhesion kinase and other substrates. J Immunol 1997; 158:1061-7. [PMID: 9013943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Lymphocyte binding to endothelial surface adhesion molecules is an important early step in inflammation, which is mediated initially by P-selectin and E-selectin. We tested the hypothesis that lymphocyte binding to the selectin adhesion molecules induces intracellular signaling by tyrosine phosphorylation. We used an adhesion assay, which relied on cell binding to chimeric proteins consisting of the extracellular domains for P-selectin and E-selectin. Tyrosine phosphorylation was determined using anti-phosphotyrosine Abs by confocal microscopy and Western blot. Binding to P-selectin induced a significant increase in anti-phosphotyrosine immunoreactivity. The P-selectin effect was time dependent with an early response after 10 min and a maximum effect at 30 min. Western blot showed a time-dependent phosphorylation of two distinct 68- and 125-kDa proteins. These proteins were pp125 focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and paxillin, as shown by immunoprecipitation and colocalization. Phosphorylation of pp125 FAK was time dependent reaching a maximum after 30 min. Incubation with the tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein, and, to a lesser extent, with the protein kinase C inhibitor staurosporine, resulted in decreased pp125 FAK phosphorylation. Our results are the first to demonstrate that lymphocyte binding to P-selectin induces tyrosine phosphorylation of distinct proteins. Thus, lymphocyte activation may occur already at the initial contact with surface adhesion molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Haller
- Franz Volhard Clinic at the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Humboldt University of Berlin, Germany
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Haller H, Kunzendorf U, Sacherer K, Lindschau C, Walz G, Distler A, Luft FC. T cell adhesion to P-selectin induces tyrosine phosphorylation of pp125 focal adhesion kinase and other substrates. The Journal of Immunology 1997. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.158.3.1061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Lymphocyte binding to endothelial surface adhesion molecules is an important early step in inflammation, which is mediated initially by P-selectin and E-selectin. We tested the hypothesis that lymphocyte binding to the selectin adhesion molecules induces intracellular signaling by tyrosine phosphorylation. We used an adhesion assay, which relied on cell binding to chimeric proteins consisting of the extracellular domains for P-selectin and E-selectin. Tyrosine phosphorylation was determined using anti-phosphotyrosine Abs by confocal microscopy and Western blot. Binding to P-selectin induced a significant increase in anti-phosphotyrosine immunoreactivity. The P-selectin effect was time dependent with an early response after 10 min and a maximum effect at 30 min. Western blot showed a time-dependent phosphorylation of two distinct 68- and 125-kDa proteins. These proteins were pp125 focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and paxillin, as shown by immunoprecipitation and colocalization. Phosphorylation of pp125 FAK was time dependent reaching a maximum after 30 min. Incubation with the tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein, and, to a lesser extent, with the protein kinase C inhibitor staurosporine, resulted in decreased pp125 FAK phosphorylation. Our results are the first to demonstrate that lymphocyte binding to P-selectin induces tyrosine phosphorylation of distinct proteins. Thus, lymphocyte activation may occur already at the initial contact with surface adhesion molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Haller
- Franz Volhard Clinic at the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Humboldt University of Berlin, Germany
| | - U Kunzendorf
- Franz Volhard Clinic at the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Humboldt University of Berlin, Germany
| | - K Sacherer
- Franz Volhard Clinic at the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Humboldt University of Berlin, Germany
| | - C Lindschau
- Franz Volhard Clinic at the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Humboldt University of Berlin, Germany
| | - G Walz
- Franz Volhard Clinic at the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Humboldt University of Berlin, Germany
| | - A Distler
- Franz Volhard Clinic at the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Humboldt University of Berlin, Germany
| | - F C Luft
- Franz Volhard Clinic at the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Humboldt University of Berlin, Germany
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Kunzendorf U, Pohl T, Bulfone-Paus S, Krause H, Notter M, Onu A, Walz G, Diamantstein T. Suppression of cell-mediated and humoral immune responses by an interleukin-2-immunoglobulin fusion protein in mice. J Clin Invest 1996; 97:1204-10. [PMID: 8636431 PMCID: PMC507172 DOI: 10.1172/jci118534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-2 (IL-2) plays a pivotal role in the cellular and humoral immune responses directed against foreign antigens. We characterized the in vitro and in vivo properties of a chimeric protein consisting of mouse IL-2 fused to the mouse IgG2b Fc domains. This fusion protein binds to IL-2 and Fc receptors and supports IL-2-dependent cell proliferation but does not mediate lysis of IL-2 receptor-positive cells in the presence of murine complement in vitro. However, in vivo the IL2-IgG2b fusion protein suppresses both cellular and humoral immune responses after immunization with sheep erythrocytes. Surprisingly, delayed hypersensitivity is inhibited despite a dramatic increase of splenic CD3+ and NK1.1+ lymphocytes, indicating that altered homing of IL2-IgG2b-activated lymphocytes rather than cytolysis prevents these cells from accumulating in areas of inflammation. Although in vitro the IL2-IgG2b fusion protein does not alter proliferation of B cells in response to mitogenic stimulation, IgM production in response to sheep erythrocytes is profoundly inhibited in mice treated with the IL2-IgG2b fusion protein. Since no side effects are observed, the IL2-IgG2b fusion protein may expand the therapeutic repertoire of reagents used for the treatment of allograft rejection and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Kunzendorf
- Institute of Immunology, Universitätsklinikum Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
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41
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Kunzendorf U, Krüger-Krasagakes S, Notter M, Hock H, Walz G, Diamantstein T. A sialyl-Le(x)-negative melanoma cell line binds to E-selectin but not to P-selectin. Cancer Res 1994; 54:1109-12. [PMID: 7508820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The adhesion molecules E-selectin (ELAM-1) and P-selectin (GMP-140/CD62) recognize the carbohydrate motives sialyl-Le(x), sialyl-diLe(x), or sialyl-Lea, though with different affinity. We found that the melanoma cell line NKI-4 bound to E-selectin, but not to P-selectin. This melanoma cell line did not express sialyl-Le(x), but was positive for sialyl-diLe(x) and sialyl-Le(a). In contrast, 2 other melanoma cell lines, MeWo and SK-MEL-28, expressing either sialyl-diLe(x) or sialyl-Le(a) on the cell surface, bound neither E-selectin nor P-selectin. Transfection of the fucosyltransferases Fuc-TIII, Fuc-TIV, and Fuc-TV mediates cell surface expression of sialyl-Le(x) in many cell lines. We detected transcripts of the fucosyltransferases Fuc-TIII and Fuc-TV in 4 melanoma cell lines despite the absence of cell surface sialyl-Le(x). Our observations indicate that expression of fucosyltransferases (Fuc-TIII and -TV) and generation of cell-surface sialyl-diLe(x) are not sufficient to permit adherence to E-selectin or P-selectin. Furthermore, it seems possible that a yet undefined ligand different from sialyl-Le(x), sialyl-diLe(x), or sialyl-Le(a) enables melanoma cells to adhere to E-selectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Kunzendorf
- Department of Internal Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Steglitz, Berlin, Germany
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42
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Abstract
A crucial step in an effective immune response is the adhesion of circulating lymphocytes. Lymphocytes must attach to endothelial cells before they can migrate into the graft. It has been shown that T cells bind to ICAM-1 and VCAM-1. Additionally, certain T cell subsets bind to ELAM-1. We now report that resting CD4+ and CD8+ T cells as well as individual CD4+ T cell clones and CD8+ T cell lines bind to GMP-140 in an adhesion assay using protein chimeras consisting of the extracellular domain of GMP-140 linked to the hinge domain of human IgG1. Whereas resting T cells bound similarly to ELAM-1 IgG and GMP-140 IgG, activated T cells represented by CD4+ T cell clones and CD8+ T cell lines bound to GMP-140 IgG, but not to ELAM-1 IgG. Neither the binding to immobilized GMP-140 IgG, nor to immobilized ELAM-1 IgG could provide T cells with costimulatory signals for proliferation in the presence of submitogenic concentrations of anti-CD3 antibodies. The binding of T cells to the endothelial adhesion receptor GMP-140 might be important during the initial adhesion process of lymphocytes in rejecting grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Kunzendorf
- Department of Internal Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Steglitz, Berlin, Germany
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Stevens C, Walz G, Singaram C, Lipman ML, Zanker B, Muggia A, Antonioli D, Peppercorn MA, Strom TB. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1 beta, and interleukin-6 expression in inflammatory bowel disease. Dig Dis Sci 1992; 37:818-26. [PMID: 1587185 DOI: 10.1007/bf01300378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The etiology of ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD) remains enigmatic. Infiltrating intestinal macrophages are capable of producing the proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta), and interleukin-6 (IL-6). We investigated the presence of IL-6, TNF-alpha and IL-1 beta mRNA transcripts in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), normal, and other inflammatory intestinal specimens utilizing the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). TNF-alpha mRNA levels did not very between inflammatory bowel disease and control specimens. IL-1 beta mRNA levels were highest in active UC and noninflammatory bowel disease inflammatory specimens while IL-6 mRNA levels were highest in active IBD specimens. Infiltrating T cells, macrophages, and B cells were identified as sources of IL-6 protein in inflammatory bowel disease specimens by immunofluorescent staining. IL-6 transcripts were elevated only in active inflammatory bowel disease specimens, suggesting that IL-6-mediated immune processes are ongoing in the inflammatory mucosal environment of CD and UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Stevens
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
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44
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Camerini D, Walz G, Loenen WA, Borst J, Seed B. The T cell activation antigen CD27 is a member of the nerve growth factor/tumor necrosis factor receptor gene family. The Journal of Immunology 1991. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.147.9.3165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
CD27 is a dimeric membrane glycoprotein found on the surface of most human T lymphocytes. Activation of T cells by engagement of the Ag receptor increases CD27 surface expression, and anti-CD27 antibodies augment Ag receptor-mediated T cell proliferation. In this study a cDNA-encoding CD27 was isolated by expression and immunoselection in COS cells. The predicted polypeptide was found to belong to a recently characterized family of cysteine-rich receptors whose known ligands include nerve growth factor and TNF-alpha and -beta. Structural similarities suggest that CD27 belongs to a lymphocyte-specific subgroup of the family, comprised of the B cell Ag CD40, the rat T cell subset Ag OX40, and the mouse T cell activation Ag 4-1BB. Recent studies suggest some of these molecules may play a role in the survival of activated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Camerini
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - G Walz
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - W A Loenen
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - J Borst
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - B Seed
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
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Camerini D, Walz G, Loenen WA, Borst J, Seed B. The T cell activation antigen CD27 is a member of the nerve growth factor/tumor necrosis factor receptor gene family. J Immunol 1991; 147:3165-9. [PMID: 1655907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
CD27 is a dimeric membrane glycoprotein found on the surface of most human T lymphocytes. Activation of T cells by engagement of the Ag receptor increases CD27 surface expression, and anti-CD27 antibodies augment Ag receptor-mediated T cell proliferation. In this study a cDNA-encoding CD27 was isolated by expression and immunoselection in COS cells. The predicted polypeptide was found to belong to a recently characterized family of cysteine-rich receptors whose known ligands include nerve growth factor and TNF-alpha and -beta. Structural similarities suggest that CD27 belongs to a lymphocyte-specific subgroup of the family, comprised of the B cell Ag CD40, the rat T cell subset Ag OX40, and the mouse T cell activation Ag 4-1BB. Recent studies suggest some of these molecules may play a role in the survival of activated cells.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Base Sequence
- Blotting, Northern
- Blotting, Southern
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA/genetics
- Gene Expression
- Humans
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Multigene Family
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor
- Sequence Alignment
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 7
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Affiliation(s)
- D Camerini
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
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Abstract
CD62, also called PADGEM protein, GMP-140, or P-selectin, is a granule membrane protein of endothelial cells and platelets that is mobilized to the plasma membrane following exposure to mediators such as thrombin, histamine, complement components, or peroxides. Data presented to date suggest that one ligand of CD62 includes CD15 (Lewis x determinant) and sialic acid. We show here that sulfatides, heterogeneous 3-sulfated galactosyl ceramides, are an apparently unrelated ligand of CD62. Sulfatides are expressed on the plasma membrane of, and are excreted by, granulocytes, and constitute the principal ligand for CD62 on the plasma membrane of some tumor cells. CD62 binds to sulfatides adsorbed to plastic as avidly as it binds to myeloid or tumor cells. We find that granulocytes excrete sulfatides at a rate predicted to allow them to be rapidly released from CD62 once they have exited the bloodstream.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Aruffo
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston 02114
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47
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Kunzendorf U, Walz G, Brockmoeller J, Neumayer HH, Jochimsen F, Roots I, Offermann G, Strom TB. Effects of diltiazem upon metabolism and immunosuppressive action of cyclosporine in kidney graft recipients. Transplantation 1991; 52:280-4. [PMID: 1871801 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-199108000-00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
It is widely believed that calcium antagonists such as diltiazem exert immunosuppressive effects in kidney graft recipients--however, the mechanism is unclear. In a randomized controlled trial, kidney graft recipients who received diltiazem during transplantation and for an average of 12 months thereafter experienced significantly fewer rejection episodes than patients treated with cyclosporine and steroids alone. Furthermore, 1-year (97% vs. 85%) and 4-year (80% vs. 70%) graft survival rates were higher in diltiazem-treated patients, but the difference was not statistically significant. In vitro, diltiazem had little immunosuppressive activity. Concentrations of diltiazem which blocked the proliferation of PHA-stimulated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, or prevented activation-associated accumulation of interleukin-2 mRNA, or p50- and p70-IL-2 receptor mRNA exceeded pharmacological concentrations by more than 100-fold. Both, CsA and high doses of diltiazem caused an increase of IL-6 mRNA. In contrast to these findings, the IL-6 plasma concentrations were comparable in both groups, whereas the serum concentration of soluble IL-2 receptors was decreased in patients treated with diltiazem. Administration of diltiazem caused an alteration of CsA metabolism. The whole-blood concentration of CsA metabolite 17 was significantly increased in diltiazem-treated patients, resulting in a five-times-higher concentration of this metabolite in the cellular blood compartment compared with the parent drug. Changes in metabolites 1, 8, and 18 levels were less pronounced. Although direct immunosuppressive properties of diltiazem are unlikely, diltiazem could support immunosuppression by altering CsA metabolism, and promoting accumulation of certain metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Kunzendorf
- Department of Medicine, Universitaetsklinikum Steglitz, Berlin
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48
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Kunzendorf U, Brockmöller J, Bickel U, Jochimsen F, Walz G, Roots I, Offermann G. Promotion of B cell stimulation in graft recipients through a mechanism distinct from interleukin-6 gene superinduction. Transplantation 1991; 51:1312-5. [PMID: 2048210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- U Kunzendorf
- Department of Internal Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Federal Republic of Germany
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49
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Walz G, Stevens C, Zanker B, Melton LB, Clark SC, Suthanthiran M, Strom TB. The role of interleukin-6 in mitogenic T-cell activation: detection of interleukin-2 heteronuclear RNA by polymerase chain reaction. Cell Immunol 1991; 134:511-9. [PMID: 1827050 DOI: 10.1016/0008-8749(91)90322-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
It has been documented that interleukin-6 (IL-6) supports the proliferation of purified, anti-CD3-stimulated murine T cells. We found that stimulation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with anti-CD3 induced a significant accumulation of IL-6 mRNA, indicating that antigen-mediated T-cell activation may involve IL-6 release from accessory cells. Phytohemagglutinin (PHA) had little effect upon IL-6 gene expression. In keeping with these findings, anti-IL-6 reduced but did not abolish anti-CD3-mediated proliferation of PBMCs, but had no significant effect upon PHA-stimulated proliferation. The addition of recombinant (r) IL-6 enhanced the proliferation of anti-CD3-stimulated PBMCs and increased the accumulation of IL-2 mRNA in PHA-stimulated PBMCs during the first 5 hr of culture. Nuclear run-off experiments did not reveal significant changes in IL-2 transcription in PHA plus rIL-6-treated PBMCs attempting to assume that IL-6 mediates stabilization of IL-2 mRNA. However, monitoring of partially spliced IL-2 mRNA by polymerase chain reaction revealed a clear increase in IL-2 heteronuclear RNA. Thus IL-6 increases the rate of IL-2 transcription which was not detectable by conventional in vitro transcription assays. We conclude that anti-CD3 triggers T-cell proliferation through a process that is partially but not entirely dependent upon release of IL-6. IL-6, in turn, supports IL-2 transcription. Insofar as anti-CD3 mimics antigen-triggered activation of the T-cell receptor complex, IL-6 appears to support the early immune response by augmenting antigen-triggered IL-2 gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Walz
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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50
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Sehajpal PK, Li B, Zanker B, Murthi VK, Subramaniam A, Sharma VK, Estin D, Skolnik EY, Wieder KJ, Walz G. The molecular basis for the synergism between the CD3/alpha beta T cell receptor and the CD2 antigen-derived signals in promoting T-cell proliferation. Transplantation 1991; 51:468-74. [PMID: 1671615 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-199102000-00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Northern blot analysis and a highly sensitive methodology for mRNA phenotyping, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), were used to explore the basis for the synergism between CD3/alpha beta T cell receptor (TCR) and the CD2 antigen-derived signals in promoting proliferation of T cells. Northern blotting of RNA isolated from highly purified normal human T cells revealed that crosslinking of anti-TCR-1 (a mAb directed at a framework determinant of the TCR) and OKT11 (a mAb directed at the SRBC-binding epitope of the CD2 antigen) induced the expression of the interleukin-2 gene and the gene for IL-2 receptor alpha, mRNA phenotyping by PCR revealed that crosslinkage of TCR with the CD2 antigen, and not independent crosslinking of TCR or the CD2 antigen, results in the induction of IL-2, IL-2 receptors alpha and beta, and IL-4-specific transcripts. Highly purified CD4+ T cells, as well as CD8+ T cells proliferated by crosslinking TCR with CD2 antigen. Moreover, crosslinkage of TCR with the CD2 antigen and not of either antigen with the CD4 antigen (on the surface of CD4+ T cells) or the CD8 antigen (on the surface of CD8+ T cells) resulted in marked proliferation. Our demonstration that the CD2 antigen-derived signal(s) contribute to the expression of growth promoting genes elicited via the TCR, and that the CD2 antigen is more efficient compared with the CD4 or CD8 antigen in evoking T cell proliferation, suggests that autoimmunity as well as alloimmunity might be regulated by targeting the CD2 antigen.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, CD/physiology
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/analysis
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/physiology
- Blotting, Northern
- CD2 Antigens
- CD3 Complex
- CD8 Antigens
- Gene Expression
- Humans
- Interleukin-2/genetics
- Interleukin-4/genetics
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Receptor Aggregation
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/physiology
- Receptors, Immunologic/physiology
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/genetics
- Signal Transduction
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
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