201
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Crotty S. T follicular helper cell differentiation, function, and roles in disease. Immunity 2015; 41:529-42. [PMID: 25367570 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2014.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1283] [Impact Index Per Article: 142.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Follicular helper T (Tfh) cells are specialized providers of T cell help to B cells, and are essential for germinal center formation, affinity maturation, and the development of most high-affinity antibodies and memory B cells. Tfh cell differentiation is a multistage, multifactorial process involving B cell lymphoma 6 (Bcl6) and other transcription factors. This article reviews understanding of Tfh cell biology, including their differentiation, migration, transcriptional regulation, and B cell help functions. Tfh cells are critical components of many protective immune responses against pathogens. As such, there is strong interest in harnessing Tfh cells to improve vaccination strategies. Tfh cells also have roles in a range of other diseases, particularly autoimmune diseases. Overall, there have been dramatic advances in this young field, but there is much to be learned about Tfh cell biology in the interest of applying that knowledge to biomedical needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane Crotty
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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202
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To summarize our understanding of the biology of T follicular helper (Tfh) cells and how insights into this are being provided by the study of human monogenic immunological diseases. RECENT FINDINGS Antibody production is a key feature of the vertebrate immune system. Antibodies neutralize and clear pathogens, thereby protecting against infectious diseases. Long-lived humoral immunity depends on help provided by Tfh cells, which support the differentiation of antigen-specific B cells into memory and plasma cells. Tfh cells are generated from naïve CD4 T cells following the receipt of inputs from various cell surface receptors. Although genetically modified mice have provided a great understanding of the requirements for generating Tfh cells, it is critical that the requirements for human Tfh cells are also established. This is being achieved by the systematic analysis of humans with monogenic mutations that cause primary immunodeficiencies characterized by impaired humoral immunity following infection or vaccination. SUMMARY The elucidation of the mechanisms that regulate Tfh cell generation, differentiation and function should reveal targets for novel therapeutics that may offer opportunities to manipulate these cells to not only improve humoral immunity in the setting of primary immunodeficiencies but also temper their dysregulation in conditions of antibody-mediated autoimmunity.
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203
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Gaffen SL, Jain R, Garg AV, Cua DJ. The IL-23-IL-17 immune axis: from mechanisms to therapeutic testing. Nat Rev Immunol 2014; 14:585-600. [PMID: 25145755 DOI: 10.1038/nri3707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1109] [Impact Index Per Article: 110.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Following the discovery of T helper 17 (TH17) cells, the past decade has witnessed a major revision of the TH subset paradigm and substantial progress has been made in deciphering the molecular mechanisms of T cell lineage commitment and function. In this Review, we focus on the recent advances that have been made regarding the transcriptional control of TH17 cell plasticity and stability, as well as the effector functions of TH17 cells, and we highlight the mechanisms of IL-17 signalling in mesenchymal and barrier epithelial tissues. We also discuss the emerging clinical data showing that IL-17-specific and IL-23-specific antibody treatments are remarkably effective for treating many immune-mediated inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Gaffen
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, S702 BST, 3500 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
| | - Renu Jain
- Merck Research Laboratories, Palo Alto, 901 California Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA
| | - Abhishek V Garg
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, S702 BST, 3500 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
| | - Daniel J Cua
- Merck Research Laboratories, Palo Alto, 901 California Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA
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204
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Mott KR, Maazi H, Allen SJ, Zandian M, Matundan H, Ghiasi YN, Sharifi BG, Underhill D, Akbari O, Ghiasi H. Batf3 deficiency is not critical for the generation of CD8α⁺ dendritic cells. Immunobiology 2014; 220:518-24. [PMID: 25468565 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2014.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we have reported that CD8α(+) DCs, rather than CD8(+) T cells, are involved in the establishment and maintenance of HSV-1 latency in the trigeminal ganglia (TG) of ocularly infected mice. In the current study, we investigated whether similar results can be obtained using Batf3(-/-) mice that previously were reported to lack CD8α(+) DCs. However, our results demonstrate that Batf3(-/-) mice, without any known infection, express CD8α(+) DCs. Consequently, due to the presence of CD8α(+) DCs, no differences were detected in the level of HSV-1 latency between Batf3(-/-) mice compared with wild type control mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin R Mott
- Center for Neurobiology and Vaccine Development, Ophthalmology Research, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hadi Maazi
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sariah J Allen
- Center for Neurobiology and Vaccine Development, Ophthalmology Research, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mandana Zandian
- Center for Neurobiology and Vaccine Development, Ophthalmology Research, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Harry Matundan
- Center for Neurobiology and Vaccine Development, Ophthalmology Research, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yasamin N Ghiasi
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Behrooz G Sharifi
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - David Underhill
- Inflammatory Bowel & Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Omid Akbari
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Homayon Ghiasi
- Center for Neurobiology and Vaccine Development, Ophthalmology Research, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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205
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Chang JH, Chung Y. Regulatory T cells in B cell follicles. Immune Netw 2014; 14:227-36. [PMID: 25360073 PMCID: PMC4212083 DOI: 10.4110/in.2014.14.5.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding germinal center reactions is crucial not only for the design of effective vaccines against infectious agents and malignant cells but also for the development of therapeutic intervention for the treatment of antibody-mediated immune disorders. Recent advances in this field have revealed specialized subsets of T cells necessary for the control of B cell responses in the follicle. These cells include follicular regulatory T cells and Qa-1-restricted cluster of differentiation (CD)8+ regulatory T cells. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge related to the role of regulatory T cells in the B cell follicle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Hoon Chang
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 712-749, Korea
| | - Yeonseok Chung
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
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206
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Taleb S, Tedgui A, Mallat Z. IL-17 and Th17 cells in atherosclerosis: subtle and contextual roles. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014; 35:258-64. [PMID: 25234818 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.114.303567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory arterial disease driven by both innate and adaptive immune responses to modified lipoproteins and components of the injured vascular wall. Specific T lymphocyte responses driven by T helper-1 or T regulatory cells play distinct and opposing roles in atherosclerosis. More recently, T helper-17 cells, which produce the prototype cytokine interleukin-17, have been characterized and shown to be critical in mucosal host defense against microbial and fungal pathogens. Sustained production of interleukin-17 in an inflammatory context has been linked to the pathology of several autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. However, regulatory and protective roles have also been reported in selective disease settings. Studies in atherosclerosis led to conflicting results on the roles of interleukin-17 and T helper-17 cells in disease development and plaque stability. The present review provides a summary of the available evidence and putative mechanisms linking this pathway to atherosclerosis, as well as a perspective on the risks and benefits of interleukin-17-targeted cytokine therapy in patients at high cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soraya Taleb
- From the Cardiology Department, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, and Université Paris-Descartes, Paris, France (S.T., A.T., Z.M.); and Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK (Z.M.)
| | - Alain Tedgui
- From the Cardiology Department, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, and Université Paris-Descartes, Paris, France (S.T., A.T., Z.M.); and Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK (Z.M.)
| | - Ziad Mallat
- From the Cardiology Department, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, and Université Paris-Descartes, Paris, France (S.T., A.T., Z.M.); and Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK (Z.M.).
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207
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Abstract
Combined with TCR stimuli, extracellular cytokine signals initiate the differentiation of naive CD4(+) T cells into specialized effector T-helper (Th) and regulatory T (Treg) cell subsets. The lineage specification and commitment process occurs through the combinatorial action of multiple transcription factors (TFs) and epigenetic mechanisms that drive lineage-specific gene expression programs. In this article, we review recent studies on the transcriptional and epigenetic regulation of distinct Th cell lineages. Moreover, we review current study linking immune disease-associated single-nucleotide polymorphisms with distal regulatory elements and their potential role in the disease etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhash K Tripathi
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and
Åbo Akademi UniversityTurku, Finland
- National Doctoral Programme in Informational and
Structural BiologyTurku, Finland
- Turku Doctoral Programme of Molecular Medicine (TuDMM),
University of TurkuTurku, Finland
| | - Riitta Lahesmaa
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and
Åbo Akademi UniversityTurku, Finland
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208
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Igarashi K, Ochiai K, Itoh-Nakadai A, Muto A. Orchestration of plasma cell differentiation by Bach2 and its gene regulatory network. Immunol Rev 2014; 261:116-25. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Igarashi
- Department of Biochemistry; Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine; Sendai Japan
- CREST; Japan Science and Technology Agency; Sendai Japan
| | - Kyoko Ochiai
- Department of Biochemistry; Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine; Sendai Japan
- CREST; Japan Science and Technology Agency; Sendai Japan
| | - Ari Itoh-Nakadai
- Department of Biochemistry; Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine; Sendai Japan
- CREST; Japan Science and Technology Agency; Sendai Japan
| | - Akihiko Muto
- Department of Biochemistry; Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine; Sendai Japan
- CREST; Japan Science and Technology Agency; Sendai Japan
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209
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Hanihara-Tatsuzawa F, Miura H, Kobayashi S, Isagawa T, Okuma A, Manabe I, MaruYama T. Control of Toll-like receptor-mediated T cell-independent type 1 antibody responses by the inducible nuclear protein IκB-ζ. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:30925-36. [PMID: 25124037 PMCID: PMC4223300 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.553230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody responses have been classified as being either T cell-dependent or T cell-independent (TI). TI antibody responses are further classified as being either type 1 (TI-1) or type 2 (TI-2), depending on their requirement for B cell-mediated antigen receptor signaling. Although the mechanistic basis of antibody responses has been studied extensively, it remains unclear whether different antibody responses share similarities in their transcriptional regulation. Here, we show that mice deficient in IκB-ζ, specifically in their B cells, have impaired TI-1 antibody responses but normal T cell-dependent and TI-2 antibody responses. The absence of IκB-ζ in B cells also impaired proliferation triggered by Toll-like receptor (TLR) activation, plasma cell differentiation, and class switch recombination (CSR). Mechanistically, IκB-ζ-deficient B cells could not induce TLR-mediated induction of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), a class-switch DNA recombinase. Retroviral transduction of AID in IκB-ζ-deficient B cells restored CSR activity. Furthermore, acetylation of histone H3 in the vicinity of the transcription start site of the gene that encodes AID was reduced in IκB-ζ-deficient B cells relative to IκB-ζ-expressing B cells. These results indicate that IκB-ζ regulates TLR-mediated CSR by inducing AID. Moreover, IκB-ζ defines differences in the transcriptional regulation of different antibody responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumito Hanihara-Tatsuzawa
- From the Laboratory of Cell Recognition and Response, Department of Developmental Biology and Neurosciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578
| | - Hanae Miura
- From the Laboratory of Cell Recognition and Response, Department of Developmental Biology and Neurosciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578
| | - Shuhei Kobayashi
- From the Laboratory of Cell Recognition and Response, Department of Developmental Biology and Neurosciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578
| | - Takayuki Isagawa
- the Department of Genomic Pathology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510
| | - Atsushi Okuma
- From the Laboratory of Cell Recognition and Response, Department of Developmental Biology and Neurosciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578
| | - Ichiro Manabe
- the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, and
| | - Takashi MaruYama
- From the Laboratory of Cell Recognition and Response, Department of Developmental Biology and Neurosciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, the Laboratory of Cell Signaling, School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
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210
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The cytokine TGF-β co-opts signaling via STAT3-STAT4 to promote the differentiation of human TFH cells. Nat Immunol 2014; 15:856-65. [PMID: 25064073 PMCID: PMC4183221 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the developmental mechanisms of T follicular helper (TFH) cells in humans is a highly relevant topic to clinic. However, factors that drive human CD4+ helper T (TH) cell differentiation program towards TFH cells remain largely undefined. Here we show that TGF-β provides critical additional signals for the transcription factors STAT3 and STAT4 to promote the initial TFH differentiation programs in humans. This mechanism does not appear to be shared with mouse TH cells. The developing human Bcl-6+ TFH cells also expressed RORγt, a transcription factor typically expressed by TH17 cells. Our study documents a mechanism by which TFH and TH17 cells co-emerge in inflammatory environments in humans, as often observed in many human autoimmune diseases.
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211
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Care MA, Cocco M, Laye JP, Barnes N, Huang Y, Wang M, Barrans S, Du M, Jack A, Westhead DR, Doody GM, Tooze RM. SPIB and BATF provide alternate determinants of IRF4 occupancy in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma linked to disease heterogeneity. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:7591-610. [PMID: 24875472 PMCID: PMC4081075 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) is central to the transcriptional network of activated B-cell-like diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (ABC-DLBCL), an aggressive lymphoma subgroup defined by gene expression profiling. Since cofactor association modifies transcriptional regulatory input by IRF4, we assessed genome occupancy by IRF4 and endogenous cofactors in ABC-DLBCL cell lines. IRF4 partners with SPIB, PU.1 and BATF genome-wide, but SPIB provides the dominant IRF4 partner in this context. Upon SPIB knockdown IRF4 occupancy is depleted and neither PU.1 nor BATF acutely compensates. Integration with ENCODE data from lymphoblastoid cell line GM12878, demonstrates that IRF4 adopts either SPIB- or BATF-centric genome-wide distributions in related states of post-germinal centre B-cell transformation. In primary DLBCL high-SPIB and low-BATF or the reciprocal low-SPIB and high-BATF mRNA expression links to differential gene expression profiles across nine data sets, identifying distinct associations with SPIB occupancy, signatures of B-cell differentiation stage and potential pathogenetic mechanisms. In a population-based patient cohort, SPIBhigh/BATFlow-ABC-DLBCL is enriched for mutation of MYD88, and SPIBhigh/BATFlow-ABC-DLBCL with MYD88-L265P mutation identifies a small subgroup of patients among this otherwise aggressive disease subgroup with distinct favourable outcome. We conclude that differential expression of IRF4 cofactors SPIB and BATF identifies biologically and clinically significant heterogeneity among ABC-DLBCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Care
- Section of Experimental Haematology, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK Bioinformatics Group, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Mario Cocco
- Section of Experimental Haematology, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Jon P Laye
- Section of Experimental Haematology, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Nicholas Barnes
- Section of Experimental Haematology, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Yuanxue Huang
- Division of Molecular Histopathology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ming Wang
- Division of Molecular Histopathology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sharon Barrans
- Haematological Malignancy Diagnostic Service, Leeds Cancer Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - Ming Du
- Division of Molecular Histopathology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrew Jack
- Haematological Malignancy Diagnostic Service, Leeds Cancer Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - David R Westhead
- Bioinformatics Group, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Gina M Doody
- Section of Experimental Haematology, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Reuben M Tooze
- Section of Experimental Haematology, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK Haematological Malignancy Diagnostic Service, Leeds Cancer Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
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212
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Huber M, Lohoff M. IRF4 at the crossroads of effector T-cell fate decision. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:1886-95. [PMID: 24782159 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201344279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Revised: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) is a transcription factor that is expressed in hematopoietic cells and plays pivotal roles in the immune response. Originally described as a lymphocyte-specific nuclear factor, IRF4 promotes differentiation of naïve CD4(+) T cells into T helper 2 (Th2), Th9, Th17, or T follicular helper (Tfh) cells and is required for the function of effector regulatory T (eTreg) cells. Moreover, IRF4 is essential for the sustained differentiation of cytotoxic effector CD8(+) T cells, for CD8(+) T-cell memory formation, and for differentiation of naïve CD8(+) T cells into IL-9-producing (Tc9) and IL-17-producing (Tc17) CD8(+) T-cell subsets. In this review, we focus on recent findings on the role of IRF4 during the development of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell subsets and the impact of IRF4 on T-cell-mediated immune responses in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Huber
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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213
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Mathew R, Mao AP, Chiang AH, Bertozzi-Villa C, Bunker JJ, Scanlon ST, McDonald BD, Constantinides MG, Hollister K, Singer JD, Dent AL, Dinner AR, Bendelac A. A negative feedback loop mediated by the Bcl6-cullin 3 complex limits Tfh cell differentiation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 211:1137-51. [PMID: 24863065 PMCID: PMC4042651 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20132267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Bcl6 and E3 ligase cullin 3 complexes mediate negative feedback regulation during thymocyte development and T cell activation to restrain exaggerated Tfh responses. Induction of Bcl6 (B cell lymphoma 6) is essential for T follicular helper (Tfh) cell differentiation of antigen-stimulated CD4+ T cells. Intriguingly, we found that Bcl6 was also highly and transiently expressed during the CD4+CD8+ (double positive [DP]) stage of T cell development, in association with the E3 ligase cullin 3 (Cul3), a novel binding partner of Bcl6 which ubiquitinates histone proteins. DP stage–specific deletion of the E3 ligase Cul3, or of Bcl6, induced the derepression of the Bcl6 target genes Batf (basic leucine zipper transcription factor, ATF-like) and Bcl6, in part through epigenetic modifications of CD4+ single-positive thymocytes. Although they maintained an apparently normal phenotype after emigration, they expressed increased amounts of Batf and Bcl6 at basal state and produced explosive and prolonged Tfh responses upon subsequent antigen encounter. Ablation of Cul3 in mature CD4+ splenocytes also resulted in dramatically exaggerated Tfh responses. Thus, although previous studies have emphasized the essential role of Bcl6 in inducing Tfh responses, our findings reveal that Bcl6–Cul3 complexes also provide essential negative feedback regulation during both thymocyte development and T cell activation to restrain excessive Tfh responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Mathew
- Committee on Immunology, Department of Pathology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637Committee on Immunology, Department of Pathology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637Committee on Immunology, Department of Pathology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Ai-ping Mao
- Committee on Immunology, Department of Pathology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637Committee on Immunology, Department of Pathology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637Committee on Immunology, Department of Pathology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Andrew H Chiang
- Committee on Immunology, Department of Pathology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637Committee on Immunology, Department of Pathology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Clara Bertozzi-Villa
- Committee on Immunology, Department of Pathology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637Committee on Immunology, Department of Pathology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637Committee on Immunology, Department of Pathology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Jeffrey J Bunker
- Committee on Immunology, Department of Pathology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637Committee on Immunology, Department of Pathology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637Committee on Immunology, Department of Pathology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Seth T Scanlon
- Committee on Immunology, Department of Pathology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637Committee on Immunology, Department of Pathology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637Committee on Immunology, Department of Pathology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Benjamin D McDonald
- Committee on Immunology, Department of Pathology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637Committee on Immunology, Department of Pathology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637Committee on Immunology, Department of Pathology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Michael G Constantinides
- Committee on Immunology, Department of Pathology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637Committee on Immunology, Department of Pathology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637Committee on Immunology, Department of Pathology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Kristin Hollister
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Jeffrey D Singer
- Biology Department, Portland State University, Portland, OR 97207
| | - Alexander L Dent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Aaron R Dinner
- Committee on Immunology, Department of Pathology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637Committee on Immunology, Department of Pathology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Albert Bendelac
- Committee on Immunology, Department of Pathology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637Committee on Immunology, Department of Pathology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637Committee on Immunology, Department of Pathology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
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214
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The transcription factor Foxp1 is a critical negative regulator of the differentiation of follicular helper T cells. Nat Immunol 2014; 15:667-75. [PMID: 24859450 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
CD4(+) follicular helper T cells (T(FH) cells) are essential for germinal center (GC) responses and long-lived antibody responses. Here we report that naive CD4(+) T cells deficient in the transcription factor Foxp1 'preferentially' differentiated into T(FH) cells, which resulted in substantially enhanced GC and antibody responses. We found that Foxp1 used both constitutive Foxp1A and Foxp1D induced by stimulation of the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) to inhibit the generation of T(FH) cells. Mechanistically, Foxp1 directly and negatively regulated interleukin 21 (IL-21); Foxp1 also dampened expression of the costimulatory molecule ICOS and its downstream signaling at early stages of T cell activation, which rendered Foxp1-deficient CD4(+) T cells partially resistant to blockade of the ICOS ligand (ICOSL) during T(FH) cell development. Our findings demonstrate that Foxp1 is a critical negative regulator of T(FH) cell differentiation.
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215
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Xiao N, Eto D, Elly C, Peng G, Crotty S, Liu YC. The E3 ubiquitin ligase Itch is required for the differentiation of follicular helper T cells. Nat Immunol 2014; 15:657-66. [PMID: 24859451 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Follicular helper T cells (T(FH) cells) are responsible for effective B cell-mediated immunity, and Bcl-6 is a central factor for the differentiation of T(FH) cells. However, the molecular mechanisms that regulate the induction of T(FH) cells remain unclear. Here we found that the E3 ubiquitin ligase Itch was essential for the differentiation of T(FH) cells, germinal center responses and immunoglobulin G (IgG) responses to acute viral infection. Itch acted intrinsically in CD4(+) T cells at early stages of T(FH) cell development. Itch seemed to act upstream of Bcl-6 expression, as Bcl-6 expression was substantially impaired in Itch(-/-) cells, and the differentiation of Itch(-/-) T cells into T(FH) cells was restored by enforced expression of Bcl-6. Itch associated with the transcription factor Foxo1 and promoted its ubiquitination and degradation. The defective T(FH) differentiation of Itch(-/-) T cells was rectified by deletion of Foxo1. Thus, our results indicate that Itch acts as an essential positive regulator in the differentiation of T(FH) cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nengming Xiao
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Danelle Eto
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Chris Elly
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Guiying Peng
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Shane Crotty
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Yun-Cai Liu
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
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216
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Kurachi M, Barnitz RA, Yosef N, Odorizzi PM, Dilorio MA, Lemieux ME, Yates K, Godec J, Klatt MG, Regev A, Wherry EJ, Haining WN. The transcription factor BATF operates as an essential differentiation checkpoint in early effector CD8+ T cells. Nat Immunol 2014; 15:373-83. [PMID: 24584090 PMCID: PMC4000237 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor BATF is required for the differentiation of interleukin 17 (IL-17)-producing helper T cells (TH17 cells) and follicular helper T cells (TFH cells). Here we identified a fundamental role for BATF in regulating the differentiation of effector of CD8(+) T cells. BATF-deficient CD8(+) T cells showed profound defects in effector population expansion and underwent proliferative and metabolic catastrophe early after encountering antigen. BATF, together with the transcription factors IRF4 and Jun proteins, bound to and promoted early expression of genes encoding lineage-specific transcription-factors (T-bet and Blimp-1) and cytokine receptors while paradoxically repressing genes encoding effector molecules (IFN-γ and granzyme B). Thus, BATF amplifies T cell antigen receptor (TCR)-dependent expression of transcription factors and augments the propagation of inflammatory signals but restrains the expression of genes encoding effector molecules. This checkpoint prevents irreversible commitment to an effector fate until a critical threshold of downstream transcriptional activity has been achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Kurachi
- Department of Microbiology University of Pennsylvania Perelman School Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - R. Anthony Barnitz
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nir Yosef
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Pamela M. Odorizzi
- Department of Microbiology University of Pennsylvania Perelman School Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael A. Dilorio
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Kathleen Yates
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jernej Godec
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Martin G. Klatt
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aviv Regev
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - E. John Wherry
- Department of Microbiology University of Pennsylvania Perelman School Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - W. Nicholas Haining
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA, USA
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217
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Vaidyanathan B, Yen WF, Pucella JN, Chaudhuri J. AIDing Chromatin and Transcription-Coupled Orchestration of Immunoglobulin Class-Switch Recombination. Front Immunol 2014; 5:120. [PMID: 24734031 PMCID: PMC3975107 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Secondary diversification of the antibody repertoire upon antigenic challenge, in the form of immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) class-switch recombination (CSR) endows mature, naïve B cells in peripheral lymphoid organs with a limitless ability to mount an optimal humoral immune response, thus expediting pathogen elimination. CSR replaces the default constant (CH) region exons (Cμ) of IgH with any of the downstream CH exons (Cγ, Cε, or Cα), thereby altering effector functions of the antibody molecule. This process depends on, and is orchestrated by, activation-induced deaminase (AID), a DNA cytidine deaminase that acts on single-stranded DNA exposed during transcription of switch (S) region sequences at the IgH locus. DNA lesions thus generated are processed by components of several general DNA repair pathways to drive CSR. Given that AID can instigate DNA lesions and genomic instability, stringent checks are imposed that constrain and restrict its mutagenic potential. In this review, we will discuss how AID expression and substrate specificity and activity is rigorously enforced at the transcriptional, post-transcriptional, post-translational, and epigenetic levels, and how the DNA-damage response is choreographed with precision to permit targeted activity while limiting bystander catastrophe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharat Vaidyanathan
- Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences , New York, NY , USA ; Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Gerstner Sloan Kettering Graduate School , New York, NY , USA
| | - Wei-Feng Yen
- Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences , New York, NY , USA ; Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Gerstner Sloan Kettering Graduate School , New York, NY , USA
| | - Joseph N Pucella
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Gerstner Sloan Kettering Graduate School , New York, NY , USA
| | - Jayanta Chaudhuri
- Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences , New York, NY , USA ; Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Gerstner Sloan Kettering Graduate School , New York, NY , USA
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218
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Willis SN, Good-Jacobson KL, Curtis J, Light A, Tellier J, Shi W, Smyth GK, Tarlinton DM, Belz GT, Corcoran LM, Kallies A, Nutt SL. Transcription factor IRF4 regulates germinal center cell formation through a B cell-intrinsic mechanism. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:3200-6. [PMID: 24591370 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1303216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In response to antigenic stimulation, mature B cells interact with follicular helper T cells in specialized structures called germinal centers (GCs), which leads to the development of memory B cells and Ab-secreting plasma cells. The transcription factor IFN regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) is essential for the formation of follicular helper T cells and thus GCs, although whether IRF4 plays a distinct role in GC B cells remains contentious. RNAseq analysis on ex vivo-derived mouse B cell populations showed that Irf4 was lowly expressed in naive B cells, highly expressed in plasma cells, but absent from GC B cells. In this study, we used conditional deletion of Irf4 in mature B cells as well as wild-type and Irf4-deficient mixed bone marrow chimeric mice to investigate how and where IRF4 plays its essential role in GC formation. Strikingly, GC formation was severely impaired in mice in which Irf4 was conditionally deleted in mature B cells, after immunization with protein Ags or infection with Leishmania major. This effect was evident as early as day 5 following immunization, before the development of GCs, indicating that Irf4 was required for the development of early GC B cells. This defect was B cell intrinsic because Irf4-deficient B cells in chimeric mice failed to participate in the GC in response to L. major or influenza virus infection. Taken together, these data demonstrate a B cell-intrinsic requirement for IRF4 for not only the development of Ab secreting plasma cells but also for GC formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon N Willis
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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219
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Vaeth M, Müller G, Stauss D, Dietz L, Klein-Hessling S, Serfling E, Lipp M, Berberich I, Berberich-Siebelt F. Follicular regulatory T cells control humoral autoimmunity via NFAT2-regulated CXCR5 expression. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 211:545-61. [PMID: 24590764 PMCID: PMC3949566 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20130604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
T cell–specific NFAT2 deletion results in reduced CXCR5+ follicular regulatory T cells, leading to uncontrolled germinal center responses and humoral autoimmunity. Maturation of high-affinity B lymphocytes is precisely controlled during the germinal center reaction. This is dependent on CD4+CXCR5+ follicular helper T cells (TFH) and inhibited by CD4+CXCR5+Foxp3+ follicular regulatory T cells (TFR). Because NFAT2 was found to be highly expressed and activated in follicular T cells, we addressed its function herein. Unexpectedly, ablation of NFAT2 in T cells caused an augmented GC reaction upon immunization. Consistently, however, TFR cells were clearly reduced in the follicular T cell population due to impaired homing to B cell follicles. This was TFR-intrinsic because only in these cells NFAT2 was essential to up-regulate CXCR5. The physiological relevance for humoral (auto-)immunity was corroborated by exacerbated lupuslike disease in the presence of NFAT2-deficient TFR cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Vaeth
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Pathology and 4 Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Julius-Maximilians-University of Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
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220
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Qi H, Liu D, Ma W, Wang Y, Yan H. Bcl-6 controlled TFH polarization and memory: the known unknowns. Curr Opin Immunol 2014; 28:34-41. [PMID: 24583637 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2014.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Revised: 01/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Upon antigenic activation in vivo, naïve CD4 T cells can differentiate into one of several helper (Th) subsets under the control of lineage-specifying transcription factors to tailor immune responses against different types of pathogens. Follicular T-helper (TFH) cells are a recently defined subset that is controlled by Bcl-6 and specializes in promoting B cell-mediated humoral immunity. TFH cells exhibit unique spatiotemporal and functional features, but it is not settled as to how Bcl-6 promotes the TFH development, how TFH cells relate to other Th subsets, and how TFH cells relate to memory. Here we review recent advances and crucial gaps in our understanding of Bcl-6-controlled TFH development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Qi
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, School of Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China.
| | - Dan Liu
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, School of Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Weiwei Ma
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, School of Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Yifeng Wang
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, School of Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Hu Yan
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, School of Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
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221
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Koch S, Mousset S, Graser A, Reppert S, Übel C, Reinhardt C, Zimmermann T, Rieker R, Lehr HA, Finotto S. IL-6 activated integrated BATF/IRF4 functions in lymphocytes are T-bet-independent and reversed by subcutaneous immunotherapy. Sci Rep 2014; 3:1754. [PMID: 23628948 PMCID: PMC3639449 DOI: 10.1038/srep01754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-6 plays a central role in supporting pathological TH2 and TH17 cell development and inhibiting the protective T regulatory cells in allergic asthma. TH17 cells have been demonstrated to regulate allergic asthma in general and T-bet-deficiency-induced asthma in particular. Here we found an inverse correlation between T-bet and Il-6 mRNA expression in asthmatic children. Moreover, experimental subcutaneous immunotherapy (SIT) in T-bet(−/−) mice inhibited IL-6, IL-21R and lung TH17 cells in a setting of asthma. Finally, local delivery of an anti-IL-6R antibody in T-bet(−/−) mice resulted in the resolution of this allergic trait. Noteworthy, BATF, crucial for the immunoglobulin-class-switch and TH2,TH17 development, was found down-regulated in the lungs of T-bet(−/−) mice after SIT and after treatment with anti-IL-6R antibody, indicating a critical role of IL-6 in controlling BATF/IRF4 integrated functions in TH2, TH17 cells and B cells also in a T-bet independent fashion in allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Koch
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Lung Immunology, Institute of Molecular Pneumology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
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222
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Jabeen R, Goswami R, Awe O, Kulkarni A, Nguyen ET, Attenasio A, Walsh D, Olson MR, Kim MH, Tepper RS, Sun J, Kim CH, Taparowsky EJ, Zhou B, Kaplan MH. Th9 cell development requires a BATF-regulated transcriptional network. J Clin Invest 2014; 123:4641-53. [PMID: 24216482 DOI: 10.1172/jci69489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
T helper 9 (Th9) cells are specialized for the production of IL-9, promote allergic inflammation in mice, and are associated with allergic disease in humans. It has not been determined whether Th9 cells express a characteristic transcriptional signature. In this study, we performed microarray analysis to identify genes enriched in Th9 cells compared with other Th subsets. This analysis defined a transcriptional regulatory network required for the expression of a subset of Th9-enriched genes. The activator protein 1 (AP1) family transcription factor BATF (B cell, activating transcription factor–like) was among the genes enriched in Th9 cells and was required for the expression of IL-9 and other Th9-associated genes in both human and mouse T cells. The expression of BATF was increased in Th9 cultures derived from atopic infants compared with Th9 cultures from control infants. T cells deficient in BATF expression had a diminished capacity to promote allergic inflammation compared with wild-type controls. Moreover, mouse Th9 cells ectopically expressing BATF were more efficient at promoting allergic inflammation than control transduced cells. These data indicate that BATF is a central regulator of the Th9 phenotype and contributes to the development of allergic inflammation.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- Basic-Leucine Zipper Transcription Factors/deficiency
- Basic-Leucine Zipper Transcription Factors/genetics
- Basic-Leucine Zipper Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Cell Lineage/genetics
- Cell Lineage/immunology
- Humans
- Hypersensitivity/etiology
- Hypersensitivity/immunology
- Hypersensitivity/metabolism
- Hypersensitivity, Immediate/genetics
- Hypersensitivity, Immediate/immunology
- Hypersensitivity, Immediate/metabolism
- Infant
- Inflammation/etiology
- Inflammation/immunology
- Inflammation/metabolism
- Interferon Regulatory Factors/deficiency
- Interferon Regulatory Factors/genetics
- Interferon Regulatory Factors/metabolism
- Interleukin-9/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-9/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/classification
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/classification
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic
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223
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Nakayamada S, Poholek AC, Lu KT, Takahashi H, Kato M, Iwata S, Hirahara K, Cannons JL, Schwartzberg PL, Vahedi G, Sun HW, Kanno Y, O'Shea JJ. Type I IFN induces binding of STAT1 to Bcl6: divergent roles of STAT family transcription factors in the T follicular helper cell genetic program. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:2156-66. [PMID: 24489092 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
CD4(+) T follicular helper cells (TFH) are critical for the formation and function of B cell responses to infection or immunization, but also play an important role in autoimmunity. The factors that contribute to the differentiation of this helper cell subset are incompletely understood, although several cytokines including IL-6, IL-21, and IL-12 can promote TFH cell formation. Yet, none of these factors, nor their downstream cognate STATs, have emerged as nonredundant, essential drivers of TFH cells. This suggests a model in which multiple factors can contribute to the phenotypic characteristics of TFH cells. Because type I IFNs are often generated in immune responses, we set out to investigate whether these factors are relevant to TFH cell differentiation. Type I IFNs promote Th1 responses, thus one possibility was these factors antagonized TFH-expressed genes. However, we show that type I IFNs (IFN-α/β) induced B cell lymphoma 6 (Bcl6) expression, the master regulator transcription factor for TFH cells, and CXCR5 and programmed cell death-1 (encoded by Pdcd1), key surface molecules expressed by TFH cells. In contrast, type I IFNs failed to induce IL-21, the signature cytokine for TFH cells. The induction of Bcl6 was regulated directly by STAT1, which bound to the Bcl6, Cxcr5, and Pdcd1 loci. These data suggest that type I IFNs (IFN-α/β) and STAT1 can contribute to some features of TFH cells but are inadequate in inducing complete programming of this subset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Nakayamada
- Lymphocyte Biology Section, Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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224
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Transcription factor achaete-scute homologue 2 initiates follicular T-helper-cell development. Nature 2014; 507:513-8. [PMID: 24463518 PMCID: PMC4012617 DOI: 10.1038/nature12910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In immune responses, activated T cells migrate to B cell follicles and develop to T follicular helper (Tfh) cells, a new subset of CD4+ T cells specialized in providing help to B lymphocytes in the induction of germinal centers 1,2. Although Bcl6 has been shown to be essential in Tfh cell function, it may not regulate the initial migration of T cells 3 or the induction of Tfh program as exampled by C-X-C chemokine receptor type 5 (CXCR5) upregulation 4. Here, we show that Achaete-Scute homologue 2 (Ascl2), a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor 5, is selectively upregulated in its expression in Tfh cells. Ectopic expression of Ascl2 upregulates CXCR5 but not Bcl6 and downregulates C-C chemokine receptor 7 (CCR7) expression in T cells in vitro and accelerates T cell migration to the follicles and Tfh cell development in vivo. Genome-wide analysis indicates that Ascl2 directly regulates Tfh-related genes while inhibits expression of Th1 and Th17 genes. Acute deletion of Ascl2 as well as blockade of its function with the Id3 protein in CD4+ T cells results in impaired Tfh cell development and the germinal center response. Conversely, mutation of Id3, known to cause antibody-mediated autoimmunity, greatly enhances Tfh cell generation. Thus, Ascl2 directly initiates Tfh cell development.
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225
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Abstract
The development of specialized helper T cells has garnered much attention because of their critical role in coordinating the immune response to invading pathogens. Recent research emphasizing novel functions for specialized helper T cells in a variety of infectious disease settings, as well as autoimmune states, has reshaped our view on the capabilities of helper T cells. Notably, one previously underappreciated aspect of the lifespan of helper T cells is that they often retain the capacity to respond to changes in the environment by altering the composition of helper T cell lineage-specifying transcription factors they express, which, in turn, changes their phenotype. This emerging realization is changing our views on the stability versus flexibility of specialized helper T cell subtypes. Now, there is a new concerted effort to define the mechanistic events that contribute to the potential for flexibility in specialized helper T cell gene expression programs in the different environmental circumstances that allow for the re-expression of helper T cell lineage-specifying transcription factors. In addition, we are also now beginning to appreciate that "helper T cell" lineage-specifying transcription factors are expressed in diverse types of innate and adaptive immune cells and this may allow them to play roles in coordinating aspects of the immune response. Our current challenges include defining the conserved mechanisms that are utilized by these lineage-specifying transcription factors to coordinate gene expression programs in different settings as well as the mechanistic events that contribute to the differential downstream consequences that these factors mediate in unique cellular environments. In this review, we will explore our evolving views on these topics, often times using the Th1-lineage-specifying transcription factor T-bet as an example.
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226
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Tfh Cell Differentiation and Their Function in Promoting B-Cell Responses. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 841:153-80. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-9487-9_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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227
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Matthews AJ, Zheng S, DiMenna LJ, Chaudhuri J. Regulation of immunoglobulin class-switch recombination: choreography of noncoding transcription, targeted DNA deamination, and long-range DNA repair. Adv Immunol 2014; 122:1-57. [PMID: 24507154 PMCID: PMC4150736 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800267-4.00001-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Upon encountering antigens, mature IgM-positive B lymphocytes undergo class-switch recombination (CSR) wherein exons encoding the default Cμ constant coding gene segment of the immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy-chain (Igh) locus are excised and replaced with a new constant gene segment (referred to as "Ch genes", e.g., Cγ, Cɛ, or Cα). The B cell thereby changes from expressing IgM to one producing IgG, IgE, or IgA, with each antibody isotype having a different effector function during an immune reaction. CSR is a DNA deletional-recombination reaction that proceeds through the generation of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) in repetitive switch (S) sequences preceding each Ch gene and is completed by end-joining between donor Sμ and acceptor S regions. CSR is a multistep reaction requiring transcription through S regions, the DNA cytidine deaminase AID, and the participation of several general DNA repair pathways including base excision repair, mismatch repair, and classical nonhomologous end-joining. In this review, we discuss our current understanding of how transcription through S regions generates substrates for AID-mediated deamination and how AID participates not only in the initiation of CSR but also in the conversion of deaminated residues into DSBs. Additionally, we review the multiple processes that regulate AID expression and facilitate its recruitment specifically to the Ig loci, and how deregulation of AID specificity leads to oncogenic translocations. Finally, we summarize recent data on the potential role of AID in the maintenance of the pluripotent stem cell state during epigenetic reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allysia J Matthews
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA; Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, New York, USA
| | - Simin Zheng
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA; Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, New York, USA
| | - Lauren J DiMenna
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA; Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jayanta Chaudhuri
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA; Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, New York, USA.
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228
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Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Gu W, Sun B. TH1/TH2 cell differentiation and molecular signals. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 841:15-44. [PMID: 25261203 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-9487-9_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The distinctive differentiated states of the CD4+ T helper cells are determined by the set of transcription factors and the genes transcribed by the transcription factors. In vitro induction models, the major determinants of the cytokines present during the T-cell receptor (TCR)-mediated activation process. IL-12 and IFN-γ make Naive CD4+ T cells highly express T-bet and STAT4 and differentiate to TH1 cells, while IL-4 make Naive CD4+ T cells highly express STAT6 and GATA3 and differentiated to TH2 cells. Even through T-bet and GATA3 are master regulators for TH1/TH2 cells differentiation. There are many other transcription factors, such as RUNX family proteins, IRF4, Dec2, Gfi1, Hlx, and JunB that can impair TH1/TH2 cells differentiation. In recent years, noncoding RNAs (microRNA and long noncoding RNA) join in the crowd. The leukocytes should migrate to the right place to show their impact. There are some successful strategies, which are revealed to targeting chemokines and their receptors, that have been developed to treat human immune-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
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Tellier J, Nutt SL. The unique features of follicular T cell subsets. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 70:4771-84. [PMID: 23852544 PMCID: PMC11113495 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1420-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Revised: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The germinal center (GC) reaction is critical for humoral immunity, but also contributes adversely to a variety of autoimmune diseases. While the major protective function of GCs is mediated by plasma cells and memory B cells, follicular helper T (TFH) cells represent a specialized T cell subset that provides essential help to the antigen-specific B cells in the form of membrane-bound ligands and secreted factors such as IL-21. Recent studies have revealed that TFH cells are capable of considerable functional diversity as well as possessing the ability to form memory cells. The molecular basis of this plasticity and heterogeneity is only now emerging. It has also become apparent that several other populations of follicular T cells exist, including natural killer T cells and regulatory T cells. In this review we will discuss the function of follicular T cells and interaction of these populations within the GC response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Tellier
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia,
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Übel C, Sopel N, Graser A, Hildner K, Reinhardt C, Zimmermann T, Rieker RJ, Maier A, Neurath MF, Murphy KM, Finotto S. The activating protein 1 transcription factor basic leucine zipper transcription factor, ATF-like (BATF), regulates lymphocyte- and mast cell-driven immune responses in the setting of allergic asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 133:198-206.e1-9. [PMID: 24290279 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.09.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Revised: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mice without the basic leucine zipper transcription factor, ATF-like (BATF) gene (Batf(-/-)) lack TH17 and follicular helper T cells, which demonstrates that Batf is a transcription factor important for T- and B-cell differentiation. OBJECTIVE In this study we examined whether BATF expression would influence allergic asthma. METHODS In a cohort of preschool control children and children with asthma, we analyzed BATF mRNA expression using real-time PCR in PBMCs. In a murine model of allergic asthma, we analyzed differences in this allergic disease between wild-type, Batf transgenic, and Batf(-/-) mice. RESULTS In the absence of corticosteroid treatment, children with recurrent asthma have a significant increase in BATF mRNA expression in their PBMCs. Batf(-/-) mice display a significant reduction in the pathophysiologic responses seen in asthmatic wild-type littermates. Moreover, we discovered a decrease in IL-3 production and IL-3-dependent mast cell development in Batf(-/-) mice. By contrast, IFN-γ was induced in lung CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. Intranasal delivery of anti-IFN-γ antibodies induced airway hyperresponsiveness and inflammation in wild-type but not in Batf(-/-) mice. Transgenic overexpression of Batf under the control of the CD2 promoter/enhancer augmented lung inflammation and IgE levels in the setting of experimental asthma. CONCLUSION BATF is increased in non-steroid-treated asthmatic children. Targeting BATF expression resulted in amelioration of the pathophysiologic responses seen in children with allergic asthma, and BATF has emerged as a novel target for antiasthma interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Übel
- Department of Molecular Pneumology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nina Sopel
- Department of Molecular Pneumology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anna Graser
- Department of Molecular Pneumology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kai Hildner
- Department of Medicine I, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Cornelia Reinhardt
- Department of Allergy and Pneumology, Children's Hospital, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Theodor Zimmermann
- Department of Allergy and Pneumology, Children's Hospital, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Anja Maier
- Department of Molecular Pneumology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus F Neurath
- Department of Medicine I, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Susetta Finotto
- Department of Molecular Pneumology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
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231
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Control of TFH cell numbers: why and how? Immunol Cell Biol 2013; 92:40-8. [DOI: 10.1038/icb.2013.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Qi H, Chen X, Chu C, Lu P, Xu H, Yan J. Follicular T‐helper cells: controlled localization and cellular interactions. Immunol Cell Biol 2013; 92:28-33. [DOI: 10.1038/icb.2013.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Revised: 09/01/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hai Qi
- Tsinghua‐Peking Center for Life Sciences, Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, School of Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Xin Chen
- Tsinghua‐Peking Center for Life Sciences, Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, School of Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Coco Chu
- Tsinghua‐Peking Center for Life Sciences, Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, School of Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Peiwen Lu
- Tsinghua‐Peking Center for Life Sciences, Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, School of Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Heping Xu
- Tsinghua‐Peking Center for Life Sciences, Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, School of Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Jiacong Yan
- Tsinghua‐Peking Center for Life Sciences, Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, School of Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
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234
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Foley JW, Sidow A. Transcription-factor occupancy at HOT regions quantitatively predicts RNA polymerase recruitment in five human cell lines. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:720. [PMID: 24138567 PMCID: PMC3826616 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-occupancy target (HOT) regions are compact genome loci occupied by many different transcription factors (TFs). HOT regions were initially defined in invertebrate model organisms, and we here show that they are a ubiquitous feature of the human gene-regulation landscape. RESULTS We identified HOT regions by a comprehensive analysis of ChIP-seq data from 96 DNA-associated proteins in 5 human cell lines. Most HOT regions co-localize with RNA polymerase II binding sites, but many are not near the promoters of annotated genes. At HOT promoters, TF occupancy is strongly predictive of transcription preinitiation complex recruitment and moderately predictive of initiating Pol II recruitment, but only weakly predictive of elongating Pol II and RNA transcript abundance. TF occupancy varies quantitatively within human HOT regions; we used this variation to discover novel associations between TFs. The sequence motif associated with any given TF's direct DNA binding is somewhat predictive of its empirical occupancy, but a great deal of occupancy occurs at sites without the TF's motif, implying indirect recruitment by another TF whose motif is present. CONCLUSIONS Mammalian HOT regions are regulatory hubs that integrate the signals from diverse regulatory pathways to quantitatively tune the promoter for RNA polymerase II recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph W Foley
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Current address: Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, 6875 Boulevard LaSalle, Verdun, Québec H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Arend Sidow
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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Locci M, Havenar-Daughton C, Landais E, Wu J, Kroenke MA, Arlehamn CL, Su LF, Cubas R, Davis MM, Sette A, Haddad EK, Poignard P, Crotty S. Human circulating PD-1+CXCR3-CXCR5+ memory Tfh cells are highly functional and correlate with broadly neutralizing HIV antibody responses. Immunity 2013; 39:758-69. [PMID: 24035365 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2013.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 695] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The vast majority of currently licensed human vaccines work on the basis of long-term protective antibody responses. It is now conceivable that an antibody-dependent HIV vaccine might be possible, given the discovery of HIV broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) in some HIV-infected individuals. However, these antibodies are difficult to develop and have characteristics indicative of a high degree of affinity maturation in germinal centers (GCs). CD4⁺ T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are specialized for B cell help and necessary for GCs. Therefore, the development of HIV bnAbs might depend on Tfh cells. Here, we identified in normal individuals a subpopulation of circulating memory PD-1⁺CXCR5⁺CD4⁺ T cells that are resting memory cells most related to bona fide GC Tfh cells by gene expression profile, cytokine profile, and functional properties. Importantly, the frequency of these cells correlated with the development of bnAbs against HIV in a large cohort of HIV⁺ individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Locci
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Auderset F, Schuster S, Fasnacht N, Coutaz M, Charmoy M, Koch U, Favre S, Wilson A, Trottein F, Alexander J, Luther SA, MacDonald HR, Radtke F, Tacchini-Cottier F. Notch Signaling Regulates Follicular Helper T Cell Differentiation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:2344-50. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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237
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Song X, Qian Y. IL-17 family cytokines mediated signaling in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases. Cell Signal 2013; 25:2335-47. [PMID: 23917206 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is the immediate protective response of the body to pathogen invasions, allergen challenges, chemical exposures or physical injuries. Acute inflammation usually accompanies with transient infiltration of leukocytes, removal of danger signals and eventually tissue repair, while persistent and uncontrolled inflammation becomes a major stimulator in the progression of many chronic diseases in human, including autoimmune diseases, metabolic disorders and cancer. Interleukin (IL)-17 family is a recent classified subset of cytokines, playing critical roles in both acute and chronic inflammatory responses. In this review, we will summarize recent progresses on the signalings of this family cytokines and their impacts on the inflammatory responses or disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyang Song
- The Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences/Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
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238
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Specificity through cooperation: BATF-IRF interactions control immune-regulatory networks. Nat Rev Immunol 2013; 13:499-509. [PMID: 23787991 DOI: 10.1038/nri3470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Basic leucine zipper transcription factor ATF-like (BATF), BATF2 and BATF3 belong to the activator protein 1 (AP-1) family of transcription factors, which regulate numerous cellular processes. Initially, BATF family members were thought to function only as inhibitors of AP-1-driven transcription, but recent studies have uncovered that these factors have unique, non-redundant and positive transcriptional activities in dendritic cells, B cells and T cells. The question of how BATF and BATF3 - which lack a transcriptional activation domain, unlike the AP-1 factors FOS and JUN - can exert unique positive transcriptional specificity has now been answered by the discovery that BATF molecules interact with members of the interferon-regulatory factor (IRF) family. The capacity of the BATF leucine zipper regions to mediate dimerization with AP-1 factors and also to define cooperative interactions with heterologous factors explains both the positive transcriptional activity of BATF proteins and how they activate distinct sets of target genes compared with FOS.
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Abstract
Activation-induced deaminase (AID) is an enzyme responsible for somatic hypermutation and immunoglobulin heavy chain class switch recombination. Because AID causes double-stranded breaks in DNA, its expression is highly regulated and is normally restricted to germinal-center B cells. Dysregulated AID expression can lead to cancer as a result of AID-mediated chromosomal translocations. Many transcription factors including paired box protein 5 (Pax5) have been implicated in regulating the expression of Aicda, the gene encoding AID. In this study, we demonstrate that exogenous expression of Pax5 in a murine plasmacytoma cell line, 558LμM, leads to robust activation of endogenous Aicda transcription. Pax5 is known to initiate transcription through both its N-terminal-paired DNA-binding domain and its C-terminal-activation domain. Through mutational analysis, we demonstrate that Pax5 regulates Aicda transcription through its C-terminal-activation domain. Together, our work describes a novel system that will be useful for determining how Pax5 regulates Aicda transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carissa Dege
- Integrated Department of Immunology, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA
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240
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Steede NK, Rust BJ, Hossain MM, Freytag LC, Robinson JE, Landry SJ. Shaping T cell - B cell collaboration in the response to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope glycoprotein gp120 by peptide priming. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65748. [PMID: 23776539 PMCID: PMC3679139 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Prime-boost vaccination regimes have shown promise for obtaining protective immunity to HIV. Poorly understood mechanisms of cellular immunity could be responsible for improved humoral responses. Although CD4+ T-cell help promotes B-cell development, the relationship of CD4+ T-cell specificity to antibody specificity has not been systematically investigated. Here, protein and peptide-specific immune responses to HIV-1 gp120 were characterized in groups of ten mucosally immunized BALB/c mice. Protein and peptide reactivity of serum antibody was tested for correlation with cytokine secretion by splenocytes restimulated with individual gp120 peptides. Antibody titer for gp120 correlated poorly with the peptide-stimulated T-cell response. In contrast, titers for conformational epitopes, measured as crossreactivity or CD4-blocking, correlated with average interleukin-2 and interleukin-5 production in response to gp120 peptides. Antibodies specific for conformational epitopes and individual gp120 peptides typically correlated with T-cell responses to several peptides. In order to modify the specificity of immune responses, animals were primed with a gp120 peptide prior to immunization with protein. Priming induced distinct peptide-specific correlations of antibodies and T-cells. The majority of correlated antibodies were specific for the primed peptides or other peptides nearby in the gp120 sequence. These studies suggest that the dominant B-cell subsets recruit the dominant T-cell subsets and that T-B collaborations can be shaped by epitope-specific priming.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Kalaya Steede
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Blake J. Rust
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Mohammad M. Hossain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Lucy C. Freytag
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - James E. Robinson
- Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Samuel J. Landry
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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241
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Choi YS, Yang JA, Crotty S. Dynamic regulation of Bcl6 in follicular helper CD4 T (Tfh) cells. Curr Opin Immunol 2013; 25:366-72. [PMID: 23688737 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2013.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Revised: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Our bodies are continuously exposed to various types of infectious pathogens. Vaccinations are the most cost effective way to protect our bodies against a variety of infectious microbes. The efficacy of most vaccines relies on protective antibody production and generation of memory B cells. These two key components develop mostly from B cells that participate in germinal center reactions. Recent efforts have highlighted the critical role of follicular helper CD4 T (Tfh) cells in the generation of germinal centers. Given that Bcl6 is a major transcription factor for Tfh differentiation, here we review recent developments in the understanding of signaling molecules that regulate Bcl6 expression in CD4 T cells, as a potential target for development of more efficacious vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youn Soo Choi
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
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242
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Ochiai K, Maienschein-Cline M, Simonetti G, Chen J, Rosenthal R, Brink R, Chong AS, Klein U, Dinner AR, Singh H, Sciammas R. Transcriptional regulation of germinal center B and plasma cell fates by dynamical control of IRF4. Immunity 2013; 38:918-29. [PMID: 23684984 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2013.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor IRF4 regulates immunoglobulin class switch recombination and plasma cell differentiation. Its differing concentrations appear to regulate mutually antagonistic programs of B and plasma cell gene expression. We show IRF4 to be also required for generation of germinal center (GC) B cells. Its transient expression in vivo induced the expression of key GC genes including Bcl6 and Aicda. In contrast, sustained and higher concentrations of IRF4 promoted the generation of plasma cells while antagonizing the GC fate. IRF4 cobound with the transcription factors PU.1 or BATF to Ets or AP-1 composite motifs, associated with genes involved in B cell activation and the GC response. At higher concentrations, IRF4 binding shifted to interferon sequence response motifs; these enriched for genes involved in plasma cell differentiation. Our results support a model of "kinetic control" in which signaling-induced dynamics of IRF4 in activated B cells control their cell-fate outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Ochiai
- Departments of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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243
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Vogel KU, Edelmann SL, Jeltsch KM, Bertossi A, Heger K, Heinz GA, Zöller J, Warth SC, Hoefig KP, Lohs C, Neff F, Kremmer E, Schick J, Repsilber D, Geerlof A, Blum H, Wurst W, Heikenwälder M, Schmidt-Supprian M, Heissmeyer V. Roquin paralogs 1 and 2 redundantly repress the Icos and Ox40 costimulator mRNAs and control follicular helper T cell differentiation. Immunity 2013; 38:655-68. [PMID: 23583643 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2012.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The Roquin-1 protein binds to messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and regulates gene expression posttranscriptionally. A single point mutation in Roquin-1, but not gene ablation, increases follicular helper T (Tfh) cell numbers and causes lupus-like autoimmune disease in mice. In T cells, we did not identify a unique role for the much lower expressed paralog Roquin-2. However, combined ablation of both genes induced accumulation of T cells with an effector and follicular helper phenotype. We showed that Roquin-1 and Roquin-2 proteins redundantly repressed the mRNA of inducible costimulator (Icos) and identified the Ox40 costimulatory receptor as another shared mRNA target. Combined acute deletion increased Ox40 signaling, as well as Irf4 expression, and imposed Tfh differentiation on CD4(+) T cells. These data imply that both proteins maintain tolerance by preventing inappropriate T cell activation and Tfh cell differentiation, and that Roquin-2 compensates in the absence of Roquin-1, but not in the presence of its mutated form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina U Vogel
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Marchioninistrasse 25, Munich, Germany
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Kulpa DA, Lawani M, Cooper A, Peretz Y, Ahlers J, Sékaly RP. PD-1 coinhibitory signals: the link between pathogenesis and protection. Semin Immunol 2013; 25:219-27. [PMID: 23548749 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2013.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In the majority of HIV-1 infected individuals, the adaptive immune response drives virus escape resulting in persistent viremia and a lack of immune-mediated control. The expression of negative regulatory molecules such as PD-1 during chronic HIV infection provides a useful marker to differentiate functional memory T cell subsets and the frequency of T cells with an exhausted phenotype. In addition, cell-based measurements of virus persistence equate with activation markers and the frequency of CD4 T cells expressing PD-1. High-level expression of PD-1 and its ligands PD-L1 and PD-L2 are found on hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells, and are upregulated by chronic antigen stimulation, Type 1 and Type II interferons (IFNs), and homeostatic cytokines. In HIV infected subjects, PD-1 levels on CD4 and CD8 T cells continue to remain high following combination anti-retroviral therapy (cART). System biology approaches have begun to elucidate signal transduction pathways regulated by PD-1 expression in CD4 and CD8 T cell subsets that become dysfunctional through chronic TCR activation and PD-1 signaling. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of transcriptional signatures and signal transduction pathways associated with immune exhaustion with a focus on recent work in our laboratory characterizing the role of PD-1 in T cell dysfunction and HIV pathogenesis. We also highlight the therapeutic potential of blocking PD-1-PD-L1 and other immune checkpoints for activating potent cellular immune responses against chronic viral infections and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna A Kulpa
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute-Florida (VGTI-FL), Port Saint Lucie, FL, United States
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245
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Jordan-Williams KL, Poston S, Taparowsky EJ. BATF regulates the development and function of IL-17 producing iNKT cells. BMC Immunol 2013; 14:16. [PMID: 23537103 PMCID: PMC3621619 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-14-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background BATF plays important roles in the function of the immune system. Batf null mice are deficient in both CD4+ Th17 cells and T follicular helper cells and possess an intrinsic B cell defect that leads to the complete absence of class switched Ig. In this study, Tg mice overexpressing BATF in T cells were used together with Batf null mice to investigate how altering levels of BATF expression in T cells impacts the development and function of a recently characterized population of iNKT cells expressing IL-17 (iNKT-17). Results BATF has a direct impact on IL-17 expression by iNKT cells. However, in contrast to the Th17 lineage where BATF activates IL-17 expression and leads to the expansion of the lineage, BATF overexpression restricts overall iNKT cell numbers while skewing the compartment in vivo and in vitro toward an iNKT-17 phenotype. Conclusions This work is the first to demonstrate that BATF joins RORγt as the molecular signature for all IL-17 producing cells in vivo and identifies BATF as a component of the nuclear protein network that could be targeted to regulate IL-17-mediated disease. Interestingly, these studies also reveal that while the Il17a gene is a common target for BATF regulation in Th17 and iNKT-17 cells, this regulation is accompanied by opposite effects on the growth and expansion of these two cell lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly L Jordan-Williams
- Department of Biological Sciences and Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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246
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Wang C, Thangamani S, Kim M, Gu BH, Lee JH, Taparowsky EJ, Kim CH. BATF is required for normal expression of gut-homing receptors by T helper cells in response to retinoic acid. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 210:475-89. [PMID: 23460729 PMCID: PMC3600908 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20121088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Induction of gut-homing receptors in T cells in response to retinoic acid requires the transcription factor BATF. CCR9 and α4β7 are the major trafficking receptors for lymphocyte migration to the gut, and their expression is induced during lymphocyte activation under the influence of retinoic acid (RA). We report here that BATF (basic leucine zipper transcription factor, ATF-like), an AP-1 protein family factor, is required for optimal expression of CCR9 and α4β7 by T helper cells. BATF-deficient (knockout [KO]) mice had reduced numbers of effector T and regulatory T cells in the intestine. The intestinal T cells in BATF KO mice expressed CCR9 and α4β7 at abnormally low levels compared with their wild-type (WT) counterparts, and BATF KO CD4+ T cells failed to up-regulate the expression of CCR9 and α4β7 to WT levels in response to RA. Defective binding of RARα and histone acetylation at the regulatory regions of the CCR9 and Itg-α4 genes were observed in BATF KO T cells. As a result, BATF KO effector and FoxP3+ T cells failed to populate the intestine, and neither population functioned normally in the induction and regulation of colitis. Our results establish BATF as a cellular factor required for normal expression of CCR9 and α4β7 and for the homeostasis and effector functions of T cell populations in the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanwu Wang
- Laboratory of Immunology and Hematopoiesis, Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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van den Ham HJ, de Waal L, Zaaraoui-Boutahar F, Bijl M, van Ijcken WFJ, Osterhaus ADME, de Boer RJ, Andeweg AC. Early divergence of Th1 and Th2 transcriptomes involves a small core response and sets of transiently expressed genes. Eur J Immunol 2013; 43:1074-84. [PMID: 23436590 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201242979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Revised: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Th cells can adopt a number of different phenotypes. We performed microarray-assisted mRNA profiling on antigen-stimulated, TCR transgenic murine splenocytes that were cultured in the presence of cytokines. Transcriptome snapshots of Th cells differentiating into Th1 and Th2 phenotypes were obtained at various time points. Principal component analysis shows that time since activation and Th skewing are the largest sources of variance (i.e. the largest contributing factors) in our profiling experiments. Divergence between the Th1 and Th2 phenotypes is established early and does not increase in terms of number of differential genes from day 1 to day 4 after stimulation. Notwithstanding the lack of further divergence between the Th1 and Th2 lineages, we show that gene expression is best described by a 'turnover' rather than a 'core response' model, although we find evidence for both. We identify clusters of skewed genes associated with early persistent ('core response') and late ('turnover') Th1 and Th2 gene expression. In addition to the classical Th genes, members of the Batf transcription factor family are differentially expressed in particular helper phenotypes, suggesting an important role for this family in Th-cell phenotype differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henk-Jan van den Ham
- Department of Virology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Theoretical Biology & Bioinformatics, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) is expressed in a B cell differentiation stage-specific fashion and is essential for immunoglobulin (Ig) gene class switch DNA recombination (CSR) and somatic hypermutation (SHM). CSR and SHM play a central role in the maturation of antibody and autoantibody responses. AID displays a mutagenic activity by catalyzing targeted deamination of deoxycytidine (dC) residues in DNA resulting in dU:dG mismatches, which are processed into point-mutations in SHM or double-strand breaks (DSBs) in CSR. Although AID specifically targets the Ig gene loci (IgH, Igκ and Igλ), it can also home into a wide array of non-Ig genes in B-and non-B-cell backgrounds. Aberrant expression of AID is associated with multiple diseases such as allergy, inflammation, autoimmunity and cancer. In autoimmune systemic lupus erythematosus, dysregulated AID expression underpins increased CSR, SHM and autoantibody production. As a potent mutator, AID is under stringent transcriptional, post-transcriptional and post-translational regulation. AID is also regulated in its targeting and enzymatic function. In resting naïve or memory B cells, AID transcripts and protein are undetectable. These, however, are readily and significantly up-regulated in B cells induced to undergo CSR and/or SHM. Transcription factors, such as HoxC4 and NF-κB, which are up-regulated in a B cell lineage-and/or differentiation stage-specific manner, regulate the induction of AID. HoxC4 induces AID expression by directly binding to the AID gene promoter through an evolutionarily conserved 5'-ATTT-3' motif. HoxC4 is induced by the same stimuli that induce AID and CSR. It is further up-regulated by estrogen through three estrogen responsive elements in its promoter region. The targeting of AID to switch (S) regions is mediated by 14-3-3 adaptor proteins, which specifically bind to 5'-AGCT-3' repeats that are exist at high frequency in S region cores. Like HoxC4, 14-3-3 adaptors are induced by the same stimuli that induce AID. These include "primary" inducing stimuli, that is, those that play a major role in inducing AID, i.e., engagement of CD40 by CD154, engagement of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) by microbial-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) and cross-linking of the BCR, as synergized by "secondary" inducing stimuli, that is, those that synergize for AID induction and specify CSR to different isotypes, i.e., switch-directing cytokines IL-4, TGF-β or IFN-γ. In this review, we focus on the multi-levels regulation of AID expression and activity. We also discuss the dysregulation or misexpression of AID in autoimmunity and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zan
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-4120, USA.
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Abstract
T-follicular helper (Tfh) cells are a new subset of effector CD4(+) T cells that are specialized in helping B cells in the germinal center reaction. Tfh cells are distinct from other established CD4(+) T-cell lineages, Th1, Th2, Th17, and T-regulatory cells, in their gene expression profiles. Tfh cell differentiation results from a network of transcriptional regulation by a master transcriptional factor Bcl6 as well as IRF4, c-Maf, Batf, and STAT3/5. During Tfh cell ontogeny, increased CXCR5 expression directs activated T-cell migration to the follicles, and their interaction with B cells leads to Bcl6 upregulation, which helps establish effector and memory Tfh cell program. This review summarizes the recent progress in molecular mechanisms underlying Tfh differentiation and discusses the future perspectives for this important area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xindong Liu
- Department of Immunology and Center for Inflammation and Cancer, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
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Cannons JL, Lu KT, Schwartzberg PL. T follicular helper cell diversity and plasticity. Trends Immunol 2013; 34:200-7. [PMID: 23395212 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2013.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Revised: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
CD4(+) T helper (Th) cells play an instrumental role in orchestrating adaptive immune responses to invading pathogens through their ability to differentiate into specialized effector subsets. Part of this customized response requires the development of T follicular helper (Tfh) cells, which provide help to B cells for the generation of germinal centers (GCs) and long-term protective humoral responses. Although initially viewed as terminally differentiated, we now recognize that Th cell subsets, including Tfh cells, display substantial flexibility and overlap in their characteristics. In this review, we highlight advances in our understanding of Tfh cell development, cytokine production, and the potential plasticity that allows Tfh cells to possess characteristics of other effector Th cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Cannons
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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