201
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Hedl M, Lahiri A, Ning K, Cho JH, Abraham C. Pattern recognition receptor signaling in human dendritic cells is enhanced by ICOS ligand and modulated by the Crohn's disease ICOSLG risk allele. Immunity 2014; 40:734-46. [PMID: 24837102 PMCID: PMC4157904 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2014.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is characterized by dysregulated intestinal immune homeostasis and cytokine secretion. Multiple loci are associated with IBD, but a functional explanation is missing for most. Here we found that pattern-recognition receptor (PRR)-induced cytokine secretion was diminished in human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDDC) from rs7282490 ICOSLG GG risk carriers. Homotypic interactions between the costimulatory molecule ICOS and the ICOS ligand on MDDCs amplified nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2)-initiated cytokine secretion. This amplification required arginine residues in the ICOSL cytoplasmic tail that recruited the adaptor protein RACK1 and the kinases PKC and JNK leading to PKC, MAPK, and NF-κB activation. MDDC from rs7282490 GG risk-carriers had reduced ICOSL expression and PRR-initiated signaling and this loss-of-function ICOSLG risk allele associated with an ileal Crohn's disease phenotype, similar to polymorphisms in NOD2. Taken together, ICOSL amplifies PRR-initiated outcomes, which might contribute to immune homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matija Hedl
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Amit Lahiri
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Kaida Ning
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Judy H Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Clara Abraham
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
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202
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Zigmond E, Bernshtein B, Friedlander G, Walker CR, Yona S, Kim KW, Brenner O, Krauthgamer R, Varol C, Müller W, Jung S. Macrophage-restricted interleukin-10 receptor deficiency, but not IL-10 deficiency, causes severe spontaneous colitis. Immunity 2014; 40:720-33. [PMID: 24792913 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2014.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 405] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is a pleiotropic anti-inflammatory cytokine produced and sensed by most hematopoietic cells. Genome-wide association studies and experimental animal models point at a central role of the IL-10 axis in inflammatory bowel diseases. Here we investigated the importance of intestinal macrophage production of IL-10 and their IL-10 exposure, as well as the existence of an IL-10-based autocrine regulatory loop in the gut. Specifically, we generated mice harboring IL-10 or IL-10 receptor (IL-10Rα) mutations in intestinal lamina propria-resident chemokine receptor CX3CR1-expressing macrophages. We found macrophage-derived IL-10 dispensable for gut homeostasis and maintenance of colonic T regulatory cells. In contrast, loss of IL-10 receptor expression impaired the critical conditioning of these monocyte-derived macrophages and resulted in spontaneous development of severe colitis. Collectively, our results highlight IL-10 as a critical homeostatic macrophage-conditioning agent in the colon and define intestinal CX3CR1(hi) macrophages as a decisive factor that determines gut health or inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehud Zigmond
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel; The Research Center for Digestive Tract and Liver Diseases, Tel Aviv-Sourasky Medical Center and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 64239, Israel
| | - Biana Bernshtein
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Gilgi Friedlander
- Nancy and Stephen Grand Israel National Center for Personalized Medicine, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Catherine R Walker
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Simon Yona
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Ki-Wook Kim
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Ori Brenner
- Department of Veterinary Resources, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Rita Krauthgamer
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Chen Varol
- The Research Center for Digestive Tract and Liver Diseases, Tel Aviv-Sourasky Medical Center and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 64239, Israel
| | - Werner Müller
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Steffen Jung
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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203
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Cerovic V, Bain CC, Mowat AM, Milling SWF. Intestinal macrophages and dendritic cells: what's the difference? Trends Immunol 2014; 35:270-7. [PMID: 24794393 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Revised: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mononuclear phagocytes (MPs) in the murine intestine, comprising dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages (Mϕs), perform disparate yet complementary immunological functions. Functional analyses of these distinct MP subsets have been complicated by the substantial overlap in their surface phenotypes. Here, we review recent findings that have enabled more accurate definition of these MP subsets. We discuss these recent advances in the context of the current understanding of the functions of DCs and Mϕs in the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis, and how their functions may alter when homeostasis is disrupted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vuk Cerovic
- Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Calum C Bain
- Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Allan M Mowat
- Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Simon W F Milling
- Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK.
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204
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Commensal bacteria mediated defenses against pathogens. Curr Opin Immunol 2014; 29:16-22. [PMID: 24727150 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2014.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Commensal bacterial communities residing within the intestinal lumen of mammals have evolved to flourish in this microenvironment. To preserve this niche, commensal bacteria act with the host to prevent colonization by invasive pathogens that induce inflammation and disrupt the intestinal niche commensal bacteria occupy. Thus, it is mutually beneficial to the host and commensal bacteria to inhibit a pathogen's ability to establish an infection. Commensal bacteria express factors that support colonization, maximize nutrient uptake, and produce metabolites that confer a survival advantage over pathogens. Further, commensal bacteria stimulate the host's immune defenses and drive tonic expression of anti-microbial factors. In combination, these mechanisms preserve the niche for commensal bacteria and assist the host in preventing infection.
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205
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Kurmaeva E, Bhattacharya D, Goodman W, Omenetti S, Merendino A, Berney S, Pizarro T, Ostanin DV. Immunosuppressive monocytes: possible homeostatic mechanism to restrain chronic intestinal inflammation. J Leukoc Biol 2014; 96:377-89. [PMID: 24696357 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3hi0613-340rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic colitis is accompanied by extensive myelopoiesis and accumulation of CD11b+Gr-1+ cells in spleens and secondary lymphoid tissues. Although cells with similar phenotype have been described in cancer, chronic infection, or autoimmunity, where they were associated with suppression of T cell responses, little is known regarding how these cells affect CD4 T cell responses in the context of chronic intestinal inflammation. Therefore, we undertook this study to characterize the interplay between colitis-induced myeloid cells and CD4 T cell. Within the CD11b+Gr-1+ population, only monocytes (Ly6G(neg)Ly6C(high)) but not other myeloid cell subsets suppressed proliferation and production of cytokines by CD4 T cells. Suppression was mediated by cell-contact, NO and partially by IFN-γ and PGs. Interestingly, Ly6C(high) MDCs, isolated from colitic colons, showed up-regulation of iNOS and arginase-1 and were more potent suppressors than those isolated from spleen. On a single-cell level, MDCs inhibited Th1 responses but enhanced generation of foxp3+ T cells. MDCs, cocultured with activated/Teffs, isolated from inflamed colons under hypoxic (1% O2) conditions typical for the inflamed intestine, suppressed proliferation but not their production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Taken together, expansion of monocytes and MDCs and activation of their suppressive properties may represent a homeostatic mechanism aimed at restraining excessive T cell activation during chronic inflammatory settings. The contribution of immunosuppressive monocytes/MDCs to chronic colitis and their role in shaping T cell responses in vivo require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Kurmaeva
- Center of Excellence for Arthritis and Rheumatology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA; and
| | - Dhruva Bhattacharya
- Center of Excellence for Arthritis and Rheumatology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA; and
| | - Wendy Goodman
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Sara Omenetti
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Amber Merendino
- Center of Excellence for Arthritis and Rheumatology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA; and
| | - Seth Berney
- Center of Excellence for Arthritis and Rheumatology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA; and
| | - Theresa Pizarro
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Dmitry V Ostanin
- Center of Excellence for Arthritis and Rheumatology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA; and
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206
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Abstract
Mϕ are involved in gut homeostasis and the pathogenesis of intestinal inflammation. Resident and proinflammatory intestinal Mϕ both derive from Ly6Chi blood monocytes. Local environmental factors guide monocyte differentiation in the gut mucosa. Monocyte differentiation is disrupted by inflammation resulting in the accumulation of proinflammatory cells.
Macrophages are one of the most abundant leucocytes in the intestinal mucosa where they are essential for maintaining homeostasis. However, they are also implicated in the pathogenesis of disorders such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), offering potential targets for novel therapies. Here we discuss the function of intestinal monocytes and macrophages during homeostasis and describe how these populations and their functions change during infection and inflammation. Furthermore, we review the current evidence that the intestinal macrophage pool requires continual renewal from circulating blood monocytes, unlike most other tissue macrophages which appear to derive from primitive precursors that subsequently self-renew.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calum C Bain
- Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Allan McI Mowat
- Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom.
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207
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Intraluminal containment of commensal outgrowth in the gut during infection-induced dysbiosis. Cell Host Microbe 2014; 14:318-28. [PMID: 24034617 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2013.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Revised: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Shifts in commensal microbiota composition are emerging as a hallmark of gastrointestinal inflammation. In particular, outgrowth of γ-proteobacteria has been linked to the etiology of inflammatory bowel disease and the pathologic consequences of infections. Here we show that following acute Toxoplasma gondii gastrointestinal infection of mice, control of commensal outgrowth is a highly coordinated process involving both the host response and microbial signals. Notably, neutrophil emigration to the intestinal lumen results in the generation of organized intraluminal structures that encapsulate commensals and limit their contact with the epithelium. Formation of these luminal casts depends on the high-affinity N-formyl peptide receptor, Fpr1. Consequently, after infection, mice deficient in Fpr1 display increased microbial translocation, poor commensal containment, and increased mortality. Altogether, our study describes a mechanism by which the host rapidly contains commensal pathobiont outgrowth during infection. Further, these results reveal Fpr1 as a major mediator of host commensal interaction during dysbiosis.
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208
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Abstract
Essential protectors against infection and injury, macrophages can also contribute to many common and fatal diseases. Here, we discuss the mechanisms that control different types of macrophage activities in mice. We follow the cells' maturational pathways over time and space and elaborate on events that influence the type of macrophage eventually settling a particular destination. The nature of the precursor cells, developmental niches, tissues, environmental cues, and other connecting processes appear to contribute to the identity of macrophage type. Together, the spatial and developmental relationships of macrophages compose a topo-ontogenic map that can guide our understanding of their biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael J Pittet
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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209
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In vitro assessment of agave fructans (Agave salmiana) as prebiotics and immune system activators. Int J Biol Macromol 2014; 63:181-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2013.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Revised: 10/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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210
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Bronte V, Pittet MJ. The spleen in local and systemic regulation of immunity. Immunity 2014; 39:806-18. [PMID: 24238338 PMCID: PMC3912742 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2013.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 635] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The spleen is the main filter for blood-borne pathogens and antigens, as well as a key organ for iron metabolism and erythrocyte homeostasis. Also, immune and hematopoietic functions have been recently unveiled for the mouse spleen, suggesting additional roles for this secondary lymphoid organ. Here we discuss the integration of the spleen in the regulation of immune responses locally and in the whole body and present the relevance of findings for our understanding of inflammatory and degenerative diseases and their treatments. We consider whether equivalent activities in humans are known, as well as initial therapeutic attempts to target the spleen for modulating innate and adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Bronte
- Verona University Hospital and Department of Pathology, 37134 Verona, Italy.
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211
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Butler NS, Harris TH, Blader IJ. Regulation of immunopathogenesis during Plasmodium and Toxoplasma infections: more parallels than distinctions? Trends Parasitol 2013; 29:593-602. [PMID: 24184186 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2013.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2013] [Revised: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Toxoplasma and Plasmodium parasites exact a significant toll on public health. Host immunity required for efficient control of infection by these Apicomplexans involves the induction of potent T cell responses, which sometimes results in immunopathological damage. Thus, protective immune responses must be balanced by regulatory networks that limit immunopathology. We review several key cellular and molecular immunoregulatory networks operational during Toxoplasma and Plasmodium infections. Accumulating data show that despite differences in how the immune response controls these parasites, many host immunoregulatory pathways and cellular networks are common to both. Thus, understanding the cellular and molecular circuits that prevent or regulate immunopathological responses against one parasite is likely to inform our understanding of the host response to the other parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah S Butler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
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212
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Jakubzick C, Gautier EL, Gibbings SL, Sojka DK, Schlitzer A, Johnson TE, Ivanov S, Duan Q, Bala S, Condon T, van Rooijen N, Grainger JR, Belkaid Y, Ma'ayan A, Riches DW, Yokoyama WM, Ginhoux F, Henson PM, Randolph GJ. Minimal differentiation of classical monocytes as they survey steady-state tissues and transport antigen to lymph nodes. Immunity 2013; 39:599-610. [PMID: 24012416 PMCID: PMC3820017 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2013.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 559] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
It is thought that monocytes rapidly differentiate to macrophages or dendritic cells (DCs) upon leaving blood. Here we have shown that Ly-6C⁺ monocytes constitutively trafficked into skin, lung, and lymph nodes (LNs). Entry was unaffected in gnotobiotic mice. Monocytes in resting lung and LN had similar gene expression profiles to blood monocytes but elevated transcripts of a limited number of genes including cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) and major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII), induced by monocyte interaction with endothelium. Parabiosis, bromodoxyuridine (BrdU) pulse-chase analysis, and intranasal instillation of tracers indicated that instead of contributing to resident macrophages in the lung, recruited endogenous monocytes acquired antigen for carriage to draining LNs, a function redundant with DCs though differentiation to DCs did not occur. Thus, monocytes can enter steady-state nonlymphoid organs and recirculate to LNs without differentiation to macrophages or DCs, revising a long-held view that monocytes become tissue-resident macrophages by default.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Jakubzick
- Department of Pediatrics at National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206
- Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado, Denver, CO 80206
- Department of Gene and Cell Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029
| | - Emmanuel L. Gautier
- Department of Pathology, Washington University Medical School, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | | | - Dorothy K. Sojka
- Department of Medicine, Washington University Medical School, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Andreas Schlitzer
- Singapore Immunology Network, Singapore (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 138648 Singapore
| | - Theodore E. Johnson
- Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado, Denver, CO 80206
| | - Stoyan Ivanov
- Department of Pathology, Washington University Medical School, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Qiaonan Duan
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029
| | - Shashi Bala
- Department of Pathology, Washington University Medical School, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Tracy Condon
- Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado, Denver, CO 80206
| | - Nico van Rooijen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Free University Medical Center, Amsterdam, 1007 The Netherlands
| | - John R. Grainger
- Mucosal Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Yasmine Belkaid
- Mucosal Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Avi Ma'ayan
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029
| | - David W.H. Riches
- Department of Pediatrics at National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206
- Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado, Denver, CO 80206
| | - Wayne M. Yokoyama
- Department of Medicine, Washington University Medical School, St. Louis, MO 63110
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Washington University Medical School, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Florent Ginhoux
- Singapore Immunology Network, Singapore (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 138648 Singapore
| | - Peter M. Henson
- Department of Pediatrics at National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206
- Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado, Denver, CO 80206
| | - Gwendalyn J. Randolph
- Department of Gene and Cell Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029
- Department of Pathology, Washington University Medical School, St. Louis, MO 63110
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213
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Klebanoff CA, Spencer SP, Torabi-Parizi P, Grainger JR, Roychoudhuri R, Ji Y, Sukumar M, Muranski P, Scott CD, Hall JA, Ferreyra GA, Leonardi AJ, Borman ZA, Wang J, Palmer DC, Wilhelm C, Cai R, Sun J, Napoli JL, Danner RL, Gattinoni L, Belkaid Y, Restifo NP. Retinoic acid controls the homeostasis of pre-cDC-derived splenic and intestinal dendritic cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 210:1961-76. [PMID: 23999499 PMCID: PMC3782040 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20122508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Retinoic acid is required to maintain pre-DC–derived CD11b+CD8α−Esamhigh dendritic cells (DCs) in the spleen and CD11b+CD103+ DCs in the gut. Dendritic cells (DCs) comprise distinct populations with specialized immune-regulatory functions. However, the environmental factors that determine the differentiation of these subsets remain poorly defined. Here, we report that retinoic acid (RA), a vitamin A derivative, controls the homeostasis of pre-DC (precursor of DC)–derived splenic CD11b+CD8α−Esamhigh DCs and the developmentally related CD11b+CD103+ subset within the gut. Whereas mice deprived of RA signaling significantly lost both of these populations, neither pre-DC–derived CD11b−CD8α+ and CD11b−CD103+ nor monocyte-derived CD11b+CD8α−Esamlow or CD11b+CD103− DC populations were deficient. In fate-tracking experiments, transfer of pre-DCs into RA-supplemented hosts resulted in near complete conversion of these cells into the CD11b+CD8α− subset, whereas transfer into vitamin A–deficient (VAD) hosts caused diversion to the CD11b−CD8α+ lineage. As vitamin A is an essential nutrient, we evaluated retinoid levels in mice and humans after radiation-induced mucosal injury and found this conditioning led to an acute VAD state. Consequently, radiation led to a selective loss of both RA-dependent DC subsets and impaired class II–restricted auto and antitumor immunity that could be rescued by supplemental RA. These findings establish a critical role for RA in regulating the homeostasis of pre-DC–derived DC subsets and have implications for the management of patients with immune deficiencies resulting from malnutrition and irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Klebanoff
- Clinical Investigator Development Program and 2 Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, 3 Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892
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