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Dougherty EJ, Chen LY, Awad KS, Ferreyra GA, Demirkale CY, Keshavarz A, Gairhe S, Johnston KA, Hicks ME, Sandler AB, Curran CS, Krack JM, Ding Y, Suffredini AF, Solomon MA, Elinoff JM, Danner RL. Inflammation and DKK1-induced AKT activation contribute to endothelial dysfunction following NR2F2 loss. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2023; 324:L783-L798. [PMID: 37039367 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00171.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
NR2F2 is expressed in endothelial cells (ECs) and Nr2f2 knockout produces lethal cardiovascular defects. In humans, reduced NR2F2 expression is associated with cardiovascular diseases including congenital heart disease and atherosclerosis. Here, NR2F2 silencing in human primary ECs led to inflammation, endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT), proliferation, hypermigration, apoptosis-resistance, and increased production of reactive oxygen species. These changes were associated with STAT and AKT activation along with increased production of DKK1. Co-silencing DKK1 and NR2F2 prevented NR2F2-loss induced STAT and AKT activation and reversed EndMT. Serum DKK1 concentrations were elevated in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and DKK1 was secreted by ECs in response to in vitro loss of either BMPR2 or CAV1, which are genetic defects associated with the development of PAH. In human primary ECs, NR2F2 suppressed DKK1, while its loss conversely induced DKK1 and disrupted endothelial homeostasis, promoting phenotypic abnormalities associated with pathologic vascular remodeling. Activating NR2F2 or blocking DKK1 may be useful therapeutic targets for treating chronic vascular diseases associated with EC dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Dougherty
- Critical Care Medicine Department, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Li-Yuan Chen
- Critical Care Medicine Department, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Keytam S Awad
- Critical Care Medicine Department, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Gabriela A Ferreyra
- Critical Care Medicine Department, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Cumhur Y Demirkale
- Critical Care Medicine Department, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Ali Keshavarz
- Critical Care Medicine Department, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Salina Gairhe
- Critical Care Medicine Department, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Kathryn A Johnston
- Critical Care Medicine Department, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Madelyn E Hicks
- Critical Care Medicine Department, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Alexis B Sandler
- Critical Care Medicine Department, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Colleen S Curran
- Critical Care Medicine Department, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Janell M Krack
- Critical Care Medicine Department, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Yi Ding
- Critical Care Medicine Department, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Anthony F Suffredini
- Critical Care Medicine Department, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Michael A Solomon
- Critical Care Medicine Department, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jason M Elinoff
- Critical Care Medicine Department, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Robert L Danner
- Critical Care Medicine Department, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD, United States
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Elinoff JM, Mazer AJ, Cai R, Lu M, Graninger G, Harper B, Ferreyra GA, Sun J, Solomon MA, Danner RL. Meta-analysis of blood genome-wide expression profiling studies in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2019; 318:L98-L111. [PMID: 31617731 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00252.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory cell infiltrates are a prominent feature of aberrant vascular remodeling in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), suggesting that immune effector cells contribute to disease progression. Genome-wide blood expression profiling studies have attempted to better define this inflammatory component of PAH pathobiology but have been hampered by small sample sizes, methodological differences, and very little gene-level reproducibility. The current meta-analysis (seven studies; 156 PAH patients/110 healthy controls) was performed to assess the comparability of data across studies and to possibly derive a generalizable transcriptomic signature. Idiopathic (IPAH) compared with disease-associated PAH (APAH) displayed highly similar expression profiles with no differentially expressed genes, even after substantially relaxing selection stringency. In contrast, using a false discovery rate of ≤1% and I2 < 40% (low-to-moderate heterogeneity across studies) both IPAH and APAH differed markedly from healthy controls with the combined PAH cohort yielding 1,269 differentially expressed, unique gene transcripts. Bioinformatic analyses, including gene-set enrichment, which uses all available data independent of gene selection thresholds, identified interferon, mammalian target of rapamycin/p70S6K, stress kinase, and Toll-like receptor signaling as enriched mechanisms within the PAH gene signature. Enriched biological functions and diseases included tumorigenesis, autoimmunity, antiviral response, and cell death consistent with prevailing theories of PAH pathogenesis. Although otherwise indistinguishable, APAH (predominantly PAH due to systemic sclerosis) had a somewhat stronger interferon profile than IPAH. Meta-analysis defined a robust and generalizable transcriptomic signature in the blood of PAH patients that can help inform the identification of biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Elinoff
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, and National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Adrien J Mazer
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, and National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Rongman Cai
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, and National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Mengyun Lu
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, and National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Grace Graninger
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, and National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Bonnie Harper
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, and National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Gabriela A Ferreyra
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, and National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Junfeng Sun
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, and National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Michael A Solomon
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, and National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.,Cardiovascular Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Robert L Danner
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, and National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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Sassi M, Kutty G, Ferreyra GA, Bishop LR, Liu Y, Qiu J, Huang DW, Kovacs JA. The Major Surface Glycoprotein of Pneumocystis murina Does Not Activate Dendritic Cells. J Infect Dis 2019; 218:1631-1640. [PMID: 29868908 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The major surface glycoprotein (Msg) is the most abundant surface protein among Pneumocystis species. Given that Msg is present on both the cyst and trophic forms of Pneumocystis and that dendritic cells play a critical role in initiating host immune responses, we undertook studies to examine activation of bone marrow-derived myeloid dendritic cells by Msg purified from Pneumocystis murina. Incubation of dendritic cells with Msg did not lead to increased expression of CD40, CD80, CD86, or major histocompatibility complex class II or to increased secretion of any of 10 cytokines. Microarray analysis identified very few differentially expressed genes. In contrast, lipopolysaccharide-activated dendritic cells had positive results of all of these assays. However, Msg did bind to mouse mannose macrophage receptor and human DC-SIGN, 2 C-type lectins expressed by dendritic cells that are important in recognition of pathogen-associated high-mannose glycoproteins. Deglycosylation of Msg demonstrated that this binding was dependent on glycosylation. These studies suggest that Pneumocystis has developed a mechanism to avoid activation of dendritic cells, potentially by the previously identified loss of genes that are responsible for the high level of protein mannosylation found in other fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Sassi
- Critical Care Medicine Department, National Institutes of Health (NIH) Clinical Center, Bethesda
| | - Geetha Kutty
- Critical Care Medicine Department, National Institutes of Health (NIH) Clinical Center, Bethesda
| | - Gabriela A Ferreyra
- Critical Care Medicine Department, National Institutes of Health (NIH) Clinical Center, Bethesda
| | - Lisa R Bishop
- Critical Care Medicine Department, National Institutes of Health (NIH) Clinical Center, Bethesda
| | - Yueqin Liu
- Critical Care Medicine Department, National Institutes of Health (NIH) Clinical Center, Bethesda
| | - Ju Qiu
- Laboratory of Human Retrovirology and Immunoinformatics, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Da Wei Huang
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda
| | - Joseph A Kovacs
- Critical Care Medicine Department, National Institutes of Health (NIH) Clinical Center, Bethesda
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Dougherty EJ, Elinoff JM, Ferreyra GA, Hou A, Cai R, Sun J, Blaine KP, Wang S, Danner RL. Mineralocorticoid Receptor (MR) trans-Activation of Inflammatory AP-1 Signaling: DEPENDENCE ON DNA SEQUENCE, MR CONFORMATION, AND AP-1 FAMILY MEMBER EXPRESSION. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:23628-23644. [PMID: 27650495 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.732248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are commonly used to treat inflammatory disorders. The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) can tether to inflammatory transcription factor complexes, such as NFκB and AP-1, and trans-repress the transcription of cytokines, chemokines, and adhesion molecules. In contrast, aldosterone and the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) primarily promote cardiovascular inflammation by incompletely understood mechanisms. Although MR has been shown to weakly repress NFκB, its role in modulating AP-1 has not been established. Here, the effects of GR and MR on NFκB and AP-1 signaling were directly compared using a variety of ligands, two different AP-1 consensus sequences, GR and MR DNA-binding domain mutants, and siRNA knockdown or overexpression of core AP-1 family members. Both GR and MR repressed an NFκB reporter without influencing p65 or p50 binding to DNA. Likewise, neither GR nor MR affected AP-1 binding, but repression or activation of AP-1 reporters occurred in a ligand-, AP-1 consensus sequence-, and AP-1 family member-specific manner. Notably, aldosterone interactions with both GR and MR demonstrated a potential to activate AP-1. DNA-binding domain mutations that eliminated the ability of GR and MR to cis-activate a hormone response element-driven reporter variably affected the strength and polarity of these responses. Importantly, MR modulation of NFκB and AP-1 signaling was consistent with a trans-mechanism, and AP-1 effects were confirmed for specific gene targets in primary human cells. Steroid nuclear receptor trans-effects on inflammatory signaling are context-dependent and influenced by nuclear receptor conformation, DNA sequence, and the expression of heterologous binding partners. Aldosterone activation of AP-1 may contribute to its proinflammatory effects in the vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Dougherty
- From the Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Jason M Elinoff
- From the Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Gabriela A Ferreyra
- From the Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Angela Hou
- From the Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Rongman Cai
- From the Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Junfeng Sun
- From the Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Kevin P Blaine
- From the Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Shuibang Wang
- From the Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Robert L Danner
- From the Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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5
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Kutty G, Davis AS, Ferreyra GA, Qiu J, Huang DW, Sassi M, Bishop L, Handley G, Sherman B, Lempicki R, Kovacs JA. β-Glucans Are Masked but Contribute to Pulmonary Inflammation During Pneumocystis Pneumonia. J Infect Dis 2016; 214:782-91. [PMID: 27324243 PMCID: PMC4978378 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
β-glucans, which can activate innate immune responses, are a major component in the cell wall of the cyst form of Pneumocystis In the current study, we examined whether β-1,3-glucans are masked by surface proteins in Pneumocystis and what role β-glucans play in Pneumocystis-associated inflammation. For 3 species, including Pneumocystis jirovecii, which causes Pneumocystis pneumonia in humans, Pneumocystis carinii, and Pneumocystis murina, β-1,3-glucans were masked in most organisms, as demonstrated by increased exposure following trypsin treatment. Using quantitative polymerase chain reaction and microarray techniques, we demonstrated in a mouse model of Pneumocystis pneumonia that treatment with caspofungin, an inhibitor of β-1,3-glucan synthesis, for 21 days decreased expression of a broad panel of inflammatory markers, including interferon γ, tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin 1β, interleukin 6, and multiple chemokines/chemokine ligands. Thus, β-glucans in Pneumocystis cysts are largely masked, which likely decreases innate immune activation; this mechanism presumably was developed for interactions with immunocompetent hosts, in whom organism loads are substantially lower. In immunosuppressed hosts with a high organism burden, organism death and release of glucans appears to be an important contributor to deleterious host inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geetha Kutty
- Critical Care Medicine Department, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda
| | - A Sally Davis
- Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan
| | - Gabriela A Ferreyra
- Critical Care Medicine Department, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda
| | - Ju Qiu
- Laboratory of Immunopathogenesis and Bioinformatics, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Maryland
| | - Da Wei Huang
- Laboratory of Immunopathogenesis and Bioinformatics, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Maryland
| | - Monica Sassi
- Critical Care Medicine Department, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda
| | - Lisa Bishop
- Critical Care Medicine Department, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda
| | - Grace Handley
- Critical Care Medicine Department, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda
| | - Brad Sherman
- Laboratory of Immunopathogenesis and Bioinformatics, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Maryland
| | - Richard Lempicki
- Laboratory of Immunopathogenesis and Bioinformatics, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Maryland
| | - Joseph A Kovacs
- Critical Care Medicine Department, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda
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Awad KS, Elinoff JM, Wang S, Gairhe S, Ferreyra GA, Cai R, Sun J, Solomon MA, Danner RL. Raf/ERK drives the proliferative and invasive phenotype of BMPR2-silenced pulmonary artery endothelial cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2015; 310:L187-201. [PMID: 26589479 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00303.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A proliferative endothelial cell phenotype, inflammation, and pulmonary vascular remodeling are prominent features of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Bone morphogenetic protein type II receptor (BMPR2) loss-of-function is the most common cause of heritable PAH and has been closely linked to the formation of pathological plexiform lesions. Although some BMPR2 mutations leave ligand-dependent responses intact, the disruption of ligand-independent, noncanonical functions are universal among PAH-associated BMPR2 genotypes, but incompletely understood. This study examined the noncanonical signaling consequences of BMPR2 silencing in human pulmonary artery endothelial cells to identify potential therapeutic targets. BMPR2 siRNA silencing resulted in a proliferative, promigratory pulmonary artery endothelial cell phenotype and disruption of cytoskeletal architecture. Expression profiling closely reflected these phenotypic changes. Gene set enrichment and promoter analyses, as well as the differential expression of pathway components identified Ras/Raf/ERK signaling as an important consequence of BMPR2 silencing. Raf family members and ERK1/2 were constitutively activated after BMPR2 knockdown. Two Raf inhibitors, sorafenib and AZ628, and low-dose nintedanib, a triple receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor upstream from Ras, reversed the abnormal proliferation and hypermotility of BMPR2 deficiency. Inhibition of dysregulated Ras/Raf/ERK signaling may be useful in reversing vascular remodeling in PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keytam S Awad
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; and
| | - Jason M Elinoff
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; and
| | - Shuibang Wang
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; and
| | - Salina Gairhe
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; and
| | - Gabriela A Ferreyra
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; and
| | - Rongman Cai
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; and
| | - Junfeng Sun
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; and
| | - Michael A Solomon
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; and Cardiopulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Robert L Danner
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; and
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Wang S, Awad KS, Elinoff JM, Dougherty EJ, Ferreyra GA, Wang JY, Cai R, Sun J, Ptasinska A, Danner RL. G Protein-coupled Receptor 40 (GPR40) and Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor γ (PPARγ): AN INTEGRATED TWO-RECEPTOR SIGNALING PATHWAY. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:19544-57. [PMID: 26105050 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.638924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) ligands have been widely used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, knowledge of PPARγ signaling remains incomplete. In addition to PPARγ, these drugs also activate G protein-coupled receptor 40 (GPR40), a Gαq-coupled free fatty acid receptor linked to MAPK networks and glucose homeostasis. Notably, p38 MAPK activation has been implicated in PPARγ signaling. Here, rosiglitazone (RGZ) activation of GPR40 and p38 MAPK was found to boost PPARγ-induced gene transcription in human endothelium. Inhibition or knockdown of p38 MAPK or expression of a dominant negative (DN) p38 MAPK mutant blunted RGZ-induced PPARγ DNA binding and reporter activity in EA.hy926 human endothelial cells. GPR40 inhibition or knockdown, or expression of a DN-Gαq mutant likewise blocked activation of both p38 MAPK and PPARγ reporters. Importantly, RGZ induction of PPARγ target genes in primary human pulmonary artery endothelial cells (PAECs) was suppressed by knockdown of either p38 MAPK or GPR40. GPR40/PPARγ signal transduction was dependent on p38 MAPK activation and induction of PPARγ co-activator-1 (PGC1α). Silencing of p38 MAPK or GPR40 abolished the ability of RGZ to induce phosphorylation and expression of PGC1α in PAECs. Knockdown of PGC1α, its essential activator SIRT1, or its binding partner/co-activator EP300 inhibited RGZ induction of PPARγ-regulated genes in PAECs. RGZ/GPR40/p38 MAPK signaling also led to EP300 phosphorylation, an event that enhances PPARγ target gene transcription. Thus, GPR40 and PPARγ can function as an integrated two-receptor signal transduction pathway, a finding with implications for rational drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuibang Wang
- From the Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Keytam S Awad
- From the Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Jason M Elinoff
- From the Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Edward J Dougherty
- From the Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Gabriela A Ferreyra
- From the Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Jennifer Y Wang
- From the Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Rongman Cai
- From the Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Junfeng Sun
- From the Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Anetta Ptasinska
- From the Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Robert L Danner
- From the Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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8
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Ferreyra GA, Elinoff JM, Demirkale CY, Starost MF, Buckley M, Munson PJ, Krakauer T, Danner RL. Late multiple organ surge in interferon-regulated target genes characterizes staphylococcal enterotoxin B lethality. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88756. [PMID: 24551153 PMCID: PMC3923834 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Bacterial superantigens are virulence factors that cause toxic shock syndrome. Here, the genome-wide, temporal response of mice to lethal intranasal staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) challenge was investigated in six tissues. Results The earliest responses and largest number of affected genes occurred in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), spleen, and lung tissues with the highest content of both T-cells and monocyte/macrophages, the direct cellular targets of SEB. In contrast, the response of liver, kidney, and heart was delayed and involved fewer genes, but revealed a dominant genetic program that was seen in all 6 tissues. Many of the 85 uniquely annotated transcripts participating in this shared genomic response have not been previously linked to SEB. Nine of the 85 genes were subsequently confirmed by RT-PCR in every tissue/organ at 24 h. These 85 transcripts, up-regulated in all tissues, annotated to the interferon (IFN)/antiviral-response and included genes belonging to the DNA/RNA sensing system, DNA damage repair, the immunoproteasome, and the ER/metabolic stress-response and apoptosis pathways. Overall, this shared program was identified as a type I and II interferon (IFN)-response and the promoters of these genes were highly enriched for IFN regulatory matrices. Several genes whose secreted products induce the IFN pathway were up-regulated at early time points in PBMCs, spleen, and/or lung. Furthermore, IFN regulatory factors including Irf1, Irf7 and Irf8, and Zbp1, a DNA sensor/transcription factor that can directly elicit an IFN innate immune response, participated in this host-wide SEB signature. Conclusion Global gene-expression changes across multiple organs implicated a host-wide IFN-response in SEB-induced death. Therapies aimed at IFN-associated innate immunity may improve outcome in toxic shock syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela A Ferreyra
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Facility, Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jason M Elinoff
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Facility, Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Cumhur Y Demirkale
- Mathematical and Statistical Computing Laboratory, Center for Information Technology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Matthew F Starost
- Division of Veterinary Resources, Office of Research Services, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Marilyn Buckley
- Integrated Toxicology Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Peter J Munson
- Mathematical and Statistical Computing Laboratory, Center for Information Technology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Teresa Krakauer
- Integrated Toxicology Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Robert L Danner
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Facility, Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
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9
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Klebanoff CA, Spencer SP, Torabi-Parizi P, Grainger JR, Roychoudhuri R, Ji Y, Sukumar M, Muranski P, Scott CD, Hall JA, Ferreyra GA, Leonardi AJ, Borman ZA, Wang J, Palmer DC, Wilhelm C, Cai R, Sun J, Napoli JL, Danner RL, Gattinoni L, Belkaid Y, Restifo NP. Retinoic acid controls the homeostasis of pre-cDC-derived splenic and intestinal dendritic cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 210:1961-76. [PMID: 23999499 PMCID: PMC3782040 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20122508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Retinoic acid is required to maintain pre-DC–derived CD11b+CD8α−Esamhigh dendritic cells (DCs) in the spleen and CD11b+CD103+ DCs in the gut. Dendritic cells (DCs) comprise distinct populations with specialized immune-regulatory functions. However, the environmental factors that determine the differentiation of these subsets remain poorly defined. Here, we report that retinoic acid (RA), a vitamin A derivative, controls the homeostasis of pre-DC (precursor of DC)–derived splenic CD11b+CD8α−Esamhigh DCs and the developmentally related CD11b+CD103+ subset within the gut. Whereas mice deprived of RA signaling significantly lost both of these populations, neither pre-DC–derived CD11b−CD8α+ and CD11b−CD103+ nor monocyte-derived CD11b+CD8α−Esamlow or CD11b+CD103− DC populations were deficient. In fate-tracking experiments, transfer of pre-DCs into RA-supplemented hosts resulted in near complete conversion of these cells into the CD11b+CD8α− subset, whereas transfer into vitamin A–deficient (VAD) hosts caused diversion to the CD11b−CD8α+ lineage. As vitamin A is an essential nutrient, we evaluated retinoid levels in mice and humans after radiation-induced mucosal injury and found this conditioning led to an acute VAD state. Consequently, radiation led to a selective loss of both RA-dependent DC subsets and impaired class II–restricted auto and antitumor immunity that could be rescued by supplemental RA. These findings establish a critical role for RA in regulating the homeostasis of pre-DC–derived DC subsets and have implications for the management of patients with immune deficiencies resulting from malnutrition and irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Klebanoff
- Clinical Investigator Development Program and 2 Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, 3 Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892
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Solomon SB, Bellavia L, Sweeney D, Piknova B, Perlegas A, Helms CC, Ferreyra GA, Bruce King S, Raat NJH, Kern SJ, Sun J, McPhail LC, Schechter AN, Natanson C, Gladwin MT, Kim-Shapiro DB. Angeli's salt counteracts the vasoactive effects of elevated plasma hemoglobin. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 53:2229-39. [PMID: 23099417 PMCID: PMC3600400 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.10.548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Revised: 10/07/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Plasma hemoglobin (Hb) released during intravascular hemolysis has been associated with numerous deleterious effects that may stem from increased nitric oxide (NO) scavenging, but has also been associated with reactive oxygen species generation and platelet activation. Therapies that convert plasma oxyHb to metHb, or metHb to iron-nitrosyl Hb, could be beneficial because these species do not scavenge NO. In this study, we investigated the effects of Angeli's salt (AS; sodium α-oxyhyponitrite, Na2N2O3), a nitroxyl (HNO) and nitrite (NO2(-)) donor, on plasma Hb oxidation and formation of iron-nitrosyl Hb from metHb and on the vasoactivity of plasma Hb. We hypothesized that AS could ameliorate hemolysis-associated pathology via its preferential reactivity with plasma Hb, as opposed to red-cell-encapsulated Hb, and through its intrinsic vasodilatory activity. To test this hypothesis, we infused (n=3 per group) (1) cell-free Hb and AS, (2) cell-free Hb+0.9% NaCl, (3) AS+3% albumin, and (4) 3% albumin+0.9% NaCl (colloid controls for Hb and AS, respectively) in a canine model. Co-infusion of AS and cell-free Hb led to preferential conversion of plasma Hb to metHb, but the extent of conversion was lower than anticipated based on the in vivo concentration of AS relative to plasma Hb. This lower metHb yield was probably due to reactions of nitroxyl-derived AS with plasma components such as thiol-containing compounds. From a physiological and therapeutic standpoint, the infusion of Hb alone led to significant increases in mean arterial pressure (p=0.03) and systemic vascular resistance index (p=0.01) compared to controls. Infusion of AS alone led to significant decreases in these parameters and co-infusion of AS along with Hb had an additive effect in reversing the effects of Hb alone on the systemic circulation. Interestingly, in the pulmonary system, the decrease in pressure when AS was added to Hb was significantly less than would have been expected compared to the effects of Hb and AS alone, suggesting that inactivation of scavenging with AS reduced the direct vasodilatory effects of AS on the vasculature. We also found that AS reduced platelet activation when administered to whole blood in vitro. These data suggest that AS-like compounds could serve as therapeutic agents to counteract the negative vasoconstrictive consequences of hemolysis that occur in hemolytic anemias, transfusion of stored blood, and other diseases. Increases in metHb in the red blood cell, the potential of AS for neurotoxicity, and hypotension would need to be carefully monitored in a clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven B Solomon
- Critical Care Medicine Department, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | | | - Daniel Sweeney
- Critical Care Medicine Department, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Barbora Piknova
- Molecular Medicine Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Christine C Helms
- Department of Physics; Translational Science Center, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USA
| | - Gabriela A Ferreyra
- Critical Care Medicine Department, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Nicolaas J H Raat
- Vascular Medicine Institute; Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Steven J Kern
- Critical Care Medicine Department, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Junfeng Sun
- Critical Care Medicine Department, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Linda C McPhail
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Alan N Schechter
- Molecular Medicine Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Charles Natanson
- Critical Care Medicine Department, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mark T Gladwin
- Vascular Medicine Institute; Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Daniel B Kim-Shapiro
- Department of Physics; Translational Science Center, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USA.
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DONG LIHUA, Wang S, Tropea M, Ferreyra GA, Danner R. Like Glucocorticoids (GCs), Mineralocorticoids (MCs) Inhibit Activation‐induced Apoptosis and Cytokine Production in Human Peripheral Blood T Lymphocytes. FASEB J 2011. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.25.1_supplement.968.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- LIHUA DONG
- Critical Care Medicine DepartmentClinical CenterBethesdaMD
| | - Shuibang Wang
- Critical Care Medicine DepartmentClinical CenterBethesdaMD
| | | | | | - Robert Danner
- Critical Care Medicine DepartmentClinical CenterBethesdaMD
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12
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Schak KM, Scordilis SP, Ferreyra GA, Harrington ME. Neuropeptide Y Activates Protein Kinase C in Hamster Suprachiasmatic Nuclei Brain Slices. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2010. [DOI: 10.1076/brhm.32.2.201.1358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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13
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Golombek DA, Ferreyra GA, Katz ME, Marpegan L, de Tezanos Pinto F, Fernández Alfonso T, Yannielli PC. Neurochemistry of Mammalian Entrainment: Signal Transduction Pathways in the Suprachiasmatic Nuclei. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2010. [DOI: 10.1076/0929-1016(200002)31:1;1-0;ft056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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14
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Chhikara M, Wang S, Kern SJ, Ferreyra GA, Barb JJ, Munson PJ, Danner RL. Carbon monoxide blocks lipopolysaccharide-induced gene expression by interfering with proximal TLR4 to NF-kappaB signal transduction in human monocytes. PLoS One 2009; 4:e8139. [PMID: 19956541 PMCID: PMC2780718 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2009] [Accepted: 11/05/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon monoxide (CO) is an endogenous messenger that suppresses inflammation, modulates apoptosis and promotes vascular remodeling. Here, microarrays were employed to globally characterize the CO (250 ppm) suppression of early (1 h) LPS-induced inflammation in human monocytic THP-1 cells. CO suppressed 79 of 101 immediate-early genes induced by LPS; 19% (15/79) were transcription factors and most others were cytokines, chemokines and immune response genes. The prototypic effects of CO on transcription and protein production occurred early but decreased rapidly. CO activated p38 MAPK, ERK1/2 and Akt and caused an early and transitory delay in LPS-induced JNK activation. However, selective inhibitors of these kinases failed to block CO suppression of LPS-induced IL-1β, an inflammation marker. Of CO-suppressed genes, 81% (64/79) were found to have promoters with putative NF-κB binding sites. CO was subsequently shown to block LPS-induced phosphorylation and degradation of IκBα in human monocytes, thereby inhibiting NF-κB signal transduction. CO broadly suppresses the initial inflammatory response of human monocytes to LPS by reshaping proximal events in TLR4 signal transduction such as stress kinase responses and early NF-κB activation. These rapid, but transient effects of CO may have therapeutic applications in acute pulmonary and vascular injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maneesha Chhikara
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Shuibang Wang
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Steven J. Kern
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Gabriela A. Ferreyra
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jennifer J. Barb
- Mathematical and Statistical Computing Laboratory, Center for Information Technology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Peter J. Munson
- Mathematical and Statistical Computing Laboratory, Center for Information Technology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Robert L. Danner
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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15
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Abstract
Mammalian circadian rhythms are generated by a hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) clock. Light pulses synchronize body rhythms by inducing phase delays during the early night and phase advances during the late night. Phosphorylation events are known to be involved in circadian phase shifting, both for delays and advances. Pharmacological inhibition of the cGMP-dependent kinase (cGK) or Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase (CaMK), or of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) blocks the circadian responses to light in vivo. Light pulses administered during the subjective night, but not during the day, induce rapid phosphorylation of both p-CAMKII and p-nNOS (specifically phosphorylated by CaMKII). CaMKII inhibitors block light-induced nNOS activity and phosphorylation, suggesting a direct pathway between both enzymes. Furthermore, SCN cGMP exhibits diurnal and circadian rhythms with maximal values during the day or subjective day. This variation of cGMP levels appears to be related to temporal changes in phosphodiesterase (PDE) activity and not to guanylyl cyclase (GC) activity. Light pulses increase SCN cGMP levels at circadian time (CT) 18 (when light causes phase advances of rhythms) but not at CT 14 (the time for light-induced phase delays). cGK II is expressed in the hamster SCN and also exhibits circadian changes in its levels, peaking during the day. Light pulses increase cGK activity at CT 18 but not at CT 14. In addition, cGK and GC inhibition by KT-5823 and ODQ significantly attenuated light-induced phase shifts at CT 18. This inhibition did not change c-Fos expression SCN but affected the expression of the clock gene per in the SCN. These results suggest a signal transduction pathway responsible for light-induced phase advances of the circadian clock which could be summarized as follows: Glu-Ca2+-CaMKII-nNOS-GC-cGMP-cGK-->-->clock genes. This pathway offers a signaling window that allows peering into the circadian clock machinery in order to decipher its temporal cogs and wheels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego A Golombek
- Laboratory of Chronobiology, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Roque Saenz Peña 180, Bernal (1876), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Agostino PV, Ferreyra GA, Murad AD, Watanabe Y, Golombek DA. Diurnal, circadian and photic regulation of calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase II and neuronal nitric oxide synthase in the hamster suprachiasmatic nuclei. Neurochem Int 2004; 44:617-25. [PMID: 15016477 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2003.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2003] [Revised: 06/18/2003] [Accepted: 09/19/2003] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian circadian rhythms are entrained by light pulses that induce phosphorylation events in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN). Ca(2+)-dependent enzymes are known to be involved in circadian phase shifting. In this paper, we show that calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII) is rhythmically phosphorylated in the SCN both under entrained and free-running (constant dark) conditions while neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) is rhythmically phosphorylated in the SCN only under entrained conditions. Both p-CaMKII and p-NOS (specifically phosphorylated by CaMKII) levels peak during the day or subjective day. Light pulses administered during the subjective night, but not during the day, induced rapid phosphorylation of both enzymes. Moreover, we found an inhibitory effect of KN-62 and KN-93, both CaMKII inhibitors, on light-induced nNOS activity and nNOS phosphorylation respectively, suggesting a direct pathway between both enzymes which is at least partially responsible of photic circadian entrainment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia V Agostino
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Roque Saenz Peña 180, Bernal 1876, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Marpegan L, Bekinschtein TA, Freudenthal R, Rubio MF, Ferreyra GA, Romano A, Golombek DA. Participation of transcription factors from the Rel/NF-kappa B family in the circadian system in hamsters. Neurosci Lett 2004; 358:9-12. [PMID: 15016422 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2003.12.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2003] [Revised: 11/30/2003] [Accepted: 12/13/2003] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We have studied the presence and activity of components of the nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) transcription factor in the hamster circadian system analyzing wheel-running activity, protein expression and DNA binding activity by electrophoresis mobility shift assays (EMSA). Non-rhythmic specific immunoreactive bands corresponding to a NF-kappaB subunit (p65) were found in hamster suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) homogenates. The active form of NF-kappaB evidenced by EMSA was clear and specific in SCN nuclear extracts. The administration of the NF-kappaB inhibitor pyrrolidine-dithiocharbamate (PDTC) blocked the light-induced phase advance at circadian time 18 (vehicle+light pulse: 2.08+/-0.46 h, PDTC+light: 0.36+/-0.35 h). These results demonstrate the presence and activity of Rel/NF-kappaB family proteins in the hamster SCN and suggest that these proteins may be related to the entrainment and regulation of circadian rhythms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Marpegan
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Roque Sáenz Peña 180, Bernal, B1876BXD Pcia. de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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18
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Abstract
Entrainment of mammalian circadian rhythms requires the activation of specific signal transduction pathways in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN). We have tested the participation of heme oxygenase (HO) in the SCN, by assessing HO specific activity at different time points and photic conditions. HO activity was determined by the conversion of hemin to bilirubin. HO enzymatic activity in the SCN was significantly higher during the night than during the day; this difference persisted when animals were placed under constant darkness, suggesting an endogenous circadian control. HO inhibition by Zn-protoporphyrin did not affect light-induced phase shifts in vivo, suggesting that the enzyme is not necessary for light input to the clock.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Fernanda Rubio
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, R.S. Peña 180, Bernal, 1876 Buenos Aires, Argentina
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19
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Abstract
Circadian rhythms are entrained by light-activated signal transduction pathways in the biological clock. Among these, circadian and photic control of mouse suprachiasmatic ERK MAP kinase activation has been reported. In this paper we extend these results to hamsters and to the two other major members of the MAPK family: JNK and p38. The three kinases are rhythmically phosphorylated under light-dark and constant conditions, with maximal values during the day or subjective day. Light pulses during the subjective night induce rapid activation of the three enzymes, suggesting that the three MAP kinases might be implicated in mammalian photic entrainment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gastón A Pizzio
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Roque Sáenz Peña 180, Bernal (B1876BXD) Pcia. de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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20
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Golombek DA, Ferreyra GA, Agostino PV, Murad AD, Rubio MF, Pizzio GA, Katz ME, Marpegan L, Bekinschtein TA. From light to genes: moving the hands of the circadian clock. Front Biosci 2003; 8:s285-93. [PMID: 12700026 DOI: 10.2741/1038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian circadian rhythms are generated by the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nuclei and finely tuned to environmental periodicities by neurochemical responses to the light-dark cycle. Light reaches the clock through a direct retinohypothalamic tract, primarily through glutamatergic innervation, and its action is probably regulated by a variety of other neurotransmitters. A key second messenger in circadian photic entrainment is calcium, mobilized through membrane channels or intracellular reservoirs, which triggers the activation of several enzymes, including a calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase and nitric oxide synthase. Other enzymes activated by light are mitogen-activated- and cGMP-dependent protein kinase; all of the above have been reported to be involved in the circadian responses to nocturnal light pulses. These mechanisms lead to expression of specific clock genes which eventually set the phase of the clock and of clock-controlled circadian rhythms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego A Golombek
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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21
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Abstract
Entrainment of mammalian circadian rhythms requires the activation of specific signal transduction pathways in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN). Pharmacological inhibition of kinases such as cGMP-dependent kinase (PKG) or Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase, but not cAMP-dependent kinase, blocks the circadian responses to light in vivo. Here we show a diurnal and circadian rhythm of cGMP levels and PKG activity in the hamster SCN, with maximal values during the day or subjective day. This rhythm depends on phosphodiesterase but not on guanylyl cyclase activity. Five-minute light pulses increased cGMP levels at the end of the subjective night [circadian time 18 (CT18)], but not at CT13.5. Western blot analysis indicated that the PKG II isoform is the one present in the SCN. Inhibition of PKG or guanylyl cyclase in vivo significantly attenuated light-induced phase shifts at CT18 (after 5-min light pulses) but did not affect c-Fos expression in the SCN. These results suggest that cGMP and PKG are related to SCN responses to light and undergo diurnal and circadian changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Ferreyra
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, 1876 Buenos Aires, Argentina
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22
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Abstract
The levels of cyclic AMP and protein kinase A, as well as the activity of this enzyme, were measured in the hamster suprachiasmatic nuclei at different time points throughout the daily or circadian cycle. Significant diurnal variations for levels of AMPc and the catalytic subunit of protein kinase A and the activity of this enzyme were found. All of these parameters tended to increase throughout the nocturnal phase, reaching higher values at the end of the night and the beginning of the day and minimal values around the time of lights off. This rhythmicity appears to be under exogenous control, since constant darkness abolished fluctuations throughout the circadian cycle. In vitro incubation in the presence of melatonin during the day significantly decreased cyclic AMP levels and basal protein kinase A activity in the SCN, while neither neuropeptide Y nor light pulses affected these parameters. These results suggest a significant diurnal regulation of the cyclic AMP-dependent system in the hamster circadian clock.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Ferreyra
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Roque Saenz Pena 180, Bernal 1786 Pcia. de, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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23
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Abstract
Circadian rhythms are controlled by an endogenous clock, which in mammals is located in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN). A role for nitric oxide in circadian responses to light has been indicated. To test the role of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in the SCN and in circadian responses to light, we examined NOS specific activity at different time points and photic conditions. NOS activity was determined by the conversion of 3H-arginine to 3H-citrulline. NOS enzymatic activity in the SCN was significantly higher during the dark phase than during the day, without any changes in the levels of the NOS protein. However, this difference disappeared when animals were placed under constant darkness, and NOS activity was similar at CT 8 and CT 18 (with CT 12 defined as the onset of the subjective night). When 5-min light pulses were administered at these time points (when light would induce no phase shift or a phase advance, respectively), NOS activity was significantly increased almost equally. A spectrophotometric assay was used to determine NO content in the SCN, showing relatively high constitutive levels enhanced by 100 microM glutamate. These results suggest that NOS activity is not controlled by the circadian clock, although it might mediate some of the effects of light on biological rhythms.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Ferreyra
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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