201
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Yashiro W. Hard X-ray imaging microscopy with self-imaging phenomenon. Microscopy (Oxf) 2018; 67:303-316. [PMID: 30307556 DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfy040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The self-imaging phenomenon referred to as the Talbot effect in the field of optics was discovered by H.F. Talbot in the 1830s, and is now widely used for imaging using not only visible light but also X-rays, electrons, neutrons, and matter waves. In this review, the author introduces the current progress being made in hard-X-ray imaging microscopy based on the self-imaging phenomenon. Hard-X-ray imaging microscopy is a promising technique for non-destructively visualizing internal structures in specimens with a spatial resolution up to a few tens of nanometers. The use of the self-imaging phenomenon makes it possible to realize highly sensitive phase-contrast X-ray imaging microscopes. These approaches have several advantages over conventional X-ray imaging microscopes, including the widely used Zernike X-ray phase-contrast microscopes, and can provide a powerful way of quantitative visualization with a high spatial resolution and a high sensitivity even for thick specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Yashiro
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials (IMRAM), Tohoku University, Katahira 2-1-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
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202
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Vignero J, Marshall NW, Vande Velde G, Bliznakova K, Bosmans H. Translation from murine to human lung imaging using x-ray dark field radiography: A simulation study. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0206302. [PMID: 30372458 PMCID: PMC6205805 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies on murine models have demonstrated the potential of dark field (DF) x-ray imaging for lung diseases. The alveolar microstructure causes small angle scattering, which is visualised in DF images. Whether DF imaging works for human lungs is not a priori guaranteed as human alveoli are larger and system settings for murine imaging will probably have to be adapted. This work examines the potential of translating DF imaging to human lungs. The DF contrast due to murine and human lung models was studied using numerical wave propagation simulations, where the lungs were modelled as a volume filled with spheres. Three sphere diameters were used: 39, 60 and 80 μm for the murine model and 200, 300 and 400 μm spheres for the human model. System settings applied for murine lung response modelling were taken from a prototype grating interferometry scanner used in murine lung experiments. The settings simulated for human lung imaging simulations combine the requirements for grating interferometry and conventional chest RX in terms of x-ray energy and pixel size. The DF signal in the simulated murine model was consistent with results from experimental DF data. The simulated linear diffusion coefficient for medium alveoli diameters was found to be (1.31±0.01)⋅10-11 mm-1, 120 times larger than those of human lung tissue ((1.09±0.01)⋅10-13 mm-1). However, as the human thorax is typically a factor 15 times larger than that of murine animals, the overall DF effect in human lungs remains substantial. At the largest lung thickness and for the DF setup simulated, human lungs have an estimated DF response of around 0.31 and murine lungs of 0.23. Dark field imaging can therefore be considered a promising modality for use in human lung imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janne Vignero
- Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nicholas W. Marshall
- Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Radiology, UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Kristina Bliznakova
- Laboratory of Computer Simulations in Medicine, Technical University of Varna, Varna, Bulgaria
| | - Hilde Bosmans
- Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Radiology, UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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203
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High resolution laboratory grating-based X-ray phase-contrast CT. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15884. [PMID: 30367132 PMCID: PMC6203738 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33997-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The conventional form of computed tomography using X-ray attenuation without any contrast agents is of limited use for the characterization of soft tissue in many fields of medical and biological studies. Grating-based phase-contrast computed tomography (gbPC-CT) is a promising alternative imaging method solving the low soft tissue contrast without the need of any contrast agent. While highly sensitive measurements are possible using conventional X-ray sources the spatial resolution does often not fulfill the requirements for specific imaging tasks, such as visualization of pathologies. The focus of this study is the increase in spatial resolution without loss of sensitivity. To overcome this limitation a super-resolution reconstruction based on sub-pixel shifts involving a deconvolution of the image data during each iteration is applied. In our study we achieve an effective pixel size of 28 μm with a conventional rotating anode tube and a photon-counting detector. We also demonstrate that the method can upgrade existing setups to measure tomographies with higher resolution. The results show the increase in resolution at high sensitivity and with the ability to make quantitative measurements. The combination of sparse sampling and statistical iterative reconstruction may be used to reduce the total measurement time. In conclusion, we present high-quality and high-resolution tomographic images of biological samples to demonstrate the experimental feasibility of super-resolution reconstruction.
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204
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Eggl E, Grandl S, Sztrόkay-Gaul A, Dierolf M, Jud C, Heck L, Burger K, Günther B, Achterhold K, Mayr D, Wilkens JJ, Auweter SD, Gleich B, Hellerhoff K, Reiser MF, Pfeiffer F, Herzen J. Dose-compatible grating-based phase-contrast mammography on mastectomy specimens using a compact synchrotron source. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15700. [PMID: 30356116 PMCID: PMC6200806 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33628-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
With the introduction of screening mammography, the mortality rate of breast cancer has been reduced throughout the last decades. However, many women undergo unnecessary subsequent examinations due to inconclusive diagnoses from mammography. Two pathways appear especially promising to reduce the number of false-positive diagnoses. In a clinical study, mammography using synchrotron radiation was able to clarify the diagnosis in the majority of inconclusive cases. The second highly valued approach focuses on the application of phase-sensitive techniques such as grating-based phase-contrast and dark-field imaging. Feasibility studies have demonstrated a promising enhancement of diagnostic content, but suffer from dose concerns. Here we present dose-compatible grating-based phase-contrast and dark-field images as well as conventional absorption images acquired with monochromatic x-rays from a compact synchrotron source based on inverse Compton scattering. Images of freshly dissected mastectomy specimens show improved diagnostic content over ex-vivo clinical mammography images at lower or equal dose. We demonstrate increased contrast-to-noise ratio for monochromatic over clinical images for a well-defined phantom. Compact synchrotron sources could potentially serve as a clinical second level examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Eggl
- Chair of Biomedical Physics, Department of Physics, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748, Garching, Germany.
- Munich School of BioEngineering, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstraße 11, 85748, Garching, Germany.
| | - Susanne Grandl
- Institute for Clinical Radiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital Munich, Marchioninistraße 15, 81377, München, Germany
| | - Anikό Sztrόkay-Gaul
- Institute for Clinical Radiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital Munich, Marchioninistraße 15, 81377, München, Germany
| | - Martin Dierolf
- Chair of Biomedical Physics, Department of Physics, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
- Munich School of BioEngineering, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstraße 11, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Christoph Jud
- Chair of Biomedical Physics, Department of Physics, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
- Munich School of BioEngineering, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstraße 11, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Lisa Heck
- Chair of Biomedical Physics, Department of Physics, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
- Munich School of BioEngineering, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstraße 11, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Karin Burger
- Chair of Biomedical Physics, Department of Physics, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
- Munich School of BioEngineering, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstraße 11, 85748, Garching, Germany
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Straße 22, 81675, München, Germany
| | - Benedikt Günther
- Chair of Biomedical Physics, Department of Physics, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
- Munich School of BioEngineering, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstraße 11, 85748, Garching, Germany
- Max-Planck-Institute for Quantum Optics, Hans-Kopfermann-Straße 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Klaus Achterhold
- Chair of Biomedical Physics, Department of Physics, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
- Munich School of BioEngineering, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstraße 11, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Doris Mayr
- Institute of Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University München, Thalkirchner Straße 36, 80337, München, Germany
| | - Jan J Wilkens
- Chair of Biomedical Physics, Department of Physics, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
- Munich School of BioEngineering, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstraße 11, 85748, Garching, Germany
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Straße 22, 81675, München, Germany
| | - Sigrid D Auweter
- Institute for Clinical Radiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital Munich, Marchioninistraße 15, 81377, München, Germany
| | - Bernhard Gleich
- Munich School of BioEngineering, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstraße 11, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Karin Hellerhoff
- Institute for Clinical Radiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital Munich, Marchioninistraße 15, 81377, München, Germany
| | - Maximilian F Reiser
- Institute for Clinical Radiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital Munich, Marchioninistraße 15, 81377, München, Germany
| | - Franz Pfeiffer
- Chair of Biomedical Physics, Department of Physics, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
- Munich School of BioEngineering, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstraße 11, 85748, Garching, Germany
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Straße 22, 81675, München, Germany
| | - Julia Herzen
- Chair of Biomedical Physics, Department of Physics, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
- Munich School of BioEngineering, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstraße 11, 85748, Garching, Germany
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205
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Phase-Contrast and Dark-Field Imaging. J Imaging 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/jimaging4100113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Very early, in 1896, Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, the founding father of X-rays, attempted to measure diffraction and refraction by this new kind of radiation, in vain. Only 70 years later, these effects were measured by Ulrich Bonse and Michael Hart who used them to make full-field images of biological specimen, coining the term phase-contrast imaging. Yet, another 30 years passed until the Talbot effect was rediscovered for X-radiation, giving rise to a micrograting based interferometer, replacing the Bonse–Hart interferometer, which relied on a set of four Laue-crystals for beam splitting and interference. By merging the Lau-interferometer with this Talbot-interferometer, another ten years later, measuring X-ray refraction and X-ray scattering full-field and in cm-sized objects (as Röntgen had attempted 110 years earlier) became feasible in every X-ray laboratory around the world. Today, now that another twelve years have passed and we are approaching the 125th jubilee of Röntgen’s discovery, neither Laue-crystals nor microgratings are a necessity for sensing refraction and scattering by X-rays. Cardboard, steel wool, and sandpaper are sufficient for extracting these contrasts from transmission images, using the latest image reconstruction algorithms. This advancement and the ever rising number of applications for phase-contrast and dark-field imaging prove to what degree our understanding of imaging physics as well as signal processing have advanced since the advent of X-ray physics, in particular during the past two decades. The discovery of the electron, as well as the development of electron imaging technology, has accompanied X-ray physics closely along its path, both modalities exploring the applications of new dark-field contrast mechanisms these days. Materials science, life science, archeology, non-destructive testing, and medicine are the key faculties which have already integrated these new imaging devices, using their contrast mechanisms in full. This special issue “Phase-Contrast and Dark-field Imaging” gives us a broad yet very to-the-point glimpse of research and development which are currently taking place in this very active field. We find reviews, applications reports, and methodological papers of very high quality from various groups, most of which operate X-ray scanners which comprise these new imaging modalities.
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206
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Willer K, Fingerle AA, Gromann LB, De Marco F, Herzen J, Achterhold K, Gleich B, Muenzel D, Scherer K, Renz M, Renger B, Kopp F, Kriner F, Fischer F, Braun C, Auweter S, Hellbach K, Reiser MF, Schroeter T, Mohr J, Yaroshenko A, Maack HI, Pralow T, van der Heijden H, Proksa R, Koehler T, Wieberneit N, Rindt K, Rummeny EJ, Pfeiffer F, Noël PB. X-ray dark-field imaging of the human lung-A feasibility study on a deceased body. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204565. [PMID: 30261038 PMCID: PMC6160109 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Disorders of the lungs such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are a major cause of chronic morbidity and mortality and the third leading cause of death in the world. The absence of sensitive diagnostic tests for early disease stages of COPD results in under-diagnosis of this treatable disease in an estimated 60–85% of the patients. In recent years a grating-based approach to X-ray dark-field contrast imaging has shown to be very sensitive for the detection and quantification of pulmonary emphysema in small animal models. However, translation of this technique to imaging systems suitable for humans remains challenging and has not yet been reported. In this manuscript, we present the first X-ray dark-field images of in-situ human lungs in a deceased body, demonstrating the feasibility of X-ray dark-field chest radiography on a human scale. Results were correlated with findings of computed tomography imaging and autopsy. The performance of the experimental radiography setup allows acquisition of multi-contrast chest X-ray images within clinical boundary conditions, including radiation dose. Upcoming clinical studies will have to demonstrate that this technology has the potential to improve early diagnosis of COPD and pulmonary diseases in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Willer
- Department of Physics and Munich School of BioEngineering, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Alexander A. Fingerle
- Department of Physics and Munich School of BioEngineering, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lukas B. Gromann
- Department of Physics and Munich School of BioEngineering, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Fabio De Marco
- Department of Physics and Munich School of BioEngineering, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Julia Herzen
- Department of Physics and Munich School of BioEngineering, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Klaus Achterhold
- Department of Physics and Munich School of BioEngineering, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Bernhard Gleich
- Department of Physics and Munich School of BioEngineering, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Daniela Muenzel
- Department of Physics and Munich School of BioEngineering, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Kai Scherer
- Department of Physics and Munich School of BioEngineering, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Martin Renz
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Bernhard Renger
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Felix Kopp
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Fabian Kriner
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Florian Fischer
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Braun
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sigrid Auweter
- Institute of Clinical Radiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Katharina Hellbach
- Institute of Clinical Radiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Maximilian F. Reiser
- Institute of Clinical Radiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Tobias Schroeter
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Microstructure Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Juergen Mohr
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Microstructure Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Roland Proksa
- Philips GmbH Innovative Technologies, Research Laboratories, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Koehler
- Philips GmbH Innovative Technologies, Research Laboratories, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute for Advanced Study, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | | | | | - Ernst J. Rummeny
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Franz Pfeiffer
- Department of Physics and Munich School of BioEngineering, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Institute for Advanced Study, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Peter B. Noël
- Department of Physics and Munich School of BioEngineering, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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207
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Wieczorek M, Schaff F, Jud C, Pfeiffer D, Pfeiffer F, Lasser T. Brain Connectivity Exposed by Anisotropic X-ray Dark-field Tomography. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14345. [PMID: 30254282 PMCID: PMC6156569 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32023-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand the interaction of different parts of the human brain it is essential to know how they are connected. Such connections are predominantly related to the brain's white matter, which forms the neuronal pathways, the axons. These axons, also referred to as nerve fibers, have a size on the micrometer scale and are therefore too small to be imaged by standard X-ray systems. In this paper, we use a grating interferometer and a method based on Anisotropic X-ray Dark-field Tomography (AXDT) with the goal to generate a three-dimensional tomographic reconstruction of these functional structures. A first preclinical survey shows that we successfully reconstruct the orientations of the brain fibers connectivity with our approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Wieczorek
- Computer Aided Medical Procedures, Technical University of Munich, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Florian Schaff
- Chair of Biomedical Physics, Department of Physics and Munich School of BioEngineering, Technical University of Munich, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Christoph Jud
- Chair of Biomedical Physics, Department of Physics and Munich School of BioEngineering, Technical University of Munich, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Daniela Pfeiffer
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675, München, Germany
| | - Franz Pfeiffer
- Chair of Biomedical Physics, Department of Physics and Munich School of BioEngineering, Technical University of Munich, 85748, Garching, Germany.,Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675, München, Germany.,Institute for Advanced Study, Technical University of Munich, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Tobias Lasser
- Computer Aided Medical Procedures, Technical University of Munich, 85748, Garching, Germany.
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208
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Seifert M, Ludwig V, Gallersdörfer M, Hauke C, Hellbach K, Horn F, Pelzer G, Radicke M, Rieger J, Sutter SM, Michel T, Anton G. Single-shot Talbot-Lau x-ray dark-field imaging of a porcine lung applying the moiré imaging approach. Phys Med Biol 2018; 63:185010. [PMID: 30117437 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/aadafe] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Talbot-Lau x-ray imaging provides additionally to the conventional attenuation image, two further images: the differential phase-contrast image which is especially sensitive to differences in refractive properties and the dark-field image which is showing the x-ray scattering properties of the object. Thus, in the dark-field image sub-pixeled object information can be observed. As it has been shown in recent studies, this is of special interest for lung imaging. Changes in the alveoli structure, which are in the size of one detector pixel, can be seen in the dark-field images. A fast acquisition process is crucial to avoid motion artifacts due to heartbeat and breathing of the patient. Using moiré imaging the images can be acquired with a single-shot exposure. Nevertheless, the spatial resolution is reduced compared to the phase-stepping acquisition. We evaluate the results of both imaging techniques towards their feasibility in clinical routine. Furthermore, we analyse the influence of artificial linear object movement on the image quality, in order to simulate the heartbeat of a patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Seifert
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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209
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Preissner M, Murrie RP, Bresee C, Carnibella RP, Fouras A, Weir EK, Dubsky S, Pinar IP, Jones HD. Application of a novel in vivo imaging approach to measure pulmonary vascular responses in mice. Physiol Rep 2018; 6:e13875. [PMID: 30284390 PMCID: PMC6170880 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Noninvasive imaging of the murine pulmonary vasculature is challenging due to the small size of the animal, limits of resolution of the imaging technology, terminal nature of the procedure, or the need for intravenous contrast. We report the application of laboratory-based high-speed, high-resolution x-ray imaging, and image analysis to detect quantitative changes in the pulmonary vascular tree over time in the same animal without the need for intravenous contrast. Using this approach, we detected an increased number of vessels in the pulmonary vascular tree of animals after 30 min of recovery from a brief exposure to inspired gas with 10% oxygen plus 5% carbon dioxide (mean ± standard deviation: 2193 ± 382 at baseline vs. 6177 ± 1171 at 30 min of recovery; P < 0.0001). In a separate set of animals, we showed that the total pulmonary blood volume increased (P = 0.0412) while median vascular diameter decreased from 0.20 mm (IQR: 0.15-0.28 mm) to 0.18 mm (IQR: 0.14-0.26 mm; P = 0.0436) over the respiratory cycle from end-expiration to end-inspiration. These findings suggest that the noninvasive, nonintravenous contrast imaging approach reported here can detect dynamic responses of the murine pulmonary vasculature and may be a useful tool in studying these responses in models of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Preissner
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringMonash UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Rhiannon P. Murrie
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringMonash UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Catherine Bresee
- Cedars‐Sinai Medical CenterBiostatistics & Bioinformatics Research InstituteLos AngelesCalifornia
| | | | - Andreas Fouras
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringMonash UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- 4Dx LimitedMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Department of Biomedical SciencesCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterBiomedical Imaging Research InstituteLos AngelesCalifornia
| | - E. Kenneth Weir
- Department of MedicineUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesota
| | - Stephen Dubsky
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringMonash UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Isaac P. Pinar
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringMonash UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Heather D. Jones
- Department of Biomedical SciencesCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterBiomedical Imaging Research InstituteLos AngelesCalifornia
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210
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Preliminary research on body composition measurement using X-ray phase contrast imaging. Phys Med 2018; 52:1-8. [PMID: 30139597 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2018.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Body composition measurement is of cardinal significance for medical and clinical applications. Currently, the dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) technique is widely applied for this measurement. In this study, we present a novel measurement method using the absorption and phase information obtained simultaneously from the X-ray grating-based interferometer (XGI). Rather than requiring two projection data sets with different X-ray energy spectra, with the proposed method, both the areal densities of the bone and the surrounding soft tissue can be acquired utilizing one projection data set. By using a human body phantom constructed to validate the proposed method, experimental results have shown that the compositions can be calculated with an improved accuracy comparing to the dual energy method, especially for the soft tissue measurement. Since the proposed method can be easily implemented on current XGI setup, it will greatly extend the applications of the XGI, and meanwhile has the potential to be an alternative to DEXA for human body composition measurement.
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211
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Maughan Jones CJ, Vittoria FA, Olivo A, Endrizzi M, Munro PRT. Retrieval of weak x-ray scattering using edge illumination. OPTICS LETTERS 2018; 43:3874-3877. [PMID: 30106905 DOI: 10.1364/ol.43.003874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
X-ray phase contrast imaging provides additional modes of image contrast compared to conventional attenuation-based x-ray imaging, thus providing additional structural and functional information about the sample. The edge-illumination (EI) technique has been used to provide attenuation, refraction, and scattering contrast in both biological and non-biological samples. However, the retrieval of low scattering signals by fitting a single Gaussian remains problematic, principally due to the inability of the EI system to achieve perfect dark-field illumination. We present a new retrieval method that fits three Gaussians, which successfully overcomes this limitation, and provide examples of the retrieval of such signals in highly absorbing, weakly scattering samples.
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212
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Hauke C, Anton G, Hellbach K, Leghissa M, Meinel FG, Mertelmeier T, Michel T, Radicke M, Sutter SM, Weber T, Ritschl L. Enhanced reconstruction algorithm for moiré artifact suppression in Talbot–Lau x-ray imaging. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 63:135018. [DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/aacb07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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213
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Wang Z, Liu D, Zhang J, Huang W, Yuan Q, Gao K, Wu Z. Absorption, refraction and scattering retrieval in X-ray analyzer-based imaging. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2018; 25:1206-1213. [PMID: 29979183 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577518007439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A three-image algorithm is proposed in order to retrieve the absorption, refraction and ultra-small-angle X-ray scattering (USAXS) properties of the object in X-ray analyzer-based imaging. Based on the Gaussian fitting to the rocking curve, the novel algorithm is theoretically derived and presented, and validated by synchrotron radiation experiments. Compared with multiple-image radiography, this algorithm only requires a minimum of three intensity measurements, and is therefore advantageous in terms of simplified acquisition procedure and reduced data collection times, which are especially important for specific applications such as in vivo imaging and phase tomography. Moreover, the retrieval algorithm can be specialized to particular cases where some degree of a priori knowledge on the object is available, potentially reducing the minimum number of intensity measurements to two. Furthermore, the effect of angular mis-alignment on the accuracy of the retrieved images was theoretically investigated, which can be of use in image interpretation and optimization of the data acquisition procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhili Wang
- School of Electronics and Applied Physics, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, People's Republic of China
| | - Dalin Liu
- School of Electronics and Applied Physics, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanxia Huang
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingxi Yuan
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Gao
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhao Wu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
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214
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Wu Z, Gao K, Wang Z, Wei C, Wali F, Zan G, Wei W, Zhu P, Tian Y. Direct information retrieval after 3D reconstruction in grating-based X-ray phase-contrast computed tomography. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2018; 25:1222-1228. [PMID: 29979185 PMCID: PMC6038613 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577518008019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Grating-based X-ray differential phase-contrast imaging has attracted a great amount of attention and has been considered as a potential imaging method in clinical medicine because of its compatibility with the traditional X-ray tube source and the possibility of a large field of view. Moreover, phase-contrast computed tomography provides three-dimensional phase-contrast visualization. Generally, two-dimensional information retrieval performed on every projection is required prior to three-dimensional reconstruction in phase-contrast computed tomography. In this paper, a three-dimensional information retrieval method to separate absorption and phase information directly from two reconstructed images is derived. Theoretical derivations together with numerical simulations have been performed to confirm the feasibility and veracity of the proposed method. The advantages and limitations compared with the reverse projection method are also discussed. Owing to the reduced data size and the absence of a logarithm operation, the computational time for information retrieval is shortened by the proposed method. In addition, the hybrid three-dimensional images of absorption and phase information were reconstructed using an absorption reconstruction algorithm, hence the existing data pre-processing methods and iterative reconstruction algorithms in absorption reconstruction may be utilized in phase reconstruction immediately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Wu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kun Gao
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhili Wang
- School of Electronic Science and Applied Physics, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chenxi Wei
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Faiz Wali
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guibin Zan
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenbin Wei
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Peiping Zhu
- Institute of High-Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yangchao Tian
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, People’s Republic of China
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215
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Automated Analysis of Spatially Resolved X-ray Scattering and Micro Computed Tomography of Artificial and Natural Enamel Carious Lesions. J Imaging 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/jimaging4060081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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216
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Birnbacher L, Willner M, Marschner M, Pfeiffer D, Pfeiffer F, Herzen J. Accurate effective atomic number determination with polychromatic grating-based phase-contrast computed tomography. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:15153-15166. [PMID: 30114766 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.015153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The demand for quantitative medical imaging is increasing in the ongoing digitalization. Conventional computed tomography (CT) is energy-dependent and therefore of limited comparability. In contrast, dual-energy CT (DECT) allows for the determination of absolute image contrast quantities, namely the electron density and the effective atomic number, and is already established in clinical radiology and radiation therapy. Grating-based phase-contrast computed tomography (GBPC-CT) is an experimental X-ray technique that also allows for the measurement of the electron density and the effective atomic number. However, the determination of both quantities is challenging when dealing with polychromatic GBPC-CT setups. In this paper, we present how to calculate the effective atomic numbers with a polychromatic, laboratory GBPC-CT setup operating between 35 and 50\,kVp. First, we investigated the accuracy of the measurement of the attenuation coefficients and electron densities. For this, we performed a calibration using the concept of effective energy. With the reliable experimental quantitative values, we were able to evaluate the effective atomic numbers of the investigated materials using a method previously shown with monochromatic X-ray radiation. In detail, we first calculated the ratio of the electron density and attenuation coefficient, which were experimentally determined with our polychromatic GBPC-CT setup. Second, we compared this ratio with tabulated total attenuation cross sections from literature values to determine the effective atomic numbers. Thus, we were able to calculate two physical absolute quantities -- the electron density and effective atomic number -- that are in general independent of the specific experimental conditions like the X-ray beam spectrum or the setup design.
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217
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Improved Detection of Foreign Bodies on Radiographs Using X-ray Dark-Field and Phase-Contrast Imaging. Invest Radiol 2018; 53:352-356. [DOI: 10.1097/rli.0000000000000450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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218
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Lee H, Lim H, Jeon D, Park C, Lee D, Cho H, Seo C, Kim K, Kim G, Park S, Kang S, Park J, Kim W, Lim Y, Woo T. Eliminating artifacts in single-grid phase-contrast x-ray imaging for improving image quality. Comput Biol Med 2018; 97:74-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2018.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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219
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De Marco F, Marschner M, Birnbacher L, Noël P, Herzen J, Pfeiffer F. Analysis and correction of bias induced by phase stepping jitter in grating-based X-ray phase-contrast imaging. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:12707-12722. [PMID: 29801307 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.012707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Grating-based X-ray phase-contrast (gbPC) is an X-ray phase-contrast imaging method involving optical gratings that typically employs the Talbot self-imaging effect. X-ray phase contrast is known to provide significant benefits for biomedical imaging. To investigate these benefits for gbPC, a high-sensitivity gbPC micro-CT setup for small biological samples has been constructed. A gbPC projection measurement simultaneously retrieves the transmittance, differential-phase and dark-field modalities of a sample. Phase stepping, the most common gbPC acquisition technique, involves several acquisitions at different lateral positions of one of the gratings. The three modalities can then be retrieved by least-squares- or FFT-based methods. Unfortunately, increasing differential-phase sensitivity also leads to an increased magnitude of artifacts introduced during retrieval of the modalities from the phase-stepping data, which limits image quality. Most importantly, processing of phase-stepping data with incorrect stepping positions (i.e., spatial sampling jitter) can introduce artifacts to the modalities. Using data from the high-sensitivity gbPC setup, as well as simulations, we show that an artifact is introduced by the jitter which is correlated with the phase of the stepping curve. We present a theoretical explanation for this correlation by introducing small deviations to an equidistant sampling of a stepping curve and approximating the effect on the calculation of the three gbPC modalities with a first-order Taylor approximation. Finally, we present an algorithm for the detection and removal of these artifacts that exploits these correlations. We show that this algorithm is able to eliminate these artifacts without degrading true image information.
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220
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A Shack-Hartmann Sensor for Single-Shot Multi-Contrast Imaging with Hard X-rays. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/app8050737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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221
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Zhou T, Wang H, Connolley T, Scott S, Baker N, Sawhney K. Development of an X-ray imaging system to prevent scintillator degradation for white synchrotron radiation. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2018; 25:801-807. [PMID: 29714191 PMCID: PMC5929358 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577518003193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The high flux of the white X-ray beams from third-generation synchrotron light sources can significantly benefit the development of high-speed X-ray imaging, but can also bring technical challenges to existing X-ray imaging systems. One prevalent problem is that the image quality deteriorates because of dust particles accumulating on the scintillator screen during exposure to intense X-ray radiation. Here, this problem has been solved by embedding the scintillator in a flowing inert-gas environment. It is also shown that the detector maintains the quality of the captured images even after days of X-ray exposure. This modification is cost-efficient and easy to implement. Representative examples of applications using the X-ray imaging system are also provided, including fast tomography and multimodal phase-contrast imaging for biomedical and geological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tunhe Zhou
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Hongchang Wang
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Thomas Connolley
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Steward Scott
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Nick Baker
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Kawal Sawhney
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK
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222
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Hauke C, Bartl P, Leghissa M, Ritschl L, Sutter SM, Weber T, Zeidler J, Freudenberger J, Mertelmeier T, Radicke M, Michel T, Anton G, Meinel FG, Baehr A, Auweter S, Bondesson D, Gaass T, Dinkel J, Reiser M, Hellbach K. A preclinical Talbot-Lau prototype for x-ray dark-field imaging of human-sized objects. Med Phys 2018; 45:2565-2571. [DOI: 10.1002/mp.12889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- C. Hauke
- Siemens Healthcare GmbH; 91301 Forchheim Germany
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics; FAU Erlangen-Nuremberg; 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - P. Bartl
- Siemens Healthcare GmbH; 91301 Forchheim Germany
| | - M. Leghissa
- Siemens Healthcare GmbH; 91301 Forchheim Germany
| | - L. Ritschl
- Siemens Healthcare GmbH; 91301 Forchheim Germany
| | - S. M. Sutter
- Siemens Healthcare GmbH; 91301 Forchheim Germany
| | - T. Weber
- Siemens Healthcare GmbH; 91301 Forchheim Germany
| | - J. Zeidler
- Siemens Healthcare GmbH; 91301 Forchheim Germany
| | | | | | - M. Radicke
- Siemens Healthcare GmbH; 91301 Forchheim Germany
| | - T. Michel
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics; FAU Erlangen-Nuremberg; 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - G. Anton
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics; FAU Erlangen-Nuremberg; 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - F. G. Meinel
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology; University of Rostock Medical Center; 18057 Rostock Germany
| | - A. Baehr
- Department of Veterinary Science; LMU Munich; 85764 Oberschleissheim Germany
| | - S. Auweter
- Department of Radiology; University Hospital; LMU Munich; 80336 Munich Germany
| | - D. Bondesson
- Department of Radiology; University Hospital; LMU Munich; 80336 Munich Germany
| | - T. Gaass
- Department of Radiology; University Hospital; LMU Munich; 80336 Munich Germany
| | - J. Dinkel
- Department of Radiology; University Hospital; LMU Munich; 80336 Munich Germany
| | - M. Reiser
- Department of Radiology; University Hospital; LMU Munich; 80336 Munich Germany
| | - K. Hellbach
- Department of Radiology; University Hospital; LMU Munich; 80336 Munich Germany
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223
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224
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Non-Destructive Testing of Archaeological Findings by Grating-Based X-Ray Phase-Contrast and Dark-Field Imaging. J Imaging 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/jimaging4040058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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225
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Development and Characterization of Two-Dimensional Gratings for Single-Shot X-ray Phase-Contrast Imaging. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/app8030468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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226
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Kim Y, Kim J, Kim D, Hussey DS, Lee SW. Feasibility evaluation of a neutron grating interferometer with an analyzer grating based on a structured scintillator. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2018; 89:033701. [PMID: 29604735 PMCID: PMC8628295 DOI: 10.1063/1.5009702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We introduce an analyzer grating based on a structured scintillator fabricated by a gadolinium oxysulfide powder filling method for a symmetric Talbot-Lau neutron grating interferometer. This is an alternative way to analyze the Talbot self-image of a grating interferometer without using an absorption grating to block neutrons. Since the structured scintillator analyzer grating itself generates the signal for neutron detection, we do not need an additional scintillator screen as an absorption analyzer grating. We have developed and tested an analyzer grating based on a structured scintillator in our symmetric Talbot-Lau neutron grating interferometer to produce high fidelity absorption, differential phase, and dark-field contrast images. The acquired images have been compared to results of a grating interferometer utilizing a typical absorption analyzer grating with two commercial scintillation screens. The analyzer grating based on the structured scintillator enhances interference fringe visibility and shows a great potential for economical fabrication, compact system design, and so on. We report the performance of the analyzer grating based on a structured scintillator and evaluate its feasibility for the neutron grating interferometer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngju Kim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
| | - Jongyul Kim
- Neutron Science Center, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Daejeon 34057, South Korea
| | - Daeseung Kim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
| | - Daniel. S. Hussey
- Neutron Physics Group, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| | - Seung Wook Lee
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
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227
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Khimchenko A, Schulz G, Thalmann P, Müller B. Implementation of a double-grating interferometer for phase-contrast computed tomography in a conventional system nanotom ® m. APL Bioeng 2018; 2:016106. [PMID: 31069291 PMCID: PMC6481705 DOI: 10.1063/1.5022184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Visualizing the internal architecture of large soft tissue specimens within the laboratory environment in a label-free manner is challenging, as the conventional absorption-contrast tomography yields a poor contrast. In this communication, we present the integration of an X-ray double-grating interferometer (XDGI) into an advanced, commercially available micro computed tomography system nanotom® m with a transmission X-ray source and a micrometer-sized focal spot. The performance of the interferometer is demonstrated by comparing the registered three-dimensional images of a human knee joint sample in phase- and conventional absorption-contrast modes. XDGI provides enough contrast (1.094 ± 0.152) to identify the cartilage layer, which is not recognized in the conventional mode (0.287 ± 0.003). Consequently, the two modes are complementary, as the present XDGI set-up only reaches a spatial resolution of (73 ± 6) μm, whereas the true micrometer resolution in the absorption-contrast mode has been proven. By providing complimentary information, XDGI is especially a supportive quantitative method for imaging soft tissues and visualizing weak X-ray absorbing species in the direct neighborhood of stronger absorbing components at the microscopic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Khimchenko
- Biomaterials Science Center, University of Basel, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Georg Schulz
- Biomaterials Science Center, University of Basel, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Peter Thalmann
- Biomaterials Science Center, University of Basel, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Bert Müller
- Biomaterials Science Center, University of Basel, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
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228
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Pinar IP, Jones HD. Novel imaging approaches for small animal models of lung disease (2017 Grover Conference series). Pulm Circ 2018; 8:2045894018762242. [PMID: 29480066 PMCID: PMC5888832 DOI: 10.1177/2045894018762242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Imaging in small animal models of lung disease is challenging, as existing technologies are limited either by resolution or by the terminal nature of the imaging approach. Here, we describe the current state of small animal lung imaging, the technological advances of laboratory-sourced phase contrast X-ray imaging, and the application of this novel technology and its attendant image analysis techniques to the in vivo imaging of the large airways and pulmonary vasculature in murine models of lung health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac P Pinar
- 1 Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,2 Division of Biological Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Heather D Jones
- 3 Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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229
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Zdora MC, Zanette I, Zhou T, Koch FJ, Romell J, Sala S, Last A, Ohishi Y, Hirao N, Rau C, Thibault P. At-wavelength optics characterisation via X-ray speckle- and grating-based unified modulated pattern analysis. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:4989-5004. [PMID: 29475342 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.004989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The current advances in new generation X-ray sources are calling for the development and improvement of high-performance optics. Techniques for high-sensitivity phase sensing and wavefront characterisation, preferably performed at-wavelength, are increasingly required for quality control, optimisation and development of such devices. We here show that the recently proposed unified modulated pattern analysis (UMPA) can be used for these purposes. We characterised two polymer X-ray refractive lenses and quantified the effect of beam damage and shape errors on their refractive properties. Measurements were performed with two different setups for UMPA and validated with conventional X-ray grating interferometry. Due to its adaptability to different setups, the ease of implementation and cost-effectiveness, we expect UMPA to find applications for high-throughput quantitative optics characterisation and wavefront sensing.
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230
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Implementation of a Talbot-Lau interferometer in a clinical-like c-arm setup: A feasibility study. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2325. [PMID: 29396417 PMCID: PMC5797080 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19482-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
X-ray grating-based phase-contrast imaging has raised interest regarding a variety of potential clinical applications, whereas the method is feasible using a medical x-ray tube. Yet, the transition towards a clinical setup remains challenging due to the requirement of mechanical robustness of the interferometer and high demands applying to medical equipment in clinical use. We demonstrate the successful implementation of a Talbot-Lau interferometer in an interventional c-arm setup. The consequence of vibrations induced by the rotating anode of the tube is discussed and the prototype is shown to provide a visibility of 21.4% at a tube voltage of 60 kV despite the vibrations. Regarding clinical application, the prototype is mainly set back due to the limited size of the field of view covering an area of 17 mm × 46 mm. A c-arm offers the possibility to change the optical axis according to the requirements of the medical examination. We provide a method to correct for artifacts that result from the angulation of the c-arm. Finally, the images of a series of measurements with the c-arm in different angulated positions are shown. Thereby, it is sufficient to perform a single reference measurement in parking position that is valid for the complete series despite angulation.
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231
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X-Ray Dark-field Imaging to Depict Acute Lung Inflammation in Mice. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2096. [PMID: 29391514 PMCID: PMC5794739 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20193-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of early stage imaging of acute lung inflammation in mice using grating-based X-ray dark-field imaging in vivo. Acute lung inflammation was induced in mice by orotracheal instillation of porcine pancreatic elastase. Control mice received orotracheal instillation of PBS. Mice were imaged immediately before and 1 day after the application of elastase or PBS to assess acute changes in pulmonary structure due to lung inflammation. Subsequently, 6 mice from each group were sacrificed and their lungs were lavaged and explanted for histological analysis. A further 7, 14 and 21 days later the remaining mice were imaged again. All images were acquired with a prototype grating-based small-animal scanner to generate dark-field and transmission radiographs. Lavage confirmed that mice in the experimental group had developed acute lung inflammation one day after administration of elastase. Acute lung inflammation was visible as a striking decrease in signal intensity of the pulmonary parenchyma on dark-field images at day 1. Quantitative analysis confirmed that dark-field signal intensity at day 1 was significantly lower than signal intensities measured at the remaining timepoints, confirming that acute lung inflammation can be depicted in vivo with dark-field radiography.
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232
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Pfeiffer F, Reiser M, Rummeny E. [X‑ray Phase Contrast : Principles, potential and advances in clinical translation]. Radiologe 2018; 58:218-225. [PMID: 29374312 DOI: 10.1007/s00117-018-0357-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
More than 100 years ago Max von Laue in Munich discovered that X‑rays can be interpreted not only as X‑ray quanta in a particle picture, but also show a wave character. This property has been used for a long time in basic research (e.g. in crystallography for determining the structure of proteins), but so far has had no application in medical imaging. In the last 10 years, however, very impressive technological progress could be made in preclinical research, which also makes the utilization of the wave character of X‑ray light possible for medical imaging. These novel radiography procedures, so-called phase-contrast and dark-field imaging, have a great potential for a pronounced improvement in X‑ray imaging and therefore, also the diagnosis of important diseases. This article describes the basic principles of these novel procedures, summarizes the preclinical research results already achieved exemplified by various organs and shows the potential for future clinical utilization in radiography and computed tomography.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Pfeiffer
- Lehrstuhl für Biomedizinische Physik, Department Physik & Munich School of BioEngineering, Technische Universität München, München, Deutschland. .,Institut für diagnostische und interventionelle Radiologie, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, München, Deutschland.
| | - M Reiser
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Radiologie, Klinikum der Universität, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Deutschland
| | - E Rummeny
- Institut für diagnostische und interventionelle Radiologie, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, München, Deutschland
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233
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Yashiro W, Noda D, Kajiwara K. Effect of insufficient temporal coherence on visibility contrast in X-ray grating interferometry. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:1012-1027. [PMID: 29401974 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.001012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
X-ray grating interferometry, which has been spotlighted in the last decade as a multi-modal X-ray imaging technique, can provide three independent images, i.e., absorption, differential-phase, and visibility-contrast images. We report on a cause of the visibility contrast, an effect of insufficient temporal coherence, that can be observed when continuous-spectrum X-rays are used. This effect occurs even for a sample without unresolvable random structures, which are known as the main causes of visibility contrast. We performed an experiment using an acrylic cylinder and quantitatively explained the visibility contrast due to this effect.
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234
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Abstract
Unlike conventional x-ray attenuation one of the advantages of phase contrast x-ray imaging is its capability of extracting useful physical properties of the sample. In particular the possibility to obtain information from small angle scattering about unresolvable structures with sub-pixel resolution sensitivity has drawn attention for both medical and material science applications. We report on a novel algorithm for the analyzer based x-ray phase contrast imaging modality, which allows the robust separation of absorption, refraction and scattering effects from three measured x-ray images. This analytical approach is based on a simple Gaussian description of the analyzer transmission function and this method is capable of retrieving refraction and small angle scattering angles in the full angular range typical of biological samples. After a validation of the algorithm with a simulation code, which demonstrated the potential of this highly sensitive method, we have applied this theoretical framework to experimental data on a phantom and biological tissues obtained with synchrotron radiation. Owing to its extended angular acceptance range the algorithm allows precise assessment of local scattering distributions at biocompatible radiation doses, which in turn might yield a quantitative characterization tool with sufficient structural sensitivity on a submicron length scale.
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235
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Han H, Hu R, Wali F, Wu Z, Gao K, Wang S, Gu Y, Jin Y, Zhai C. Phase-contrast imaging for body composition measurement. Phys Med 2017; 43:25-33. [PMID: 29195559 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE In this paper, we propose a novel method for human body composition measurement, especially for the bone mineral density (BMD) measurement. The proposed method, using the absorption and differential phase information retrieved from X-ray grating-based interferometer (XGBI) to measure the BMD, has potential to replace dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), which is currently widely used for body composition measurement. METHODS The DEXA method employs two absorption images acquired at two different X-ray spectra (high energy and low energy) to calculate the human body composition. In this paper, a new method to calculate BMD using a single X-ray measurement is proposed. XGBI is a relatively new X-ray technique that provides absorption, phase and scattering information simultaneously using a single X-ray spectrum. With the absorption and differential phase information retrieved from XGBI, BMD can be measured using only one single X-ray spectrum. Numerical simulations are performed with a body phantom of bone (Cortical, ICRU-44) surrounded by soft tissue (Soft, ICRU-44). BMD is calculated with both the DEXA method and the proposed method. RESULTS Results show that BMD can be measured accurately with the proposed method; moreover, better signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is obtained compared to DEXA. CONCLUSION With the proposed method, BMD can be measured with XGBI setup. Further, the proposed method can be realized using current X-ray phase-contrast imaging (XPCI) apparatus without any hardware modification, suggesting that this technique can be a promising supplementary function to current XPCI equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huajie Han
- Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China; National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Renfang Hu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Faiz Wali
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Zhao Wu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Kun Gao
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Shenghao Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Yonggang Gu
- Experimental Center of Engineering and Material Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Yi Jin
- Experimental Center of Engineering and Material Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Chao Zhai
- Experimental Center of Engineering and Material Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China.
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Imaging with ultra-small-angle X-ray scattering using a Laue-case analyzer and its application to human breast tumors. Phys Med 2017; 44:236-242. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2017.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 09/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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237
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Novel tetraphenylethylene diol amphiphile with aggregation-induced emission: self-assembly, cell imaging and tagging property. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2017; 81:580-587. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2017.08.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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238
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Georgiadis M, Müller R, Schneider P. Techniques to assess bone ultrastructure organization: orientation and arrangement of mineralized collagen fibrils. J R Soc Interface 2017; 13:rsif.2016.0088. [PMID: 27335222 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2016.0088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone's remarkable mechanical properties are a result of its hierarchical structure. The mineralized collagen fibrils, made up of collagen fibrils and crystal platelets, are bone's building blocks at an ultrastructural level. The organization of bone's ultrastructure with respect to the orientation and arrangement of mineralized collagen fibrils has been the matter of numerous studies based on a variety of imaging techniques in the past decades. These techniques either exploit physical principles, such as polarization, diffraction or scattering to examine bone ultrastructure orientation and arrangement, or directly image the fibrils at the sub-micrometre scale. They make use of diverse probes such as visible light, X-rays and electrons at different scales, from centimetres down to nanometres. They allow imaging of bone sections or surfaces in two dimensions or investigating bone tissue truly in three dimensions, in vivo or ex vivo, and sometimes in combination with in situ mechanical experiments. The purpose of this review is to summarize and discuss this broad range of imaging techniques and the different modalities of their use, in order to discuss their advantages and limitations for the assessment of bone ultrastructure organization with respect to the orientation and arrangement of mineralized collagen fibrils.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ralph Müller
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Schneider
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland Bioengineering Science Research Group, Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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239
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Facilitated Diagnosis of Pneumothoraces in Newborn Mice Using X-ray Dark-Field Radiography. Invest Radiol 2017; 51:597-601. [PMID: 27603110 DOI: 10.1097/rli.0000000000000285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic value of x-ray dark-field imaging in projection radiography-based depiction of pneumothoraces in the neonatal murine lung, a potentially life-threatening medical condition that requires a timely and correct diagnosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS By the use of a unique preclinical model, 7-day-old C57Bl/6N mice received mechanical ventilation for 2 or 8 hours with oxygen-rich gas (FIO2 = 0.4; n = 24). Unventilated mice either spontaneously breathed oxygen-rich gas (FIO2 = 0.4) for 2 or 8 hours or room air (n = 22). At the end of the experiment, lungs were inflated with a standardized volume of air after a lethal dose of pentobarbital was administered to the pups. All lungs were imaged with a prototype grating-based small-animal scanner to acquire x-ray transmission and dark-field radiographs. Image contrast between the air-filled pleural space and lung tissue was quantified for both transmission and dark-field radiograms. After the independent expert's assessment, 2 blinded readers evaluated all dark-field and transmission images for the presence or absence of pneumothoraces. Contrast ratios, diagnostic accuracy, as well as reader's confidence and interreader agreement were recorded for both imaging modalities. RESULTS Evaluation of both x-ray transmission and dark-field radiographs by independent experts revealed the development of a total of 10 pneumothoraces in 8 mice. Here, the contrast ratio between the air-filled pleural space of the pneumothoraces and the lung tissue was significantly higher in the dark field (8.4 ± 3.5) when compared with the transmission images (5.1 ± 2.8; P < 0.05). Accordingly, the readers' diagnostic confidence for the diagnosis of pneumothoraces was significantly higher for dark-field compared with transmission images (P = 0.001). Interreader agreement improved from moderate for the analysis of transmission images alone (κ = 0.41) to very good when analyzing dark-field images alone (κ = 0.90) or in combination with transmission images (κ = 0.88). Diagnostic accuracy significantly improved for the analysis of dark-field images alone (P = 0.04) or in combination with transmission images (P = 0.02), compared with the analysis of transmission radiographs only. CONCLUSIONS The significant improvement in contrast ratios between lung parenchyma and free air in the dark-field images allows the facilitated detection of pneumothoraces in the newborn mouse. These preclinical experiments indicate the potential of the technique for future clinical applications.
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240
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Harti RP, Strobl M, Morgano M, Valsecchi J, Grünzweig C. Statistical uncertainty in the dark-field and transmission signal of grating interferometry. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2017; 88:103704. [PMID: 29092497 DOI: 10.1063/1.4991760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We present a framework to estimate the fundamental statistical uncertainty of grating interferometer experiments based on a Monte-Carlo method. Using the framework, we are able to determine the uncertainty of individual measurements as well as suggesting experimental protocols that minimise the statistical uncertainty for given overall exposure times. The method presented here is valid for both X-rays and neutrons and can be generalised for any modulation measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- R P Harti
- Laboratory for Neutron Scattering and Imaging, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - M Strobl
- Laboratory for Neutron Scattering and Imaging, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - M Morgano
- Laboratory for Neutron Scattering and Imaging, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - J Valsecchi
- Laboratory for Neutron Scattering and Imaging, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - C Grünzweig
- Laboratory for Neutron Scattering and Imaging, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
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241
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Lin F, Liu Y, Yu X, Cheng L, Singer A, Shpyrko OG, Xin HL, Tamura N, Tian C, Weng TC, Yang XQ, Meng YS, Nordlund D, Yang W, Doeff MM. Synchrotron X-ray Analytical Techniques for Studying Materials Electrochemistry in Rechargeable Batteries. Chem Rev 2017; 117:13123-13186. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Lin
- Department
of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Yijin Liu
- Stanford
Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94035, United States
| | - Xiqian Yu
- Chemistry
Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Lei Cheng
- Energy
Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Andrej Singer
- Department
of Physics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Oleg G. Shpyrko
- Department
of Physics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Huolin L. Xin
- Center for
Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Nobumichi Tamura
- Advanced
Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Chixia Tian
- Energy
Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Tsu-Chien Weng
- Center for High Pressure Science & Technology Advanced Research, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiao-Qing Yang
- Chemistry
Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Ying Shirley Meng
- Department
of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Dennis Nordlund
- Stanford
Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94035, United States
| | - Wanli Yang
- Advanced
Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Marca M. Doeff
- Energy
Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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242
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Kohlbrecher J, Studer A. Transformation cycle between the spherically symmetric correlation function, projected correlation function and differential cross section as implemented inSASfit. J Appl Crystallogr 2017. [DOI: 10.1107/s1600576717011979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Spin-echo-based small-angle neutron scattering techniques like spin-echo SANS (SESANS) or spin-echo modulated SANS (SEMSANS) as well as dark-field (DF) imaging are directly sensitive to \tilde{G}(\delta), which is the projection of the scattering length density autocorrelation function \tilde{\gamma}(r). Here, a simplified transformation cycle relating the spherically symmetric correlation function \tilde{\gamma}(r), the projected correlation function \tilde{G}(\delta) and the macroscopic small-angle scattering cross section dΣ/dΩ is introduced. The suggested changes to the cycle make it easier to include size distribution on an absolute scale if the data from the different techniques are fitted simultaneously. As up to now only very few analytical expressions for the projected correlation function are known, a numerical transformation of known scattering functions into the projected correlation function in theSASfitsoftware package is supplied. Furthermore, a new analytical expression for the projected correlation function for polymers that can be described by the generalized Gaussian coil model is provided. For this polymer model, the Hankel transform used to calculate \tilde{G}(0) from the SANS signal is divergent for a certain parameter range describing a polymer in a good solvent and finite in the case of a poor solvent. It is therefore a suitable example of how the experimentally availableqrange can strongly influence the obtained results.
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243
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Liu H, Zhang C, Fan X, Duan Y, Xiao T, Du G, Fu Y, Liu H, Wen H. Robust phase-retrieval-based X-ray tomography for morphological assessment of early hepatic echinococcosis infection in rats. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183396. [PMID: 28886025 PMCID: PMC5590738 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Propagation-based phase-contrast computed micro-tomography (PPCT) dominates the non-destructive, three-dimensional inner-structure measurement in synchrotron-based biomedical research due to its simple experimental setup. To quantitatively visualize tiny density variations in soft tissues and organs closely related to early pathological morphology, an experimental study of synchrotron-based X-ray PPCT combined with generalized phase and attenuation duality (PAD) phase retrieval was implemented with the hepatic echinococcosis (HE) infection rat model at different stages. We quantitatively analyzed and evaluated the different pathological characterizations of hepatic echinococcosis during the development of this disease via our PAD-based PPCT and especially provided evidence that hepatic alveolar echinococcosis invades the liver tissue and spreads through blood flow systems with abundant blood supply in the early stage. Additionally, the infiltration of tiny vesicles in HE lesions can be clearly observed by our PAD-PPCT technique due to the striking contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) and mass density resolution, which cannot be found by the medical imaging techniques, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT), and ultrasound, in hospitals. The results demonstrated that our PAD-PPCT technique has a great potential for indicating the subtle structural information of pathological changes in soft biomedical specimens, especially helpful for the research of early micro-morphology of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiqiang Liu
- College of Medical Engineering and Technology, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Chuanshan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Incubation Base of Xinjiang Major Diseases Research, FirstAffiliated Hospital, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Xiaoxi Fan
- College of Medical Engineering and Technology, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Yingni Duan
- College of Medical Engineering and Technology, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Tiqiao Xiao
- SSRF, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Guohao Du
- SSRF, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanan Fu
- SSRF, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Haigang Liu
- SSRF, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Wen
- State Key Laboratory Incubation Base of Xinjiang Major Diseases Research, FirstAffiliated Hospital, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
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244
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Marschner M, Birnbacher L, Willner M, Chabior M, Herzen J, Noël PB, Pfeiffer F. Revising the lower statistical limit of x-ray grating-based phase-contrast computed tomography. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184217. [PMID: 28877253 PMCID: PMC5587302 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phase-contrast x-ray computed tomography (PCCT) is currently investigated as an interesting extension of conventional CT, providing high soft-tissue contrast even if examining weakly absorbing specimen. Until now, the potential for dose reduction was thought to be limited compared to attenuation CT, since meaningful phase retrieval fails for scans with very low photon counts when using the conventional phase retrieval method via phase stepping. In this work, we examine the statistical behaviour of the reverse projection method, an alternative phase retrieval approach and compare the results to the conventional phase retrieval technique. We investigate the noise levels in the projections as well as the image quality and quantitative accuracy of the reconstructed tomographic volumes. The results of our study show that this method performs better in a low-dose scenario than the conventional phase retrieval approach, resulting in lower noise levels, enhanced image quality and more accurate quantitative values. Overall, we demonstrate that the lower statistical limit of the phase stepping procedure as proposed by recent literature does not apply to this alternative phase retrieval technique. However, further development is necessary to overcome experimental challenges posed by this method which would enable mainstream or even clinical application of PCCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Marschner
- Chair of Biomedical Physics, Department of Physics and Munich School of BioEngineering, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Lorenz Birnbacher
- Chair of Biomedical Physics, Department of Physics and Munich School of BioEngineering, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Marian Willner
- Chair of Biomedical Physics, Department of Physics and Munich School of BioEngineering, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675 München, Germany
| | - Michael Chabior
- Chair of Biomedical Physics, Department of Physics and Munich School of BioEngineering, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Julia Herzen
- Chair of Biomedical Physics, Department of Physics and Munich School of BioEngineering, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675 München, Germany
| | - Peter B. Noël
- Chair of Biomedical Physics, Department of Physics and Munich School of BioEngineering, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675 München, Germany
| | - Franz Pfeiffer
- Chair of Biomedical Physics, Department of Physics and Munich School of BioEngineering, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675 München, Germany
- Institute for Advanced Study, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
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245
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Kaeppler S, Rieger J, Pelzer G, Horn F, Michel T, Maier A, Anton G, Riess C. Improved reconstruction of phase-stepping data for Talbot-Lau x-ray imaging. J Med Imaging (Bellingham) 2017; 4:034005. [PMID: 28894764 DOI: 10.1117/1.jmi.4.3.034005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Grating-based Talbot-Lau x-ray interferometry is a popular method for measuring absorption, phase shift, and small-angle scattering. The standard acquisition method for this modality is phase stepping, where the Talbot pattern is reconstructed from multiple images acquired at different grating positions. We review the implicit assumptions in phase-stepping reconstruction, and find that the assumptions of perfectly known grating positions and homoscedastic noise variance are violated in some scenarios. Additionally, we investigate a recently reported estimation bias in the visibility and dark-field signal. To adapt the phase-stepping reconstruction to these findings, we propose three improvements to the reconstruction. These improvements are (a) to use prior knowledge to compute more accurate grating positions to reduce moiré artifacts, (b) to utilize noise variance information to reduce dark-field and phase noise in high-visibility acquisitions, and (c) to perform correction of an estimation bias in the interferometer visibility, leading to more quantitative dark-field imaging in acquisitions with a low signal-to-noise ratio. We demonstrate the benefit of our methods on simulated data, as well as on images acquired with a Talbot-Lau interferometer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Kaeppler
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Pattern Recognition Lab, Department of Computer Science, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jens Rieger
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Department of Physics, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Georg Pelzer
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Department of Physics, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Florian Horn
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Department of Physics, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thilo Michel
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Department of Physics, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Maier
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Pattern Recognition Lab, Department of Computer Science, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Gisela Anton
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Department of Physics, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian Riess
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Pattern Recognition Lab, Department of Computer Science, Erlangen, Germany
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Mairhofer L, Eibenberger S, Cotter JP, Romirer M, Shayeghi A, Arndt M. Quantum-Assisted Metrology of Neutral Vitamins in the Gas Phase. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:10947-10951. [PMID: 28599088 PMCID: PMC5582605 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201704916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
It has recently been shown that matter-wave interferometry can be used to imprint a periodic nanostructure onto a molecular beam, which provides a highly sensitive tool for beam displacement measurements. Herein, we used this feature to measure electronic properties of provitamin A, vitamin E, and vitamin K1 in the gas phase for the first time. The shift of the matter-wave fringes in a static electric field encodes the molecular susceptibility and the time-averaged dynamic electric dipole moment. The dependence of the fringe pattern on the intensity of the central light-wave diffraction grating was used to determine the molecular optical polarizability. Comparison of our experimental findings with molecular dynamics simulations and density functional theory provides a rich picture of the electronic structures and dynamics of these biomolecules in the gas phase with β-carotene as a particularly interesting example.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Mairhofer
- Faculty of Physics, VCQUniversity of ViennaBoltzmanngasse 51090ViennaAustria
| | - Sandra Eibenberger
- Faculty of Physics, VCQUniversity of ViennaBoltzmanngasse 51090ViennaAustria
- Lyman LaboratoryHarvard UniversityDepartment of Physics17 Oxford StreetCambridgeMA02138USA
| | - Joseph P. Cotter
- Faculty of Physics, VCQUniversity of ViennaBoltzmanngasse 51090ViennaAustria
- Centre for cold matterBlackett LaboratoryImperial CollegePrince Consort RoadLondonSW7 2BWUK
| | - Marion Romirer
- Faculty of Physics, VCQUniversity of ViennaBoltzmanngasse 51090ViennaAustria
| | - Armin Shayeghi
- Faculty of Physics, VCQUniversity of ViennaBoltzmanngasse 51090ViennaAustria
| | - Markus Arndt
- Faculty of Physics, VCQUniversity of ViennaBoltzmanngasse 51090ViennaAustria
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247
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Mairhofer L, Eibenberger S, Cotter JP, Romirer M, Shayeghi A, Arndt M. Quanteninterferenzexperimente für die Vermessung von Vitaminen in der Gasphase. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201704916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Mairhofer
- Fakultät für Physik, VCQ; Universität Wien; Boltzmanngasse 5 1090 Wien Österreich
| | - Sandra Eibenberger
- Fakultät für Physik, VCQ; Universität Wien; Boltzmanngasse 5 1090 Wien Österreich
- Lyman Laboratory; Harvard University; Department of Physics; 17 Oxford Street Cambridge MA 02138 USA
| | - Joseph P. Cotter
- Fakultät für Physik, VCQ; Universität Wien; Boltzmanngasse 5 1090 Wien Österreich
- Centre for cold matter; Blackett Laboratory; Imperial College; Prince Consort Road London SW7 2BW Großbritannien
| | - Marion Romirer
- Fakultät für Physik, VCQ; Universität Wien; Boltzmanngasse 5 1090 Wien Österreich
| | - Armin Shayeghi
- Fakultät für Physik, VCQ; Universität Wien; Boltzmanngasse 5 1090 Wien Österreich
| | - Markus Arndt
- Fakultät für Physik, VCQ; Universität Wien; Boltzmanngasse 5 1090 Wien Österreich
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248
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Grating-based phase-contrast and dark-field computed tomography: a single-shot method. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7476. [PMID: 28785015 PMCID: PMC5547164 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06729-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Grating-based X-ray interferometry offers vast potential for imaging materials and tissues that are not easily visualised using conventional X-ray imaging. Tomographic reconstruction based on X-ray interferometric data provides not only access to the attenuation coefficient of an object, but also the refractive index and information about ultra-small-angle scattering. This improved functionality comes at the cost of longer measurement times because existing projection-based signal extraction algorithms require not only a single measurement per projection angle but several with precise grating movements in between. This obstacle hinders the adaptation of grating-based interferometry into a continuously rotating gantry. Several solutions to this problem have been proposed but all suffer from major drawbacks. We present results using an iterative reconstruction algorithm working directly on the interferograms. The suggested direct approach enables improved image quality, since interpolations and unnecessary assumptions about the object are circumvented. Our results demonstrate that it is possible to successfully reconstruct the linear attenuation coefficient, the refractive index and the linear diffusion coefficient, which is a measure related to ultra-small-angle scattering, using a single measurement per projection angle and without any grating movements. This is a milestone for future clinical implementation of grating-based phase-contrast and dark-field contrast X-ray computed tomography.
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Phase retrieval with the reverse projection method in the presence of object's scattering. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2015.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Horn F, Gelse K, Jabari S, Hauke C, Kaeppler S, Ludwig V, Meyer P, Michel T, Mohr J, Pelzer G, Rieger J, Riess C, Seifert M, Anton G. High-energy x-ray Talbot–Lau radiography of a human knee. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 62:6729-6745. [DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/aa7721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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