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Yang XZ, Kataoka K, Medina R, Yamamoto KI, Than SS, Miyazaki M, Huh NH. A novel three-dimensional culture system for isolation and clonal propagation of neural stem cells using a thermo-reversible gelation polymer. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2010; 15:615-23. [PMID: 19231918 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2008.0516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we examined the possible utility of a three-dimensional culture system using a thermo-reversible gelation polymer to isolate and expand neural stem cells (NSCs). The polymer is a synthetic biologically inert polymer and gelates at temperatures higher than the gel-sol transition point ( approximately 20 degrees C). When fetal mouse brain cells were inoculated into the gel, spherical colonies were formed ( approximately 1% in primary culture and approximately 9% in passage cultures). The spheroid-forming cells were positive for expression of the NSC markers nestin and Musashi. Under conditions facilitating spontaneous neural differentiation, the spheroid-forming cells expressed genes characteristic to astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and neurons. The cells could be successively propagated at least to 80 poly-D-lysines over a period of 20 weeks in the gel culture with a growth rate higher than that observed in suspension culture. The spheroids formed by fetal mouse brain cells in the gel were shown to be of clonal origin. These results indicate that the spheroid culture system is a convenient and powerful tool for isolation and clonal expansion of NSCs in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Zhi Yang
- Department of Cell Biology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine , Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
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202
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Jandial R, Snyder EY. Reply to “On the origin of glioneural neoplasms after neural cell transplantation”. Nat Med 2010. [DOI: 10.1038/nm0210-157c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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203
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Neural stem cell systems: physiological players or in vitro entities? Nat Rev Neurosci 2010; 11:176-87. [PMID: 20107441 DOI: 10.1038/nrn2761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) can be experimentally derived or induced from different sources, and the NSC systems generated so far are promising tools for basic research and biomedical applications. However, no direct and thorough comparison of their biological and molecular properties or of their physiological relevance and possible relationship to endogenous NSCs has yet been carried out. Here we review the available information on different NSC systems and compare their properties. A better understanding of these systems will be crucial to control NSC fate and functional integration following transplantation and to make NSCs suitable for regenerative efforts following injury or disease.
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204
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Lepski G, Jannes CE, Maciaczyk J, Papazoglou A, Mehlhorn AT, Kaiser S, Teixeira MJ, Marie SK, Bischofberger J, Nikkhah G. Limited Ca2+ and PKA-pathway dependent neurogenic differentiation of human adult mesenchymal stem cells as compared to fetal neuronal stem cells. Exp Cell Res 2010; 316:216-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2009.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2009] [Revised: 08/03/2009] [Accepted: 08/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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205
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Kuhn NZ, Tuan RS. Regulation of stemness and stem cell niche of mesenchymal stem cells: implications in tumorigenesis and metastasis. J Cell Physiol 2009; 222:268-77. [PMID: 19847802 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived from adult tissues have been considered a candidate cell type for cell-based tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. These multipotent cells have the ability to differentiate along several mesenchymal lineages and possibly along non-mesenchymal lineages. MSCs possess considerable immunosuppressive properties that can influence the surrounding tissue positively during regeneration, but perhaps negatively towards the pathogenesis of cancer and metastasis. The balance between the naïve stem state and differentiation is highly dependent on the stem cell niche. Identification of stem cell niche components has helped to elucidate the mechanisms of stem cell maintenance and differentiation. Ultimately, the fate of stem cells is dictated by their microenvironment. In this review, we describe the identification and characterization of bone marrow-derived MSCs, the properties of the bone marrow stem cell niche, and the possibility and likelihood of MSC involvement in cancer progression and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nastaran Z Kuhn
- Cartilage Biology and Orthopaedics Branch, National Institute of Arthritis, and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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206
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Zhang C, Zhang Z, Shu H, Liu S, Song Y, Qiu K, Yang H. The modulatory effects of bHLH transcription factors with the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway on differentiation of neural progenitor cells derived from neonatal mouse anterior subventricular zone. Brain Res 2009; 1315:1-10. [PMID: 20018178 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2009] [Revised: 11/30/2009] [Accepted: 12/07/2009] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The subventricular zone (SVZ) located adjacent to the lateral ventricles is the major site where neural progenitor cells (NPCs) are concentrated in the adult brain. NPCs in the anterior subventricular zone (SVZa) generate neuronal precursors and migrate along a highly localized pathway--the rostral migratory stream (RMS) to the olfactory bulb (OB), where they differentiate into interneurons. To investigate the modulatory effects of basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors on differentiation from SVZa NPCs, we firstly examined the distribution of bHLH family members (Mash1, Id2, and Hes1) in cultured mouse SVZa NPCs and evaluated their regulatory effects on differentiation by transfection with Mash1, Id2, or Hes1 eukaryotic expression plasmid. Furthermore, we assessed the effects of bHLH transcription factors on the expression of downstream molecules of the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway, beta-catenin and (Glycogen synthase kinase-3beta). Our results demonstrated that Mash1, Id2, Hes1 were all widely expressed in in vitro progenies from mouse SVZa NPCs. Analyses of SVZa NPCs transfected with eukaryotic expression plasmids showed that Mash1 promoted neuronal differentiation from SVZa NPCs, while Id2 and Hes1 repressed neuronal differentiation. In addition, we found that Id2 and Hes1 simulated expression of beta-catenin and GSK-3beta, while Mash1 inhibited their expression. Our results suggest that the classic bHLH transcription factors, Mash1, Id2 and Hes1, play important roles in the regulation of differentiation from SVZa NPCs. This modulation is possibly mediated by a coordination of bHLH and Wnt/beta-catenin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- ChunQing Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 2-V Xinqiao Street, Chongqing 400037, China
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207
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Abstract
Recent experimental evidence indicates that many solid cancers have a hierarchical organization structure with a subpopulation of cancer stem cells (CSCs). The ability to identify CSCs prospectively now allows for testing the responses of CSCs to treatment modalities like radiation therapy. Initial studies have found CSCs in glioma and breast cancer relatively resistant to ionizing radiation and possible mechanisms behind this resistance have been explored. This review summarizes the landmark publications in this young field with an emphasis on the radiation responses of CSCs. The existence of CSCs in solid cancers place restrictions on the interpretation of many radiobiological observations, while explaining others. The fact that these cells may be a relatively quiescent subpopulation that are metabolically distinct from the other cells in the tumor has implications for both imaging and therapy of cancer. This is particularly true for biological targeting of cancer for enhanced radiotherapeutic benefit, which must consider whether the unique properties of this subpopulation allow it to avoid such therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erina Vlashi
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095-1714, USA
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208
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Guzmán-Ramírez N, Völler M, Wetterwald A, Germann M, Cross NA, Rentsch CA, Schalken J, Thalmann GN, Cecchini MG. In vitro propagation and characterization of neoplastic stem/progenitor-like cells from human prostate cancer tissue. Prostate 2009; 69:1683-93. [PMID: 19644960 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND According to the cancer stem cell hypothesis, tumor growth is sustained by a subpopulation of cancer stem/progenitor-like cells. Self-renewal and high clonogenic potential are characteristics shared by normal stem and neoplastic stem/progenitor-like cells. We investigated whether human prostate cancer specimens contain cells with these properties. METHODS Self-renewal and clonogenic potential were assessed by serial passaging of spheres and colony formation, respectively. Gene expression was analyzed by real time PCR. Protein expression was detected by immunocytochemistry. The neoplastic nature of the cells was verified by detection of the TMPRSS2/ERG gene fusion expression. RESULTS The epithelial fraction isolated from surgical specimens generated colonies in 68% (19/28) of the patients. Laminin adhesion selected for cells with high clonogenic potential. The epithelial fraction from 85% (42/49) of the patients generated primary prostaspheres. Serial passaging of prostaspheres demonstrated their self-renewal capacity, which is also supported by their expression of the stem cell markers Oct-4, Nanog, Bmi-1, and Jagged-1 mRNA. Cells derived from prostaspheres were more clonogenic than the parental epithelial fraction. The pattern of mRNA expression in prostaspheres resembled that of the basal compartment of the prostate (CK5(+)/CK14(+)/CK19(high)/CK18(-/low)/c-met(+)/AR(-/low)/PSA(-/low)), but also included stem cell markers (CD49b(+)/CD49f(+)/CD44(+)/DeltaNp63(+)/Nestin(+)/CD133(+)). The distribution of marker expression in prostaspheres suggests their heterogeneous cell composition. Prostaspheres expressed significantly higher PSCA mRNA levels than the epithelial fraction. CONCLUSION Human prostate cancer specimens contain neoplastic cells with self-renewal and clonogenic potential, which can be enriched and perpetuated in prostaspheres. Prostaspheres should prove valuable for the identification of prostate cancer stem/progenitor-like cells.
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210
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Abstract
The loss of neural tissue underlies the symptomatology of several neurological insults of disparate etiology, including trauma, cerebrovascular insult and neurodegenerative disease. Restoration of damaged neural tissue through the use of exogenous or endogenous neural stem or progenitor cells is an enticing therapeutic option provided one can control their proliferation, migration and differentiation. Initial attempts at CNS tissue engineering relied on the intrinsic cellular properties of progenitor cells; however, it is now appreciated that the microenvironment surrounding the cells plays an indispensible role in regulating stem cell behavior. This article focuses on attempts to engineer the neural stem cell microenvironment by utilizing the major cellular components of the niche (endothelial cells, astrocytes and ependymal cells) and the extracellular matrix in which they are embedded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cicely A Williams
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Erin B Lavik
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 309 Wickenden Building, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA Tel.: +1 216 368 0400
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211
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Gualco E, Urbanska K, Perez-Liz G, Sweet T, Peruzzi F, Reiss K, Del Valle L. IGF-IR-dependent expression of Survivin is required for T-antigen-mediated protection from apoptosis and proliferation of neural progenitors. Cell Death Differ 2009; 17:439-51. [PMID: 19834489 PMCID: PMC2822053 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2009.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 Receptor (IGF-IR) and the human polyomavirus JCV protein, T-Antigen cooperate in the transformation of neuronal precursors in the cerebellum, which may be a contributing factor in the development of brain tumors. Since it is not clear why T-Antigen requires IGF-IR for transformation, we investigated this process in neural progenitors from IGF-IR knockout embryos (ko-IGF-IR) and from their wild type non-transgenic littermates (wt-IGF-IR). In contrast to wt-IGF-IR, the brain and dorsal root ganglia of ko-IGF-IR embryos showed low levels of the anti-apoptotic protein Survivin, accompanied by elevated numbers of apoptotic neurons and an earlier differentiation phenotype. In wt-IGF-IR neural progenitors in vitro, induction of T-Antigen expression tripled the expression of Survivin, and accelerated cell proliferation. In ko-IGF-IR progenitors induction of T-Antigen failed to increase Survivin, resulting in massive apoptosis. Importantly, ectopic expression of Survivin protected ko-IGF-IR progenitor cells from apoptosis and siRNA inhibition of Survivin activated apoptosis in wt-IGF-IR progenitors expressing T-Antigen. Our results indicate that reactivation of the anti-apoptotic Survivin may be a critical step in JCV T-Antigen induced transformation, which in neural progenitors requires IGF-IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Gualco
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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212
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Pollard SM, Yoshikawa K, Clarke ID, Danovi D, Stricker S, Russell R, Bayani J, Head R, Lee M, Bernstein M, Squire JA, Smith A, Dirks P. Glioma stem cell lines expanded in adherent culture have tumor-specific phenotypes and are suitable for chemical and genetic screens. Cell Stem Cell 2009; 4:568-80. [PMID: 19497285 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2009.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 765] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2008] [Revised: 10/07/2008] [Accepted: 03/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human brain tumors appear to have a hierarchical cellular organization suggestive of a stem cell foundation. In vitro expansion of the putative cancer stem cells as stable cell lines would provide a powerful model system to study their biology. Here, we demonstrate routine and efficient derivation of adherent cell lines from malignant glioma that display stem cell properties and initiate high-grade gliomas following xenotransplantation. Significantly, glioma neural stem (GNS) cell lines from different tumors exhibit divergent gene expression signatures and differentiation behavior that correlate with specific neural progenitor subtypes. The diversity of gliomas may, therefore, reflect distinct cancer stem cell phenotypes. The purity and stability of adherent GNS cell lines offer significant advantages compared to "sphere" cultures, enabling refined studies of cancer stem cell behavior. A proof-of-principle live cell imaging-based chemical screen (450 FDA-approved drugs) identifies both differential sensitivities of GNS cells and a common susceptibility to perturbation of serotonin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Pollard
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Stem Cell Research and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK.
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213
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Lindström S, Eriksson M, Vazin T, Sandberg J, Lundeberg J, Frisén J, Andersson-Svahn H. High-density microwell chip for culture and analysis of stem cells. PLoS One 2009; 4:e6997. [PMID: 19750008 PMCID: PMC2736590 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2009] [Accepted: 08/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
With recent findings on the role of reprogramming factors on stem cells, in vitro screening assays for studying (de)-differentiation is of great interest. We developed a miniaturized stem cell screening chip that is easily accessible and provides means of rapidly studying thousands of individual stem/progenitor cell samples, using low reagent volumes. For example, screening of 700,000 substances would take less than two days, using this platform combined with a conventional bio-imaging system. The microwell chip has standard slide format and consists of 672 wells in total. Each well holds 500 nl, a volume small enough to drastically decrease reagent costs but large enough to allow utilization of standard laboratory equipment. Results presented here include weeklong culturing and differentiation assays of mouse embryonic stem cells, mouse adult neural stem cells, and human embryonic stem cells. The possibility to either maintain the cells as stem/progenitor cells or to study cell differentiation of stem/progenitor cells over time is demonstrated. Clonality is critical for stem cell research, and was accomplished in the microwell chips by isolation and clonal analysis of single mouse embryonic stem cells using flow cytometric cell-sorting. Protocols for practical handling of the microwell chips are presented, describing a rapid and user-friendly method for the simultaneous study of thousands of stem cell cultures in small microwells. This microwell chip has high potential for a wide range of applications, for example directed differentiation assays and screening of reprogramming factors, opening up considerable opportunities in the stem cell field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Lindström
- Division of Nanobiotechnology, AlbaNova University Center, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Malin Eriksson
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tandis Vazin
- Division of Gene Technology, AlbaNova University Center, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
- Cellular Neurobiology Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Julia Sandberg
- Division of Gene Technology, AlbaNova University Center, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Joakim Lundeberg
- Division of Gene Technology, AlbaNova University Center, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonas Frisén
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Helene Andersson-Svahn
- Division of Nanobiotechnology, AlbaNova University Center, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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214
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Singh RP, Cheng YH, Nelson P, Zhou FC. Retentive multipotency of adult dorsal root ganglia stem cells. Cell Transplant 2009; 18:55-68. [PMID: 19476209 DOI: 10.3727/096368909788237177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Preservation of neural stem cells (NSCs) in the adult peripheral nervous system (PNS) has recently been confirmed. However, it is not clear whether peripheral NSCs possess predestined, bona fide phenotypes or a response to innate developmental cues. In this study, we first demonstrated the longevity, multipotency, and high fidelity of sensory features of postmigrating adult dorsal root ganglia (aDRG) stem cells. Derived from aDRG and after 4-5 years in culture without dissociating, the aDRG NSCs were found capable of proliferation, expressing neuroepithelial, neuronal, and glial markers. Remarkably, these aDRG NSCs expressed sensory neuronal markers vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (VGluT2--glutamate terminals), transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TrpV1--capsaicin sensitive), phosphorylated 200 kDa neurofilaments (pNF200--capsaicin insensitive, myelinated), and the serotonin transporter (5-HTT), which normally is transiently expressed in developing DRG. Furthermore, in response to neurotrophins, the aDRG NSCs enhanced TrpV1 expression upon exposure to nerve growth factor (NGF), but not to brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). On the contrary, BDNF increased the expression of NeuN. Third, the characterization of aDRG NSCs was demonstrated by transplantation of red fluorescent-expressing aDRG NSCs into injured spinal cord. These cells expressed nestin, Hu, and beta-III-tubulin (immature neuronal markers), GFAP (astrocyte marker) as well as sensory neural marker TrpV1 (capsaicin sensitive) and pNF200 (mature, capsaicin insensitive, myelinated). Our results demonstrated that the postmigrating neural crest adult DRG stem cells not only preserved their multipotency but also were retentive in sensory potency despite the age and long-term ex vivo status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabindra P Singh
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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215
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Maciaczyk J, Singec I, Maciaczyk D, Klein A, Nikkhah G. Restricted Spontaneous In Vitro Differentiation and Region-Specific Migration of Long-Term Expanded Fetal Human Neural Precursor Cells After Transplantation Into the Adult Rat Brain. Stem Cells Dev 2009; 18:1043-58. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2008.0346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslaw Maciaczyk
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurosurgery, Department of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery, Neurocenter, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of General Neurosurgery, Neurocenter, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ilyas Singec
- Burnham Institute for Medical Research, Stem Cell and Regeneration Program, La Jolla, California
| | - Donata Maciaczyk
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurosurgery, Department of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery, Neurocenter, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Klein
- The Brain Research Group, School of Biosciences, University of Cardiff, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Guido Nikkhah
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurosurgery, Department of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery, Neurocenter, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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216
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Neumeister B, Grabosch A, Basak O, Kemler R, Taylor V. Neural progenitors of the postnatal and adult mouse forebrain retain the ability to self-replicate, form neurospheres, and undergo multipotent differentiation in vivo. Stem Cells 2009; 27:714-23. [PMID: 19096037 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2008-0985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Somatic stem cells are reservoirs to replace lost cells or damaged tissue. Cells with neural stem cell (NSC) characteristics can be isolated from the postnatal mammalian brain into adulthood and expanded as neurospheres. We addressed the ability of these in vitro expanded putative NSCs to retain progenitor characteristics in vivo, in analogy to hematopoietic stem cells. When transplanted in utero, both postnatal and adult neural progenitors colonize host brains and contribute neurons and glia. In stark contrast to what has been reported when transplanted in postnatal hosts, epidermal growth factor-expanded cells also remain self-replicating and multipotent in vivo over many months and can be serially transplanted into multiple hosts. Surprisingly, embryonically transplanted NSCs remain in the neurogenic regions in adult hosts, where they express progenitor cell markers and continue to proliferate even after 6 months without tumor formation. These data indicate that spherogenic cells of the postnatal and adult mammalian brain retain their potential in vitro and in vivo throughout the life of the organism and beyond transplantation, which has important implications for cell replacement strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Neumeister
- Department of Molecular Embryology, Max-Planck Institute of Immunobiology, Freiburg, Germany
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217
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Sarugaser R, Hanoun L, Keating A, Stanford WL, Davies JE. Human mesenchymal stem cells self-renew and differentiate according to a deterministic hierarchy. PLoS One 2009; 4:e6498. [PMID: 19652709 PMCID: PMC2714967 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2009] [Accepted: 06/04/2009] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mesenchymal progenitor cells (MPCs) have been isolated from a variety of connective tissues, and are commonly called “mesenchymal stem cells” (MSCs). A stem cell is defined as having robust clonal self-renewal and multilineage differentiation potential. Accordingly, the term “MSC” has been criticised, as there is little data demonstrating self-renewal of definitive single-cell-derived (SCD) clonal populations from a mesenchymal cell source. Methodology/Principal Findings Here we show that a tractable MPC population, human umbilical cord perivascular cells (HUCPVCs), was capable of multilineage differentiation in vitro and, more importantly, contributed to rapid connective tissue healing in vivo by producing bone, cartilage and fibrous stroma. Furthermore, HUCPVCs exhibit a high clonogenic frequency, allowing us to isolate definitive SCD parent and daughter clones from mixed gender suspensions as determined by Y-chromosome fluorescent in situ hybridization. Conclusions/Significance Analysis of the multilineage differentiation capacity of SCD parent clones and daughter clones enabled us to formulate a new hierarchical schema for MSC self-renewal and differentiation in which a self-renewing multipotent MSC gives rise to more restricted self-renewing progenitors that gradually lose differentiation potential until a state of complete restriction to the fibroblast is reached.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Sarugaser
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lorraine Hanoun
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Armand Keating
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - William L. Stanford
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - John E. Davies
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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218
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Corsini NS, Sancho-Martinez I, Laudenklos S, Glagow D, Kumar S, Letellier E, Koch P, Teodorczyk M, Kleber S, Klussmann S, Wiestler B, Brüstle O, Mueller W, Gieffers C, Hill O, Thiemann M, Seedorf M, Gretz N, Sprengel R, Celikel T, Martin-Villalba A. The Death Receptor CD95 Activates Adult Neural Stem Cells for Working Memory Formation and Brain Repair. Cell Stem Cell 2009; 5:178-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2009.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2008] [Revised: 02/09/2009] [Accepted: 05/07/2009] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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219
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Gago N, Pérez-López V, Sanz-Jaka JP, Cormenzana P, Eizaguirre I, Bernad A, Izeta A. Age-dependent depletion of human skin-derived progenitor cells. Stem Cells 2009; 27:1164-72. [PMID: 19418448 DOI: 10.1002/stem.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
A major unanswered question in autologous cell therapy is the appropriate timing for cell isolation. Many of the putative target diseases arise with old age and previous evidence, mainly from animal models, suggests that the stem/progenitor cell pool decreases steadily with age. Studies with human cells have been generally hampered to date by poor sample availability. In recent years, several laboratories have reported on the existence, both in rodents and humans, of skin-derived precursor (SKP) cells with the capacity to generate neural and mesodermal progenies. This easily obtainable multipotent cell population has raised expectations for their potential use in cell therapy of neurodegeneration. However, we still lack a clear understanding of the spatiotemporal abundance and phenotype of human SKPs. Here we show an analysis of human SKP abundance and in vitro differentiation potential, by using SKPs isolated from four distinct anatomic sites (abdomen, breast, foreskin, and scalp) from 102 healthy subjects aged 8 months to 85 years. Human SKP abundance and differentiation potential decrease sharply with age, being extremely difficult to isolate, expand, and differentiate when obtained from the elderly. Our data suggest preserving human SKP cell banks early in life would be desirable for use in clinical protocols in the aging population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Gago
- Rare Disease Program, Skin Regeneration Laboratory, Fundación Inbiomed, Paseo Mikeletegi 61, San Sebastián, Spain
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220
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Leonard BW, Mastroeni D, Grover A, Liu Q, Yang K, Gao M, Wu J, Pootrakul D, van den Berge SA, Hol EM, Rogers J. Subventricular zone neural progenitors from rapid brain autopsies of elderly subjects with and without neurodegenerative disease. J Comp Neurol 2009; 515:269-94. [PMID: 19425077 PMCID: PMC2757160 DOI: 10.1002/cne.22040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In mice and in young adult humans, the subventricular zone (SVZ) contains multipotent, dividing astrocytes, some of which, when cultured, produce neurospheres that differentiate into neurons and glia. It is unknown whether the SVZ of very old humans has this capacity. Here, we report that neural stem/progenitor cells can also be cultured from rapid autopsy samples of SVZ from elderly human subjects, including patients with age-related neurologic disorders. Histological sections of SVZ from these cases showed a glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-positive ribbon of astrocytes similar to the astrocyte ribbon in human periventricular white matter biopsies that is reported to be a rich source of neural progenitors. Cultures of the SVZ contained 1) neurospheres with a core of Musashi-1-, nestin-, and nucleostemin-immunopositive cells as well as more differentiated GFAP-positive astrocytes; 2) SMI-311-, MAP2a/b-, and beta-tubulin(III)-positive neurons; and 3) galactocerebroside-positive oligodendrocytes. Neurospheres continued to generate differentiated progeny for months after primary culturing, in some cases nearly 2 years postinitial plating. Patch clamp studies of differentiated SVZ cells expressing neuron-specific antigens revealed voltage-dependent, tetrodotoxin-sensitive, inward Na+ currents and voltage-dependent, delayed, slowly inactivating K+ currents, electrophysiologic characteristics of neurons. A subpopulation of these cells also exhibited responses consistent with the kinetics and pharmacology of the h-current. However, although these cells displayed some aspects of neuronal function, they remained immature, insofar as they did not fire action potentials. These studies suggest that human neural progenitor activity may remain viable throughout much of the life span, even in the face of severe neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andrew Grover
- Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ 85351, U.S.A
| | - Qiang Liu
- Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85013, U.S.A
| | - Kechun Yang
- Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85013, U.S.A
| | - Ming Gao
- Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85013, U.S.A
| | - Jie Wu
- Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85013, U.S.A
| | | | - Simone A. van den Berge
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an institute of the NetherlandsRoyal Academy of Arts and Sciences, Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BAAmsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elly M. Hol
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an institute of the NetherlandsRoyal Academy of Arts and Sciences, Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BAAmsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joseph Rogers
- Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ 85351, U.S.A
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221
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Chong YK, Toh TB, Zaiden N, Poonepalli A, Leong SH, Ong CEL, Yu Y, Tan PB, See SJ, Ng WH, Ng I, Hande MP, Kon OL, Ang BT, Tang C. Cryopreservation of neurospheres derived from human glioblastoma multiforme. Stem Cells 2009; 27:29-39. [PMID: 18845764 PMCID: PMC2729678 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2008-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells have been shown to initiate and sustain tumor growth. In many instances, clinical material is limited, compounded by a lack of methods to preserve such cells at convenient time points. Although brain tumor-initiating cells grown in a spheroid manner have been shown to maintain their integrity through serial transplantation in immune-compromised animals, practically, it is not always possible to have access to animals of suitable ages to continuously maintain these cells. We therefore explored vitrification as a cryopreservation technique for brain tumor-initiating cells. Tumor neurospheres were derived from five patients with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Cryopreservation in 90% serum and 10% dimethyl sulfoxide yielded greatest viability and could be explored in future studies. Vitrification yielded cells that maintained self-renewal and multipotentiality properties. Karyotypic analyses confirmed the presence of GBM hallmarks. Upon implantation into NOD/SCID mice, our vitrified cells reformed glioma masses that could be serially transplanted. Transcriptome analysis showed that the vitrified and nonvitrified samples in either the stem-like or differentiated states clustered together, providing evidence that vitrification does not change the genotype of frozen cells. Upon induction of differentiation, the transcriptomes of vitrified cells associated with the original primary tumors, indicating that tumor stem-like cells are a genetically distinct population from the differentiated mass, underscoring the importance of working with the relevant tumor-initiating population. Our results demonstrate that vitrification of brain tumor-initiating cells preserves the biological phenotype and genetic profiles of the cells. This should facilitate the establishment of a repository of tumor-initiating cells for subsequent experimental designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuk-Kien Chong
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and ResearchSingapore
| | - Tan-Boon Toh
- Department of Research, National Neuroscience InstituteSingapore
| | - Norazean Zaiden
- Department of Research, National Neuroscience InstituteSingapore
| | - Anuradha Poonepalli
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of SingaporeSingapore
| | - Siew Hong Leong
- Division of Medical Sciences, Humphrey Oei Institute of Cancer Research, National Cancer CentreSingapore
| | | | - Yiting Yu
- Cell and Medical Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and ResearchSingapore
| | - Patrick B Tan
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of SingaporeSingapore
- Cell and Medical Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and ResearchSingapore
- Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical SchoolSingapore
| | - Siew-Ju See
- Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience InstituteSingapore
| | - Wai-Hoe Ng
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Neuroscience InstituteSingapore
| | - Ivan Ng
- Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical SchoolSingapore
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Neuroscience InstituteSingapore
| | - Manoor P Hande
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of SingaporeSingapore
| | - Oi Lian Kon
- Division of Medical Sciences, Humphrey Oei Institute of Cancer Research, National Cancer CentreSingapore
- Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical SchoolSingapore
| | - Beng-Ti Ang
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and ResearchSingapore
- Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical SchoolSingapore
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Neuroscience InstituteSingapore
| | - Carol Tang
- Department of Research, National Neuroscience InstituteSingapore
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of SingaporeSingapore
- Division of Medical Sciences, Humphrey Oei Institute of Cancer Research, National Cancer CentreSingapore
- Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical SchoolSingapore
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222
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Eder-Colli L, Abad-Estarlich N, Pannetier C, Vallet PG, Walzer C, Elder GA, Robakis NK, Bouras C, Savioz A. The presenilin-1 familial Alzheimer's disease mutation P117L decreases neuronal differentiation of embryonic murine neural progenitor cells. Brain Res Bull 2009; 80:296-301. [PMID: 19555743 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2009.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2009] [Revised: 06/12/2009] [Accepted: 06/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The presenilin-1 gene is mutated in early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease. The mutation Pro117Leu is implicated in a very severe form of the disease, with an onset of less than 30 years. The consequences of this mutation on neurogenesis in the hippocampus of adult transgenic mice have already been studied in situ. The survival of neural progenitor cells was impaired resulting in decreased neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus. Our intention was to verify if similar alterations could occur in vitro in progenitor cells from the murine ganglionic eminences isolated from embryos of this same transgenic mouse model. These cells were grown in culture as neurospheres and after differentiation the percentage of neurons generated as well as their morphology were analysed. The mutation results in a significant decrease in neurogenesis compared to the wild type mice and the neurons grow longer and more ramified neurites. A shift of differentiation towards gliogenesis was observed that could explain decreased neurogenesis despite increased proliferation of neural precursors in transgenic neurospheres. A diminished survival of the newly generated mutant neurons is also proposed. Our data raise the possibility that these alterations in embryonic development might contribute to increase the severity of the Alzheimer's disease phenotype later in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenza Eder-Colli
- Department of Fundamental Neuroscience, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva University, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
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223
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Qiu J, Takagi Y, Harada J, Topalkara K, Wang Y, Sims JR, Zheng G, Huang P, Ling Y, Scadden DT, Moskowitz MA, Cheng T. p27Kip1 constrains proliferation of neural progenitor cells in adult brain under homeostatic and ischemic conditions. Stem Cells 2009; 27:920-7. [PMID: 19353520 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cell cycle inhibition of neural stem and progenitor cells is critical for maintaining the stability of central nervous system in adults, but it may represent a significant hurdle for neural regeneration after injury. We have previously demonstrated that the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CKI) p21(cip1/waf1) (p21) maintains the quiescence of neural stem-like cells under cerebral ischemia, as similarly shown for the hematopoietic stem cells. Here, we report the distinct role of another CKI member, p27(kip1) (p27) in neural progenitor cells (NPCs) from adult brain (subventricular zone and hippocampal subgranular zone) under both homeostatic and ischemic conditions. The basal level of NPC proliferation in the p27-/- mice was higher than that in p27+/+ mice. Upon ischemia, the overall proliferation of NPCs continued to be higher in p27-/- mice than that in p27+/+ mice. Moreover, the increase of NPC proliferation in p27-/- mice remained until 2 weeks after ischemia, whereas it resumed back to the basal level in p27+/+ mice. As a result, newly generated neuronal cells in the granular layer of p27-/- brain were more abundant compared with p27+/+ controls. These new data demonstrate that p27 functions as a distinct inhibitor for NPC proliferation under homeostatic as well as ischemic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Qiu
- Department of Radiology and Neurology, Stroke and Neurovascular Regulation Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02129, USA.
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224
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Wakeman DR, Hofmann MR, Redmond DE, Teng YD, Snyder EY. Long-term multilayer adherent network (MAN) expansion, maintenance, and characterization, chemical and genetic manipulation, and transplantation of human fetal forebrain neural stem cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; Chapter 2:Unit2D.3. [PMID: 19455542 DOI: 10.1002/9780470151808.sc02d03s9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Human neural stem/precursor cells (hNSC/hNPC) have been targeted for application in a variety of research models and as prospective candidates for cell-based therapeutic modalities in central nervous system (CNS) disorders. To this end, the successful derivation, expansion, and sustained maintenance of undifferentiated hNSC/hNPC in vitro, as artificial expandable neurogenic micro-niches, promises a diversity of applications as well as future potential for a variety of experimental paradigms modeling early human neurogenesis, neuronal migration, and neurogenetic disorders, and could also serve as a platform for small-molecule drug screening in the CNS. Furthermore, hNPC transplants provide an alternative substrate for cellular regeneration and restoration of damaged tissue in neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. Human somatic neural stem/progenitor cells (NSC/NPC) have been derived from a variety of cadaveric sources and proven engraftable in a cytoarchitecturally appropriate manner into the developing and adult rodent and monkey brain while maintaining both functional and migratory capabilities in pathological models of disease. In the following unit, we describe a new procedure that we have successfully employed to maintain operationally defined human somatic NSC/NPC from developing fetal, pre-term post-natal, and adult cadaveric forebrain. Specifically, we outline the detailed methodology for in vitro expansion, long-term maintenance, manipulation, and transplantation of these multipotent precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin R Wakeman
- University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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225
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Schmidt MHH, Bicker F, Nikolic I, Meister J, Babuke T, Picuric S, Müller-Esterl W, Plate KH, Dikic I. Epidermal growth factor-like domain 7 (EGFL7) modulates Notch signalling and affects neural stem cell renewal. Nat Cell Biol 2009; 11:873-80. [PMID: 19503073 DOI: 10.1038/ncb1896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2008] [Accepted: 03/13/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor-like domain 7 (EGFL7) is a secreted factor implicated in cellular responses such as cell migration and blood vessel formation; however the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of EGFL7 are largely unknown. Here we have identified transmembrane receptors of the Notch family as EGFL7-binding molecules. Secreted EGFL7 binds to a region in Notch involved in ligand-mediated receptor activation, thus acting as an antagonist of Notch signalling. Expression of EGFL7 in neural stem cells (NSCs) in vitro decreased Notch-specific signalling and consequently, reduced proliferation and self-renewal of NSCs. Such altered Notch signalling caused a shift in the differentiation pattern of cultured NSCs towards an excess of neurons and oligodendrocytes. We identified neurons as a source of EGFL7 in the brain, suggesting that brain-derived EGFL7 acts as an endogenous antagonist of Notch signalling that regulates proliferation and differentiation of subventricular zone-derived adult NSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirko H H Schmidt
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University School of Medicine, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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226
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Lee DC, Hsu YC, Chung YF, Hsiao CY, Chen SL, Chen MS, Lin HK, Chiu IM. Isolation of neural stem/progenitor cells by using EGF/FGF1 and FGF1B promoter-driven green fluorescence from embryonic and adult mouse brains. Mol Cell Neurosci 2009; 41:348-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2009.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2008] [Revised: 03/27/2009] [Accepted: 04/22/2009] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
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227
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Bexell D, Gunnarsson S, Siesjö P, Bengzon J, Darabi A. CD133+ and nestin+ tumor-initiating cells dominate in N29 and N32 experimental gliomas. Int J Cancer 2009; 125:15-22. [PMID: 19291792 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.24306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The current study was designed to critically evaluate the notion that cancer stem cell (CSC)-like cells constitute a subpopulation of cells within experimental gliomas. Virtually all cells within the N29 and N32 rat glioma models homogenously expressed CD133, the stem/progenitor marker nestin as well as the neural lineage markers glial fibrillary acidic protein, betaIII-tubulin, and CNPase in vitro. The phenotype was largely retained on exposure to conditions promoting differentiation in vitro and after intracranial implantation of tumor cells into syngeneic hosts. Unsorted adherently grown cells displayed very high clonogenicity in vitro and robust tumorigenicity in vivo. Single N29 and N32 tumor cells invariably formed clones in vitro, and intracerebral inoculation of as few as 10 adherently growing N29 and N32 tumor cells, respectively, gave rise to a tumor. These results provide an alternative view on CSC-like cells in glioma models: sphere-formation is not a prerequisite for accumulation of tumorigenic cells, and CSC-like cells do not reside within a rare subpopulation of cells in these glioma models. N29 and N32 gliomas may accordingly be used for the development of treatment strategies directed specifically against a practically pure population of brain tumor-initiating CSC-like cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Bexell
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Neurosurgery,The Rausing Laboratory, BMC D14, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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228
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Kulbatski I, Tator CH. Region-specific differentiation potential of adult rat spinal cord neural stem/precursors and their plasticity in response to in vitro manipulation. J Histochem Cytochem 2009; 57:405-23. [PMID: 19124840 PMCID: PMC2675070 DOI: 10.1369/jhc.2008.951814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2008] [Accepted: 12/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study characterized the differentiation of neural stem/precursor cells (NSPCs) isolated from different levels of the spinal cord (cervical vs lumbar cord) and different regions along the neuraxis (brain vs cervical spinal cord) of adult male Wistar enhanced green fluorescent protein rats. The differentiation of cervical spinal cord NSPCs was further examined after variation of time in culture, addition of growth factors, and changes in cell matrix and serum concentration. Brain NSPCs did not differ from cervical cord NSPCs in the percentages of neurons, astrocytes, or oligodendrocytes but produced 26.9% less radial glia. Lumbar cord NSPCs produced 30.8% fewer radial glia and 6.9% more neurons compared with cervical cord NSPCs. Spinal cord NSPC differentiation was amenable to manipulation by growth factors and changes in in vitro conditions. This is the first study to directly compare the effect of growth factors, culturing time, serum concentration, and cell matrix on rat spinal cord NSPCs isolated, propagated, and differentiated under identical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Kulbatski
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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229
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Cancer stem cells in brain tumor biology. COLD SPRING HARBOR SYMPOSIA ON QUANTITATIVE BIOLOGY 2009; 73:411-20. [PMID: 19329578 DOI: 10.1101/sqb.2008.73.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Tumors are aberrant organ systems containing a complex interplay between the neoplastic compartment and recruited vascular, inflammatory, and stromal elements. Furthermore, most cancers display a hierarchy of differentiation states within the tumor cell population. Molecular signals that drive tumor formation and maintenance commonly overlap with those involved in normal development and wound responses--two processes in which normal stem cells function. It is therefore not surprising that cancers invoke stem cell programs that promote tumor malignancy. Stem-cell-like cancer cells (or cancer stem cells) need not be derived from normal stem cells but may be subjected to evolutionary pressures that select for the capacity to self-renew extensively or differentiate depending on conditions. Current cancer model systems may not fully recapitulate the cellular complexity of cancers, perhaps partially explaining the lack of power of these models in predicting clinical outcomes. New methods are enabling researchers to identify and characterize cancer stem cells. Our laboratory focuses on the roles of brain tumor stem cells in clinically relevant tumor biology, including therapeutic resistance, angiogenesis, and invasion/metastasis. We hope that these studies will translate into improved diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic approaches for these lethal cancers.
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230
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The controversial clinicobiological role of breast cancer stem cells. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2009; 2008:492643. [PMID: 19325911 PMCID: PMC2657953 DOI: 10.1155/2008/492643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2008] [Revised: 12/05/2008] [Accepted: 12/23/2008] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in women mainly because of the propensity of primary breast tumors to metastasize. Growing experimental evidence suggests that cancer stem cells (CSCs) may contribute to tumor progression and metastasis spread. However, despite the tremendous clinical potential of such cells and their possible therapeutic management, the real nature of CSCs remains to be elucidated. Starting from what is currently known about normal mammary stem/progenitor cells, to better define the cell that originates a tumor or is responsible for metastatic spread, this review will discuss experimental evidence of breast cancer stem cells and speculate about the clinical importance and implications of their evaluation.
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231
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Sirko S, Neitz A, Mittmann T, Horvat-Bröcker A, von Holst A, Eysel UT, Faissner A. Focal laser-lesions activate an endogenous population of neural stem/progenitor cells in the adult visual cortex. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 132:2252-64. [PMID: 19286696 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awp043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
CNS lesions stimulate adult neurogenic niches. Endogenous neural stem/progenitor cells represent a potential resource for CNS regeneration. Here, we investigate the response to unilateral focal laser-lesions applied to the visual cortex of juvenile rats. Within 3 days post-lesion, an ipsilateral increase of actively cycling cells was observed in cortical layer one and in the callosal white matter within the lesion penumbra. The cells expressed the neural stem/progenitor cell marker Nestin and the 473HD-epitope. Tissue prepared from the lesion area by micro-dissection generated self-renewing, multipotent neurospheres, while cells from the contralateral visual cortex did not. The newly formed neural stem/progenitor cells in the lesion zone might support neurogenesis, as suggested by the expression of Pax6 and Doublecortin, a marker of newborn neurons. We propose that focal laser-lesions may induce the emergence of stem/progenitor cells with neurogenic potential. This could underlie the beneficial effects of laser application in neurosurgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swetlana Sirko
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitaetsstrasse, Bochum, Germany
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232
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Chaichana KL, Guerrero-Cazares H, Capilla-Gonzalez V, Zamora-Berridi G, Achanta P, Gonzalez-Perez O, Jallo GI, Garcia-Verdugo JM, Quiñones-Hinojosa A. Intra-operatively obtained human tissue: protocols and techniques for the study of neural stem cells. J Neurosci Methods 2009; 180:116-25. [PMID: 19427538 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2009.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2008] [Revised: 01/18/2009] [Accepted: 02/20/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The discoveries of neural (NSCs) and brain tumor stem cells (BTSCs) in the adult human brain and in brain tumors, respectively, have led to a new era in neuroscience research. These cells represent novel approaches to studying normal phenomena such as memory and learning, as well as pathological conditions such as Parkinson's disease, stroke, and brain tumors. This new paradigm stresses the importance of understanding how these cells behave in vitro and in vivo. It also stresses the need to use human-derived tissue to study human disease because animal models may not necessarily accurately replicate the processes that occur in humans. An important, but often underused, source of human tissue and, consequently, both NSCs and BTSCs, is the operating room. This study describes in detail both current and newly developed laboratory techniques, which in our experience are used to process and study human NSCs and BTSCs from tissue obtained directly from the operating room.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaisorn L Chaichana
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumors Surgery Program, The Johns Hopkins, University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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233
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Peh GSL, Lang RJ, Pera MF, Hawes SM. CD133 Expression by Neural Progenitors Derived from Human Embryonic Stem Cells and Its Use for Their Prospective Isolation. Stem Cells Dev 2009; 18:269-82. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2008.0124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gary S.-L. Peh
- Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Richard J. Lang
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Martin F. Pera
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Susan M. Hawes
- Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Current affiliation: Monash Immunology and Stem Cell Laboratories, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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234
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Neural stem/progenitor cells modulate immune responses by suppressing T lymphocytes with nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2. Exp Neurol 2009; 216:177-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2008.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2008] [Revised: 11/18/2008] [Accepted: 11/23/2008] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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235
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Abstract
Stem cells are multipotent cells that can give rise to a differentiated progeny as well as self-renew. The balanced coordination of these two stem cell fates is essential for embryonic development and tissue homeostasis in the adult. Perturbed stem cell function contributes significantly to a variety of pathological conditions, eg impaired self-renewal capacity due to cellular senescence contributes to ageing, and degenerative diseases or impaired stem cell differentiation by oncogenic mutations contribute to cancer formation. This review focuses on the molecular mechanisms involved in regulating the normal function of neural stem cells in the adult mammalian brain and on the involvement of these cells in brain pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Yadirgi
- Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, St. Bartholomew's and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK
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236
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Stevens A, Zuliani T, Olejnik C, LeRoy H, Obriot H, Kerr-Conte J, Formstecher P, Bailliez Y, Polakowska RR. Human dental pulp stem cells differentiate into neural crest-derived melanocytes and have label-retaining and sphere-forming abilities. Stem Cells Dev 2009; 17:1175-84. [PMID: 18393638 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2008.0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult tissues contain highly proliferative, clonogenic cells that meet criteria of multipotent stem cells and are potential sources for autologous reparative and reconstructive medicine. We demonstrated that human dental pulp contains self renewing human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) capable of differentiating into mesenchymal-derived odontoblasts, osteoblasts, adipocytes, and chondrocytes and striated muscle, and interestingly, also into non-mesenchymal melanocytes. Furthermore, we showed that hDPSC cultures include cells with the label-retaining and sphere-forming abilities, traits attributed to multipotent stem cells, and provide evidence that these may be multipotent neural crest stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelique Stevens
- Faculté Dentaire, Université Lille 2, Lille, France. , Université Lille 2, Faculté de Médecine, Lille, France
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237
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Abstract
A stem cell has three important features. Firstly, the ability of self-renewal: making identical copies of itself. Secondly, multipotency, generating all the major cell lineages of the host tissue (in the case of embryonic stem cells-pluripotency). Thirdly, the ability to generate/regenerate tissues. Thus, the study of stem cells will help unravel the complexity of tissue development and organisation, and will also have important clinical applications. Neural stem cells (NSCs) are present during embryonic development and in certain regions of the adult central nervous system (CNS). Mobilizing adult NSCs to promote repair of injured or diseased CNS is a promising approach. Since NSCs may give rise to brain tumor, they represent in vitro models for anti-cancer drug screening. To facilitate the use of NSCs in clinical scenarios, we need to explore the biology of these cells in greater details. One clear goal is to be able to definitively identify and purify NSCs. The neurosphere-forming assay is robust and reflects the behavior of NSCs. Clonal analysis where single cells give rise to neurospheres need to be used to follow the self-renewal and multipotency characteristics of NSCs. Neurosphere formation in combination with other markers of NSC behavior such as active Notch signaling represents the state of the art to follow these cells. Many issues connected with NSC biology need to be explored to provide a platform for clinical applications. Important future directions that are highlighted in this review are; identification of markers for NSCs, the use of NSCs in high-throughput screens and the modelling of the central nervous development. There is no doubt that the study of NSCs is crucial if we are to tackle the diseases of the CNS such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohail Ahmed
- Institute of Medical Biology, 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, Singapore 138648, Singapore.
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238
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Chojnacki AK, Mak GK, Weiss S. Identity crisis for adult periventricular neural stem cells: subventricular zone astrocytes, ependymal cells or both? Nat Rev Neurosci 2009; 10:153-63. [DOI: 10.1038/nrn2571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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239
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The methyl-CpG binding proteins Mecp2, Mbd2 and Kaiso are dispensable for mouse embryogenesis, but play a redundant function in neural differentiation. PLoS One 2009; 4:e4315. [PMID: 19177165 PMCID: PMC2627903 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2008] [Accepted: 12/18/2008] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The precise molecular changes that occur when a neural stem (NS) cell switches from a programme of self-renewal to commit towards a specific lineage are not currently well understood. However it is clear that control of gene expression plays an important role in this process. DNA methylation, a mark of transcriptionally silent chromatin, has similarly been shown to play important roles in neural cell fate commitment in vivo. While DNA methylation is known to play important roles in neural specification during embryonic development, no such role has been shown for any of the methyl-CpG binding proteins (Mecps) in mice. Methodology/Principal Findings To explore the role of DNA methylation in neural cell fate decisions, we have investigated the function of Mecps in mouse development and in neural stem cell derivation, maintenance, and differentiation. In order to test whether the absence of phenotype in singly-mutant animals could be due to functional redundancy between Mecps, we created mice and neural stem cells simultaneously lacking Mecp2, Mbd2 and Zbtb33. No evidence for functional redundancy between these genes in embryonic development or in the derivation or maintenance of neural stem cells in culture was detectable. However evidence for a defect in neuronal commitment of triple knockout NS cells was found. Conclusions/Significance Although DNA methylation is indispensable for mammalian embryonic development, we show that simultaneous deficiency of three methyl-CpG binding proteins genes is compatible with apparently normal mouse embryogenesis. Nevertheless, we provide genetic evidence for redundancy of function between methyl-CpG binding proteins in postnatal mice.
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240
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He S, Iwashita T, Buchstaller J, Molofsky AV, Thomas D, Morrison SJ. Bmi-1 over-expression in neural stem/progenitor cells increases proliferation and neurogenesis in culture but has little effect on these functions in vivo. Dev Biol 2009; 328:257-72. [PMID: 19389366 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2009.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2008] [Revised: 12/24/2008] [Accepted: 01/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The polycomb gene Bmi-1 is required for the self-renewal of stem cells from diverse tissues, including the central nervous system (CNS). Bmi-1 expression is elevated in most human gliomas, irrespective of grade, raising the question of whether Bmi-1 over-expression is sufficient to promote self-renewal or tumorigenesis by CNS stem/progenitor cells. To test this we generated Nestin-Bmi-1-GFP transgenic mice. Analysis of two independent lines with expression in the fetal and adult CNS demonstrated that transgenic neural stem cells formed larger colonies, more self-renewing divisions, and more neurons in culture. However, in vivo, Bmi-1 over-expression had little effect on CNS stem cell frequency, subventricular zone proliferation, olfactory bulb neurogenesis, or neurogenesis/gliogenesis during development. Bmi-1 transgenic mice were born with enlarged lateral ventricles and a minority developed idiopathic hydrocephalus as adults, but none of the transgenic mice formed detectable CNS tumors, even when aged. The more pronounced effects of Bmi-1 over-expression in culture were largely attributable to the attenuated induction of p16(Ink4a) and p19(Arf) in culture, proteins that are generally not expressed by neural stem/progenitor cells in young mice in vivo. Bmi-1 over-expression therefore has more pronounced effects in culture and does not appear to be sufficient to induce tumorigenesis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenghui He
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Stem Cell Biology, University of Michigan, 5435 Life Sciences Institute, 210 Washtenaw Ave., Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2216, USA
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241
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Neuroblastoma cell lines contain pluripotent tumor initiating cells that are susceptible to a targeted oncolytic virus. PLoS One 2009; 4:e4235. [PMID: 19156211 PMCID: PMC2626279 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2008] [Accepted: 12/10/2008] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although disease remission can frequently be achieved for patients with neuroblastoma, relapse is common. The cancer stem cell theory suggests that rare tumorigenic cells, resistant to conventional therapy, are responsible for relapse. If true for neuroblastoma, improved cure rates may only be achieved via identification and therapeutic targeting of the neuroblastoma tumor initiating cell. Based on cues from normal stem cells, evidence for tumor populating progenitor cells has been found in a variety of cancers. Methodology/Principal Findings Four of eight human neuroblastoma cell lines formed tumorspheres in neural stem cell media, and all contained some cells that expressed neurogenic stem cell markers including CD133, ABCG2, and nestin. Three lines tested could be induced into multi-lineage differentiation. LA-N-5 spheres were further studied and showed a verapamil-sensitive side population, relative resistance to doxorubicin, and CD133+ cells showed increased sphere formation and tumorigenicity. Oncolytic viruses, engineered to be clinically safe by genetic mutation, are emerging as next generation anticancer therapeutics. Because oncolytic viruses circumvent typical drug-resistance mechanisms, they may represent an effective therapy for chemotherapy-resistant tumor initiating cells. A Nestin-targeted oncolytic herpes simplex virus efficiently replicated within and killed neuroblastoma tumor initiating cells preventing their ability to form tumors in athymic nude mice. Conclusions/Significance These results suggest that human neuroblastoma contains tumor initiating cells that may be effectively targeted by an oncolytic virus.
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Abstract
The dogma that solid tumors are composed of tumor cells that all share the same ability to produce proliferating daughter cells has been challenged in recent years. There is growing evidence that many adult tissues contain a set of tissue stem cells, which might undergo malignant transformation while retaining their stem cell characteristics. These include the ability of indefinite self-renewal and the capability to differentiate into daughter cells of tissue-specific lineages. Brain tumors such as medulloblastomas or glioblastomas often contain areas of divergent differentiation, which raises the intriguing question of whether these tumors could derive from neural stem cells (NSCs).This chapter reviews the current knowledge of NSCs and relates them to brain tumor pathology. Current therapy protocols for malignant brain tumors are targeted toward the reduction of bulk tumor mass. The concept of brain-tumor stem cells could provide new insights for future therapies, if the capacity for self-renewal of tumor cells and growth of the tumor mass would reside within a small subset of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Nern
- Neurological Institute (Edinger-Institute), Neuroscience Center, Heinrich-Hoffmann-Str. 7, Frankfurt am Main 60528, Germany
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244
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Guerrero-Cázares H, Chaichana KL, Quiñones-Hinojosa A. Neurosphere culture and human organotypic model to evaluate brain tumor stem cells. Methods Mol Biol 2009; 568:73-83. [PMID: 19582422 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-280-9_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The brain tumor stem cell (BTSC) hypothesis is based on the premise that there is a subpopulation of cells within tumors with tumorigenic and pluripotent properties. BTSC are believed to be responsible for both the initiation of brain tumors and their resistance to current therapeutic modalities. This new paradigm stresses the need for adequate techniques to culture and characterize this special population of cells. Furthermore, the use of different cell migration assays offers the possibility to evaluate the processes involved in glioma metastasis. In this chapter, we summarize a method to culture, analyze the cellular characteristics, and study the invasion of BTSCs using a neurosphere assay, cryostat sectioning, and human organotypic brain cortex migration assay, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Guerrero-Cázares
- Brain Tumor Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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245
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Parsons XH, Teng YD, Snyder EY. Important precautions when deriving patient-specific neural elements from pluripotent cells. Cytotherapy 2009; 11:815-24. [PMID: 19903095 PMCID: PMC3449142 DOI: 10.3109/14653240903180092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Multipotent human neural stem cells (hNSC) have traditionally been isolated directly from the central nervous system (CNS). To date, as a therapeutic tool in the treatment of neurologic disorders, the most promising results have been obtained using hNSC isolated directly from the human fetal neuroectoderm. The propagation ability of such tissue-derived hNSC is often limited, however, making it difficult to establish a large-scale culture. Following engraftment, these hNSC often show low efficiency in generating the desired neuronal cells necessary for reconstruction of the damaged host milieu and, as a result, have failed to give satisfactory results in clinical trials so far. Alternatively, human embryonic stem cells (hESC) offer a pluripotent reservoir for in vitro derivation of a rich spectrum of well-characterized neural-lineage committed stem/progenitor/precursor cells that can, theoretically, be picked at precisely their safest and most efficacious state of plasticity to meet a given clinical challenge. However, the need for 'foreign' biologic additives and multilineage differentiation inclination may make direct use of such cell-derived hNSC in patients problematic. The hNSC, when derived from pluripotent cells under protocols presently employed in the field, tend to display not only a low efficiency in neuronal differentiation, but also an inclination for phenotypic heterogeneity and instability and, hence, increased risk of tumorigenesis following engraftment. For hNSC derived in vitro to be used safely in therapeutic paradigms, it requires conversion of human pluripotent cells uniformly to cells that are restricted to the neural lineage in need of repair. Developing strategies for direct induction of human pluripotent cells exclusively into neural-committed progenies at a broad range of developmental stages will allow a large supply of optimal therapeutic hNSC tailor-made for safe and effective treatment of particular neurologic diseases and injuries in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejun H. Parsons
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
- Stem Cell Center, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
- Center for Molecular Genetics, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Program in Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Burnham Institute for Medical Research, La Jolla, California, USA
- Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Yang D. Teng
- Department of Neurosurgery, VA Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Evan Y. Snyder
- Program in Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Burnham Institute for Medical Research, La Jolla, California, USA
- Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA
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246
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Giachino C, Basak O, Taylor V. Isolation and manipulation of mammalian neural stem cells in vitro. Methods Mol Biol 2009; 482:143-158. [PMID: 19089354 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-060-7_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Neural stem cells are potentially a source of cells not only for replacement therapy but also as drug vectors, bringing bioactive molecules into the brain. Stem cell-like cells can be isolated readily from the human brain, thus, it is important to find culture systems that enable expansion in a multipotent state to generate cells that are of potential use for therapy. Currently, two systems have been described for the maintenance and expansion of multipotent progenitors, an adhesive substrate bound and the neurosphere culture. Both systems have pros and cons, but the neurosphere may be able to simulate the three-dimensional environment of the niche in which the cells reside in vivo. Thus, the neurosphere, when used and cultured appropriately, can expand and provide important information about the mechanisms that potentially control neural stem cells in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Giachino
- Department of Molecular Embryology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology, Freiburg, Germany
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247
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Valenzuela MJ, Dean SK, Sachdev P, Tuch BE, Sidhu KS. Neural Precursors from Canine Skin: A New Direction for Testing Autologous Cell Replacement in the Brain. Stem Cells Dev 2008; 17:1087-94. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2008.0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Valenzuela
- School of Psychiatry, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Neuropsychiatric Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sophia K. Dean
- School of Psychiatry, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Perminder Sachdev
- School of Psychiatry, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Neuropsychiatric Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Bernard E. Tuch
- Diabetes Transplant Unit, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kuldip S. Sidhu
- School of Psychiatry, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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248
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Maciaczyk J, Singec I, Maciaczyk D, Nikkhah G. Combined use of BDNF, ascorbic acid, low oxygen, and prolonged differentiation time generates tyrosine hydroxylase-expressing neurons after long-term in vitro expansion of human fetal midbrain precursor cells. Exp Neurol 2008; 213:354-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2008.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2008] [Revised: 06/11/2008] [Accepted: 06/17/2008] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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249
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Abstract
In recent years there has been a flood of interest in the relationship between brain tumors and stem cells. Some investigators have focused on the sensitivity of normal stem cells to transformation, others have described phenotypic or functional similarities between tumor cells and stem cells, and still others have suggested that tumors contain a subpopulation of ;;cancer stem cells'' that is crucial for tumor maintenance or propagation. Although all these concepts are interesting and provide insight into the origins and properties of brain tumors, the use of similar terms to describe them has led to confusion. The goal of this review is to sort out some of that confusion and highlight what we know and what we have yet to learn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian A. Emmenegger
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Robert J. Wechsler-Reya
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC.,To whom correspondence should be addressed: Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3813, Durham, NC 27710, Phone: 919-613-8754, Fax: 919-668-3556,
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250
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Setting the conditions for efficient, robust and reproducible generation of functionally active neurons from adult subventricular zone-derived neural stem cells. Cell Death Differ 2008; 15:1847-56. [PMID: 19011641 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2008.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Although new culture conditions enable homogeneous and long-term propagation of radial glia-like neural stem (NS) cells in monolayer and serum-free conditions, the efficiency of the conversion of NS cells into terminally differentiated, functionally mature neurons is relatively limited and poorly characterized. We demonstrate that NS cells derived from adult mouse subventricular zone robustly develop properties of mature neurons when exposed to an optimized neuronal differentiation protocol. A high degree of cell viability was preserved. At 22 days in vitro, most cells (65%) were microtubule-associated protein 2(+) and coexpressed gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), GAD67, calbindin and parvalbumin. Nearly all neurons exhibited sodium, potassium and calcium currents, and 70% of them fired action potentials. These neurons expressed functional GABA(A) receptors, whereas activable kainate, alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid and N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptors were present in approximately 80, 30 and 2% of cells, respectively. Antigenic and functional properties were efficiently and reliably reproduced across experiments and cell passages (up to 68). This is the first report showing a consistent and reproducible generation of large amounts of neurons from long-term passaged adult neural stem cells. Remarkably, the neuronal progeny carries a defined set of antigenic, biochemical and functional characteristics that make this system suitable for studies of NS cell biology as well as for genetic and chemical screenings.
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