201
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Chan WH, Anderson CR, Gonsalvez DG. From proliferation to target innervation: signaling molecules that direct sympathetic nervous system development. Cell Tissue Res 2017; 372:171-193. [PMID: 28971249 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-017-2693-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system includes a variety of cells including neurons, endocrine cells and glial cells. A recent study (Furlan et al. 2017) has revised thinking about the developmental origin of these cells. It now appears that sympathetic neurons and chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla do not have an immediate common ancestor in the form a "sympathoadrenal cell", as has been long believed. Instead, chromaffin cells arise from Schwann cell precursors. This review integrates the new findings with the expanding body of knowledge on the signalling pathways and transcription factors that regulate the origin of cells of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- W H Chan
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Australia
| | - C R Anderson
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Australia
| | - David G Gonsalvez
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Australia.
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202
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Jose SS, Bendickova K, Kepak T, Krenova Z, Fric J. Chronic Inflammation in Immune Aging: Role of Pattern Recognition Receptor Crosstalk with the Telomere Complex? Front Immunol 2017; 8:1078. [PMID: 28928745 PMCID: PMC5591428 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related decline in immunity is characterized by stem cell exhaustion, telomere shortening, and disruption of cell-to-cell communication, leading to increased patient risk of disease. Recent data have demonstrated that chronic inflammation exerts a strong influence on immune aging and is closely correlated with telomere length in a range of major pathologies. The current review discusses the impact of inflammation on immune aging, the likely molecular mediators of this process, and the various disease states that have been linked with immunosenescence. Emerging findings implicate NF-κB, the major driver of inflammatory signaling, in several processes that regulate telomere maintenance and/or telomerase activity. While prolonged triggering of pattern recognition receptors is now known to promote immunosenescence, it remains unclear how this process is linked with the telomere complex or telomerase activity. Indeed, enzymatic control of telomere length has been studied for many decades, but alternative roles of telomerase and potential influences on inflammatory responses are only now beginning to emerge. Crosstalk between these pathways may prove to be a key molecular mechanism of immunosenescence. Understanding how components of immune aging interact and modify host protection against pathogens and tumors will be essential for the design of new vaccines and therapies for a wide range of clinical scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyam Sushama Jose
- Cellular and Molecular Immunoregulation Group (CMI), Center for Translational Medicine (CTM), International Clinical Research Center (ICRC), St. Anne’s University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czechia
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Czechia
| | - Kamila Bendickova
- Cellular and Molecular Immunoregulation Group (CMI), Center for Translational Medicine (CTM), International Clinical Research Center (ICRC), St. Anne’s University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Tomas Kepak
- Pediatric Oncology Translational Research (POTR), International Clinical Research Center (ICRC), St. Anne’s University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czechia
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Zdenka Krenova
- Pediatric Oncology Translational Research (POTR), International Clinical Research Center (ICRC), St. Anne’s University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czechia
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Jan Fric
- Cellular and Molecular Immunoregulation Group (CMI), Center for Translational Medicine (CTM), International Clinical Research Center (ICRC), St. Anne’s University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czechia
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203
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Sipe CW, Siegrist SE. Eyeless uncouples mushroom body neuroblast proliferation from dietary amino acids in Drosophila. eLife 2017; 6:26343. [PMID: 28826476 PMCID: PMC5576483 DOI: 10.7554/elife.26343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell proliferation is coupled with nutrient availability. If nutrients become limited, proliferation ceases, because growth factor and/or PI3-kinase activity levels become attenuated. Here, we report an exception to this generality within a subpopulation of Drosophila neural stem cells (neuroblasts). We find that most neuroblasts enter and exit cell cycle in a nutrient-dependent manner that is reversible and regulated by PI3-kinase. However, a small subset, the mushroom body neuroblasts, which generate neurons important for memory and learning, divide independent of dietary nutrient conditions and PI3-kinase activity. This nutrient-independent proliferation is regulated by Eyeless, a Pax-6 orthologue, expressed in mushroom body neuroblasts. When Eyeless is knocked down, mushroom body neuroblasts exit cell cycle when nutrients are withdrawn. Conversely, when Eyeless is ectopically expressed, some non-mushroom body neuroblasts divide independent of dietary nutrient conditions. Therefore, Eyeless uncouples MB neuroblast proliferation from nutrient availability, allowing preferential neurogenesis in brain subregions during nutrient poor conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor W Sipe
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, United States
| | - Sarah E Siegrist
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, United States
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204
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Godwin S, Ward D, Pedone E, Homer M, Fletcher AG, Marucci L. An extended model for culture-dependent heterogenous gene expression and proliferation dynamics in mouse embryonic stem cells. NPJ Syst Biol Appl 2017; 3:19. [PMID: 28794899 PMCID: PMC5543144 DOI: 10.1038/s41540-017-0020-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
During development, pluripotency is a transient state describing a cell's ability to give rise to all three germ layers and germline. Recent studies have shown that, in vitro, pluripotency is highly dynamic: exogenous stimuli provided to cultures of mouse embryonic stem cells, isolated from pre-implantation blastocysts, significantly affect the spectrum of pluripotency. 2i/LIF, a recently defined serum-free medium, forces mouse embryonic stem cells into a ground-state of pluripotency, while serum/LIF cultures promote the co-existence of ground-like and primed-like mouse embryonic stem cell subpopulations. The latter heterogeneity correlates with temporal fluctuations of pluripotency markers, including the master regulator Nanog, in single cells. We propose a mathematical model of Nanog dynamics in both media, accounting for recent experimental data showing the persistence of a small Nanog Low subpopulation in ground-state pluripotency mouse embryonic stem cell cultures. The model integrates into the core pluripotency Gene Regulatory Network both inhibitors present in 2i/LIF (PD and Chiron), and feedback interactions with genes found to be differentially expressed in the two media. Our simulations and bifurcation analysis show that, in ground-state cultures, Nanog dynamics result from the combination of reduced noise in gene expression and the shift of the system towards a monostable, but still excitable, regulation. Experimental data and agent-based modelling simulations indicate that mouse embryonic stem cell proliferation dynamics vary in the two media, and cannot be reproduced by accounting only for Nanog-dependent cell-cycle regulation. We further demonstrate that both PD and Chiron play a key role in regulating heterogeneity in transcription factor expression and, ultimately, mouse embryonic stem cell fate decision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Godwin
- Department of Engineering Mathematics, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1UB UK
| | - Daniel Ward
- Department of Engineering Mathematics, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1UB UK
| | - Elisa Pedone
- Department of Engineering Mathematics, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1UB UK.,School of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD UK
| | - Martin Homer
- Department of Engineering Mathematics, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1UB UK
| | - Alexander G Fletcher
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7RH UK.,Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN UK
| | - Lucia Marucci
- Department of Engineering Mathematics, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1UB UK.,School of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD UK.,BrisSynBio, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TQ UK
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205
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Kim YM, Gang EJ, Kahn M. CBP/Catenin antagonists: Targeting LSCs' Achilles heel. Exp Hematol 2017; 52:1-11. [PMID: 28479420 PMCID: PMC5526056 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2017.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs), including leukemia stem cells (LSCs), exhibit self-renewal capacity and differentiation potential and have the capacity to maintain or renew and propagate a tumor/leukemia. The initial isolation of CSCs/LSCs was in adult myelogenous leukemia, although more recently, the existence of CSCs in a wide variety of other cancers has been reported. CSCs, in general, and LSCs, specifically with respect to this review, are responsible for initiation of disease, therapeutic resistance and ultimately disease relapse. One key focus in cancer research over the past decade has been the development of therapies that safely eliminate the LSC/CSC population. One major obstacle to this goal is the identification of key mechanisms that distinguish LSCs from normal endogenous hematopoietic stem cells. An additional daunting feature that has recently come to light with advances in next-generation sequencing and single-cell sequencing is the heterogeneity within leukemias/tumors, with multiple combinations of mutations, gain and loss of function of genes, and so on being capable of driving disease, even within the CSC/LSC population. The focus of this review/perspective is on our work in identifying and validating, in both chronic myelogenous leukemia and acute lymphoblastic leukemia, a safe and efficacious mechanism to target an evolutionarily conserved signaling nexus, which constitutes a common "Achilles heel" for LSCs/CSCs, using small molecule-specific CBP/catenin antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Mi Kim
- Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Bone Marrow Transplantation, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Eun-Ji Gang
- Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Bone Marrow Transplantation, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Michael Kahn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA; Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA; Center for Molecular Pathways and Drug Discovery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA; Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA.
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206
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DNA damage tolerance in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E6875-E6883. [PMID: 28761001 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1706508114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA damage tolerance (DDT) enables bypassing of DNA lesions during replication, thereby preventing fork stalling, replication stress, and secondary DNA damage related to fork stalling. Three modes of DDT have been documented: translesion synthesis (TLS), template switching (TS), and repriming. TLS and TS depend on site-specific PCNA K164 monoubiquitination and polyubiquitination, respectively. To investigate the role of DDT in maintaining hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and progenitors, we used PcnaK164R/K164R mice as a unique DDT-defective mouse model. Analysis of the composition of HSCs and HSC-derived multipotent progenitors (MPPs) revealed a significantly reduced number of HSCs, likely owing to increased differentiation of HSCs toward myeloid/erythroid-associated MPP2s. This skewing came at the expense of the number of lymphoid-primed MPP4s, which appeared to be compensated for by increased MPP4 proliferation. Furthermore, defective DDT decreased the numbers of MPP-derived common lymphoid progenitor (CLP), common myeloid progenitor (CMP), megakaryocyte-erythroid progenitor (MEP), and granulocyte-macrophage progenitor (GMP) cells, accompanied by increased cell cycle arrest in CMPs. The HSC and MPP phenotypes are reminiscent of premature aging and stressed hematopoiesis, and indeed progressed with age and were exacerbated on cisplatin exposure. Bone marrow transplantations revealed a strong cell intrinsic defect of DDT-deficient HSCs in reconstituting lethally irradiated mice and a strong competitive disadvantage when cotransplanted with wild-type HSCs. These findings indicate a critical role of DDT in maintaining HSCs and progenitor cells, and in preventing premature aging.
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207
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Tornack J, Kawano Y, Garbi N, Hämmerling GJ, Melchers F, Tsuneto M. Flt3 ligand-eGFP-reporter expression characterizes functionally distinct subpopulations of CD150+long-term repopulating murine hematopoietic stem cells. Eur J Immunol 2017; 47:1477-1487. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201646730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Tornack
- Senior Group Lymphocyte Development; Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology; Berlin Germany
| | - Yohei Kawano
- Senior Group Lymphocyte Development; Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology; Berlin Germany
| | - Natalio Garbi
- Division of Molecular Immunology; German Cancer Research Center; Heidelberg Germany
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Institutes of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology; University of Bonn; Bonn Germany
| | - Günter J. Hämmerling
- Division of Molecular Immunology; German Cancer Research Center; Heidelberg Germany
| | - Fritz Melchers
- Senior Group Lymphocyte Development; Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology; Berlin Germany
| | - Motokazu Tsuneto
- Senior Group Lymphocyte Development; Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology; Berlin Germany
- Reproductive Centre; Mio Fertility Clinic; Tottori Japan
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208
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Reeve RL, Yammine SZ, Morshead CM, van der Kooy D. Quiescent Oct4 + Neural Stem Cells (NSCs) Repopulate Ablated Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein + NSCs in the Adult Mouse Brain. Stem Cells 2017; 35:2071-2082. [PMID: 28733998 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Adult primitive neural stem cells (pNSCs) are a rare population of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)- Oct4+ cells in the mouse forebrain subependymal zone bordering the lateral ventricles that give rise to clonal neurospheres in leukemia inhibitory factor in vitro. pNSC neurospheres can be passaged to self-renew or give rise to GFAP+ NSCs that form neurospheres in epidermal growth factor and fibroblast growth factor 2, which we collectively refer to as definitive NSCs (dNSCs). Label retention experiments using doxycycline-inducible histone-2B (H2B)-green fluorescent protein (GFP) mice and several chase periods of up to 1 year quantified the adult pNSC cell cycle time as 3-5 months. We hypothesized that while pNSCs are not very proliferative at baseline, they may exist as a reserve pool of NSCs in case of injury. To test this function of pNSCs, we obtained conditional Oct4 knockout mice, Oct4fl/fl ;Sox1Cre (Oct4CKO ), which do not yield adult pNSC-derived neurospheres. When we ablated the progeny of pNSCs, namely all GFAP+ dNSCs, in these Oct4CKO mice, we found that dNSCs did not recover as they do in wild-type mice, suggesting that pNSCs are necessary for dNSC repopulation. Returning to the H2B-GFP mice, we observed that the cytosine β-d-arabinofuranoside ablation of proliferating cells including dNSCs-induced quiescent pNSCs to proliferate and significantly dilute their H2B-GFP label. In conclusion, we demonstrate that pNSCs are the most quiescent stem cells in the adult brain reported to date and that their lineage position upstream of GFAP+ dNSCs allows them to repopulate a depleted neural lineage. Stem Cells 2017;35:2071-2082.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L Reeve
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Samantha Z Yammine
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Derek van der Kooy
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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209
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TNF signalling drives expansion of bone marrow CD4+ T cells responsible for HSC exhaustion in experimental visceral leishmaniasis. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006465. [PMID: 28671989 PMCID: PMC5510901 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis is associated with significant changes in hematological function but the mechanisms underlying these changes are largely unknown. In contrast to naïve mice, where most long-term hematopoietic stem cells (LT-HSCs; LSK CD150+ CD34- CD48- cells) in bone marrow (BM) are quiescent, we found that during Leishmania donovani infection most LT-HSCs had entered cell cycle. Loss of quiescence correlated with a reduced self-renewal capacity and functional exhaustion, as measured by serial transfer. Quiescent LT-HSCs were maintained in infected RAG2 KO mice, but lost following adoptive transfer of IFNγ-sufficient but not IFNγ-deficient CD4+ T cells. Using mixed BM chimeras, we established that IFNγ and TNF signalling pathways converge at the level of CD4+ T cells. Critically, intrinsic TNF signalling is required for the expansion and/or differentiation of pathogenic IFNγ+CD4+ T cells that promote the irreversible loss of BM function. These findings provide new insights into the pathogenic potential of CD4+ T cells that target hematopoietic function in leishmaniasis and perhaps other infectious diseases where TNF expression and BM dysfunction also occur simultaneously. Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a chronic often fatal disease caused by the protozoan parasites Leishmania donovani and L. infantum. Progressive disease in humans and in animal models is associated with parasite replication at systemic sites, including the bone marrow (BM) and results in significant changes in hematological profile. The mechanisms underlying hematologic dysregulation during infection are largely unknown. Using a panel of stem cell markers, we characterized murine haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells in the BM over the course of L. donovani-infection in C57BL/6 (B6) mice. Most long-term hematopoietic stem cells (LT-HSCs) in naïve mice are found in a quiescent state, representing cells with the highest degree of reconstitution potential. In contrast, during L. donovani infection, most LT-HSCs had entered cell-cycle and this correlated with a reduced potential to engraft into syngeneic recipients. HSC exhaustion and other alterations in the hematopoietic compartment did not occur in infected immunodeficient mice, but adoptive transfer of IFNγ-sufficient CD4+ T cells restored this phenotype. Using mixed BM chimeras, we established that IFNγ signalling and TNF signalling pathways converge at the level of BM CD4+ T cells, with intrinsic TNF signalling being critical for the expansion / differentiation of CD4+ T cells that are responsible for HSC exhaustion. Contrary to commonly held views, in the setting of experimental visceral leishmaniasis neither IFNγ nor TNF signalling in HSCs was required for their functional exhaustion. Hence, pro-inflammatory cytokines commonly associated with host protection in leishmaniasis and many other infectious diseases can also drive the development of pathogenic CD4+ T cells that cause long term irreversible alterations in HSC function.
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210
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Sourial M, Doering LC. Abnormal neural precursor cell regulation in the early postnatal Fragile X mouse hippocampus. Brain Res 2017; 1666:58-69. [PMID: 28442243 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The regulation of neural precursor cells (NPCs) is indispensable for a properly functioning brain. Abnormalities in NPC proliferation, differentiation, survival, or integration have been linked to various neurological diseases including Fragile X syndrome. Yet, no studies have examined NPCs from the early postnatal Fragile X mouse hippocampus despite the importance of this developmental time point, which marks the highest expression level of FMRP, the protein missing in Fragile X, in the rodent hippocampus and is when hippocampal NPCs have migrated to the dentate gyrus (DG) to give rise to lifelong neurogenesis. In this study, we examined NPCs from the early postnatal hippocampus and DG of Fragile X mice (Fmr1-KO). Immunocytochemistry on neurospheres showed increased Nestin expression and decreased Ki67 expression, which collectively indicated aberrant NPC biology. Intriguingly, flow cytometric analysis of the expression of the antigens CD15, CD24, CD133, GLAST, and PSA-NCAM showed a decreased proportion of neural stem cells (GLAST+CD15+CD133+) and an increased proportion of neuroblasts (PSA-NCAM+CD15+) in the DG of P7 Fmr1-KO mice. This was mirrored by lower expression levels of Nestin and the mitotic marker phospho-histone H3 in vivo in the P9 hippocampus, as well as a decreased proportion of cells in the G2/M phases of the P7 DG. Thus, the absence of FMRP leads to fewer actively cycling NPCs, coinciding with a decrease in neural stem cells and an increase in neuroblasts. Together, these results show the importance of FMRP in the developing hippocampal formation and suggest abnormalities in cell cycle regulation in Fragile X.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Sourial
- McMaster Integrative Neuroscience Discovery and Study, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laurie C Doering
- McMaster Integrative Neuroscience Discovery and Study, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
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211
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Liu Q, Jiang C, Xu J, Zhao MT, Van Bortle K, Cheng X, Wang G, Chang HY, Wu JC, Snyder MP. Genome-Wide Temporal Profiling of Transcriptome and Open Chromatin of Early Cardiomyocyte Differentiation Derived From hiPSCs and hESCs. Circ Res 2017; 121:376-391. [PMID: 28663367 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.310456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Recent advances have improved our ability to generate cardiomyocytes from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) and human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). However, our understanding of the transcriptional regulatory networks underlying early stages (ie, from mesoderm to cardiac mesoderm) of cardiomyocyte differentiation remains limited. OBJECTIVE To characterize transcriptome and chromatin accessibility during early cardiomyocyte differentiation from hiPSCs and hESCs. METHODS AND RESULTS We profiled the temporal changes in transcriptome and chromatin accessibility at genome-wide levels during cardiomyocyte differentiation derived from 2 hiPSC lines and 2 hESC lines at 4 stages: pluripotent stem cells, mesoderm, cardiac mesoderm, and differentiated cardiomyocytes. Overall, RNA sequencing analysis revealed that transcriptomes during early cardiomyocyte differentiation were highly concordant between hiPSCs and hESCs, and clustering of 4 cell lines within each time point demonstrated that changes in genome-wide chromatin accessibility were similar across hiPSC and hESC cell lines. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) identified several modules that were strongly correlated with different stages of cardiomyocyte differentiation. Several novel genes were identified with high weighted connectivity within modules and exhibited coexpression patterns with other genes, including noncoding RNA LINC01124 and uncharacterized RNA AK127400 in the module related to the mesoderm stage; E-box-binding homeobox 1 (ZEB1) in the module correlated with postcardiac mesoderm. We further demonstrated that ZEB1 is required for early cardiomyocyte differentiation. In addition, based on integrative analysis of both WGCNA and transcription factor motif enrichment analysis, we determined numerous transcription factors likely to play important roles at different stages during cardiomyocyte differentiation, such as T and eomesodermin (EOMES; mesoderm), lymphoid enhancer-binding factor 1 (LEF1) and mesoderm posterior BHLH transcription factor 1 (MESP1; from mesoderm to cardiac mesoderm), meis homeobox 1 (MEIS1) and GATA-binding protein 4 (GATA4) (postcardiac mesoderm), JUN and FOS families, and MEIS2 (cardiomyocyte). CONCLUSIONS Both hiPSCs and hESCs share similar transcriptional regulatory mechanisms underlying early cardiac differentiation, and our results have revealed transcriptional regulatory networks and new factors (eg, ZEB1) controlling early stages of cardiomyocyte differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Liu
- From the Department of Genetics (Q.L., C.J., K.V.B., M.P.S.), Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes (J.X., H.Y.C.), Stanford Cardiovascular Institute (M.T.Z., J.C.W.), and Stem Cell Core Facility, Department of Genetics (X.C., G.W.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA
| | - Chao Jiang
- From the Department of Genetics (Q.L., C.J., K.V.B., M.P.S.), Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes (J.X., H.Y.C.), Stanford Cardiovascular Institute (M.T.Z., J.C.W.), and Stem Cell Core Facility, Department of Genetics (X.C., G.W.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA
| | - Jin Xu
- From the Department of Genetics (Q.L., C.J., K.V.B., M.P.S.), Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes (J.X., H.Y.C.), Stanford Cardiovascular Institute (M.T.Z., J.C.W.), and Stem Cell Core Facility, Department of Genetics (X.C., G.W.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA
| | - Ming-Tao Zhao
- From the Department of Genetics (Q.L., C.J., K.V.B., M.P.S.), Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes (J.X., H.Y.C.), Stanford Cardiovascular Institute (M.T.Z., J.C.W.), and Stem Cell Core Facility, Department of Genetics (X.C., G.W.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA
| | - Kevin Van Bortle
- From the Department of Genetics (Q.L., C.J., K.V.B., M.P.S.), Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes (J.X., H.Y.C.), Stanford Cardiovascular Institute (M.T.Z., J.C.W.), and Stem Cell Core Facility, Department of Genetics (X.C., G.W.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA
| | - Xun Cheng
- From the Department of Genetics (Q.L., C.J., K.V.B., M.P.S.), Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes (J.X., H.Y.C.), Stanford Cardiovascular Institute (M.T.Z., J.C.W.), and Stem Cell Core Facility, Department of Genetics (X.C., G.W.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA
| | - Guangwen Wang
- From the Department of Genetics (Q.L., C.J., K.V.B., M.P.S.), Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes (J.X., H.Y.C.), Stanford Cardiovascular Institute (M.T.Z., J.C.W.), and Stem Cell Core Facility, Department of Genetics (X.C., G.W.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA
| | - Howard Y Chang
- From the Department of Genetics (Q.L., C.J., K.V.B., M.P.S.), Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes (J.X., H.Y.C.), Stanford Cardiovascular Institute (M.T.Z., J.C.W.), and Stem Cell Core Facility, Department of Genetics (X.C., G.W.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA
| | - Joseph C Wu
- From the Department of Genetics (Q.L., C.J., K.V.B., M.P.S.), Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes (J.X., H.Y.C.), Stanford Cardiovascular Institute (M.T.Z., J.C.W.), and Stem Cell Core Facility, Department of Genetics (X.C., G.W.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA
| | - Michael P Snyder
- From the Department of Genetics (Q.L., C.J., K.V.B., M.P.S.), Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes (J.X., H.Y.C.), Stanford Cardiovascular Institute (M.T.Z., J.C.W.), and Stem Cell Core Facility, Department of Genetics (X.C., G.W.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA.
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212
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Tamrin SH, Majedi FS, Tondar M, Sanati-Nezhad A, Hasani-Sadrabadi MM. Electromagnetic Fields and Stem Cell Fate: When Physics Meets Biology. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 171:63-97. [PMID: 27515674 DOI: 10.1007/112_2016_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Controlling stem cell (SC) fate is an extremely important topic in the realm of SC research. A variety of different external cues mainly mechanical, chemical, or electrical stimulations individually or in combination have been incorporated to control SC fate. Here, we will deconstruct the probable relationship between the functioning of electromagnetic (EMF) and SC fate of a variety of different SCs. The electromagnetic (EM) nature of the cells is discussed with the emphasis on the effects of EMF on the determinant factors that directly and/or indirectly influence cell fate. Based on the EM effects on a variety of cellular processes, it is believed that EMFs can be engineered to provide a controlled signal with the highest impact on the SC fate decision. Considering the novelty and broad applications of applying EMFs to change SC fate, it is necessary to shed light on many unclear mechanisms underlying this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Hassanpour Tamrin
- Center of Excellence in Biomaterials, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mahdi Tondar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, School of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Amir Sanati-Nezhad
- BioMEMS and BioInspired Microfluidic Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Center for Bioengineering Research and Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada, T2N1N4.
| | - Mohammad Mahdi Hasani-Sadrabadi
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience and G.W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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213
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Kim E, Cheng Y, Bolton-Gillespie E, Cai X, Ma C, Tarangelo A, Le L, Jambhekar M, Raman P, Hayer KE, Wertheim G, Speck NA, Tong W, Viatour P. Rb family proteins enforce the homeostasis of quiescent hematopoietic stem cells by repressing Socs3 expression. J Exp Med 2017; 214:1901-1912. [PMID: 28550162 PMCID: PMC5502420 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20160719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms regulating the homeostasis of HSCs remain poorly understood. Here, Kim et al. identify the Rb/E2f module as a central molecular hub in the regulation of cell cycle and homeostasis in HSCs. This mechanism drives the enforced differentiation of proliferative HSCs to avoid their unnecessary accumulation. Prolonged exit from quiescence by hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) progressively impairs their homeostasis in the bone marrow through an unidentified mechanism. We show that Rb proteins, which are major enforcers of quiescence, maintain HSC homeostasis by positively regulating thrombopoietin (Tpo)-mediated Jak2 signaling. Rb family protein inactivation triggers the progressive E2f-mediated transactivation of Socs3, a potent inhibitor of Jak2 signaling, in cycling HSCs. Aberrant activation of Socs3 impairs Tpo signaling and leads to impaired HSC homeostasis. Therefore, Rb proteins act as a central hub of quiescence and homeostasis by coordinating the regulation of both cell cycle and Jak2 signaling in HSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunsun Kim
- Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Ying Cheng
- Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA.,Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | - Xiongwei Cai
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Connie Ma
- Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Amy Tarangelo
- Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Linh Le
- Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Madhumita Jambhekar
- Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Pichai Raman
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Katharina E Hayer
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Gerald Wertheim
- Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Nancy A Speck
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.,Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Wei Tong
- Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA.,Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Patrick Viatour
- Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA .,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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214
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Freitas C, Wittner M, Nguyen J, Rondeau V, Biajoux V, Aknin ML, Gaudin F, Beaussant-Cohen S, Bertrand Y, Bellanné-Chantelot C, Donadieu J, Bachelerie F, Espéli M, Dalloul A, Louache F, Balabanian K. Lymphoid differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells requires efficient Cxcr4 desensitization. J Exp Med 2017; 214:2023-2040. [PMID: 28550161 PMCID: PMC5502422 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20160806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The CXCL12/CXCR4 signaling exerts a dominant role in promoting hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) retention and quiescence in bone marrow. Gain-of-function CXCR4 mutations that affect homologous desensitization of the receptor have been reported in the WHIM Syndrome (WS), a rare immunodeficiency characterized by lymphopenia. The mechanisms underpinning this remain obscure. Using a mouse model with a naturally occurring WS-linked gain-of-function Cxcr4 mutation, we explored the possibility that the lymphopenia in WS arises from defects at the HSPC level. We reported that Cxcr4 desensitization is required for quiescence/cycling balance of murine short-term hematopoietic stem cells and their differentiation into multipotent and downstream lymphoid-biased progenitors. Alteration in Cxcr4 desensitization resulted in decrease of circulating HSPCs in five patients with WS. This was also evidenced in WS mice and mirrored by accumulation of HSPCs in the spleen, where we observed enhanced extramedullary hematopoiesis. Therefore, efficient Cxcr4 desensitization is critical for lymphoid differentiation of HSPCs, and its impairment is a key mechanism underpinning the lymphopenia observed in mice and likely in WS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Freitas
- Inflammation Chemokines and Immunopathology, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Clamart, France
| | - Monika Wittner
- INSERM UMR_S1170, Institut Gustave Roussy, CNRS GDR 3697 MicroNiT, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Julie Nguyen
- Inflammation Chemokines and Immunopathology, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Clamart, France
| | - Vincent Rondeau
- Inflammation Chemokines and Immunopathology, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Clamart, France
| | - Vincent Biajoux
- Inflammation Chemokines and Immunopathology, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Clamart, France
| | - Marie-Laure Aknin
- Institut Paris-Saclay d'Innovation Thérapeutique, UMS IPSIT-US31-UMS3679, Chatenay-Malabry, France
| | - Françoise Gaudin
- Inflammation Chemokines and Immunopathology, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Clamart, France.,Institut Paris-Saclay d'Innovation Thérapeutique, UMS IPSIT-US31-UMS3679, Chatenay-Malabry, France
| | - Sarah Beaussant-Cohen
- Service d'Hémato-Oncologie Pédiatrique, CHU Jean Minjoz, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Yves Bertrand
- Service d'Hémato-Oncologie Pédiatrique, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, Lyon, France
| | | | - Jean Donadieu
- AP-HP, Registre Français des Neutropénies Chroniques Sévères, Centre de référence des Déficits Immunitaires Héréditaires, Service d'Hémato-Oncologie Pédiatrique, Hôpital Trousseau, Paris, France
| | - Françoise Bachelerie
- Inflammation Chemokines and Immunopathology, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Clamart, France
| | - Marion Espéli
- Inflammation Chemokines and Immunopathology, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Clamart, France
| | - Ali Dalloul
- Inflammation Chemokines and Immunopathology, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Clamart, France
| | - Fawzia Louache
- INSERM UMR_S1170, Institut Gustave Roussy, CNRS GDR 3697 MicroNiT, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Karl Balabanian
- Inflammation Chemokines and Immunopathology, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Clamart, France
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215
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Theret M, Gsaier L, Schaffer B, Juban G, Ben Larbi S, Weiss-Gayet M, Bultot L, Collodet C, Foretz M, Desplanches D, Sanz P, Zang Z, Yang L, Vial G, Viollet B, Sakamoto K, Brunet A, Chazaud B, Mounier R. AMPKα1-LDH pathway regulates muscle stem cell self-renewal by controlling metabolic homeostasis. EMBO J 2017; 36:1946-1962. [PMID: 28515121 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201695273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Control of stem cell fate to either enter terminal differentiation versus returning to quiescence (self-renewal) is crucial for tissue repair. Here, we showed that AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), the master metabolic regulator of the cell, controls muscle stem cell (MuSC) self-renewal. AMPKα1-/- MuSCs displayed a high self-renewal rate, which impairs muscle regeneration. AMPKα1-/- MuSCs showed a Warburg-like switch of their metabolism to higher glycolysis. We identified lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) as a new functional target of AMPKα1. LDH, which is a non-limiting enzyme of glycolysis in differentiated cells, was tightly regulated in stem cells. In functional experiments, LDH overexpression phenocopied AMPKα1-/- phenotype, that is shifted MuSC metabolism toward glycolysis triggering their return to quiescence, while inhibition of LDH activity rescued AMPKα1-/- MuSC self-renewal. Finally, providing specific nutrients (galactose/glucose) to MuSCs directly controlled their fate through the AMPKα1/LDH pathway, emphasizing the importance of metabolism in stem cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Theret
- Institut Neuromyogène, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France.,INSERM U1217, Villeurbanne, France.,CNRS UMR 5310, Villeurbanne, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Linda Gsaier
- Institut Neuromyogène, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France.,INSERM U1217, Villeurbanne, France.,CNRS UMR 5310, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Bethany Schaffer
- Department of Genetic and the Cancer Biology Program, University of Stanford, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Gaëtan Juban
- Institut Neuromyogène, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France.,INSERM U1217, Villeurbanne, France.,CNRS UMR 5310, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Sabrina Ben Larbi
- Institut Neuromyogène, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France.,INSERM U1217, Villeurbanne, France.,CNRS UMR 5310, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Michèle Weiss-Gayet
- Institut Neuromyogène, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France.,INSERM U1217, Villeurbanne, France.,CNRS UMR 5310, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Laurent Bultot
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences SA, Lausanne, Switzerland.,School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Caterina Collodet
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences SA, Lausanne, Switzerland.,School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marc Foretz
- Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Desplanches
- Institut Neuromyogène, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France.,INSERM U1217, Villeurbanne, France.,CNRS UMR 5310, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Pascual Sanz
- Instituto de Biomedecina de Valencia, CSIC, Valencia, Spain
| | - Zizhao Zang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Lin Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Guillaume Vial
- INSERM U1042, Université Grenoble Alpes, La Tronche, France
| | - Benoit Viollet
- Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Kei Sakamoto
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences SA, Lausanne, Switzerland.,School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anne Brunet
- Department of Genetic and the Cancer Biology Program, University of Stanford, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Bénédicte Chazaud
- Institut Neuromyogène, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France.,INSERM U1217, Villeurbanne, France.,CNRS UMR 5310, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Rémi Mounier
- Institut Neuromyogène, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France .,INSERM U1217, Villeurbanne, France.,CNRS UMR 5310, Villeurbanne, France
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216
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A coordinated DNA damage response promotes adult quiescent neural stem cell activation. PLoS Biol 2017; 15:e2001264. [PMID: 28489848 PMCID: PMC5424956 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2001264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem and differentiated cells frequently differ in their response to DNA damage, which can determine tissue sensitivity. By exploiting insight into the spatial arrangement of subdomains within the adult neural subventricular zone (SVZ) in vivo, we show distinct responses to ionising radiation (IR) between neural stem and progenitor cells. Further, we reveal different DNA damage responses between neonatal and adult neural stem cells (NSCs). Neural progenitors (transit amplifying cells and neuroblasts) but not NSCs (quiescent and activated) undergo apoptosis after 2 Gy IR. This response is cell type- rather than proliferation-dependent and does not appear to be driven by distinctions in DNA damage induction or repair capacity. Moreover, exposure to 2 Gy IR promotes proliferation arrest and differentiation in the adult SVZ. These 3 responses are ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM)-dependent and promote quiescent NSC (qNSC) activation, which does not occur in the subdomains that lack progenitors. Neuroblasts arising post-IR derive from activated qNSCs rather than irradiated progenitors, minimising damage compounded by replication or mitosis. We propose that rather than conferring sensitive cell death, apoptosis is a form of rapid cell death that serves to remove damaged progenitors and promote qNSC activation. Significantly, analysis of the neonatal (P5) SVZ reveals that although progenitors remain sensitive to apoptosis, they fail to efficiently arrest proliferation. Consequently, their repopulation occurs rapidly from irradiated progenitors rather than via qNSC activation. The response of stem cells to DNA damage is poorly understood, although there is increasing evidence that they respond distinctly to differentiated cells. We have monitored the different responses of adult neural stem and progenitor cells to exposure to X-ray irradiation. We see that progenitor cells activate apoptosis, undergo rapid proliferation arrest, and premature differentiation. However, quiescent stem cells do not activate radiation-induced apoptosis. Instead the responses of the progenitor cells promote the activation of these quiescent neural stem cells, thereby replenishing the neuroblasts. These responses and quiescent stem cell activation are dependent on the ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) kinase. We propose that this coordinated response functions to remove damaged progenitor cells and to aid repopulation.
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217
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Scott A, Bai F, Chan HL, Liu S, Slingerland JM, Robbins DJ, Capobianco AJ, Pei XH. p16 loss rescues functional decline of Brca1-deficient mammary stem cells. Cell Cycle 2017; 16:759-764. [PMID: 28278054 PMCID: PMC5405722 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2017.1295185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence indicates that the accumulation of endogenous DNA damage can induce senescence and limit the function of adult stem cells. It remains elusive whether deficiency in DNA damage repair is associated with the functional alteration of mammary stem cells. In this article, we reported that senescence was induced in mammary epithelial cells during aging along with increased expression of p16Ink4a (p16), an inhibitor of CDK4 and CKD6. Loss of p16 abrogated the age-induced senescence in mammary epithelial cells and significantly increased mammary stem cell function. We showed that loss of Brca1, a tumor suppressor that functions in DNA damage repair, in the mammary epithelium induced senescence with induction of p16 and a decline of stem cell function, which was rescued by p16 loss. These data not only answer the question as to whether deficiency in DNA damage repair is associated with the functional decline of mammary stem cells, but also identify the role of p16 in suppressing Brca1-deficient mammary stem cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandria Scott
- Molecular Oncology Program, Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
- The Sheila and David Fuente Graduate Program in Cancer Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Feng Bai
- Molecular Oncology Program, Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
- Sylvester Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Ho Lam Chan
- Molecular Oncology Program, Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Shiqin Liu
- Molecular Oncology Program, Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Joyce M. Slingerland
- Braman Family Breast Cancer Institute, Sylvester Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - David J. Robbins
- Molecular Oncology Program, Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
- Sylvester Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Anthony J. Capobianco
- Molecular Oncology Program, Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
- Sylvester Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Xin-Hai Pei
- Molecular Oncology Program, Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
- The Sheila and David Fuente Graduate Program in Cancer Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
- Sylvester Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
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218
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Sertorio M, Du W, Amarachintha S, Wilson A, Pang Q. In Vivo RNAi Screen Unveils PPARγ as a Regulator of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Homeostasis. Stem Cell Reports 2017; 8:1242-1255. [PMID: 28416286 PMCID: PMC5425620 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) defects can cause repopulating impairment leading to hematologic diseases. To target HSC deficiency in a disease setting, we exploited the repopulating defect of Fanconi anemia (FA) HSCs to conduct an in vivo short hairpin RNA (shRNA) screen. We exposed Fancd2−/− HSCs to a lentiviral shRNA library targeting 947 genes. We found enrichment of shRNAs targeting genes involved in the PPARγ pathway that has not been linked to HSC homeostasis. PPARγ inhibition by shRNA or chemical compounds significantly improves the repopulating ability of Fancd2−/− HSCs. Conversely, activation of PPARγ in wild-type HSCs impaired hematopoietic repopulation. In mouse HSCs and patient-derived lymphoblasts, PPARγ activation is manifested in upregulating the p53 target p21. PPARγ and co-activators are upregulated in total bone marrow and stem/progenitor cells from FA patients. Collectively, this work illustrates the utility of RNAi technology coupled with HSC transplantation for the discovery of novel genes and pathways involved in stress hematopoiesis. In vivo screening identifies of deleterious Pparγ effect on HSCs Pharmacological activation of Pparγ impaired normal HSC repopulation Inhibition of Pparγ improves Fancd2-deficient HSC repopulation ability
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Sertorio
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Wei Du
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Surya Amarachintha
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Andrew Wilson
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Qishen Pang
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
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219
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De Jaime-Soguero A, Aulicino F, Ertaylan G, Griego A, Cerrato A, Tallam A, del Sol A, Cosma MP, Lluis F. Wnt/Tcf1 pathway restricts embryonic stem cell cycle through activation of the Ink4/Arf locus. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1006682. [PMID: 28346462 PMCID: PMC5386305 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms regulating cell cycle, proliferation and potency of pluripotent stem cells guarantees their safe use in the clinic. Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) present a fast cell cycle with a short G1 phase. This is due to the lack of expression of cell cycle inhibitors, which ultimately determines naïve pluripotency by holding back differentiation. The canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway controls mESC pluripotency via the Wnt-effector Tcf3. However, if the activity of the Wnt/β-catenin controls the cell cycle of mESCs remains unknown. Here we show that the Wnt-effector Tcf1 is recruited to and triggers transcription of the Ink4/Arf tumor suppressor locus. Thereby, the activation of the Wnt pathway, a known mitogenic pathway in somatic tissues, restores G1 phase and drastically reduces proliferation of mESCs without perturbing pluripotency. Tcf1, but not Tcf3, is recruited to a palindromic motif enriched in the promoter of cell cycle repressor genes, such as p15Ink4b, p16Ink4a and p19Arf, which mediate the Wnt-dependent anti-proliferative effect in mESCs. Consistently, ablation of β-catenin or Tcf1 expression impairs Wnt-dependent cell cycle regulation. All together, here we showed that Wnt signaling controls mESC pluripotency and proliferation through non-overlapping functions of distinct Tcf factors. Studying how to safely expand stem cells in culture is essential for regenerative medicine applications. Hence there is a clear need to decode how the cell cycle of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) is regulated. Tcf3 and Tcf1 belong to the Tcf family of proteins. Tcf/Lef are effectors of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and Tcf3 controls mESC pluripotency. Here we identified a recruitment site for Tcf1 embedded into a number of cell cycle repressor genes such as p15Ink4b, p16Ink4a and p19Arf. Tcf1-mediated activation of these genes drastically slows down proliferation of mESCs. In conclusion, here we showed that the Wnt pathway, besides controlling mESC pluripotency via Tcf3, also regulates mESC cell cycle through the recruitment of Tcf1 to the regulatory sites of key cell cycle genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anchel De Jaime-Soguero
- KU Leuven Stem Cell Institute, Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Signalling laboratory, Herestraat 49, Onderwijs en Navorsing 4, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Francesco Aulicino
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gokhan Ertaylan
- Maastricht Centre for Systems Biology (MaCSBio), Maastricht University. Universiteitssingel 60, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Griego
- KU Leuven Stem Cell Institute, Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Signalling laboratory, Herestraat 49, Onderwijs en Navorsing 4, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Aniello Cerrato
- Istituto per l'Endocrinologia e l'Oncologia Sperimentale "Gaetano Salvatore", CNR, Napoli, Italy
| | - Aravind Tallam
- TWINCORE, Zentrum für Experimentelle und Klinische Infektionsforschung, Hannover, Germany
| | - Antonio del Sol
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, 7, Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Maria Pia Cosma
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Dr Aiguader 88, Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail: ;
| | - Frederic Lluis
- KU Leuven Stem Cell Institute, Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Signalling laboratory, Herestraat 49, Onderwijs en Navorsing 4, Leuven, Belgium
- * E-mail: ;
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220
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SETD4 Regulates Cell Quiescence and Catalyzes the Trimethylation of H4K20 during Diapause Formation in Artemia. Mol Cell Biol 2017; 37:MCB.00453-16. [PMID: 28031330 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00453-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
As a prominent characteristic of cell life, the regulation of cell quiescence is important for proper development, regeneration, and stress resistance and may play a role in certain degenerative diseases. However, the mechanism underlying quiescence remains largely unknown. Encysted embryos of Artemia are useful for studying the regulation of this state because they remain quiescent for prolonged periods during diapause, a state of obligate dormancy. In the present study, SET domain-containing protein 4, a histone lysine methyltransferase from Artemia, was identified, characterized, and named Ar-SETD4. We found that Ar-SETD4 was expressed abundantly in Artemia diapause embryos, in which cells were in a quiescent state. Meanwhile, trimethylated histone H4K20 (H4K20me3) was enriched in diapause embryos. The knockdown of Ar-SETD4 reduced the level of H4K20me3 significantly and prevented the formation of diapause embryos in which neither the cell cycle nor embryogenesis ceased. The catalytic activity of Ar-SETD4 on H4K20me3 was confirmed by an in vitro histone methyltransferase (HMT) assay and overexpression in cell lines. This study provides insights into the function of SETD4 and the mechanism of cell quiescence regulation.
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221
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Shan X, Roberts C, Kim EJ, Brenner A, Grant G, Percec I. Transcriptional and Cell Cycle Alterations Mark Aging of Primary Human Adipose-Derived Stem Cells. Stem Cells 2017; 35:1392-1401. [PMID: 28211118 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Adult stem cells play a critical role in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis and prevention of aging. While the regenerative potential of stem cells with low cellular turnover, such as adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs), is increasingly recognized, the study of chronological aging in ASCs is technically difficult and remains poorly understood. Here, we use our model of chronological aging in primary human ASCs to examine genome-wide transcriptional networks. We demonstrate first that the transcriptome of aging ASCs is distinctly more stable than that of age-matched fibroblasts, and further, that age-dependent modifications in cell cycle progression and translation initiation specifically characterize aging ASCs in conjunction with increased nascent protein synthesis and a distinctly shortened G1 phase. Our results reveal novel chronological aging mechanisms in ASCs that are inherently different from differentiated cells and that may reflect an organismal attempt to meet the increased demands of tissue and organ homeostasis during aging. Stem Cells 2017;35:1392-1401.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyin Shan
- Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Cleresa Roberts
- Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Eun Ji Kim
- The Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ariana Brenner
- Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Gregory Grant
- The Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ivona Percec
- Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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222
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Porras DP, Abbaszadeh M, Bhattacharya D, D'Souza NC, Edjiu NR, Perry CGR, Scimè A. p107 Determines a Metabolic Checkpoint Required for Adipocyte Lineage Fates. Stem Cells 2017; 35:1378-1391. [PMID: 28233396 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We show that the transcriptional corepressor p107 orchestrates a metabolic checkpoint that determines adipocyte lineage fates for non-committed progenitors. p107 accomplishes this when stem cell commitment would normally occur in growth arrested cells. p107-deficient embryonic progenitors are characterized by a metabolic state resembling aerobic glycolysis that is necessary for their pro-thermogenic fate. Indeed, during growth arrest they have a reduced capacity for NADH partitioning between the cytoplasm and mitochondria. Intriguingly, this occurred despite an increase in the capacity for mitochondrial oxidation of non-glucose substrates. The significance of metabolic reprogramming is underscored by the disruption of glycolytic capacities in p107-depleted progenitors that reverted their fates from pro-thermogenic to white adipocytes. Moreover, the manipulation of glycolytic capacity on nonspecified embryonic and adult progenitors forced their beige fat commitment. These innovative findings introduce a new approach to increase pro-thermogenic adipocytes based on simply promoting aerobic glycolysis to manipulate nonspecified progenitor fate decisions. Stem Cells 2017;35:1378-1391.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna P Porras
- Stem Cell Research Group, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Molecular, Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Faculty of Health, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maryam Abbaszadeh
- Stem Cell Research Group, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Molecular, Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Faculty of Health, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Debasmita Bhattacharya
- Stem Cell Research Group, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Molecular, Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Faculty of Health, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ninoschka C D'Souza
- Stem Cell Research Group, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Molecular, Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Faculty of Health, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nareh R Edjiu
- Stem Cell Research Group, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Molecular, Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Faculty of Health, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christopher G R Perry
- Molecular, Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Faculty of Health, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anthony Scimè
- Stem Cell Research Group, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Molecular, Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Faculty of Health, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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223
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Fu NY, Rios AC, Pal B, Law CW, Jamieson P, Liu R, Vaillant F, Jackling F, Liu KH, Smyth GK, Lindeman GJ, Ritchie M, Visvader JE. Identification of quiescent and spatially restricted mammary stem cells that are hormone responsive. Nat Cell Biol 2017; 19:164-176. [DOI: 10.1038/ncb3471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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224
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Liu X, Chen M, Li L, Gong L, Zhou H, Gao D. Extracellular Signal-regulated Kinases (ERKs) Phosphorylate Lin28a Protein to Modulate P19 Cell Proliferation and Differentiation. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:3970-3976. [PMID: 28179426 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.c117.775122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Lin28a, originally discovered in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and highly conserved across species, is a well characterized regulator of let-7 microRNA (miRNA) and is implicated in cell proliferation and pluripotency control. However, little is known about how Lin28a function is modulated at the post-translational level and thereby responds to major signaling pathways. Here we show that Lin28a is directly phosphorylated by ERK1/2 kinases at Ser-200. By editing lin28a gene with the CRISPR/Cas9-based method, we generated P19 mouse embryonic carcinoma stem cells expressing Lin28a-S200A (phospho-deficient) and Lin28a-S200D (phospho-mimetic) mutants, respectively, to study the functional impact of Ser-200 phosphorylation. Lin28a-S200D-expressing cells, but not Lin28a-S200A-expressing or control P19 embryonic carcinoma cells, displayed impaired inhibition of let-7 miRNA and resulted in decreased cyclin D1, whereas Lin28a-S200A knock-in cells expressed less let-7 miRNA, proliferated faster, and exhibited differentiation defect upon retinoic acid induction. Therefore our results support that ERK kinase-mediated Lin28a phosphorylation may be an important mechanism for pluripotent cells to facilitate the escape from the self-renewal cycle and start the differentiation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyuan Liu
- From the CAS Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Min Chen
- From the CAS Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Long Li
- From the CAS Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Liyan Gong
- From the CAS Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Hu Zhou
- From the CAS Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Daming Gao
- From the CAS Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
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225
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p190-B RhoGAP and intracellular cytokine signals balance hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell self-renewal and differentiation. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14382. [PMID: 28176763 PMCID: PMC5309857 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms regulating hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) fate choices remain ill-defined. Here, we show that a signalling network of p190-B RhoGAP-ROS-TGF-β-p38MAPK balances HSPC self-renewal and differentiation. Upon transplantation, HSPCs express high amounts of bioactive TGF-β1 protein, which is associated with high levels of p38MAPK activity and loss of HSC self-renewal in vivo. Elevated levels of bioactive TGF-β1 are associated with asymmetric fate choice in vitro in single HSPCs via p38MAPK activity and this is correlated with the asymmetric distribution of activated p38MAPK. In contrast, loss of p190-B, a RhoGTPase inhibitor, normalizes TGF-β levels and p38MAPK activity in HSPCs and is correlated with increased HSC self-renewal in vivo. Loss of p190-B also promotes symmetric retention of multi-lineage capacity in single HSPC myeloid cell cultures, further suggesting a link between p190-B-RhoGAP and non-canonical TGF-β signalling in HSPC differentiation. Thus, intracellular cytokine signalling may serve as ‘fate determinants' used by HSPCs to modulate their activity. The success of hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplantation relies on understanding what regulates the fate decision to self-renew. Here, the authors show using both in vitro assays and in vivo transplantation that loss of the RhoGAP p190-B enhances self-renewal by inhibiting TGFβ/p38 signalling.
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226
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Oei AL, Vriend LEM, Krawczyk PM, Horsman MR, Franken NAP, Crezee J. Targeting therapy-resistant cancer stem cells by hyperthermia. Int J Hyperthermia 2017; 33:419-427. [PMID: 28100096 DOI: 10.1080/02656736.2017.1279757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Eradication of all malignant cells is the ultimate but challenging goal of anti-cancer treatment; most traditional clinically-available approaches fail because there are cells in a tumour that either escape therapy or become therapy-resistant. A subpopulation of cancer cells, the cancer stem cells (CSCs), is considered to be of particular significance for tumour initiation, progression and metastasis. CSCs are considered in particular to be therapy-resistant and may drive disease recurrence, which positions CSCs in the focus of anti-cancer research, but successful CSC-targeting therapies are limited. Here, we argue that hyperthermia - a therapeutic approach based on local heating of a tumour - is potentially beneficial for targeting CSCs in solid tumours. First, hyperthermia has been described to target cells in hypoxic and nutrient-deprived tumour areas where CSCs reside and ionising radiation and chemotherapy are least effective. Second, hyperthermia can modify factors that are essential for tumour survival and growth, such as the microenvironment, immune responses, vascularisation and oxygen supply. Third, hyperthermia targets multiple DNA repair pathways, which are generally upregulated in CSCs and protect them from DNA-damaging agents. Addition of hyperthermia to the therapeutic armamentarium of oncologists may thus be a promising strategy to eliminate therapy-escaping and -resistant CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Oei
- a Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology (LEXOR) , Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine , Amsterdam , The Netherlands.,b Department of Radiotherapy , Academic Medical Center (AMC) and Cancer Center Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - L E M Vriend
- c Department of Cell Biology and Histology , Academic Medical Center (AMC) and Cancer Center Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - P M Krawczyk
- c Department of Cell Biology and Histology , Academic Medical Center (AMC) and Cancer Center Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - M R Horsman
- d Department for Experimental Clinical Oncology , Aarhus University Hospital , Aarhus C , Denmark
| | - N A P Franken
- a Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology (LEXOR) , Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine , Amsterdam , The Netherlands.,b Department of Radiotherapy , Academic Medical Center (AMC) and Cancer Center Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - J Crezee
- b Department of Radiotherapy , Academic Medical Center (AMC) and Cancer Center Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
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227
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Icaritin enhances mESC self-renewal through upregulating core pluripotency transcription factors mediated by ERα. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40894. [PMID: 28091581 PMCID: PMC5238509 DOI: 10.1038/srep40894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Utilization of small molecules in modulation of stem cell self-renewal is a promising approach to expand stem cells for regenerative therapy. Here, we identify Icaritin, a phytoestrogen molecule enhances self-renewal of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs). Icaritin increases mESCs proliferation while maintains their self-renewal capacity in vitro and pluripotency in vivo. This coincides with upregulation of key pluripotency transcription factors OCT4, NANOG, KLF4 and SOX2. The enhancement of mESCs self-renewal is characterized by increased population in S-phase of cell cycle, elevation of Cylin E and Cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) and downregulation of p21, p27 and p57. PCR array screening reveals that caudal-related homeobox 2 (Cdx2) and Rbl2/p130 are remarkably suppressed in mESCs treated with Icaritin. siRNA knockdown of Cdx2 or Rbl2/p130 upregulates the expression of Cyclin E, OCT4 and SOX2, and subsequently increases cell proliferation and colony forming efficiency of mESCs. We then demonstrate that Icaritin co-localizes with estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and activates its nuclear translocation in mESCs. The promotive effect of Icaritin on cell cycle and pluripotency regulators are eliminated by siRNA knockdown of ERα in mESCs. The results suggest that Icaritin enhances mESCs self-renewal by regulating cell cycle machinery and core pluripotency transcription factors mediated by ERα.
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228
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Polycomb complexes PRC1 and their function in hematopoiesis. Exp Hematol 2017; 48:12-31. [PMID: 28087428 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2016.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoiesis, the process by which blood cells are continuously produced, is one of the best studied differentiation pathways. Hematological diseases are associated with reiterated mutations in genes encoding important gene expression regulators, including chromatin regulators. Among them, the Polycomb group (PcG) of proteins is an essential system of gene silencing involved in the maintenance of cell identities during differentiation. PcG proteins assemble into two major types of Polycomb repressive complexes (PRCs) endowed with distinct histone-tail-modifying activities. PRC1 complexes are histone H2A E3 ubiquitin ligases and PRC2 trimethylates histone H3. Established conceptions about their activities, mostly derived from work in embryonic stem cells, are being modified by new findings in differentiated cells. Here, we focus on PRC1 complexes, reviewing recent evidence on their intricate architecture, the diverse mechanisms of their recruitment to targets, and the different ways in which they engage in transcriptional control. We also discuss hematopoietic PRC1 gain- and loss-of-function mouse strains, including those that model leukemic and lymphoma diseases, in the belief that these genetic analyses provide the ultimate test for molecular mechanisms driving normal hematopoiesis and hematological malignancies.
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229
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Augustin I, Dewi DL, Hundshammer J, Erdmann G, Kerr G, Boutros M. Autocrine Wnt regulates the survival and genomic stability of embryonic stem cells. Sci Signal 2017; 10:10/461/eaah6829. [PMID: 28074006 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aah6829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Wnt signaling plays an important role in the self-renewal and differentiation of stem cells. The secretion of Wnt ligands requires Evi (also known as Wls). Genetically ablating Evi provides an experimental approach to studying the consequence of depleting all redundant Wnt proteins, and overexpressing Evi enables a nonspecific means of increasing Wnt signaling. We generated Evi-deficient and Evi-overexpressing mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) to analyze the role of autocrine Wnt production in self-renewal and differentiation. Self-renewal was reduced in Evi-deficient ESCs and increased in Evi-overexpressing ESCs in the absence of leukemia inhibitory factor, which supports the self-renewal of ESCs. The differentiation of ESCs into cardiomyocytes was enhanced when Evi was overexpressed and teratoma formation and growth of Evi-deficient ESCs in vivo were impaired, indicating that autocrine Wnt ligands were necessary for ESC differentiation and survival. ESCs lacking autocrine Wnt signaling had mitotic defects and showed genomic instability. Together, our study demonstrates that autocrine Wnt secretion is important for the survival, chromosomal stability, differentiation, and tumorigenic potential of ESCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Augustin
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division of Signaling and Functional Genomics, and Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg 69120, Germany.
| | - Dyah L Dewi
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division of Signaling and Functional Genomics, and Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Jennifer Hundshammer
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division of Signaling and Functional Genomics, and Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Gerrit Erdmann
- NMI TT Naturwissenschaftliches und Medizinisches Institut Technologie Transfer GmbH Pharmaservices, Berlin 13353, Germany
| | - Grainne Kerr
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division of Signaling and Functional Genomics, and Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Michael Boutros
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division of Signaling and Functional Genomics, and Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg 69120, Germany.
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230
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Wang H, Diao D, Shi Z, Zhu X, Gao Y, Gao S, Liu X, Wu Y, Rudolph KL, Liu G, Li T, Ju Z. SIRT6 Controls Hematopoietic Stem Cell Homeostasis through Epigenetic Regulation of Wnt Signaling. Cell Stem Cell 2017; 18:495-507. [PMID: 27058938 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Proper regulation of Wnt signaling is critical for the maintenance of hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) homeostasis. The epigenetic regulation of Wnt signaling in HSCs remains largely unknown. Here, we report that the histone deacetylase SIRT6 regulates HSC homeostasis through the transcriptional repression of Wnt target genes. Sirt6 deletion promoted HSC proliferation through aberrant activation of Wnt signaling. SIRT6-deficient HSCs exhibited impaired self-renewal ability in serial competitive transplantation assay. Mechanistically, SIRT6 inhibits the transcription of Wnt target genes by interacting with transcription factor LEF1 and deacetylating histone 3 at lysine 56. Pharmacological inhibition of the Wnt pathway rescued the aberrant proliferation and functional defect in SIRT6-deficient HSCs. Taken together, these findings disclose a new link between SIRT6 and Wnt signaling in the regulation of adult stem cell homeostasis and self-renewal capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Wang
- Institute of Aging Research, Hangzhou Normal University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 311121, China.
| | - Daojun Diao
- Institute of Aging Research, Hangzhou Normal University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Zhencan Shi
- Institute of Aging Research, Hangzhou Normal University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Xudong Zhu
- Institute of Aging Research, Hangzhou Normal University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Yawei Gao
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Shaorong Gao
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - You Wu
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - K Lenhard Rudolph
- Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute e.V., Beutenbergstrasse 11, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Guanghui Liu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Tangliang Li
- Institute of Aging Research, Hangzhou Normal University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Zhenyu Ju
- Institute of Aging Research, Hangzhou Normal University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 311121, China.
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231
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Liu J, Qin YZ, Yang S, Wang Y, Chang YJ, Zhao T, Jiang Q, Huang XJ. Meis1 is critical to the maintenance of human acute myeloid leukemia cells independent of MLL rearrangements. Ann Hematol 2017; 96:567-574. [PMID: 28054140 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-016-2913-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Although the outcome of patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) has improved by optimized chemotherapy regimens and bone marrow transplantation, leukemia relapse remains one of the most challenging problems during therapy. Sustained existence of AML blasts is a fundamental determinant for the development of leukemia and resistance to therapy. Recent evidences suggest that Meis1 is tightly associated with the self-renewal capacity of normal hematopoietic stem cells. Meis1 was also found to be essential for the development of mixed lineage leukemia (MLL)-rearranged leukemia. Whether Meis1 functions independently of MLL abnormality in the context of leukemia is unclear. Herein, we identified a distinct expression pattern of Meis1 in patients with newly diagnosed AML without MLL abnormality. High levels of Meis1 expression were found in 64 of 95 (67.4%) AML patients; whereas, 31 of 95 (32.6%) patients showed dramatically lower levels of Meis1, compared with the median level of Meis1 in healthy donors. The whole cohort and subgroup analyses further demonstrated that high Meis1 expression levels were associated with a resistance to conventional chemotherapy, compared with the group with low Meis1 levels (P = 0.014 and P = 0.029, respectively). In vitro knockdown experiments highlighted a role of Meis1 in regulating maintenance and survival of human AML cells. These results implicate that Meis1 functions as an important regulator during the progression of human AML and could be a prognostic factor independent of MLL abnormality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangying Liu
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, 11 Xizhimen South Street, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Ya-Zhen Qin
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, 11 Xizhimen South Street, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Shenmiao Yang
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, 11 Xizhimen South Street, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Yazhe Wang
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, 11 Xizhimen South Street, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Ying-Jun Chang
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, 11 Xizhimen South Street, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Ting Zhao
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, 11 Xizhimen South Street, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Qian Jiang
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, 11 Xizhimen South Street, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Huang
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, 11 Xizhimen South Street, Beijing, 100044, China.
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232
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Scott A, Bai F, Chan HL, Liu S, Ma J, Slingerland JM, Robbins DJ, Capobianco AJ, Pei XH. p16INK4a suppresses BRCA1-deficient mammary tumorigenesis. Oncotarget 2016; 7:84496-84507. [PMID: 27811360 PMCID: PMC5356676 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Senescence prevents the proliferation of genomically damaged, but otherwise replication competent cells at risk of neoplastic transformation. p16INK4A (p16), an inhibitor of CDK4 and CDK6, plays a critical role in controlling cellular senescence in multiple organs. Functional inactivation of p16 by gene mutation and promoter methylation is frequently detected in human breast cancers. However, deleting p16 in mice or targeting DNA methylation within the murine p16 promoter does not result in mammary tumorigenesis. How loss of p16 contributes to mammary tumorigenesis in vivo is not fully understood.In this article, we reported that disruption of Brca1 in the mammary epithelium resulted in premature senescence that was rescued by p16 loss. We found that p16 loss transformed Brca1-deficient mammary epithelial cells and induced mammary tumors, though p16 loss alone was not sufficient to induce mammary tumorigenesis. We demonstrated that loss of both p16 and Brca1 led to metastatic, basal-like, mammary tumors with the induction of EMT and an enrichment of tumor initiating cells. We discovered that promoter methylation silenced p16 expression in most of the tumors developed in mice heterozygous for p16 and lacking Brca1. These data not only identified the function of p16 in suppressing BRCA1-deficient mammary tumorigenesis, but also revealed a collaborative effect of genetic mutation of p16 and epigenetic silencing of its transcription in promoting tumorigenesis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first genetic evidence directly showing that p16 which is frequently deleted and inactivated in human breast cancers, collaborates with Brca1 controlling mammary tumorigenesis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- BRCA1 Protein/genetics
- BRCA1 Protein/metabolism
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16/genetics
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16/metabolism
- DNA Methylation
- Epithelial Cells/metabolism
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/genetics
- Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/metabolism
- Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/pathology
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandria Scott
- Molecular Oncology Program, Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- The Sheila and David Fuente Graduate Program in Cancer Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Feng Bai
- Molecular Oncology Program, Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Ho Lam Chan
- Molecular Oncology Program, Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Shiqin Liu
- Molecular Oncology Program, Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Jinshan Ma
- Molecular Oncology Program, Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Joyce M Slingerland
- Braman Family Breast Cancer Institute, Sylvester Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - David J. Robbins
- Molecular Oncology Program, Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Sylvester Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Anthony J. Capobianco
- Molecular Oncology Program, Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Sylvester Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Xin-Hai Pei
- Molecular Oncology Program, Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- The Sheila and David Fuente Graduate Program in Cancer Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Sylvester Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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233
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Goncalves KA, Silberstein L, Li S, Severe N, Hu MG, Yang H, Scadden DT, Hu GF. Angiogenin Promotes Hematopoietic Regeneration by Dichotomously Regulating Quiescence of Stem and Progenitor Cells. Cell 2016; 166:894-906. [PMID: 27518564 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 03/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of stem and progenitor cell populations is critical in the development, maintenance, and regeneration of tissues. Here, we define a novel mechanism by which a niche-secreted RNase, angiogenin (ANG), distinctively alters the functional characteristics of primitive hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs) compared with lineage-committed myeloid-restricted progenitor (MyePro) cells. Specifically, ANG reduces the proliferative capacity of HSPC while simultaneously increasing proliferation of MyePro cells. Mechanistically, ANG induces cell-type-specific RNA-processing events: tRNA-derived stress-induced small RNA (tiRNA) generation in HSPCs and rRNA induction in MyePro cells, leading to respective reduction and increase in protein synthesis. Recombinant ANG protein improves survival of irradiated animals and enhances hematopoietic regeneration of mouse and human HSPCs in transplantation. Thus, ANG plays a non-cell-autonomous role in regulation of hematopoiesis by simultaneously preserving HSPC stemness and promoting MyePro proliferation. These cell-type-specific functions of ANG suggest considerable therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin A Goncalves
- Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA; Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Lev Silberstein
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02445, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Shuping Li
- Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Nicolas Severe
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02445, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Miaofen G Hu
- Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Hailing Yang
- Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA; Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - David T Scadden
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02445, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
| | - Guo-Fu Hu
- Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA; Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
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234
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Khurana S, Schouteden S, Manesia JK, Santamaria-Martínez A, Huelsken J, Lacy-Hulbert A, Verfaillie CM. Outside-in integrin signalling regulates haematopoietic stem cell function via Periostin-Itgav axis. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13500. [PMID: 27905395 PMCID: PMC5146274 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Integrins play an important role in haematopoietic stem cell (HSC) maintenance in the bone marrow niche. Here, we demonstrate that Periostin (Postn) via interaction with Integrin-αv (Itgav) regulates HSC proliferation. Systemic deletion of Postn results in peripheral blood (PB) anaemia, myelomonocytosis and lymphopenia, while the number of phenotypic HSCs increases in the bone marrow. Postn−/− mice recover faster from radiation injury with concomitant loss of primitive HSCs. HSCs from Postn−/− mice show accumulation of DNA damage generally associated with aged HSCs. Itgav deletion in the haematopoietic system leads to a similar PB phenotype and HSC-intrinsic repopulation defects. Unaffected by Postn, Vav-Itgav−/− HSCs proliferate faster in vitro, illustrating the importance of Postn-Itgav interaction. Finally, the Postn-Itgav interaction inhibits the FAK/PI3K/AKT pathway in HSCs, leading to increase in p27Kip1 expression resulting in improved maintenance of quiescent HSCs. Together, we demonstrate a role for Itgav-mediated outside-in signalling in regulation of HSC proliferation and stemness. Integrins regulate haematopoietic stem cell (HSC) homeostasis and engraftment into the bone marrow (BM) niche upon transplantation. Here, the authors show that HSC quiescence and function in the BM is regulated by the interaction of PERIOSTIN and INTEGRIN αv and subsequent increase in p27Kip1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish Khurana
- Inter-departmental Stem Cell Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sarah Schouteden
- Inter-departmental Stem Cell Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Javed K Manesia
- Inter-departmental Stem Cell Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Joerg Huelsken
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Adam Lacy-Hulbert
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
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235
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Bajar BT, Lam AJ, Badiee RK, Oh YH, Chu J, Zhou XX, Kim N, Kim BB, Chung M, Yablonovitch AL, Cruz BF, Kulalert K, Tao JJ, Meyer T, Su XD, Lin MZ. Fluorescent indicators for simultaneous reporting of all four cell cycle phases. Nat Methods 2016; 13:993-996. [PMID: 27798610 PMCID: PMC5548384 DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.4045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A robust method for simultaneous visualization of all four cell cycle phases in living cells is highly desirable. We developed an intensiometric reporter of the transition from S to G2 phase and engineered a far-red fluorescent protein, mMaroon1, to visualize chromatin condensation in mitosis. We combined these new reporters with the previously described Fucci system to create Fucci4, a set of four orthogonal fluorescent indicators that together resolve all cell cycle phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryce T Bajar
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Amy J Lam
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Ryan K Badiee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Young-Hee Oh
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Jun Chu
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Xin X Zhou
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Namdoo Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Benjamin B Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Mingyu Chung
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | | | - Barney F Cruz
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Kanokwan Kulalert
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Jacqueline J Tao
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Tobias Meyer
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Xiao-Dong Su
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Michael Z Lin
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
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236
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Santoro A, Vlachou T, Carminati M, Pelicci PG, Mapelli M. Molecular mechanisms of asymmetric divisions in mammary stem cells. EMBO Rep 2016; 17:1700-1720. [PMID: 27872203 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201643021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cells have the remarkable ability to undergo proliferative symmetric divisions and self-renewing asymmetric divisions. Balancing of the two modes of division sustains tissue morphogenesis and homeostasis. Asymmetric divisions of Drosophila neuroblasts (NBs) and sensory organ precursor (SOP) cells served as prototypes to learn what we consider now principles of asymmetric mitoses. They also provide initial evidence supporting the notion that aberrant symmetric divisions of stem cells could correlate with malignancy. However, transferring the molecular knowledge of circuits underlying asymmetry from flies to mammals has proven more challenging than expected. Several experimental approaches have been used to define asymmetry in mammalian systems, based on daughter cell fate, unequal partitioning of determinants and niche contacts, or proliferative potential. In this review, we aim to provide a critical evaluation of the assays used to establish the stem cell mode of division, with a particular focus on the mammary gland system. In this context, we will discuss the genetic alterations that impinge on the modality of stem cell division and their role in breast cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Santoro
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Thalia Vlachou
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Manuel Carminati
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Marina Mapelli
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
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237
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REST regulation of gene networks in adult neural stem cells. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13360. [PMID: 27819263 PMCID: PMC5103073 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult hippocampal neural stem cells generate newborn neurons throughout life due to their ability to self-renew and exist as quiescent neural progenitors (QNPs) before differentiating into transit-amplifying progenitors (TAPs) and newborn neurons. The mechanisms that control adult neural stem cell self-renewal are still largely unknown. Conditional knockout of REST (repressor element 1-silencing transcription factor) results in precocious activation of QNPs and reduced neurogenesis over time. To gain insight into the molecular mechanisms by which REST regulates adult neural stem cells, we perform chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing and RNA-sequencing to identify direct REST target genes. We find REST regulates both QNPs and TAPs, and importantly, ribosome biogenesis, cell cycle and neuronal genes in the process. Furthermore, overexpression of individual REST target ribosome biogenesis or cell cycle genes is sufficient to induce activation of QNPs. Our data define novel REST targets to maintain the quiescent neural stem cell state. The transcription factor REST plays a crucial role in maintaining the adult neural stem cell pool. To better understand how REST maintains quiescence in neural progenitors, the authors use ChIP-seq and RNA-seq and find that REST regulates represses ribosome biogenesis, cell cycle and neuronal genes.
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238
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Saei Arezoumand K, Alizadeh E, Pilehvar-Soltanahmadi Y, Esmaeillou M, Zarghami N. An overview on different strategies for the stemness maintenance of MSCs. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 45:1255-1271. [DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2016.1246452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Khatereh Saei Arezoumand
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Effat Alizadeh
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Younes Pilehvar-Soltanahmadi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Esmaeillou
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, Universita degli Studi di siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Nosratollah Zarghami
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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239
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Mickelson-Young L, Wear E, Mulvaney P, Lee TJ, Szymanski ES, Allen G, Hanley-Bowdoin L, Thompson W. A flow cytometric method for estimating S-phase duration in plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:6077-6087. [PMID: 27697785 PMCID: PMC5100020 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The duration of the DNA synthesis stage (S phase) of the cell cycle is fundamental in our understanding of cell cycle kinetics, cell proliferation, and DNA replication timing programs. Most S-phase duration estimates that exist for plants are based on indirect measurements. We present a method for directly estimating S-phase duration by pulse-labeling root tips or actively dividing suspension cells with the halogenated thymidine analog 5-ethynl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) and analyzing the time course of replication with bivariate flow cytometry. The transition between G1 and G2 DNA contents can be followed by measuring the mean DNA content of EdU-labeled S-phase nuclei as a function of time after the labeling pulse. We applied this technique to intact root tips of maize (Zea mays L.), rice (Oryza sativa L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and to actively dividing cell cultures of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh.) and rice. Estimates of S-phase duration in root tips were remarkably consistent, varying only by ~3-fold, although the genome sizes of the species analyzed varied >40-fold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh Mickelson-Young
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Emily Wear
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Patrick Mulvaney
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Tae-Jin Lee
- Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
- Present address: Syngenta Crop Protection, LLC, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Eric S Szymanski
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
- Present address: Department of Biochemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - George Allen
- Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Linda Hanley-Bowdoin
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - William Thompson
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
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240
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Chaker Z, Codega P, Doetsch F. A mosaic world: puzzles revealed by adult neural stem cell heterogeneity. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2016; 5:640-658. [PMID: 27647730 PMCID: PMC5113677 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) reside in specialized niches in the adult mammalian brain. The ventricular-subventricular zone (V-SVZ), adjacent to the lateral ventricles, gives rise to olfactory bulb (OB) neurons, and some astrocytes and oligodendrocytes throughout life. In vitro assays have been widely used to retrospectively identify NSCs. However, cells that behave as stem cells in vitro do not reflect the identity, diversity, and behavior of NSCs in vivo. Novel tools including fluorescence activated cell sorting, lineage-tracing, and clonal analysis have uncovered multiple layers of adult V-SVZ NSC heterogeneity, including proliferation state and regional identity. In light of these findings, we reexamine the concept of adult NSCs, considering heterogeneity as a key parameter for analyzing their dynamics in vivo. V-SVZ NSCs form a mosaic of quiescent (qNSCs) and activated cells (aNSCs) that reside in regionally distinct microdomains, reflecting their regional embryonic origins, and give rise to specific subtypes of OB interneurons. Prospective purification and transcriptome analysis of qNSCs and aNSCs has illuminated their molecular and functional properties. qNSCs are slowly dividing, have slow kinetics of neurogenesis in vivo, can be recruited to regenerate the V-SVZ, and only rarely give rise to in vitro colonies. aNSCs are highly proliferative, undergo rapid clonal expansion of the neurogenic lineage in vivo, and readily form in vitro colonies. Key open questions remain about stem cell dynamics in vivo and the lineage relationship between qNSCs and aNSCs under homeostasis and regeneration, as well as context-dependent plasticity of regionally distinct adult NSCs under different external stimuli. WIREs Dev Biol 2016, 5:640-658. doi: 10.1002/wdev.248 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zayna Chaker
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Paolo Codega
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Fiona Doetsch
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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241
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Hinge A, Filippi MD. Deconstructing the Complexity of TGFβ Signaling in Hematopoietic Stem Cells: Quiescence and Beyond. CURRENT STEM CELL REPORTS 2016; 2:388-397. [PMID: 28529843 DOI: 10.1007/s40778-016-0069-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The hematopoietic system is highly dynamic and must constantly produce new blood cells every day. Mature blood cells all derive from a pool of rare long-lived hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) that are mostly quiescent but occasionally divide and self-renew in order to maintain the stem cell pool and continuous replenishment of mature blood cells throughout life. A tight control of HSC self-renewal, commitment to differentiation and maintenance of quiescence states is necessary for lifelong blood supply. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is a critical regulator hematopoietic cell functions. It is a potent inhibitor of hematopoietic cell growth. However, TGFβ functions are more complex and largely context-dependent. Emerging evidence suggests a role in aging, cell identity and cell fate decisions. Here, we will review the role of TGF-β and downstream signaling in normal HSC functions, in HSC quiescence and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwini Hinge
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Marie-Dominique Filippi
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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242
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miR-125b modulates megakaryocyte maturation by targeting the cell-cycle inhibitor p19 INK4D. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2430. [PMID: 27763644 PMCID: PMC5133966 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A better understanding of the mechanisms involved in megakaryocyte maturation will facilitate the generation of platelets in vitro and their clinical applications. A microRNA, miR-125b, has been suggested to have important roles in the self-renewal of megakaryocyte-erythroid progenitors and in platelet generation. However, miR-125b is also critical for hematopoietic stem cell self-renewal. Thus, the function of miR-125b and the complex signaling pathways regulating megakaryopoiesis remain to be elucidated. In this study, an attentive examination of the endogenous expression of miR-125b during megakaryocyte differentiation was performed. Accordingly, the differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells requires the downregulation of miR-125b, whereas megakaryocyte determination and maturation synchronize with miR-125b accumulation. The overexpression of miR-125b improves megakaryocytic differentiation of K562 and UT-7 cells. Furthermore, stage-specific overexpression of miR-125b in primary cells demonstrates that miR-125b mediates an enhancement of megakaryocytic differentiation after megakaryocyte determination, the stage at which megakaryocytes are negative for the expression of the hematopoietic progenitor marker CD34. The identification of miR-125b targets during megakaryopoiesis was focused on negative regulators of cell cycle because the transition of the G1/S phase has been associated with megakaryocyte polyploidization. Real-time PCR, western blot and luciferase reporter assay reveal that p19INK4D is a direct target of miR-125b. P19INK4D knockdown using small interfering RNA (siRNA) in megakaryocyte-induced K562 cells, UT-7 cells and CD61+ promegakaryocytes results in S-phase progression and increased polyploidy, as well as improved megakaryocyte differentiation, similarly to the effects of miR-125b overexpression. P19INK4D overexpression reverses these effects, as indicated by reduced expression of megakaryocyte markers, G1-phase arrest and polyploidy decrease. P19INK4D knockdown in miR-125b downregulated cells or p19INK4D overexpression in miR-125b upregulated cells rescued the effect of miR-125b. Taken together, these findings suggest that miR-125b expression positively regulates megakaryocyte development since the initial phases of megakaryocyte determination, and p19INK4D is one of the key mediators of miR-125b activity during the onset of megakaryocyte polyploidization.
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243
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Pérez-Fernández A, Hernández-Hernández Á. The DARC-CD82 axis discloses bone marrow macrophages as guardians of long-term hematopoietic stem cells quiescence. Stem Cell Investig 2016; 3:44. [PMID: 27668251 DOI: 10.21037/sci.2016.08.07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Pérez-Fernández
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Salamanca (USAL), Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Ángel Hernández-Hernández
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Salamanca (USAL), Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
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244
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Gustafsson K, Welsh M. Maintenance of hematopoietic stem cell dormancy: yet another role for the macrophage. Stem Cell Investig 2016; 3:46. [PMID: 27777935 DOI: 10.21037/sci.2016.08.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Karin Gustafsson
- Department of Stem and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA;; Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Michael Welsh
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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245
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Abstract
Tissue development and homeostasis are governed by the actions of stem cells. Multipotent cells are capable of self-renewal during the course of one's lifetime. The accurate and appropriate regulation of stem cell functions is absolutely critical for normal biological activity. Several key developmental or signaling pathways have been shown to play essential roles in this regulatory capacity. Specifically, the Janus-activated kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription, Hedgehog, Wnt, Notch, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/phosphatase and tensin homolog, and nuclear factor-κB signaling pathways have all been shown experimentally to mediate various stem cell properties, such as self-renewal, cell fate decisions, survival, proliferation, and differentiation. Unsurprisingly, many of these crucial signaling pathways are dysregulated in cancer. Growing evidence suggests that overactive or abnormal signaling within and among these pathways may contribute to the survival of cancer stem cells (CSCs). CSCs are a relatively rare population of cancer cells capable of self-renewal, differentiation, and generation of serially transplantable heterogeneous tumors of several types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- William H. Matsui
- The Matsui Laboratory, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- Correspondence: William H. Matsui, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287 (e-mail: )
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246
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Pillat MM, Lameu C, Trujillo CA, Glaser T, Cappellari AR, Negraes PD, Battastini AMO, Schwindt TT, Muotri AR, Ulrich H. Bradykinin promotes neuron-generating division of neural progenitor cells through ERK activation. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:3437-48. [PMID: 27528403 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.192534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
During brain development, cells proliferate, migrate and differentiate in highly accurate patterns. In this context, published results indicate that bradykinin functions in neural fate determination, favoring neurogenesis and migration. However, mechanisms underlying bradykinin function are yet to be explored. Our findings indicate a previously unidentified role for bradykinin action in inducing neuron-generating division in vitro and in vivo, given that bradykinin lengthened the G1-phase of the neural progenitor cells (NPC) cycle and increased TIS21 (also known as PC3 and BTG2) expression in hippocampus from newborn mice. This role, triggered by activation of the kinin-B2 receptor, was conditioned by ERK1/2 activation. Moreover, immunohistochemistry analysis of hippocampal dentate gyrus showed that the percentage of Ki67(+) cells markedly increased in bradykinin-treated mice, and ERK1/2 inhibition affected this neurogenic response. The progress of neurogenesis depended on sustained ERK phosphorylation and resulted in ERK1/2 translocation to the nucleus in NPCs and PC12 cells, changing expression of genes such as Hes1 and Ngn2 (also known as Neurog2). In agreement with the function of ERK in integrating signaling pathways, effects of bradykinin in stimulating neurogenesis were reversed following removal of protein kinase C (PKC)-mediated sustained phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micheli M Pillat
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Claudiana Lameu
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Cleber A Trujillo
- Departments of Pediatrics and Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093-0695, USA
| | - Talita Glaser
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Angélica R Cappellari
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas e da Saúde, UFRGS, Porto Alegre 90035 000, Brazil
| | - Priscilla D Negraes
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil Departments of Pediatrics and Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093-0695, USA
| | - Ana M O Battastini
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas e da Saúde, UFRGS, Porto Alegre 90035 000, Brazil
| | - Telma T Schwindt
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Alysson R Muotri
- Departments of Pediatrics and Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093-0695, USA
| | - Henning Ulrich
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil
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247
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Fu JP, Mo WC, Liu Y, Bartlett PF, He RQ. Elimination of the geomagnetic field stimulates the proliferation of mouse neural progenitor and stem cells. Protein Cell 2016; 7:624-37. [PMID: 27484904 PMCID: PMC5003790 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-016-0300-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Living organisms are exposed to the geomagnetic field (GMF) throughout their lifespan. Elimination of the GMF, resulting in a hypogeomagnetic field (HMF), leads to central nervous system dysfunction and abnormal development in animals. However, the cellular mechanisms underlying these effects have not been identified so far. Here, we show that exposure to an HMF (<200 nT), produced by a magnetic field shielding chamber, promotes the proliferation of neural progenitor/stem cells (NPCs/NSCs) from C57BL/6 mice. Following seven-day HMF-exposure, the primary neurospheres (NSs) were significantly larger in size, and twice more NPCs/NSCs were harvested from neonatal NSs, when compared to the GMF controls. The self-renewal capacity and multipotency of the NSs were maintained, as HMF-exposed NSs were positive for NSC markers (Nestin and Sox2), and could differentiate into neurons and astrocyte/glial cells and be passaged continuously. In addition, adult mice exposed to the HMF for one month were observed to have a greater number of proliferative cells in the subventricular zone. These findings indicate that continuous HMF-exposure increases the proliferation of NPCs/NSCs, in vitro and in vivo. HMF-disturbed NPCs/NSCs production probably affects brain development and function, which provides a novel clue for elucidating the cellular mechanisms of the bio-HMF response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Peng Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wei-Chuan Mo
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Ying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China. .,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Perry F Bartlett
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Rong-Qiao He
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China. .,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China. .,Alzheimer's Disease Center, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.
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248
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Cardiac stem cell transplantation with 2,3,5,4′-tetrahydroxystilbehe-2-O-β-d-glucoside improves cardiac function in rat myocardial infarction model. Life Sci 2016; 158:37-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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249
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Linking the Cell Cycle to Cell Fate Decisions. Trends Cell Biol 2016; 25:592-600. [PMID: 26410405 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2015.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Revised: 06/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) retain the ability to differentiate into a wide range of cell types while undergoing self-renewal. They also exhibit an unusual mode of cell cycle regulation, reflected by a cell cycle structure where G1 and G2 phases are truncated. When individual PSCs are exposed to specification cues, they activate developmental programs and remodel the cell cycle so that the length of G1 and overall cell division times increase. The response of individual stem cells to pro-differentiation signals is strikingly heterogeneous, resulting in asynchronous differentiation. Recent evidence indicates that this phenomenon is due to cell cycle-dependent mechanisms that restrict the initial activation of developmental genes to the G1 phase. This suggests a broad biological mechanism where multipotent cells are 'primed' to initiate cell fate decisions during their transition through G1. Here, I discuss mechanisms underpinning the commitment towards the differentiated state and its relation to the cell cycle.
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250
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Bai L, Shi G, Yang Y, Chen W, Zhang L. Anti-Aging Effect of Siraitia grosuenorii by Enhancement of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Function. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2016; 44:803-15. [DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x16500440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Anti-aging has always been a popular topic, and there are many claims about the existence of factors that can slow, stop, or even reverse the aging process. Siraitia grosuenorii, a local fruit in china, has been used for the treatment of gastritis, sore throats, and whooping cough in traditional Chinese medicine. The individuals who took the juice of Siraitia grosuenorii regularly had increased longevity in the Guangxi Province, which is located in the Southern part of China. In this paper, we fed mice with Siraitia grosuenorii for 10 months to identify the role of Siraitia grosuenorii in anti-aging and to investigate its corresponding mechanism. The results showed that mice fed with Siraitia grosuenorii displayed a slower aging process. The extension of the aging process was due to the enhanced function of HSCs. FACS analysis showed that the number of LSKs, LT-HSCs, ST-HSCs and MPPs from Siraitia grosuenorii mice was decreased. In vitro, a clonigenic assay showed that LT-HSCs from Siraitia grosuenorii mice increased the ability of self-renewal. Moreover, Siraitia grosuenorii mice maintained the quiescence of LSKs, decreased the level of ROS and reduced the amount of senescence associated β-gal positive cells. Furthermore, Siraitia grosuenorii mice decreased the expression of senescence-associated proteins. Siraitia grosuenorii maintained quiescence, decreased senescence and enhanced the function of HSCs, slowing the aging process of mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Bai
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, P.R. China
| | - Guiying Shi
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, P.R. China
| | - Yajun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, P.R. China
| | - Wei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, P.R. China
| | - Lianfeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, P.R. China
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