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Kim YW, Koul D, Kim SH, Lucio-Eterovic AK, Freire PR, Yao J, Wang J, Almeida JS, Aldape K, Yung WKA. Identification of prognostic gene signatures of glioblastoma: a study based on TCGA data analysis. Neuro Oncol 2013; 15:829-39. [PMID: 23502430 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/not024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) project is a large-scale effort with the goal of identifying novel molecular aberrations in glioblastoma (GBM). METHODS Here, we describe an in-depth analysis of gene expression data and copy number aberration (CNA) data to classify GBMs into prognostic groups to determine correlates of subtypes that may be biologically significant. RESULTS To identify predictive survival models, we searched TCGA in 173 patients and identified 42 probe sets (P = .0005) that could be used to divide the tumor samples into 3 groups and showed a significantly (P = .0006) improved overall survival. Kaplan-Meier plots showed that the median survival of group 3 was markedly longer (127 weeks) than that of groups 1 and 2 (47 and 52 weeks, respectively). We then validated the 42 probe sets to stratify the patients according to survival in other public GBM gene expression datasets (eg, GSE4290 dataset). An overall analysis of the gene expression and copy number aberration using a multivariate Cox regression model showed that the 42 probe sets had a significant (P < .018) prognostic value independent of other variables. CONCLUSIONS By integrating multidimensional genomic data from TCGA, we identified a specific survival model in a new prognostic group of GBM and suggest that molecular stratification of patients with GBM into homogeneous subgroups may provide opportunities for the development of new treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Wan Kim
- Cancer Research Institute of Medical Science, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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202
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Persano L, Rampazzo E, Basso G, Viola G. Glioblastoma cancer stem cells: Role of the microenvironment and therapeutic targeting. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 85:612-622. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Revised: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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203
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Sousa-Nunes R, Somers WG. Mechanisms of asymmetric progenitor divisions in the Drosophila central nervous system. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013; 786:79-102. [PMID: 23696353 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-6621-1_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Drosophila central nervous system develops from polarised asymmetric divisions of precursor cells, called neuroblasts. Decades of research on neuroblasts have resulted in a substantial understanding of the factors and molecular events responsible for fate decisions of neuroblasts and their progeny. Furthermore, the cell-cycle dependent mechanisms responsible for asymmetric cortical protein localisation, resulting in the unequal partitioning between daughters, are beginning to be exposed. Disruption to the appropriate partitioning of proteins between neuroblasts and differentiation-committed daughters can lead to supernumerary neuroblast-like cells and the formation of tumours. Many of the factors responsible for regulating asymmetric division of Drosophila neuroblasts are evolutionarily conserved and, in many cases, have been shown to play a functionally conserved role in mammalian neurogenesis. Recent genome-wide studies coupled with advancements in live-imaging technologies have opened further avenues of research into neuroblast biology. We review our current understanding of the molecular mechanisms regulating neuroblast divisions, a powerful system to model mammalian neurogenesis and tumourigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Sousa-Nunes
- MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, New Hunt's House, London, SE1 1UL, UK.
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204
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Park SY, Lim SL, Jang HJ, Lee JH, Um JY, Kim SH, Ahn KS, Lee SG. Embelin Induces Apoptosis in Human Glioma Cells Through Inactivating NF-κB. J Pharmacol Sci 2013; 121:192-9. [DOI: 10.1254/jphs.12137fp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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205
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Adenosine Signaling in Glioma Cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013; 986:13-30. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-4719-7_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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206
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Abstract
Cancer stem cells may be responsible for tumor initiation and maintenance. The molecular mechanisms that control cancer stem cells are related to alterations in various signaling pathways, including the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. The canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is one of the major signaling systems in stem and progenitor cells, and aberrant activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is common in human cancers. As with β-catenin, FoxM1 has been found to play important roles in a number of cancers. In this review, we discuss the evidence that FoxM1 affects the expression and function of a variety of genes that are critical to the survival, proliferation, invasion, angiogenesis, and self-renewal of cancer stem cells. We highlight the pivotal roles of the Wnt/β-catenin and FoxM1 signaling pathways in neural stem and progenitor cells and glioma stem cells. We also discuss the evidence for cross-talk between the β-catenin and FoxM1 signaling pathways in the regulation of the stemness and tumorigenicity of glioma stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aihua Gong
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center and Program in Cancer Biology, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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207
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Fan J, Ou YW, Wu CY, Yu CJ, Song YM, Zhan QM. Migfilin sensitizes cisplatin-induced apoptosis in human glioma cells in vitro. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2012; 33:1301-10. [PMID: 22983390 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2012.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Filamin binding LIM protein 1, also known as migfilin, is a skeleton organization protein that binds to mitogen-inducible gene 2 at cell-extracellular matrix adhesions. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of migfilin in cisplatin-induced apoptosis in human glioma cells, to determine the functional domains of migfilin, and to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of cisplatin-related chemosensitivity. METHODS The human glioma cell lines Hs683, H4, and U-87 MG were transfected with pEGFP-C2-migfilin to elevate the expression level of migfilin. RNA interference was used to reduce the expression of migfilin. To determine the functional domains of migfilin, U-87 MG cells were transfected with plasmids of migfilin deletion mutants. After treatment with cisplatin (40 μmol/L) for 24 h, the cell viability was assessed using the MTS assay, and the cell apoptotic was examined using the DAPI staining assay and TUNEL analysis. Expression levels of apoptosis-related proteins were detected by Western blot analysis. RESULTS Overexpression of migfilin significantly enhanced cisplatin-induced apoptosis in Hs683, H4, and U-87 MG cells, whereas downregulation of migfilin expression inhibited the chemosensitivity of these cell lines. The N-terminal region of migfilin alone was able to enhance the cisplatin-induced apoptosis. However, despite the existence of the N-terminal region, mutants of migfilin with any one of three LIM domains deleted led to a function loss. Furthermore, apoptotic proteins (PARP and caspase-3) and the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-xL were modulated by the expression level of migfilin in combination with cisplatin. CONCLUSION The LIM1-3 domains of migfilin play a key role in sensitizing glioma cells to cisplatin-induced apoptosis through regulation of apoptosis-related proteins.
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208
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Crossin KL. Oxygen levels and the regulation of cell adhesion in the nervous system: a control point for morphogenesis in development, disease and evolution? Cell Adh Migr 2012; 6:49-58. [PMID: 22647940 DOI: 10.4161/cam.19582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In this article, I discuss the hallmarks of hypoxia in vitro and in vivo and review work showing that many types of stem cell proliferate more robustly in lowered oxygen. I then discuss recent studies showing that alterations in the levels and the types of cell and substrate adhesion molecules are a notable response to reduced O(2) levels in both cultured primary neural stem cells and brain tissues in response to hypoxia in vivo. The ability of O(2) levels to regulate adhesion molecule expression is linked to the Wnt signaling pathway, which can control and be controlled by adhesion events. The ability of O(2) levels to influence cell adhesion also has far-reaching implications for development, ischemic trauma and neural regeneration, as well as for cancer and other diseases. Finally I discuss the possibility that the fluctuations in O(2) levels known to have occurred over evolutionary time could, by influencing adhesion systems, have contributed to early symbiotic events in unicellular organisms and to the emergence of multicellularity. It is not my intention to be exhaustive in these domains, which are far from my own field of study. Rather this article is meant to provoke and stimulate thinking about molecular evolution involving O(2) sensing and signaling during eras of geologic and atmospheric change that might inform modern studies on development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn L Crossin
- Department of Neurobiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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209
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Kamphuis W, Mamber C, Moeton M, Kooijman L, Sluijs JA, Jansen AHP, Verveer M, de Groot LR, Smith VD, Rangarajan S, Rodríguez JJ, Orre M, Hol EM. GFAP isoforms in adult mouse brain with a focus on neurogenic astrocytes and reactive astrogliosis in mouse models of Alzheimer disease. PLoS One 2012. [PMID: 22912745 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042823]] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) is the main astrocytic intermediate filament (IF). GFAP splice isoforms show differential expression patterns in the human brain. GFAPδ is preferentially expressed by neurogenic astrocytes in the subventricular zone (SVZ), whereas GFAP(+1) is found in a subset of astrocytes throughout the brain. In addition, the expression of these isoforms in human brain material of epilepsy, Alzheimer and glioma patients has been reported. Here, for the first time, we present a comprehensive study of GFAP isoform expression in both wild-type and Alzheimer Disease (AD) mouse models. In cortex, cerebellum, and striatum of wild-type mice, transcripts for Gfap-α, Gfap-β, Gfap-γ, Gfap-δ, Gfap-κ, and a newly identified isoform Gfap-ζ, were detected. Their relative expression levels were similar in all regions studied. GFAPα showed a widespread expression whilst GFAPδ distribution was prominent in the SVZ, rostral migratory stream (RMS), neurogenic astrocytes of the subgranular zone (SGZ), and subpial astrocytes. In contrast to the human SVZ, we could not establish an unambiguous GFAPδ localization in proliferating cells of the mouse SVZ. In APPswePS1dE9 and 3xTgAD mice, plaque-associated reactive astrocytes had increased transcript levels of all detectable GFAP isoforms and low levels of a new GFAP isoform, Gfap-ΔEx7. Reactive astrocytes in AD mice showed enhanced GFAPα and GFAPδ immunolabeling, less frequently increased vimentin and nestin, but no GFAPκ or GFAP(+1) staining. In conclusion, GFAPδ protein is present in SVZ, RMS, and neurogenic astrocytes of the SGZ, but also outside neurogenic niches. Furthermore, differential GFAP isoform expression is not linked with aging or reactive gliosis. This evidence points to the conclusion that differential regulation of GFAP isoforms is not involved in the reorganization of the IF network in reactive gliosis or in neurogenesis in the mouse brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem Kamphuis
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience - an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Department of Astrocyte Biology & Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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210
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Kamphuis W, Mamber C, Moeton M, Kooijman L, Sluijs JA, Jansen AHP, Verveer M, de Groot LR, Smith VD, Rangarajan S, Rodríguez JJ, Orre M, Hol EM. GFAP isoforms in adult mouse brain with a focus on neurogenic astrocytes and reactive astrogliosis in mouse models of Alzheimer disease. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42823. [PMID: 22912745 PMCID: PMC3418292 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) is the main astrocytic intermediate filament (IF). GFAP splice isoforms show differential expression patterns in the human brain. GFAPδ is preferentially expressed by neurogenic astrocytes in the subventricular zone (SVZ), whereas GFAP(+1) is found in a subset of astrocytes throughout the brain. In addition, the expression of these isoforms in human brain material of epilepsy, Alzheimer and glioma patients has been reported. Here, for the first time, we present a comprehensive study of GFAP isoform expression in both wild-type and Alzheimer Disease (AD) mouse models. In cortex, cerebellum, and striatum of wild-type mice, transcripts for Gfap-α, Gfap-β, Gfap-γ, Gfap-δ, Gfap-κ, and a newly identified isoform Gfap-ζ, were detected. Their relative expression levels were similar in all regions studied. GFAPα showed a widespread expression whilst GFAPδ distribution was prominent in the SVZ, rostral migratory stream (RMS), neurogenic astrocytes of the subgranular zone (SGZ), and subpial astrocytes. In contrast to the human SVZ, we could not establish an unambiguous GFAPδ localization in proliferating cells of the mouse SVZ. In APPswePS1dE9 and 3xTgAD mice, plaque-associated reactive astrocytes had increased transcript levels of all detectable GFAP isoforms and low levels of a new GFAP isoform, Gfap-ΔEx7. Reactive astrocytes in AD mice showed enhanced GFAPα and GFAPδ immunolabeling, less frequently increased vimentin and nestin, but no GFAPκ or GFAP(+1) staining. In conclusion, GFAPδ protein is present in SVZ, RMS, and neurogenic astrocytes of the SGZ, but also outside neurogenic niches. Furthermore, differential GFAP isoform expression is not linked with aging or reactive gliosis. This evidence points to the conclusion that differential regulation of GFAP isoforms is not involved in the reorganization of the IF network in reactive gliosis or in neurogenesis in the mouse brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem Kamphuis
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience - an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Department of Astrocyte Biology & Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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211
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Abstract
Primary brain tumors are among the top ten causes of cancer-related deaths in the US. Malignant gliomas account for approximately 70% of the 22,500 new cases of malignant primary brain tumors diagnosed in adults each year and are associated with high morbidity and mortality. Despite optimal treatment, the prognosis for patients with gliomas remains poor. The use of retinoids (vitamin A and its congeners) in the treatment of certain tumors was originally based on the assumption that these conditions were associated with an underlying deficiency of vitamin A and that supplementation with pharmacological doses would correct the deficiency. Yet the results of retinoid treatment have been only modestly beneficial and usually short-lived. Studies also indicate that vitamin A excess and supplementation have pro-oxidant effects and are associated with increased risks of mortality from cancer and other diseases. The therapeutic role of vitamin A in cancer thus remains uncertain and a new perspective on the facts is needed. The modest and temporary benefits of retinoid treatment could result from a process of feedback inhibition, whereby exogenous retinoid temporarily inhibits the endogenous synthesis of these compounds. In fact, repeated and/or excessive exposure of the tissues to endogenous retinoic acid may contribute to carcinogenesis. Gliomas, in particular, may result from an imbalance in retinoid receptor expression initiated by environmental factors that increase the endogenous production of retinoic acid in glia. At the receptor level, it is proposed that this imbalance is characterized by excessive expression of retinoic acid receptor-α (RARα) and reduced expression of retinoic acid receptor-β (RARβ). This suggests a potential new treatment strategy for gliomas, possibly even at a late stage of the disease, ie, to combine the use of a RARα antagonist and a RARβ agonist. According to this hypothesis, the RARα antagonist would be expected to inhibit RARα-induced gliomas, while the RARβ agonist would suppress tumor growth and possibly contribute to the regeneration of normal glia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony R Mawson
- Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Health Sciences, College of Public Service, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, USA
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212
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Silber JR, Bobola MS, Blank A, Chamberlain MC. O(6)-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase in glioma therapy: promise and problems. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2012; 1826:71-82. [PMID: 22244911 PMCID: PMC3340514 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2011.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Revised: 12/28/2011] [Accepted: 12/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Gliomas are the most frequent adult primary brain tumor, and are invariably fatal. The most common diagnosis glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) afflicts 12,500 new patients in the U.S. annually, and has a median survival of approximately one year when treated with the current standard of care. Alkylating agents have long been central in the chemotherapy of GBM and other gliomas. The DNA repair protein O(6)-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT), the principal human activity that removes cytotoxic O(6)-alkylguanine adducts from DNA, promotes resistance to anti-glioma alkylators, including temozolomide and BCNU, in GBM cell lines and xenografts. Moreover, MGMT expression assessed by immunohistochemistry, biochemical activity or promoter CpG methylation status is associated with the response of GBM to alkylator-based therapies, providing evidence that MGMT promotes clinical resistance to alkylating agents. These observations suggest a role for MGMT in directing adjuvant therapy of GBM and other gliomas. Promoter methylation status is the most clinically tractable measure of MGMT, and there is considerable enthusiasm for exploring its utility as a marker to assign therapy to individual patients. Here, we provide an overview of the biochemical, genetic and biological characteristics of MGMT as they relate to glioma therapy. We consider current methods to assess MGMT expression and discuss their utility as predictors of treatment response. Particular emphasis is given to promoter methylation status and the methodological and conceptual impediments that limit its use to direct treatment. We conclude by considering approaches that may improve the utility of MGMT methylation status in planning optimal therapies tailored to individual patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Silber
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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213
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Suarez C, Maglietti F, Colonna M, Breitburd K, Marshall G. Mathematical modeling of human glioma growth based on brain topological structures: study of two clinical cases. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39616. [PMID: 22761843 PMCID: PMC3386273 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2011] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Gliomas are the most common primary brain tumors and yet almost incurable due mainly to their great invasion capability. This represents a challenge to present clinical oncology. Here, we introduce a mathematical model aiming to improve tumor spreading capability definition. The model consists in a time dependent reaction-diffusion equation in a three-dimensional spatial domain that distinguishes between different brain topological structures. The model uses a series of digitized images from brain slices covering the whole human brain. The Talairach atlas included in the model describes brain structures at different levels. Also, the inclusion of the Brodmann areas allows prediction of the brain functions affected during tumor evolution and the estimation of correlated symptoms. The model is solved numerically using patient-specific parametrization and finite differences. Simulations consider an initial state with cellular proliferation alone (benign tumor), and an advanced state when infiltration starts (malign tumor). Survival time is estimated on the basis of tumor size and location. The model is used to predict tumor evolution in two clinical cases. In the first case, predictions show that real infiltrative areas are underestimated by current diagnostic imaging. In the second case, tumor spreading predictions were shown to be more accurate than those derived from previous models in the literature. Our results suggest that the inclusion of differential migration in glioma growth models constitutes another step towards a better prediction of tumor infiltration at the moment of surgical or radiosurgical target definition. Also, the addition of physiological/psychological considerations to classical anatomical models will provide a better and integral understanding of the patient disease at the moment of deciding therapeutic options, taking into account not only survival but also life quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Suarez
- Laboratorio de Sistemas Complejos, Departamento de Computacion, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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214
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Allhenn D, Boushehri MAS, Lamprecht A. Drug delivery strategies for the treatment of malignant gliomas. Int J Pharm 2012; 436:299-310. [PMID: 22721856 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Revised: 05/31/2012] [Accepted: 06/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
As primary brain tumors, malignant gliomas are known to be one of the most insidious types of brain cancer afflicting the humans. The current standard strategy for the treatment of malignant gliomas includes the surgical resection of the tumor when possible, followed by a combination of radiotherapy and/or a certain chemotherapeutic protocol. However, due to the short mean survival, frequent recurrences, and poor prognosis associated with the tumors, new therapeutic strategies are investigated consecutively. These novel drug delivery approaches can be subdivided as systemic and local drug administration. This review focuses on localized drug delivery strategies for the treatment of malignant gliomas, including the injections, infusions, trans-nasal delivery systems, convection enhanced delivery (CED) systems, and various types of polymeric implants. Furthermore, systemic strategies to increase the drug penetration into the brain, such as temporary disruption of the blood brain barrier (BBB), chemical modification of the available therapeutic substances, and utilization of endogenous transport systems will be briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Allhenn
- Department of Pharm. Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Bonn, Germany.
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215
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Feng SY, Dong CG, Wu WKK, Wang XJ, Qiao J, Shao JF. Lentiviral expression of anti-microRNAs targeting miR-27a inhibits proliferation and invasiveness of U87 glioma cells. Mol Med Rep 2012; 6:275-81. [PMID: 22614734 PMCID: PMC3493108 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2012.915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioma is a highly fatal malignant disease and its treatment options are limited. microRNAs represent a novel target for the treatment of cancer. In the present study, we used a lentiviral vector to stably express anti-microRNAs targeting the oncogenic miR-27a in U87 glioma cells. The stable expression of anti-miR-27a significantly reduced the proliferation and increased the accumulation of U87 cells in the sub-G1 phase as determined by Cell Counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assays and flow cytometry, respectively. Results from the Matrigel transwell assay also indicated that the inhibition of miR-27a substantially impaired the invasiveness of U87 cells. By combining bioinformatic and proteomic approaches, we identified the mRNAs of 8 proteins upregulated in anti-miR-27a-expressing U87 cells as putative direct targets of miR-27a. Collectively, these data suggest that the lentiviral expression of anti-miR-27a is a feasible approach for the suppression of malignant phenotypes of glioma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Y Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi 214023, PR China
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216
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LuIII parvovirus selectively and efficiently targets, replicates in, and kills human glioma cells. J Virol 2012; 86:7280-91. [PMID: 22553327 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00227-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Because productive infection by parvoviruses requires cell division and is enhanced by oncogenic transformation, some parvoviruses may have potential utility in killing cancer cells. To identify the parvovirus(es) with the optimal oncolytic effect against human glioblastomas, we screened 12 parvoviruses at a high multiplicity of infection (MOI). MVMi, MVMc, MVM-G17, tumor virus X (TVX), canine parvovirus (CPV), porcine parvovirus (PPV), rat parvovirus 1A (RPV1A), and H-3 were relatively ineffective. The four viruses with the greatest oncolytic activity, LuIII, H-1, MVMp, and MVM-G52, were tested for the ability, at a low MOI, to progressively infect the culture over time, causing cell death at a rate higher than that of cell proliferation. LuIII alone was effective in all five human glioblastomas tested. H-1 progressively infected only two of five; MVMp and MVM-G52 were ineffective in all five. To investigate the underlying mechanism of LuIII's phenotype, we used recombinant parvoviruses with the LuIII capsid replacing the MVMp capsid or with molecular alteration of the P4 promoter. The LuIII capsid enhanced efficient replication and oncolysis in MO59J gliomas cells; other gliomas tested required the entire LuIII genome to exhibit enhanced infection. LuIII selectively infected glioma cells over normal glial cells in vitro. In mouse models, human glioblastoma xenografts were selectively infected by LuIII when administered intratumorally; LuIII reduced tumor growth by 75%. LuIII also had the capacity to selectively infect subcutaneous or intracranial gliomas after intravenous inoculation. Intravenous or intracranial LuIII caused no adverse effects. Intracranial LuIII caused no infection of mature mouse neurons or glia in vivo but showed a modest infection of developing neurons.
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217
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Najbauer J, Huszthy PC, Barish ME, Garcia E, Metz MZ, Myers SM, Gutova M, Frank RT, Miletic H, Kendall SE, Glackin CA, Bjerkvig R, Aboody KS. Cellular host responses to gliomas. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35150. [PMID: 22539956 PMCID: PMC3335155 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive type of malignant primary brain tumors in adults. Molecular and genetic analysis has advanced our understanding of glioma biology, however mapping the cellular composition of the tumor microenvironment is crucial for understanding the pathology of this dreaded brain cancer. In this study we identified major cell populations attracted by glioma using orthotopic rodent models of human glioma xenografts. Marker-specific, anatomical and morphological analyses revealed a robust influx of host cells into the main tumor bed and tumor satellites. Methodology/Principal Findings Human glioma cell lines and glioma spheroid orthotopic implants were used in rodents. In both models, the xenografts recruited large numbers of host nestin-expressing cells, which formed a ‘network’ with glioma. The host nestin-expressing cells appeared to originate in the subventricular zone ipsilateral to the tumor, and were clearly distinguishable from pericytes that expressed smooth muscle actin. These distinct cell populations established close physical contact in a ‘pair-wise’ manner and migrated together to the deeper layers of tumor satellites and gave rise to tumor vasculature. The GBM biopsy xenografts displayed two different phenotypes: (a) low-generation tumors (first in vivo passage in rats) were highly invasive and non-angiogenic, and host nestin-positive cells that infiltrated into these tumors displayed astrocytic or elongated bipolar morphology; (b) high-generation xenografts (fifth passage) had pronounced cellularity, were angiogenic with ‘glomerulus-like’ microvascular proliferations that contained host nestin-positive cells. Stromal cell-derived factor-1 and its receptor CXCR4 were highly expressed in and around glioma xenografts, suggesting their role in glioma progression and invasion. Conclusions/Significance Our data demonstrate a robust migration of nestin-expressing host cells to glioma, which together with pericytes give rise to tumor vasculature. Mapping the cellular composition of glioma microenvironment and deciphering the complex ‘crosstalk’ between tumor and host may ultimately aid the development of novel anti-glioma therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Najbauer
- Department of Neurosciences, City of Hope National Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, California, United States of America.
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218
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Epigenetics in human gliomas. Cancer Lett 2012; 342:185-92. [PMID: 22531315 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2012.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Revised: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant epigenetic landscapes and their involvement in genesis and progression of tumors, as well as in treatment responses and prognosis, indicate one of the most emerging fields in cancer research. In gliomas, the most common human primary brain tumors, and in particular in glioblastoma, the most malignant and devastating brain tumor entity in adults, the elucidation of distinct patterns of aberrant DNA methylation, histone modification, and miRNA expression and their interrelationship has fundamentally changed our point of view on these highly heterogeneous tumors. In the current review article, we address the basic principles of epigenetic control in gliomas, their current and putative future role in prognostic and predictive models and possible interactions within the epigenetic network. We discuss diagnostic and therapeutic opportunities appearing at horizon of epigenetic research. Moreover, we present current and propose future clinical workflow models for molecular characterization of malignant gliomas.
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Swayne LA, Wicki-Stordeur L. Ion channels in postnatal neurogenesis: potential targets for brain repair. Channels (Austin) 2012; 6:69-74. [PMID: 22614818 DOI: 10.4161/chan.19721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural stem and progenitor cells (NSC/NPCs) are unspecialized cells found in the adult peri-ventricular and sub-granular zones that are capable of self-renewal, migration, and differentiation into new neurons through the remarkable process of postnatal neurogenesis. We are now beginning to understand that the concerted action of ion channels, multi-pass transmembrane proteins that allow passage of ions across otherwise impermeable cellular membranes tightly regulate this process. Specific ion channels control proliferation, differentiation and survival. Furthermore, they have the potential to be highly selective drug targets due to their complex structures. As such, these proteins represent intriguing prospects for control and optimization of postnatal neurogenesis for neural regeneration following brain injury or disease. Here, we concentrate on ion channels identified in adult ventricular zone NSC/NPCs that have been found to influence the stages of neurogenesis. Finally, we outline the potential of these channels to elicit repair, and highlight the outstanding challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh Anne Swayne
- Division of Medical Sciences; Island Medical Program, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada.
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Maherally Z, Smith JR, An Q, Pilkington GJ. Receptors for hyaluronic acid and poliovirus: a combinatorial role in glioma invasion? PLoS One 2012; 7:e30691. [PMID: 22363471 PMCID: PMC3281850 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 12/23/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background CD44 has long been associated with glioma invasion while, more recently, CD155 has been implicated in playing a similar role. Notably, these two receptors have been shown closely positioned on monocytes. Methods and Findings In this study, an up-regulation of CD44 and CD155 was demonstrated in established and early-passage cultures of glioblastoma. Total internal reflected fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy revealed close proximity of CD44 and CD155. CD44 antibody blocking and gene silencing (via siRNA) resulted in greater inhibition of invasion than that for CD155. Combined interference resulted in 86% inhibition of invasion, although in these investigations no obvious evidence of synergy between CD44 and CD155 in curbing invasion was shown. Both siRNA-CD44 and siRNA-CD155 treated cells lacked processes and were rounder, while live cell imaging showed reduced motility rate compared to wild type cells. Adhesion assay demonstrated that wild type cells adhered most efficiently to laminin, whereas siRNA-treated cells (p<0.0001 for both CD44 and CD155 expression) showed decreased adhesion on several ECMs investigated. BrdU assay showed a higher proliferation of siRNA-CD44 and siRNA-CD155 cells, inversely correlated with reduced invasion. Confocal microscopy revealed overlapping of CD155 and integrins (β1, αvβ1 and αvβ3) on glioblastoma cell processes whereas siRNA-transfected cells showed consequent reduction in integrin expression with no specific staining patterns. Reduced expression of Rho GTPases, Cdc42, Rac1/2/3, RhoA and RhoB, was seen in siRNA-CD44 and siRNA-CD155 cells. In contrast to CD44-knockdown and ‘double’-knockdown cells, no obvious decrease in RhoC expression was observed in CD155-knockdown cells. Conclusions This investigation has enhanced our understanding of cell invasion and confirmed CD44 to play a more significant role in this biological process than CD155. Joint CD44/CD155 approaches may, however, merit further study in therapeutic targeting of infiltrating glioma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaynah Maherally
- Cellular and Molecular Neuro-oncology Research Group, Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - James R. Smith
- Cellular and Molecular Neuro-oncology Research Group, Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Qian An
- Cellular and Molecular Neuro-oncology Research Group, Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Geoffrey J. Pilkington
- Cellular and Molecular Neuro-oncology Research Group, Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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