201
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Noh KN, Park SI, Qazi R, Zou Z, Mickle AD, Grajales-Reyes JG, Jang KI, Gereau RW, Xiao J, Rogers JA, Jeong JW. Miniaturized, Battery-Free Optofluidic Systems with Potential for Wireless Pharmacology and Optogenetics. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:10.1002/smll.201702479. [PMID: 29215787 PMCID: PMC5912318 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201702479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Combination of optogenetics and pharmacology represents a unique approach to dissect neural circuitry with high specificity and versatility. However, conventional tools available to perform these experiments, such as optical fibers and metal cannula, are limited due to their tethered operation and lack of biomechanical compatibility. To address these issues, a miniaturized, battery-free, soft optofluidic system that can provide wireless drug delivery and optical stimulation for spatiotemporal control of the targeted neural circuit in freely behaving animals is reported. The device integrates microscale inorganic light-emitting diodes and microfluidic drug delivery systems with a tiny stretchable multichannel radiofrequency antenna, which not only eliminates the need for bulky batteries but also offers fully wireless, independent control of light and fluid delivery. This design enables a miniature (125 mm3 ), lightweight (220 mg), soft, and flexible platform, thus facilitating seamless implantation and operation in the body without causing disturbance of naturalistic behavior. The proof-of-principle experiments and analytical studies validate the feasibility and reliability of the fully implantable optofluidic systems for use in freely moving animals, demonstrating its potential for wireless in vivo pharmacology and optogenetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Nim Noh
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Sung Il Park
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
- Center for Remote Health Science Technologies, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Raza Qazi
- Department of Electrical, Computer, and Energy Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Zhanan Zou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Aaron D Mickle
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Jose G Grajales-Reyes
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Kyung-In Jang
- Department of Robotics Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Robert W Gereau
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Jianliang Xiao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - John A Rogers
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, Neurological Surgery, Chemistry, Mechanical Engineering, Electrical and Computer Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Jae-Woong Jeong
- Department of Electrical, Computer, and Energy Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
- School of Electrical Engineering Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
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202
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Tung JK, Shiu FH, Ding K, Gross RE. Chemically activated luminopsins allow optogenetic inhibition of distributed nodes in an epileptic network for non-invasive and multi-site suppression of seizure activity. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 109:1-10. [PMID: 28923596 PMCID: PMC5696076 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2017.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although optogenetic techniques have proven to be invaluable for manipulating and understanding complex neural dynamics over the past decade, they still face practical and translational challenges in targeting networks involving multiple, large, or difficult-to-illuminate areas of the brain. We utilized inhibitory luminopsins to simultaneously inhibit the dentate gyrus and anterior nucleus of the thalamus of the rat brain in a hardware-independent and cell-type specific manner. This approach was more effective at suppressing behavioral seizures than inhibition of the individual structures in a rat model of epilepsy. In addition to elucidating mechanisms of seizure suppression never directly demonstrated before, this work also illustrates how precise multi-focal control of pathological circuits can be advantageous for the treatment and understanding of disorders involving broad neural circuits such as epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack K Tung
- Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States; Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Fu Hung Shiu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Kevin Ding
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Robert E Gross
- Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States; Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States.
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203
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Winter C, Greene DM, Mavrogiorgou P, Schaper H, Sohr R, Bult-Ito A, Juckel G. Altered serotonergic and GABAergic neurotransmission in a mice model of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Behav Brain Res 2018; 337:240-245. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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204
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Leopoldo K, Joselevitch C. A neurociência computacional no estudo dos processos cognitivos. PSICOLOGIA USP 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/0103-656420160172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Resumo Nas últimas décadas o estudo de processos cognitivos vem sendo influenciado por duas tendências: a legitimação de diversas formas e níveis de estudo e a tentativa de integração multidisciplinar. A primeira teve grande importância na segunda metade do século XX, quando linhas de pesquisa na psicologia cognitiva e nas neurociências fortaleceram-se. Nesse sentido, destacam-se os três níveis de Marr (computacional, algorítmico e implementacional) como forma de estruturar o estudo dos processos cognitivos. A segunda tendência é mais recente e busca, apoiada na primeira, aprofundar o entendimento dos processos cognitivos em suas diversas escalas e integrar diversos paradigmas de estudos, buscando consiliência teórica. O intento deste artigo é apresentar a neurociência computacional e suas possíveis contribuições para a psicologia cognitiva, articulando, por meio dos três níveis de Marr, uma base teórica que explicite o papel de cada uma das disciplinas e as suas possíveis interações.
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205
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Ledda F, Paratcha G. Mechanisms regulating dendritic arbor patterning. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:4511-4537. [PMID: 28735442 PMCID: PMC11107629 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2588-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The nervous system is populated by diverse types of neurons, each of which has dendritic trees with strikingly different morphologies. These neuron-specific morphologies determine how dendritic trees integrate thousands of synaptic inputs to generate different firing properties. To ensure proper neuronal function and connectivity, it is necessary that dendrite patterns are precisely controlled and coordinated with synaptic activity. Here, we summarize the molecular and cellular mechanisms that regulate the formation of cell type-specific dendrite patterns during development. We focus on different aspects of vertebrate dendrite patterning that are particularly important in determining the neuronal function; such as the shape, branching, orientation and size of the arbors as well as the development of dendritic spine protrusions that receive excitatory inputs and compartmentalize postsynaptic responses. Additionally, we briefly comment on the implications of aberrant dendritic morphology for nervous system disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Ledda
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Institute of Cell Biology and Neuroscience (IBCN)-CONICET, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires (UBA), Paraguay 2155, 3rd Floor, CABA, 1121, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gustavo Paratcha
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Institute of Cell Biology and Neuroscience (IBCN)-CONICET, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires (UBA), Paraguay 2155, 3rd Floor, CABA, 1121, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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206
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Aebersold MJ, Dermutz H, Demkó L, Cogollo JFS, Lin SC, Burchert C, Schneider M, Ling D, Forró C, Han H, Zambelli T, Vörös J. Local Chemical Stimulation of Neurons with the Fluidic Force Microscope (FluidFM). Chemphyschem 2017; 19:1234-1244. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201700780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mathias J. Aebersold
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics; Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich; Gloriastrasse 35 8092 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Harald Dermutz
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics; Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich; Gloriastrasse 35 8092 Zurich Switzerland
| | - László Demkó
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics; Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich; Gloriastrasse 35 8092 Zurich Switzerland
| | - José F. Saenz Cogollo
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics; Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich; Gloriastrasse 35 8092 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Shiang-Chi Lin
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics; Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich; Gloriastrasse 35 8092 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Conrad Burchert
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics; Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich; Gloriastrasse 35 8092 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Moritz Schneider
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics; Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich; Gloriastrasse 35 8092 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Doris Ling
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics; Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich; Gloriastrasse 35 8092 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Csaba Forró
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics; Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich; Gloriastrasse 35 8092 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Hana Han
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics; Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich; Gloriastrasse 35 8092 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Tomaso Zambelli
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics; Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich; Gloriastrasse 35 8092 Zurich Switzerland
| | - János Vörös
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics; Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich; Gloriastrasse 35 8092 Zurich Switzerland
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207
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Widespread functional opsin transduction in the rat cortex via convection-enhanced delivery optimized for horizontal spread. J Neurosci Methods 2017; 291:69-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2017.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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208
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Yang Y, Wang JZ. From Structure to Behavior in Basolateral Amygdala-Hippocampus Circuits. Front Neural Circuits 2017; 11:86. [PMID: 29163066 PMCID: PMC5671506 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2017.00086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Emotion influences various cognitive processes, including learning and memory. The amygdala is specialized for input and processing of emotion, while the hippocampus is essential for declarative or episodic memory. During emotional reactions, these two brain regions interact to translate the emotion into particular outcomes. Here, we briefly introduce the anatomy and functions of amygdala and hippocampus, and then present behavioral, electrophysiological, optogenetic and biochemical evidence from recent studies to illustrate how amygdala and hippocampus work synergistically to form long-term memory. With recent technological advances, the causal investigations of specific neural circuit between amygdala and hippocampus will help us understand the brain mechanisms of emotion-regulated memories and improve clinical treatment of emotion-associated memory disorders in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jian-Zhi Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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209
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Kumar A, Tan A, Wong J, Spagnoli JC, Lam J, Blevins BD, G N, Thorne L, Ashkan K, Xie J, Liu H. Nanotechnology for Neuroscience: Promising Approaches for Diagnostics, Therapeutics and Brain Activity Mapping. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2017; 27:1700489. [PMID: 30853878 PMCID: PMC6404766 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201700489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Unlocking the secrets of the brain is a task fraught with complexity and challenge - not least due to the intricacy of the circuits involved. With advancements in the scale and precision of scientific technologies, we are increasingly equipped to explore how these components interact to produce a vast range of outputs that constitute function and disease. Here, an insight is offered into key areas in which the marriage of neuroscience and nanotechnology has revolutionized the industry. The evolution of ever more sophisticated nanomaterials culminates in network-operant functionalized agents. In turn, these materials contribute to novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies, including drug delivery, neuroprotection, neural regeneration, neuroimaging and neurosurgery. Further, the entrance of nanotechnology into future research arenas including optogenetics, molecular/ion sensing and monitoring, and piezoelectric effects is discussed. Finally, considerations in nanoneurotoxicity, the main barrier to clinical translation, are reviewed, and direction for future perspectives is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Kumar
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Aaron Tan
- UCL Medical School, University College London (UCL), London, United Kingdom
| | - Joanna Wong
- Imperial College School of Medicine, Imperial College London,London, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Clayton Spagnoli
- Department of Chemistry, Bio-Imaging Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - James Lam
- UCL Medical School, University College London (UCL), London, United Kingdom
| | - Brianna Diane Blevins
- Department of Chemistry, Bio-Imaging Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Natasha G
- UCL Medical School, University College London (UCL), London, United Kingdom
| | - Lewis Thorne
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom
| | - Keyoumars Ashkan
- Department of Neurosurgery, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jin Xie
- Department of Chemistry, Bio-Imaging Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Hong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
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210
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Yan B, Nirenberg S. An Embedded Real-Time Processing Platform for Optogenetic Neuroprosthetic Applications. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 2017; 26:233-243. [PMID: 29035219 DOI: 10.1109/tnsre.2017.2763130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Optogenetics offers a powerful new approach for controlling neural circuits. It has numerous applications in both basic and clinical science. These applications require stimulating devices with small processors that can perform real-time neural signal processing, deliver high-intensity light with high spatial and temporal resolution, and do not consume a lot of power. In this paper, we demonstrate the implementation of neuronal models in a platform consisting of an embedded system module and a portable digital light processing projector. As a replacement for damaged neural circuitry, the embedded module processes neural signals and then directs the projector to optogenetically activate a downstream neural pathway. We present a design in the context of stimulating circuits in the visual system, but the approach is feasible for a broad range of biomedical applications.
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211
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Yang K, Oh JY, Lee JS, Jin Y, Chang GE, Chae SS, Cheong E, Baik HK, Cho SW. Photoactive Poly(3-hexylthiophene) Nanoweb for Optoelectrical Stimulation to Enhance Neurogenesis of Human Stem Cells. Theranostics 2017; 7:4591-4604. [PMID: 29158847 PMCID: PMC5695151 DOI: 10.7150/thno.20169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Optoelectrical manipulation has recently gained attention for cellular engineering; however, few material platforms can be used to efficiently regulate stem cell behaviors via optoelectrical stimulation. In this study, we developed nanoweb substrates composed of photoactive polymer poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) to enhance the neurogenesis of human fetal neural stem cells (hfNSCs) through photo-induced electrical stimulation. METHODS The photoactive nanoweb substrates were fabricated by self-assembled one-dimensional (1D) P3HT nanostructures (nanofibrils and nanorods). The hfNSCs cultured on the P3HT nanoweb substrates were optically stimulated with a green light (539 nm) and then differentiation of hfNSCs on the substrates with light stimulation was examined. The utility of the nanoweb substrates for optogenetic application was tested with photo-responsive hfNSCs engineered by polymer nanoparticle-mediated transfection of an engineered chimeric opsin variant (C1V1)-encoding gene. RESULTS The nanoweb substrates provided not only topographical stimulation for activating focal adhesion signaling of hfNSCs, but also generated optoelectrical stimulation via photochemical and charge-transfer reactions upon exposure to 539 nm wavelength light, leading to significantly enhanced neuronal differentiation of hfNSCs. The optoelectrically stimulated hfNSCs exhibited mature neuronal phenotypes with highly extended neurite formation and functional neuron-like electrophysiological features of sodium currents and action potentials. Optoelectrical stimulation with 539 nm light simultaneously activated both C1V1-modified hfNSCs and nanoweb substrates, which upregulated the expression and activation of voltage-gated ion channels in hfNSCs and further increased the effect of photoactive substrates on neuronal differentiation of hfNSCs. CONCLUSION The photoactive nanoweb substrates developed in this study may serve as platforms for producing stem cell therapeutics with enhanced neurogenesis and neuromodulation via optoelectrical control of stem cells.
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212
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Ben-Shaanan T, Schiller M, Rolls A. Studying brain-regulation of immunity with optogenetics and chemogenetics; A new experimental platform. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 65:1-8. [PMID: 27890661 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The interactions between the brain and the immune system are bidirectional. Nevertheless, we have far greater understanding of how the immune system affects the brain than how the brain affects immunity. New technological developments such as optogenetics and chemogenetics (using DREADDs; Designer Receptors Exclusively Activated by Designer Drugs) can bridge this gap in our understanding, as they enable an unprecedented mechanistic and systemic analysis of the communication between the brain and the immune system. In this review, we discuss new experimental approaches for revealing neuronal circuits that can participate in regulation of immunity. In addition, we discuss methods, specifically optogenetics and chemogenetics, that enable targeted neuronal manipulation to reveal how different brain regions affect immunity. We describe how these techniques can be used as an experimental platform to address fundamental questions in psychoneuroimmunology and to understand how neuronal circuits associate with different psychological states can affect physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamar Ben-Shaanan
- Department of Immunology, Department of Neuroscience, Rappaport Medical School, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Maya Schiller
- Department of Immunology, Department of Neuroscience, Rappaport Medical School, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Asya Rolls
- Department of Immunology, Department of Neuroscience, Rappaport Medical School, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
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213
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Kim J, Kim Y, Nakajima R, Shin A, Jeong M, Park AH, Jeong Y, Jo S, Yang S, Park H, Cho SH, Cho KH, Shim I, Chung JH, Paik SB, Augustine GJ, Kim D. Inhibitory Basal Ganglia Inputs Induce Excitatory Motor Signals in the Thalamus. Neuron 2017; 95:1181-1196.e8. [PMID: 28858620 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Basal ganglia (BG) circuits orchestrate complex motor behaviors predominantly via inhibitory synaptic outputs. Although these inhibitory BG outputs are known to reduce the excitability of postsynaptic target neurons, precisely how this change impairs motor performance remains poorly understood. Here, we show that optogenetic photostimulation of inhibitory BG inputs from the globus pallidus induces a surge of action potentials in the ventrolateral thalamic (VL) neurons and muscle contractions during the post-inhibitory period. Reduction of the neuronal population with this post-inhibitory rebound firing by knockout of T-type Ca2+ channels or photoinhibition abolishes multiple motor responses induced by the inhibitory BG input. In a low dopamine state, the number of VL neurons showing post-inhibitory firing increases, while reducing the number of active VL neurons via photoinhibition of BG input, effectively prevents Parkinson disease (PD)-like motor symptoms. Thus, BG inhibitory input generates excitatory motor signals in the thalamus and, in excess, promotes PD-like motor abnormalities. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongjin Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; Center for Neuroscience, KIST, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngsoo Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Ryuichi Nakajima
- Center for Functional Connectomics, KIST, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Anna Shin
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Minju Jeong
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Ah Hyung Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongcheol Jeong
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seonmi Jo
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungkyoung Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hosung Park
- School of Computing, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hwan Cho
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Hyun Cho
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Insop Shim
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02453, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hoon Chung
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Bum Paik
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - George J Augustine
- Center for Functional Connectomics, KIST, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore, 308232, Singapore; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Daesoo Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
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214
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Engineering nucleic acid structures for programmable molecular circuitry and intracellular biocomputation. Nat Chem 2017; 9:1056-1067. [DOI: 10.1038/nchem.2852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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215
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Tan LL, Pelzer P, Heinl C, Tang W, Gangadharan V, Flor H, Sprengel R, Kuner T, Kuner R. A pathway from midcingulate cortex to posterior insula gates nociceptive hypersensitivity. Nat Neurosci 2017; 20:1591-1601. [PMID: 28920932 DOI: 10.1038/nn.4645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The identity of cortical circuits mediating nociception and pain is largely unclear. The cingulate cortex is consistently activated during pain, but the functional specificity of cingulate divisions, the roles at distinct temporal phases of central plasticity and the underlying circuitry are unknown. Here we show in mice that the midcingulate division of the cingulate cortex (MCC) does not mediate acute pain sensation and pain affect, but gates sensory hypersensitivity by acting in a wide cortical and subcortical network. Within this complex network, we identified an afferent MCC-posterior insula pathway that can induce and maintain nociceptive hypersensitivity in the absence of conditioned peripheral noxious drive. This facilitation of nociception is brought about by recruitment of descending serotonergic facilitatory projections to the spinal cord. These results have implications for our understanding of neuronal mechanisms facilitating the transition from acute to long-lasting pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linette Liqi Tan
- Institute of Pharmacology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Patric Pelzer
- Department of Functional Neuroanatomy, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Céline Heinl
- Institute of Pharmacology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wannan Tang
- Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Herta Flor
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.,CellNetworks Cluster of Excellence, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rolf Sprengel
- Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Heidelberg, Germany.,Max Planck Research Group at the Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Kuner
- Department of Functional Neuroanatomy, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.,CellNetworks Cluster of Excellence, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rohini Kuner
- Institute of Pharmacology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.,CellNetworks Cluster of Excellence, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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216
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Ramikie TS, Ressler KJ. Stress-related disorders, pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP)ergic system, and sex differences. DIALOGUES IN CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2017. [PMID: 28179812 PMCID: PMC5286726 DOI: 10.31887/dcns.2016.18.4/kressler] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Trauma-related disorders, such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are remarkably common and debilitating, and are often characterized by dysregulated threat responses. Across numerous epidemiological studies, females have been found to have an approximately twofold increased risk for PTSD and other stress-related disorders. Understanding the biological mechanisms of this differential risk is of critical importance. Recent data suggest that the pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) pathway is a critical regulator of the stress response across species. Moreover, increasing evidence suggests that this pathway is regulated by both stress and estrogen modulation and may provide an important window into understanding mechanisms of sex differences in the stress response. We have recently shown that PACAP and its receptor (PAC1R) are critical mediators of abnormal processes after psychological trauma. Notably, in heavily traumatized human subjects, there appears to be a robust sex-specific association of PACAP blood levels and PAC1R gene variants with fear physiology, PTSD diagnosis, and symptoms, specifically in females. The sex-specific association occurs within a single-nucleotide polymorphism (rs2267735) that resides in a putative estrogen response element involved in PAC1R gene regulation. Complementing these human data, the PAC1R messenger RNA is induced with fear conditioning or estrogen replacement in rodent models. These data suggest that perturbations in the PACAP-PAC1R pathway are regulated by estrogen and are involved in abnormal fear responses underlying PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teniel S Ramikie
- Department of Psychiatry, McClean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kerry J Ressler
- Department of Psychiatry, McClean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts, USA
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217
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Khamo JS, Krishnamurthy VV, Sharum SR, Mondal P, Zhang K. Applications of Optobiology in Intact Cells and Multicellular Organisms. J Mol Biol 2017; 429:2999-3017. [PMID: 28882542 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2017.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Revised: 08/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Temporal kinetics and spatial coordination of signal transduction in cells are vital for cell fate determination. Tools that allow for precise modulation of spatiotemporal regulation of intracellular signaling in intact cells and multicellular organisms remain limited. The emerging optobiological approaches use light to control protein-protein interaction in live cells and multicellular organisms. Optobiology empowers light-mediated control of diverse cellular and organismal functions such as neuronal activity, intracellular signaling, gene expression, cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, and apoptosis. In this review, we highlight recent developments in optobiology, focusing on new features of second-generation optobiological tools. We cover applications of optobiological approaches in the study of cellular and organismal functions, discuss current challenges, and present our outlook. Taking advantage of the high spatial and temporal resolution of light control, optobiology promises to provide new insights into the coordination of signaling circuits in intact cells and multicellular organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Khamo
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | | | - Savanna R Sharum
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Payel Mondal
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
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218
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Phamluong K, Darcq E, Wu S, Sakhai SA, Ron D. Fyn Signaling Is Compartmentalized to Dopamine D1 Receptor Expressing Neurons in the Dorsal Medial Striatum. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:273. [PMID: 28912680 PMCID: PMC5583218 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The tyrosine kinase Fyn plays an important role in synaptic plasticity, learning, and memory. Here we report that Fyn is activated in response to 15 min D1 receptor (D1R) but not D2 receptor (D2R) stimulation specifically in the dorsomedial striatum (DMS) of mice but not in the other substriatal regions, the dorsolateral striatum (DLS), and the nucleus accumbens (NAc). Once activated Fyn phosphorylates its substrate GluN2B, and we show that GluN2B is phosphorylated only in the DMS but not in the other striatal regions. Striatal neurons are divided into D1R expressing medium spiny neurons (MSNs) and D2R expressing MSNs. Thus, to explore the cell-type specificity of this signaling pathway in the DMS, we developed a Cre-dependent Flip Excision (FLEX) approach to knockdown Fyn in D1R MSNs or D2R MSNs, and proved that the D1R-dependent Fyn activation is localized to DMS D1R MSNs. Importantly, we provide evidence to suggest that the differential association of Fyn and GluN2B with the scaffolding RACK1 is due to the differential localization of Fyn in lipid rafts.Our data further suggest that the differential cholesterol content in the three striatal regions may determine the region specificity of this signaling pathway. Together, our data show that the D1R-dependent Fyn/GluN2B pathway is selectively activated in D1R expressing MSNs in the DMS, and that the brain region specificity of pathway depends on the molecular and cellular compartmentalization of Fyn and GluN2B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khanhky Phamluong
- Department of Neurology, University of California San FranciscoSan Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Emmanuel Darcq
- Department of Neurology, University of California San FranciscoSan Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Su Wu
- Department of Neurology, University of California San FranciscoSan Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Samuel A Sakhai
- Department of Neurology, University of California San FranciscoSan Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Dorit Ron
- Department of Neurology, University of California San FranciscoSan Francisco, CA, United States
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219
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Myogenic Maturation by Optical-Training in Cultured Skeletal Muscle Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2017. [PMID: 28842907 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7283-8_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Optogenetic techniques are powerful tools for manipulating biological processes in identified cells using light under high temporal and spatial resolutions. Here, we describe an optogenetic training strategy to promote morphological maturation and functional development of skeletal muscle cells in vitro. Optical stimulation with a rhythmical frequency facilitates specific structural alignment of sarcomeric proteins. Optical stimulation also depolarizes the membrane potential, and induces contractile responses in synchrony with the given pattern of light pulses. These results suggest that optogenetic techniques can be employed to manipulate activity-dependent processes during myogenic development and control contraction of photosensitive skeletal muscle cells with high temporal and special precision.
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220
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Chen SP, Ayata C. Novel Therapeutic Targets Against Spreading Depression. Headache 2017; 57:1340-1358. [PMID: 28842982 DOI: 10.1111/head.13154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 05/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Migraine is among the most prevalent and disabling neurological diseases in the world. Cortical spreading depression (SD) is an intense wave of neuronal and glial depolarization underlying migraine aura, and a headache trigger, which has been used as an experimental platform for drug screening in migraine. Here, we provide an overview of novel therapeutic targets that show promise to suppress SD, such as acid-sensing ion channels, casein kinase Iδ, P2X7-pannexin 1 complex, and neuromodulation, and outline the experimental models and essential quality measures for rigorous and reproducible efficacy testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Pin Chen
- Neurovascular Research Lab, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cenk Ayata
- Neurovascular Research Lab, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA.,Stroke Service and Neuroscience Intensive Care Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
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221
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Kang SJ, Kim S, Lee J, Kwak C, Lee K, Zhuo M, Kaang BK. Inhibition of anterior cingulate cortex excitatory neuronal activity induces conditioned place preference in a mouse model of chronic inflammatory pain. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2017; 21:487-493. [PMID: 28883753 PMCID: PMC5587599 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2017.21.5.487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is known for its role in perception of nociceptive signals and the associated emotional responses. Recent optogenetic studies, involving modulation of neuronal activity in the ACC, show that the ACC can modulate mechanical hyperalgesia. In the present study, we used optogenetic techniques to selectively modulate excitatory pyramidal neurons and inhibitory interneurons in the ACC in a model of chronic inflammatory pain to assess their motivational effect in the conditioned place preference (CPP) test. Selective inhibition of pyramidal neurons induced preference during the CPP test, while activation of parvalbumin (PV)-specific neurons did not. Moreover, chemogenetic inhibition of the excitatory pyramidal neurons alleviated mechanical hyperalgesia, consistent with our previous result. Our results provide evidence for the analgesic effect of inhibition of ACC excitatory pyramidal neurons and a prospective treatment for chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukjae Joshua Kang
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Siyong Kim
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Jaehyun Lee
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Chuljung Kwak
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Kyungmin Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Science & Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu 41944, Korea
| | - Min Zhuo
- Center for Neuron and Disease, Frontier Institutes of Life Science and of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Bong-Kiun Kaang
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.,Center for Neuron and Disease, Frontier Institutes of Life Science and of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
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222
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Bitzenhofer SH, Ahlbeck J, Hanganu-Opatz IL. Methodological Approach for Optogenetic Manipulation of Neonatal Neuronal Networks. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:239. [PMID: 28848399 PMCID: PMC5554786 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Coordinated patterns of electrical activity are critical for the functional maturation of neuronal networks, yet their interrogation has proven difficult in the developing brain. Optogenetic manipulations strongly contributed to the mechanistic understanding of network activation in the adult brain, but difficulties to specifically and reliably express opsins at neonatal age hampered similar interrogation of developing circuits. Here, we introduce a protocol that enables to control the activity of specific neuronal populations by light, starting from early postnatal development. We show that brain area-, layer- and cell type-specific expression of opsins by in utero electroporation (IUE), as exemplified for the medial prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus (HP), permits the manipulation of neuronal activity in vitro and in vivo. Both individual and population responses to different patterns of light stimulation are monitored by extracellular multi-site recordings in the medial PFC of neonatal mice. The expression of opsins via IUE provides a flexible approach to disentangle the cellular mechanism underlying early rhythmic network activity, and to elucidate the role of early neuronal activity for brain maturation, as well as its contribution to neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian H Bitzenhofer
- Developmental Neurophysiology, Institute of Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center Hamburg-EppendorfHamburg, Germany
| | - Joachim Ahlbeck
- Developmental Neurophysiology, Institute of Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center Hamburg-EppendorfHamburg, Germany
| | - Ileana L Hanganu-Opatz
- Developmental Neurophysiology, Institute of Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center Hamburg-EppendorfHamburg, Germany
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223
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Jiang J, Cui H, Rahmouni K. Optogenetics and pharmacogenetics: principles and applications. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2017; 313:R633-R645. [PMID: 28794102 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00091.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Remote and selective spatiotemporal control of the activity of neurons to regulate behavior and physiological functions has been a long-sought goal in system neuroscience. Identification and subsequent bioengineering of light-sensitive ion channels (e.g., channelrhodopsins, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsins) from the bacteria have made it possible to use light to artificially modulate neuronal activity, namely optogenetics. Recent advance in genetics has also allowed development of novel pharmacological tools to selectively and remotely control neuronal activity using engineered G protein-coupled receptors, which can be activated by otherwise inert drug-like small molecules such as the designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drug, a form of chemogenetics. The cutting-edge optogenetics and pharmacogenetics are powerful tools in neuroscience that allow selective and bidirectional modulation of the activity of defined populations of neurons with unprecedented specificity. These novel toolboxes are enabling significant advances in deciphering how the nervous system works and its influence on various physiological processes in health and disease. Here, we discuss the fundamental elements of optogenetics and chemogenetics approaches and some of the applications that yielded significant advances in various areas of neuroscience and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa.,Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa; and
| | - Huxing Cui
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa.,Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa; and.,Obesity Research and Educational Initiative, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Kamal Rahmouni
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa; .,Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa; and.,Obesity Research and Educational Initiative, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa
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224
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Basal Ganglia Output Controls Active Avoidance Behavior. J Neurosci 2017; 36:10274-10284. [PMID: 27707965 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1842-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Engrained avoidance behavior is highly adaptive when it keeps away harmful events and can be highly maladaptive when individuals elude harmless situations in anxiety disorders, but the neural circuits that mediate avoidance are poorly understood. Using DREADDs and optogenetics in mice, we show that the output of the basal ganglia through the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) controls active avoidance. SNr excitation blocks avoidance to a conditioned sensory stimulus while preserving the ability to escape the harmful event. Conversely, SNr inhibition facilitates avoidance to the conditioned stimulus and suffices to drive avoidance without any conditioned sensory stimulus. The results highlight a midbrain circuit that gates avoidance responses, which can be targeted to ameliorate maladaptive avoidance in psychiatric disorders. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT In many circumstances, subjects respond to fearful situations with avoidance. This is a useful coping strategy in situations in which there is impending danger. However, avoidance responses can also be maladaptive, as in anxiety disorders such as phobias (e.g., avoiding air transportation) and social anxiety (e.g., avoiding social situations). Despite the obvious clinical relevance, little is known about the neural circuits that mediate active avoidance. Using chemogenetics and optogenetics, we show that the output of the basal ganglia fully controls active avoidance behavior.
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225
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Chen CH, McCullagh EA, Pun SH, Mak PU, Vai MI, Mak PI, Klug A, Lei TC. An Integrated Circuit for Simultaneous Extracellular Electrophysiology Recording and Optogenetic Neural Manipulation. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2017; 64:557-568. [PMID: 28221990 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2016.2609412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The ability to record and to control action potential firing in neuronal circuits is critical to understand how the brain functions. The objective of this study is to develop a monolithic integrated circuit (IC) to record action potentials and simultaneously control action potential firing using optogenetics. METHODS A low-noise and high input impedance (or low input capacitance) neural recording amplifier is combined with a high current laser/light-emitting diode (LED) driver in a single IC. RESULTS The low input capacitance of the amplifier (9.7 pF) was achieved by adding a dedicated unity gain stage optimized for high impedance metal electrodes. The input referred noise of the amplifier is [Formula: see text], which is lower than the estimated thermal noise of the metal electrode. Thus, the action potentials originating from a single neuron can be recorded with a signal-to-noise ratio of at least 6.6. The LED/laser current driver delivers a maximum current of 330 mA, which is adequate for optogenetic control. The functionality of the IC was tested with an anesthetized Mongolian gerbil and auditory stimulated action potentials were recorded from the inferior colliculus. Spontaneous firings of fifth (trigeminal) nerve fibers were also inhibited using the optogenetic protein Halorhodopsin. Moreover, a noise model of the system was derived to guide the design. SIGNIFICANCE A single IC to measure and control action potentials using optogenetic proteins is realized so that more complicated behavioral neuroscience research and the translational neural disorder treatments become possible in the future.
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226
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Khan KM, Collier AD, Meshalkina DA, Kysil EV, Khatsko SL, Kolesnikova T, Morzherin YY, Warnick JE, Kalueff AV, Echevarria DJ. Zebrafish models in neuropsychopharmacology and CNS drug discovery. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:1925-1944. [PMID: 28217866 PMCID: PMC5466539 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the high prevalence of neuropsychiatric disorders, their aetiology and molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. The zebrafish (Danio rerio) is increasingly utilized as a powerful animal model in neuropharmacology research and in vivo drug screening. Collectively, this makes zebrafish a useful tool for drug discovery and the identification of disordered molecular pathways. Here, we discuss zebrafish models of selected human neuropsychiatric disorders and drug-induced phenotypes. As well as covering a broad range of brain disorders (from anxiety and psychoses to neurodegeneration), we also summarize recent developments in zebrafish genetics and small molecule screening, which markedly enhance the disease modelling and the discovery of novel drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanza M Khan
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of Southern MississippiHattiesburgMSUSA
| | - Adam D Collier
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of Southern MississippiHattiesburgMSUSA
- The International Zebrafish Neuroscience Research Consortium (ZNRC)SlidellLAUSA
| | - Darya A Meshalkina
- The International Zebrafish Neuroscience Research Consortium (ZNRC)SlidellLAUSA
- Institute of Translational BiomedicineSt. Petersburg State UniversitySt. PetersburgRussia
| | - Elana V Kysil
- Institute of Translational BiomedicineSt. Petersburg State UniversitySt. PetersburgRussia
| | | | | | | | - Jason E Warnick
- The International Zebrafish Neuroscience Research Consortium (ZNRC)SlidellLAUSA
- Department of Behavioral SciencesArkansas Tech UniversityRussellvilleARUSA
| | - Allan V Kalueff
- The International Zebrafish Neuroscience Research Consortium (ZNRC)SlidellLAUSA
- Institute of Translational BiomedicineSt. Petersburg State UniversitySt. PetersburgRussia
- Ural Federal UniversityEkaterinburgRussia
- Research Institute of Marine Drugs and Nutrition, College of Food Science and TechnologyGuangdong Ocean UniversityZhanjiangGuangdongChina
| | - David J Echevarria
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of Southern MississippiHattiesburgMSUSA
- The International Zebrafish Neuroscience Research Consortium (ZNRC)SlidellLAUSA
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227
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Zhang H, Cohen AE. Optogenetic Approaches to Drug Discovery in Neuroscience and Beyond. Trends Biotechnol 2017; 35:625-639. [PMID: 28552428 PMCID: PMC5495001 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 04/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in optogenetics have opened new routes to drug discovery, particularly in neuroscience. Physiological cellular assays probe functional phenotypes that connect genomic data to patient health. Optogenetic tools, in particular tools for all-optical electrophysiology, now provide a means to probe cellular disease models with unprecedented throughput and information content. These techniques promise to identify functional phenotypes associated with disease states and to identify compounds that improve cellular function regardless of whether the compound acts directly on a target or through a bypass mechanism. This review discusses opportunities and unresolved challenges in applying optogenetic techniques throughout the discovery pipeline - from target identification and validation, to target-based and phenotypic screens, to clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongkang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Adam E Cohen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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228
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Kim HJ, Lee JH, Yun K, Kim JH. Alterations in Striatal Circuits Underlying Addiction-Like Behaviors. Mol Cells 2017; 40:379-385. [PMID: 28724279 PMCID: PMC5523013 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2017.0088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug addiction is a severe psychiatric disorder characterized by the compulsive pursuit of drugs of abuse despite potential adverse consequences. Although several decades of studies have revealed that psychostimulant use can result in extensive alterations of neural circuits and physiology, no effective therapeutic strategies or medicines for drug addiction currently exist. Changes in neuronal connectivity and regulation occurring after repeated drug exposure contribute to addiction-like behaviors in animal models. Among the involved brain areas, including those of the reward system, the striatum is the major area of convergence for glutamate, GABA, and dopamine transmission, and this brain region potentially determines stereotyped behaviors. Although the physiological consequences of striatal neurons after drug exposure have been relatively well documented, it remains to be clarified how changes in striatal connectivity underlie and modulate the expression of addiction-like behaviors. Understanding how striatal circuits contribute to addiction-like behaviors may lead to the development of strategies that successfully attenuate drug-induced behavioral changes. In this review, we summarize the results of recent studies that have examined striatal circuitry and pathway-specific alterations leading to addiction-like behaviors to provide an updated framework for future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jin Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673,
Korea
| | - Joo Han Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673,
Korea
| | - Kyunghwa Yun
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673,
Korea
| | - Joung-Hun Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673,
Korea
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229
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Belujon P, Grace AA. Dopamine System Dysregulation in Major Depressive Disorders. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2017; 20:1036-1046. [PMID: 29106542 PMCID: PMC5716179 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyx056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 406] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Anhedonia is considered a core feature of major depressive disorder, and the dopamine system plays a pivotal role in the hedonic deficits described in this disorder. Dopaminergic activity is complex and under the regulation of multiple brain structures, including the ventral subiculum of the hippocampus and the basolateral amygdala. Whereas basic and clinical studies demonstrate deficits of the dopaminergic system in depression, the origin of these deficits likely lies in dysregulation of its regulatory afferent circuits. This review explores the current information regarding the afferent modulation of the dopaminergic system and its relevance to major depressive disorder, as well as some of the system-level effects of novel antidepressants such as agomelatine and ketamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Belujon
- INSERM, U1084, Poitiers, France (Dr Belujon); University of Poitiers, U1084, Poitiers, France (Dr Belujon); Departments of Neuroscience, Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (Dr Grace),Correspondence: Pauline Belujon, PhD, University of Poitiers, Laboratory of Experimental and Clinical Neurosciences, 1 rue Georges Bonnet, 86073 Poitiers, France ()
| | - Anthony A Grace
- INSERM, U1084, Poitiers, France (Dr Belujon); University of Poitiers, U1084, Poitiers, France (Dr Belujon); Departments of Neuroscience, Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (Dr Grace)
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230
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Abstract
Many biomedical research studies use captive animals to model human health and disease. However, a surprising number of studies show that the biological systems of animals living in standard laboratory housing are abnormal. To make animal studies more relevant to human health, research animals should live in the wild or be able to roam free in captive environments that offer a natural range of both positive and negative experiences. Recent technological advances now allow us to study freely roaming animals and we should make use of them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garet P Lahvis
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, United States
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231
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Tennant KA, Taylor SL, White ER, Brown CE. Optogenetic rewiring of thalamocortical circuits to restore function in the stroke injured brain. Nat Commun 2017. [PMID: 28643802 PMCID: PMC5490053 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
To regain sensorimotor functions after stroke, surviving neural circuits must reorganize and form new connections. Although the thalamus is critical for processing and relaying sensory information to the cortex, little is known about how stroke affects the structure and function of these connections, or whether a therapeutic approach targeting these circuits can improve recovery. Here we reveal with in vivo calcium imaging that stroke in somatosensory cortex dampens the excitability of surviving thalamocortical circuits. Given this deficit, we hypothesized that chronic transcranial window optogenetic stimulation of thalamocortical axons could facilitate recovery. Using two-photon imaging, we show that optogenetic stimulation promotes the formation of new and stable thalamocortical synaptic boutons, without impacting axon branch dynamics. Stimulation also enhances the recovery of somatosensory cortical circuit function and forepaw sensorimotor abilities. These results demonstrate that an optogenetic approach can rewire thalamocortical circuits and restore function in the damaged brain. Stroke recovery requires circuit reorganization and therapeutic efforts have focused on rewiring cortical circuits after stroke, but what about thalamic inputs? Here, the authors examine how thalamocortical axons are affected by stroke and use optogenetic stimulation to promote recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Tennant
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8P 5C2
| | - Stephanie L Taylor
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8P 5C2
| | - Emily R White
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8P 5C2
| | - Craig E Brown
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8P 5C2.,Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8P 5C2.,Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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232
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Depolarized GABAergic Signaling in Subicular Microcircuits Mediates Generalized Seizure in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. Neuron 2017. [PMID: 28648501 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Secondary generalized seizure (sGS) is a major source of disability in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) with unclear cellular/circuit mechanisms. Here we found that clinical TLE patients with sGS showed reduced volume specifically in the subiculum compared with those without sGS. Further, using optogenetics and extracellular electrophysiological recording in mouse models, we found that photoactivation of subicular GABAergic neurons retarded sGS acquisition by inhibiting the firing of pyramidal neurons. Once sGS had been stably acquired, photoactivation of GABAergic neurons aggravated sGS expression via depolarized GABAergic signaling. Subicular parvalbumin, but not somatostatin subtype GABAergic, neurons were easily depolarized in sGS expression. Finally, photostimulation of subicular pyramidal neurons genetically targeted with proton pump Arch, rather than chloride pump NpHR3.0, alleviated sGS expression. These results demonstrated that depolarized GABAergic signaling in subicular microcircuit mediates sGS in TLE. This may be of therapeutic interest in understanding the pathological neuronal circuitry underlying sGS. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
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233
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Investigation of Seizure-Susceptibility in a Drosophila melanogaster Model of Human Epilepsy with Optogenetic Stimulation. Genetics 2017. [PMID: 28630111 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.116.194779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined seizure-susceptibility in a Drosophila model of human epilepsy using optogenetic stimulation of ReaChR (red-activatable channelrhodopsin). Photostimulation of the seizure-sensitive mutant parabss1 causes behavioral paralysis that resembles paralysis caused by mechanical stimulation, in many aspects. Electrophysiology shows that photostimulation evokes abnormal seizure-like neuronal firing in parabss1 followed by a quiescent period resembling synaptic failure and apparently responsible for paralysis. The pattern of neuronal activity concludes with seizure-like activity just prior to recovery. We tentatively identify the mushroom body as one apparent locus of optogenetic seizure initiation. The α/β lobes may be primarily responsible for mushroom body seizure induction.
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234
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Ko J. Neuroanatomical Substrates of Rodent Social Behavior: The Medial Prefrontal Cortex and Its Projection Patterns. Front Neural Circuits 2017; 11:41. [PMID: 28659766 PMCID: PMC5468389 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2017.00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Social behavior encompasses a number of distinctive and complex constructs that form the core elements of human imitative culture, mainly represented as either affiliative or antagonistic interactions with conspecifics. Traditionally considered in the realm of psychology, social behavior research has benefited from recent advancements in neuroscience that have accelerated identification of the neural systems, circuits, causative genes and molecular mechanisms that underlie distinct social cognitive traits. In this review article, I summarize recent findings regarding the neuroanatomical substrates of key social behaviors, focusing on results from experiments conducted in rodent models. In particular, I will review the role of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and downstream subcortical structures in controlling social behavior, and discuss pertinent future research perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaewon Ko
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST)Daegu, South Korea
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235
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Yang Q, Song D, Qing H. Neural changes in Alzheimer's disease from circuit to molecule: Perspective of optogenetics. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 79:110-118. [PMID: 28522119 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), as a crucial neurodegenerative disorder, affects neural activities at many levels. Synaptic plasticity and neural circuits are most susceptible in AD, but the detailed mechanism is unclear. Optogenetic tools provide unprecedented spatio-temporal specificity to stimulate specific neural circuits or synaptic molecules to reveal the precise function of normal brain and mechanism of deficits in AD models. Furthermore, using optogenetics to stimulate neurons can rescue learning and memory loss caused by AD. It also has possibility to use light to control the Neurotransmitter receptors and their downstream signal pathway. These technical methods have broad therapeutic application prospect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghu Yang
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Da Song
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Hong Qing
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, PR China.
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236
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Eban-Rothschild A, Giardino WJ, de Lecea L. To sleep or not to sleep: neuronal and ecological insights. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2017; 44:132-138. [PMID: 28500869 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2017.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Daily, animals need to decide when to stop engaging in cognitive processes and behavioral responses to the environment, and go to sleep. The main processes regulating the daily organization of sleep and wakefulness are circadian rhythms and homeostatic sleep pressure. In addition, motivational processes such as food seeking and predator evasion can modulate sleep/wake behaviors. Here, we discuss the principal processes regulating the propensity to stay awake or go to sleep-focusing on neuronal and behavioral aspects. We first introduce the neuronal populations involved in sleep/wake regulation. Next, we describe the circadian and homeostatic drives for sleep. Then, we highlight studies demonstrating various effects of motivational processes on sleep/wake behaviors, and discuss possible neuronal mechanisms underlying their control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ada Eban-Rothschild
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, 1201 Welch Road, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - William J Giardino
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, 1201 Welch Road, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Luis de Lecea
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, 1201 Welch Road, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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237
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Andino-Pavlovsky V, Souza AC, Scheffer-Teixeira R, Tort ABL, Etchenique R, Ribeiro S. Dopamine Modulates Delta-Gamma Phase-Amplitude Coupling in the Prefrontal Cortex of Behaving Rats. Front Neural Circuits 2017; 11:29. [PMID: 28536507 PMCID: PMC5422429 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2017.00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopamine release and phase-amplitude cross-frequency coupling (CFC) have independently been implicated in prefrontal cortex (PFC) functioning. To causally investigate whether dopamine release affects phase-amplitude comodulation between different frequencies in local field potentials (LFP) recorded from the medial PFC (mPFC) of behaving rats, we used RuBiDopa, a light-sensitive caged compound that releases the neurotransmitter dopamine when irradiated with visible light. LFP power did not change in any frequency band after the application of light-uncaged dopamine, but significantly strengthened phase-amplitude comodulation between delta and gamma oscillations. Saline did not exert significant changes, while injections of dopamine and RuBiDopa produced a slow increase in comodulation for several minutes after the injection. The results show that dopamine release in the medial PFC shifts phase-amplitude comodulation from theta-gamma to delta-gamma. Although being preliminary results due to the limitation of the low number of animals present in this study, our findings suggest that dopamine-mediated modification of the frequencies involved in comodulation could be a mechanism by which this neurotransmitter regulates functioning in mPFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Andino-Pavlovsky
- Departamento de Química Inorganica, Analítica y Química Física, Instituto de Química Física de los Materiales, Medio Ambiente y Energía (INQUIMAE), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos AiresBuenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Annie C Souza
- Instituto do Cérebro, Federal University of Rio Grande do NorteNatal, Brazil
| | | | - Adriano B L Tort
- Instituto do Cérebro, Federal University of Rio Grande do NorteNatal, Brazil
| | - Roberto Etchenique
- Departamento de Química Inorganica, Analítica y Química Física, Instituto de Química Física de los Materiales, Medio Ambiente y Energía (INQUIMAE), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos AiresBuenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sidarta Ribeiro
- Instituto do Cérebro, Federal University of Rio Grande do NorteNatal, Brazil
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238
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Eleftheriou C, Cesca F, Maragliano L, Benfenati F, Maya-Vetencourt JF. Optogenetic Modulation of Intracellular Signalling and Transcription: Focus on Neuronal Plasticity. J Exp Neurosci 2017; 11:1179069517703354. [PMID: 28579827 PMCID: PMC5415353 DOI: 10.1177/1179069517703354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Several fields in neuroscience have been revolutionized by the advent of optogenetics, a technique that offers the possibility to modulate neuronal physiology in response to light stimulation. This innovative and far-reaching tool provided unprecedented spatial and temporal resolution to explore the activity of neural circuits underlying cognition and behaviour. With an exponential growth in the discovery and synthesis of new photosensitive actuators capable of modulating neuronal networks function, other fields in biology are experiencing a similar re-evolution. Here, we review the various optogenetic toolboxes developed to influence cellular physiology as well as the diverse ways in which these can be engineered to precisely modulate intracellular signalling and transcription. We also explore the processes required to successfully express and stimulate these photo-actuators in vivo before discussing how such tools can enlighten our understanding of neuronal plasticity at the systems level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Eleftheriou
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
| | - Fabrizia Cesca
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
| | - Luca Maragliano
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
| | - Fabio Benfenati
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy.,Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
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239
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Beyeler
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
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240
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Font J, López-Cano M, Notartomaso S, Scarselli P, Di Pietro P, Bresolí-Obach R, Battaglia G, Malhaire F, Rovira X, Catena J, Giraldo J, Pin JP, Fernández-Dueñas V, Goudet C, Nonell S, Nicoletti F, Llebaria A, Ciruela F. Optical control of pain in vivo with a photoactive mGlu 5 receptor negative allosteric modulator. eLife 2017; 6:e23545. [PMID: 28395733 PMCID: PMC5388536 DOI: 10.7554/elife.23545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Light-operated drugs constitute a major target in drug discovery, since they may provide spatiotemporal resolution for the treatment of complex diseases (i.e. chronic pain). JF-NP-26 is an inactive photocaged derivative of the metabotropic glutamate type 5 (mGlu5) receptor negative allosteric modulator raseglurant. Violet light illumination of JF-NP-26 induces a photochemical reaction prompting the active-drug's release, which effectively controls mGlu5 receptor activity both in ectopic expressing systems and in striatal primary neurons. Systemic administration in mice followed by local light-emitting diode (LED)-based illumination, either of the thalamus or the peripheral tissues, induced JF-NP-26-mediated light-dependent analgesia both in neuropathic and in acute/tonic inflammatory pain models. These data offer the first example of optical control of analgesia in vivo using a photocaged mGlu5 receptor negative allosteric modulator. This approach shows potential for precisely targeting, in time and space, endogenous receptors, which may allow a better management of difficult-to-treat disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Font
- MCS, Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Unitat de Bioestadística, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Marc López-Cano
- Departament de Patologia i Terapèutica Experimental, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, IDIBELL, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Fanny Malhaire
- IGF, CNRS, INSERM, Univ. Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Xavier Rovira
- IGF, CNRS, INSERM, Univ. Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Juanlo Catena
- MCS, Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jesús Giraldo
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Unitat de Bioestadística, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Network Biomedical Research Center on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Víctor Fernández-Dueñas
- Departament de Patologia i Terapèutica Experimental, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, IDIBELL, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cyril Goudet
- IGF, CNRS, INSERM, Univ. Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Santi Nonell
- Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ferdinando Nicoletti
- I.R.C.C.S. Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Amadeu Llebaria
- MCS, Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco Ciruela
- Departament de Patologia i Terapèutica Experimental, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, IDIBELL, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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241
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Berlin S, Isacoff EY. Synapses in the spotlight with synthetic optogenetics. EMBO Rep 2017; 18:677-692. [PMID: 28396573 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201744010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane receptors and ion channels respond to various stimuli and relay that information across the plasma membrane by triggering specific and timed processes. These include activation of second messengers, allowing ion permeation, and changing cellular excitability, to name a few. Gaining control over equivalent processes is essential to understand neuronal physiology and pathophysiology. Recently, new optical techniques have emerged proffering new remote means to control various functions of defined neuronal populations by light, dubbed optogenetics. Still, optogenetic tools do not typically address the activity of receptors and channels native to neurons (or of neuronal origin), nor gain access to their signaling mechanisms. A related method-synthetic optogenetics-bridges this gap by endowing light sensitivity to endogenous neuronal receptors and channels by the appending of synthetic, light-receptive molecules, or photoswitches. This provides the means to photoregulate neuronal receptors and channels and tap into their native signaling mechanisms in select regions of the neurons, such as the synapse. This review discusses the development of synthetic optogenetics as a means to study neuronal receptors and channels remotely, in their natural environment, with unprecedented spatial and temporal precision, and provides an overview of tool design, mode of action, potential clinical applications and insights and achievements gained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shai Berlin
- The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion- Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ehud Y Isacoff
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Physical Bioscience Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
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242
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Park S, Guo Y, Jia X, Choe HK, Grena B, Kang J, Park J, Lu C, Canales A, Chen R, Yim YS, Choi GB, Fink Y, Anikeeva P. One-step optogenetics with multifunctional flexible polymer fibers. Nat Neurosci 2017; 20:612-619. [PMID: 28218915 PMCID: PMC5374019 DOI: 10.1038/nn.4510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Optogenetic interrogation of neural pathways relies on delivery of light-sensitive opsins into tissue and subsequent optical illumination and electrical recording from the regions of interest. Despite the recent development of multifunctional neural probes, integration of these modalities in a single biocompatible platform remains a challenge. We developed a device composed of an optical waveguide, six electrodes and two microfluidic channels produced via fiber drawing. Our probes facilitated injections of viral vectors carrying opsin genes while providing collocated neural recording and optical stimulation. The miniature (<200 μm) footprint and modest weight (<0.5 g) of these probes allowed for multiple implantations into the mouse brain, which enabled opto-electrophysiological investigation of projections from the basolateral amygdala to the medial prefrontal cortex and ventral hippocampus during behavioral experiments. Fabricated solely from polymers and polymer composites, these flexible probes minimized tissue response to achieve chronic multimodal interrogation of brain circuits with high fidelity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongjun Park
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yuanyuan Guo
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Xiaoting Jia
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Han Kyoung Choe
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Benjamin Grena
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jeewoo Kang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jiyeon Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Chi Lu
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Andres Canales
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ritchie Chen
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yeong Shin Yim
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Gloria B. Choi
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yoel Fink
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Polina Anikeeva
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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243
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Lanshakov DA, Drozd US, Dygalo NN. Optogenetic Stimulation Increases Level of Antiapoptotic Protein Bcl-xL in Neurons. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2017; 82:340-344. [PMID: 28320275 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297917030129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The antiapoptotic protein Bcl-xL is associated with several neuroplastic processes such as formation of synapses, regulation of spontaneous and evoked synaptic responses, and release of neurotransmitters. Dependence of expression on activity of neurons is characteristic for many proteins participating in regulation of neuroplasticity. Whether such property is exhibited by the Bcl-xL protein was analyzed using in vivo optogenetic stimulation of hippocampal glutamatergic neurons expressing channelrhodopsin ChR2H134 under CAMKIIa promoter in the adeno-associated viral vector, followed by immunohistochemical determination of the level of Bcl-xL protein in these neurons and surrounding cells. Increase in the level of early response c-Fos protein following illumination with blue light was indicative of activation of these hippocampal neurons. The optogenetic activation of hippocampus resulted in a significant increase in the level of antiapoptotic protein Bcl-xL in the photosensitive neurons as well as in the surrounding cells. The dependence of the level of expression of Bcl-xL protein on the activity of neurons indicates that this protein possesses one more important property that is essential for participation in neuroplastic processes in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Lanshakov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
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244
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Eban-Rothschild A, de Lecea L. Neuronal substrates for initiation, maintenance, and structural organization of sleep/wake states. F1000Res 2017; 6:212. [PMID: 28357049 PMCID: PMC5345773 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.9677.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals continuously alternate between sleep and wake states throughout their life. The daily organization of sleep and wakefulness is orchestrated by circadian, homeostatic, and motivational processes. Over the last decades, much progress has been made toward determining the neuronal populations involved in sleep/wake regulation. Here, we will discuss how the application of advanced
in vivo tools for cell type–specific manipulations now permits the functional interrogation of different features of sleep/wake state regulation: initiation, maintenance, and structural organization. We will specifically focus on recent studies examining the roles of wake-promoting neuronal populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ada Eban-Rothschild
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Luis de Lecea
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
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245
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Hoshiba Y, Wada T, Hayashi-Takagi A. Synaptic Ensemble Underlying the Selection and Consolidation of Neuronal Circuits during Learning. Front Neural Circuits 2017; 11:12. [PMID: 28303092 PMCID: PMC5332426 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2017.00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Memories are crucial to the cognitive essence of who we are as human beings. Accumulating evidence has suggested that memories are stored as a subset of neurons that probably fire together in the same ensemble. Such formation of cell ensembles must meet contradictory requirements of being plastic and responsive during learning, but also stable in order to maintain the memory. Although synaptic potentiation is presumed to be the cellular substrate for this process, the link between the two remains correlational. With the application of the latest optogenetic tools, it has been possible to collect direct evidence of the contributions of synaptic potentiation in the formation and consolidation of cell ensemble in a learning task specific manner. In this review, we summarize the current view of the causative role of synaptic plasticity as the cellular mechanism underlying the encoding of memory and recalling of learned memories. In particular, we will be focusing on the latest optoprobe developed for the visualization of such “synaptic ensembles.” We further discuss how a new synaptic ensemble could contribute to the formation of cell ensembles during learning and memory. With the development and application of novel research tools in the future, studies on synaptic ensembles will pioneer new discoveries, eventually leading to a comprehensive understanding of how the brain works.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Hoshiba
- Laboratory of Medical Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University Maebashi, Japan
| | - Takeyoshi Wada
- Laboratory of Medical Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University Maebashi, Japan
| | - Akiko Hayashi-Takagi
- Laboratory of Medical Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma UniversityMaebashi, Japan; PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology AgencyKawaguchi, Japan
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246
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Cholinergic circuits in cognitive flexibility. Neuroscience 2017; 345:130-141. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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247
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Cardozo Pinto DF, Lammel S. Viral vector strategies for investigating midbrain dopamine circuits underlying motivated behaviors. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2017; 174:23-32. [PMID: 28257849 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons have received significant attention in brain research because of their central role in reward processing and their dysfunction in neuropsychiatric disorders such as Parkinson's disease, drug addiction, depression and schizophrenia. Until recently, it has been thought that DA neurons form a homogeneous population whose primary function is the computation of reward prediction errors. However, through the implementation of viral vector strategies, an unexpected complexity and diversity has been revealed at the anatomical, molecular and functional level. In this review, we discuss recent viral vector approaches that have been leveraged to dissect how different circuits involving distinct DA neuron subpopulations may contribute to the role of DA in reward- and aversion-related behaviors. We focus on studies that have used cell type- and projection-specific optogenetic manipulations, discuss the strengths and limitations of each approach, and critically examine emergent organizational principles that have led to a reclassification of midbrain DA neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel F Cardozo Pinto
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, 142 Life Science Addition #3200, CA 94720, USA
| | - Stephan Lammel
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, 142 Life Science Addition #3200, CA 94720, USA; Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, 142 Life Science Addition #3200, CA 94720, USA.
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248
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Layer-specific optogenetic activation of pyramidal neurons causes beta-gamma entrainment of neonatal networks. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14563. [PMID: 28216627 PMCID: PMC5321724 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Coordinated activity patterns in the developing brain may contribute to the wiring of neuronal circuits underlying future behavioural requirements. However, causal evidence for this hypothesis has been difficult to obtain owing to the absence of tools for selective manipulation of oscillations during early development. We established a protocol that combines optogenetics with electrophysiological recordings from neonatal mice in vivo to elucidate the substrate of early network oscillations in the prefrontal cortex. We show that light-induced activation of layer II/III pyramidal neurons that are transfected by in utero electroporation with a high-efficiency channelrhodopsin drives frequency-specific spiking and boosts network oscillations within beta–gamma frequency range. By contrast, activation of layer V/VI pyramidal neurons causes nonspecific network activation. Thus, entrainment of neonatal prefrontal networks in fast rhythms relies on the activation of layer II/III pyramidal neurons. This approach used here may be useful for further interrogation of developing circuits, and their behavioural readout. Oscillations in cortical activity during development are important for functional maturation. Here, the authors use optogenetics in neonatal mice to determine a causal role for pyramidal cell firing in different prelimbic cortex layers in generating beta–gamma range activity.
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249
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Ahfeldt T, Litterman NK, Rubin LL. Studying human disease using human neurons. Brain Res 2017; 1656:40-48. [PMID: 27060768 PMCID: PMC5053850 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.03.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Utilizing patient derived cells has enormous promise for discovering new drugs for diseases of the nervous system, a goal that has been historically quite challenging. In this review, we will outline the potential of human stem cell derived neuron models for assessing therapeutics and high-throughput screening and compare to more traditional drug discovery strategies. We summarize recent successes of the approach and discuss special considerations for developing human stem cell based assays. New technologies, such as genome editing, offer improvements to help overcome the challenges that remain. Finally, human neurons derived from patient cells have advantages for translational research beyond drug screening as they can also be used to identify individual efficacy and safety prior to clinical testing and for dissecting disease mechanisms. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI: Exploiting human neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Ahfeldt
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge MA , USA, , Fax: 617-495-3961
| | - Nadia K. Litterman
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge MA , USA, , Fax: 617-495-3961
| | - Lee L. Rubin
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge MA , USA, , Fax: 617-495-3961
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250
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Mohammad F, Stewart JC, Ott S, Chlebikova K, Chua JY, Koh TW, Ho J, Claridge-Chang A. Optogenetic inhibition of behavior with anion channelrhodopsins. Nat Methods 2017; 14:271-274. [PMID: 28114289 DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.4148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Optogenetics uses light exposure to manipulate physiology in genetically modified organisms. Abundant tools for optogenetic excitation are available, but the limitations of current optogenetic inhibitors present an obstacle to demonstrating the necessity of neuronal circuits. Here we show that anion channelrhodopsins can be used to specifically and rapidly inhibit neural systems involved in Drosophila locomotion, wing expansion, memory retrieval and gustation, thus demonstrating their broad utility in the circuit analysis of behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhan Mohammad
- Program in Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - James C Stewart
- Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Stanislav Ott
- Program in Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Katarina Chlebikova
- Program in Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Jia Yi Chua
- Program in Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | | | - Joses Ho
- Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Adam Claridge-Chang
- Program in Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore.,Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore.,Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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