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Sineshchekov OA, Govorunova EG, Li H, Wang Y, Spudich JL. Sequential absorption of two photons creates a bistable form of RubyACR responsible for its strong desensitization. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2301521120. [PMID: 37186849 PMCID: PMC10214203 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2301521120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Channelrhodopsins with red-shifted absorption, rare in nature, are highly desired for optogenetics because light of longer wavelengths more deeply penetrates biological tissue. RubyACRs (Anion ChannelRhodopsins), a group of four closely related anion-conducting channelrhodopsins from thraustochytrid protists, are the most red-shifted channelrhodopsins known with absorption maxima up to 610 nm. Their photocurrents are large, as is typical of blue- and green-absorbing ACRs, but they rapidly decrease during continuous illumination (desensitization) and extremely slowly recover in the dark. Here, we show that long-lasting desensitization of RubyACRs results from photochemistry not observed in any previously studied channelrhodopsins. Absorption of a second photon by a photocycle intermediate with maximal absorption at 640 nm (P640) renders RubyACR bistable (i.e., very slowly interconvertible between two spectrally distinct forms). The photocycle of this bistable form involves long-lived nonconducting states (Llong and Mlong), formation of which is the reason for long-lasting desensitization of RubyACR photocurrents. Both Llong and Mlong are photoactive and convert to the initial unphotolyzed state upon blue or ultraviolet (UV) illumination, respectively. We show that desensitization of RubyACRs can be reduced or even eliminated by using ns laser flashes, trains of short light pulses instead of continuous illumination to avoid formation of Llong and Mlong, or by application of pulses of blue light between pulses of red light to photoconvert Llong to the initial unphotolyzed state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg A. Sineshchekov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Membrane Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX77030
| | - Elena G. Govorunova
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Membrane Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX77030
| | - Hai Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Membrane Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX77030
| | - Yumei Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Membrane Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX77030
| | - John L. Spudich
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Membrane Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX77030
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2
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Hsueh B, Chen R, Jo Y, Tang D, Raffiee M, Kim YS, Inoue M, Randles S, Ramakrishnan C, Patel S, Kim DK, Liu TX, Kim SH, Tan L, Mortazavi L, Cordero A, Shi J, Zhao M, Ho TT, Crow A, Yoo ACW, Raja C, Evans K, Bernstein D, Zeineh M, Goubran M, Deisseroth K. Cardiogenic control of affective behavioural state. Nature 2023; 615:292-299. [PMID: 36859543 PMCID: PMC9995271 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-05748-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
Emotional states influence bodily physiology, as exemplified in the top-down process by which anxiety causes faster beating of the heart1-3. However, whether an increased heart rate might itself induce anxiety or fear responses is unclear3-8. Physiological theories of emotion, proposed over a century ago, have considered that in general, there could be an important and even dominant flow of information from the body to the brain9. Here, to formally test this idea, we developed a noninvasive optogenetic pacemaker for precise, cell-type-specific control of cardiac rhythms of up to 900 beats per minute in freely moving mice, enabled by a wearable micro-LED harness and the systemic viral delivery of a potent pump-like channelrhodopsin. We found that optically evoked tachycardia potently enhanced anxiety-like behaviour, but crucially only in risky contexts, indicating that both central (brain) and peripheral (body) processes may be involved in the development of emotional states. To identify potential mechanisms, we used whole-brain activity screening and electrophysiology to find brain regions that were activated by imposed cardiac rhythms. We identified the posterior insular cortex as a potential mediator of bottom-up cardiac interoceptive processing, and found that optogenetic inhibition of this brain region attenuated the anxiety-like behaviour that was induced by optical cardiac pacing. Together, these findings reveal that cells of both the body and the brain must be considered together to understand the origins of emotional or affective states. More broadly, our results define a generalizable approach for noninvasive, temporally precise functional investigations of joint organism-wide interactions among targeted cells during behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Hsueh
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ritchie Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - YoungJu Jo
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Tang
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Misha Raffiee
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yoon Seok Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Masatoshi Inoue
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sawyer Randles
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Sneha Patel
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Doo Kyung Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Tony X Liu
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Soo Hyun Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Longzhi Tan
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Leili Mortazavi
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Arjay Cordero
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jenny Shi
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Mingming Zhao
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Theodore T Ho
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ailey Crow
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ai-Chi Wang Yoo
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Cephra Raja
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kathryn Evans
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Bernstein
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Michael Zeineh
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Maged Goubran
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Karl Deisseroth
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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van Stokkum IH, Hontani Y, Vierock J, Krause BS, Hegemann P, Kennis JT. Reaction Dynamics in the Chrimson Channelrhodopsin: Observation of Product-State Evolution and Slow Diffusive Protein Motions. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:1485-1493. [PMID: 36745035 PMCID: PMC9940203 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c03110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Chrimson is a red-light absorbing channelrhodopsin useful for deep-tissue optogenetics applications. Here, we present the Chrimson reaction dynamics from femtoseconds to seconds, analyzed with target analysis methods to disentangle spectrally and temporally overlapping excited- and product-state dynamics. We found multiple phases ranging from ≈100 fs to ≈20 ps in the excited-state decay, where spectral features overlapping with stimulated emission components were assigned to early dynamics of K-like species on a 10 ps time scale. Selective excitation at the maximum or the blue edge of the absorption spectrum resulted in spectrally distinct but kinetically similar excited-state and product-state species, which gradually became indistinguishable on the μs to 100 μs time scales. Hence, by removing specific protein conformations within an inhomogeneously broadened ensemble, we resolved slow protein backbone and amino acid side-chain motions in the dark that underlie inhomogeneous broadening, demonstrating that the latter represents a dynamic interconversion between protein substates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivo H.M. van Stokkum
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy and LaserLaB, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HVAmsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yusaku Hontani
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy and LaserLaB, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HVAmsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes Vierock
- Institut
für Biologie, Experimentelle Biophysik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstrasse 42, 10115Berlin, Germany
| | - Benjamin S. Krause
- Institut
für Biologie, Experimentelle Biophysik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstrasse 42, 10115Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Hegemann
- Institut
für Biologie, Experimentelle Biophysik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstrasse 42, 10115Berlin, Germany
| | - John T.M. Kennis
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy and LaserLaB, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HVAmsterdam, The Netherlands
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Walter M, Schubert L, Heberle J, Schlesinger R, Losi A. Time-resolved photoacoustics of channelrhodopsins: early energetics and light-driven volume changes. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2022; 22:477-486. [PMID: 36273368 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-022-00327-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIn biological photoreceptors, the energy stored in early transient species is a key feature to drive the photocycle or a chain of reactions. Time-resolved photoacoustics (PA) can explore the energy landscape of transient species formed within few ns after photoexcitation, as well as volumetric changes (ΔV) of these intermediates with respect to the parental state. In this work, PA identified these important parameters for several channelrhodopsins, namely CaChR1 from Chlamydomonas augustae and CrChR2 from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and various variants. PA has access to the sub-ns formation of the early photoproduct P1 and to its relaxation, provided that this latter process occurs within a few μs. We found that ΔVP1 for CaChR1 is ca. 12 mL/mol, while it is much smaller for CrChR2 (4.7 mL/mol) and for H. salinarum bacteriorhodopsin (HsBR, ΔVK = 2.8 mL/mol). PA experiments on variants strongly indicate that part of this large ΔVP1 value for CaChR1 is caused by the protonation dynamics of the Schiff base counterion complex involving E169 and D299. PA data further show that the energy level of P1 is higher in CrChR2 (ca. 96 kJ/mol) than in CaChr1 (ca. 46 kJ/mol), comparable to the energy level of the K state of HsBR (60 kJ/mol). Instrumental to gain these molecular values from the raw PA data was the estimation of the quantum yield (Φ) for P1 formation via transient spectroscopy; for both channelrhodopsins, ΦP2 was evaluated as ca. 0.4.
Graphical Abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Walter
- Department of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Luiz Schubert
- Department of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Joachim Heberle
- Department of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ramona Schlesinger
- Department of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Aba Losi
- Department of Mathematical, Physical and Computer Sciences, University of Parma, Parco Area Delle Scienze 7/A, 43124, Parma, Italy.
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5
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Linders LE, Supiot LF, Du W, D’Angelo R, Adan RAH, Riga D, Meye FJ. Studying Synaptic Connectivity and Strength with Optogenetics and Patch-Clamp Electrophysiology. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911612. [PMID: 36232917 PMCID: PMC9570045 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last two decades the combination of brain slice patch clamp electrophysiology with optogenetic stimulation has proven to be a powerful approach to analyze the architecture of neural circuits and (experience-dependent) synaptic plasticity in such networks. Using this combination of methods, originally termed channelrhodopsin-assisted circuit mapping (CRACM), a multitude of measures of synaptic functioning can be taken. The current review discusses their rationale, current applications in the field, and their associated caveats. Specifically, the review addresses: (1) How to assess the presence of synaptic connections, both in terms of ionotropic versus metabotropic receptor signaling, and in terms of mono- versus polysynaptic connectivity. (2) How to acquire and interpret measures for synaptic strength and function, like AMPAR/NMDAR, AMPAR rectification, paired-pulse ratio (PPR), coefficient of variance and input-specific quantal sizes. We also address how synaptic modulation by G protein-coupled receptors can be studied with pharmacological approaches and advanced technology. (3) Finally, we elaborate on advances on the use of dual color optogenetics in concurrent investigation of multiple synaptic pathways. Overall, with this review we seek to provide practical insights into the methods used to study neural circuits and synapses, by combining optogenetics and patch-clamp electrophysiology.
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Boyle PM, Yu J, Klimas A, Williams JC, Trayanova NA, Entcheva E. OptoGap is an optogenetics-enabled assay for quantification of cell-cell coupling in multicellular cardiac tissue. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9310. [PMID: 33927252 PMCID: PMC8085001 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88573-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Intercellular electrical coupling is an essential means of communication between cells. It is important to obtain quantitative knowledge of such coupling between cardiomyocytes and non-excitable cells when, for example, pathological electrical coupling between myofibroblasts and cardiomyocytes yields increased arrhythmia risk or during the integration of donor (e.g., cardiac progenitor) cells with native cardiomyocytes in cell-therapy approaches. Currently, there is no direct method for assessing heterocellular coupling within multicellular tissue. Here we demonstrate experimentally and computationally a new contactless assay for electrical coupling, OptoGap, based on selective illumination of inexcitable cells that express optogenetic actuators and optical sensing of the response of coupled excitable cells (e.g., cardiomyocytes) that are light-insensitive. Cell-cell coupling is quantified by the energy required to elicit an action potential via junctional current from the light-stimulated cell(s). The proposed technique is experimentally validated against the standard indirect approach, GapFRAP, using light-sensitive cardiac fibroblasts and non-transformed cardiomyocytes in a two-dimensional setting. Its potential applicability to the complex three-dimensional setting of the native heart is corroborated by computational modelling and proper calibration. Lastly, the sensitivity of OptoGap to intrinsic cell-scale excitability is robustly characterized via computational analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M Boyle
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Institute for Computational Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Center for Cardiovascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jinzhu Yu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Aleksandra Klimas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, George Washington University, 800 22nd Street NW, Suite 5000, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - John C Williams
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Natalia A Trayanova
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Institute for Computational Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Alliance for Cardiovascular Diagnostic and Treatment Innovation, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Emilia Entcheva
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, George Washington University, 800 22nd Street NW, Suite 5000, Washington, DC, 20052, USA.
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7
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Abstract
In taste buds, Type I cells represent the majority of cells (50-60%) and primarily have a glial-like function in taste buds. However, recent studies suggest that they have additional sensory and signaling functions including amiloride-sensitive salt transduction, oxytocin modulation of taste, and substance P mediated GABA release. Nonetheless, the overall function of Type I cells in transduction and signaling remains unclear, primarily because of the lack of a reliable reporter for this cell type. GAD65 expression is specific to Type I taste cells and GAD65 has been used as a Cre driver to study Type I cells in salt taste transduction. To test the specificity of transgene-driven expression, we crossed GAD65Cre mice with floxed tdTomato and Channelrhodopsin (ChR2) lines and examined the progeny with immunochemistry, chorda tympani recording, and calcium imaging. We report that while many tdTomato+ taste cells express NTPDase2, a specific marker of Type I cells, we see some expression of tdTomato in both Gustducin and SNAP25-positive taste cells. We also see ChR2 in cells just outside the fungiform taste buds. Chorda tympani recordings in the GAD65Cre/ChR2 mice show large responses to blue light. Furthermore, several isolated tdTomato-positive taste cells responded to KCl depolarization with increases in intracellular calcium, indicating the presence of voltage-gated calcium channels. Taken together, these data suggest that GAD65Cre mice drive expression in multiple taste cell types and thus cannot be considered a reliable reporter of Type I cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric D Larson
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus and Rocky Mountain Taste and Smell Center, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Aurelie Vandenbeuch
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus and Rocky Mountain Taste and Smell Center, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Catherine B Anderson
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus and Rocky Mountain Taste and Smell Center, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Sue C Kinnamon
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus and Rocky Mountain Taste and Smell Center, Aurora, CO, USA
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Han SY, Clarkson J, Piet R, Herbison AE. Optical Approaches for Interrogating Neural Circuits Controlling Hormone Secretion. Endocrinology 2018; 159:3822-3833. [PMID: 30304401 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Developments in optical imaging and optogenetics are transforming the functional investigation of neuronal networks throughout the brain. Recent studies in the neuroendocrine field have used genetic mouse models combined with a variety of light-activated optical tools as well as GCaMP calcium imaging to interrogate the neural circuitry controlling hormone secretion. The present review highlights the benefits and caveats of these approaches for undertaking both acute brain slice and functional studies in vivo. We focus on the use of channelrhodopsin and the inhibitory optogenetic tools, archaerhodopsin and halorhodopsin, in addition to GCaMP imaging of individual cells in vitro and neural populations in vivo using fiber photometry. We also address issues around the use of genetic vs viral delivery of encoded proteins to specific Cre-expressing cell populations, their quantification, and the use of conscious vs anesthetized animal models. To date, optogenetics and GCaMP imaging have proven useful in dissecting functional circuitry within the brain and are likely to become essential investigative tools for deciphering the different neural networks controlling hormone secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Young Han
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Department of Physiology, Otago School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Jenny Clarkson
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Department of Physiology, Otago School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Richard Piet
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Department of Physiology, Otago School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Allan E Herbison
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Department of Physiology, Otago School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Optogenetic modulation of neural activity is a ubiquitous tool for basic investigation of brain circuits. While the majority of optogenetic paradigms rely on short light pulses to evoke synchronized activity of optically sensitized cells, many neurobiological processes are associated with slow local field potential (LFP) oscillations. Therefore, we developed a hybrid fiber probe capable of simultaneous electrophysiological recording and optical stimulation and used it to investigate the utility of sinusoidal light stimulation for evoking oscillatory neural activity in vivo across a broad frequency range. APPROACH We fabricated hybrid fiber probes comprising a hollow cylindrical array of 9 electrodes and a flexible optical waveguide integrated within the core. We implanted these probes in the hippocampus of transgenic Thy1-ChR2-YFP mice that broadly express the blue-light sensitive cation channel channelrhodopsin 2 (ChR2) in excitatory neurons across the brain. The effects of the sinusoidal light stimulation were characterized and contrasted with those corresponding to pulsed stimulation in the frequency range of physiological LFP rhythms (3-128 Hz). MAIN RESULTS Within hybrid probes, metal electrode surfaces were vertically aligned with the waveguide tip, which minimized optical stimulation artifacts in neurophysiological recordings. Sinusoidal stimulation resulted in reliable and coherent entrainment of LFP oscillations up to 70 Hz, the cutoff frequency of ChR2, with response amplitudes inversely scaling with the stimulation frequencies. Effectiveness of the stimulation was maintained for two months following implantation. SIGNIFICANCE Alternative stimulation patterns complementing existing pulsed protocols, in particular sinusoidal light stimulation, are a prerequisite for investigating the physiological mechanisms underlying brain rhythms. So far, studies applying sinusoidal stimulation in vivo were limited to single stimulation frequencies. We show the feasibility of sinusoidal stimulation in vivo to induce coherent LFP oscillations across the entire frequency spectrum supported by the gating dynamics of ChR2 and introduce a hybrid fiber probe tailored to continuous light stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antje Kilias
- Bernstein Center Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Biomicrotechnology, Institute for Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andres Canales
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ulrich P. Froriep
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Simons Center for the Social Brain, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Hannover, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Seongjun Park
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ulrich Egert
- Bernstein Center Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Biomicrotechnology, Institute for Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Polina Anikeeva
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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10
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Ghitani N, Barik A, Szczot M, Thompson JH, Li C, Le Pichon CE, Krashes MJ, Chesler AT. Specialized Mechanosensory Nociceptors Mediating Rapid Responses to Hair Pull. Neuron 2017; 95:944-954.e4. [PMID: 28817806 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The somatosensory system provides animals with the ability to detect, distinguish, and respond to diverse thermal, mechanical, and irritating stimuli. While there has been progress in defining classes of neurons underlying temperature sensation and gentle touch, less is known about the neurons specific for mechanical pain. Here, we use in vivo functional imaging to identify a class of cutaneous sensory neurons that are selectively activated by high-threshold mechanical stimulation (HTMRs). We show that their optogenetic excitation evokes rapid protective and avoidance behaviors. Unlike other nociceptors, these HTMRs are fast-conducting Aδ-fibers with highly specialized circumferential endings wrapping the base of individual hair follicles. Notably, we find that Aδ-HTMRs innervate unique but overlapping fields and can be activated by stimuli as precise as the pulling of a single hair. Together, the distinctive features of this class of Aδ-HTMRs appear optimized for accurate and rapid localization of mechanical pain. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nima Ghitani
- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda MD, USA
| | - Arnab Barik
- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda MD, USA
| | - Marcin Szczot
- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda MD, USA
| | - James H Thompson
- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda MD, USA
| | - Chia Li
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda MD, USA
| | - Claire E Le Pichon
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda MD, USA
| | - Michael J Krashes
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda MD, USA
| | - Alexander T Chesler
- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda MD, USA.
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11
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Hashimotodani Y, Nasrallah K, Jensen KR, Chávez AE, Carrera D, Castillo PE. LTP at Hilar Mossy Cell-Dentate Granule Cell Synapses Modulates Dentate Gyrus Output by Increasing Excitation/Inhibition Balance. Neuron 2017; 95:928-943.e3. [PMID: 28817805 PMCID: PMC5609819 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Excitatory hilar mossy cells (MCs) in the dentate gyrus receive inputs from dentate granule cells (GCs) and project back to GCs locally, contralaterally, and along the longitudinal axis of the hippocampus, thereby establishing an associative positive-feedback loop and connecting functionally diverse hippocampal areas. MCs also synapse with GABAergic interneurons that mediate feed-forward inhibition onto GCs. Surprisingly, although these circuits have been implicated in both memory formation (e.g., pattern separation) and temporal lobe epilepsy, little is known about activity-dependent plasticity of their synaptic connections. Here, we report that MC-GC synapses undergo a presynaptic, NMDA-receptor-independent form of long-term potentiation (LTP) that requires postsynaptic brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)/TrkB and presynaptic cyclic AMP (cAMP)/PKA signaling. This LTP is input specific and selectively expressed at MC-GC synapses, but not at the disynaptic inhibitory loop. By increasing the excitation/inhibition balance, MC-GC LTP enhances GC output at the associative MC-GC recurrent circuit and may contribute to dentate-dependent forms of learning and epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Hashimotodani
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Kaoutsar Nasrallah
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Kyle R Jensen
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Andrés E Chávez
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Daniel Carrera
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Pablo E Castillo
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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12
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Park S, Guo Y, Jia X, Choe HK, Grena B, Kang J, Park J, Lu C, Canales A, Chen R, Yim YS, Choi GB, Fink Y, Anikeeva P. One-step optogenetics with multifunctional flexible polymer fibers. Nat Neurosci 2017; 20:612-619. [PMID: 28218915 PMCID: PMC5374019 DOI: 10.1038/nn.4510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Optogenetic interrogation of neural pathways relies on delivery of light-sensitive opsins into tissue and subsequent optical illumination and electrical recording from the regions of interest. Despite the recent development of multifunctional neural probes, integration of these modalities in a single biocompatible platform remains a challenge. We developed a device composed of an optical waveguide, six electrodes and two microfluidic channels produced via fiber drawing. Our probes facilitated injections of viral vectors carrying opsin genes while providing collocated neural recording and optical stimulation. The miniature (<200 μm) footprint and modest weight (<0.5 g) of these probes allowed for multiple implantations into the mouse brain, which enabled opto-electrophysiological investigation of projections from the basolateral amygdala to the medial prefrontal cortex and ventral hippocampus during behavioral experiments. Fabricated solely from polymers and polymer composites, these flexible probes minimized tissue response to achieve chronic multimodal interrogation of brain circuits with high fidelity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongjun Park
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yuanyuan Guo
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Xiaoting Jia
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Han Kyoung Choe
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Benjamin Grena
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jeewoo Kang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jiyeon Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Chi Lu
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Andres Canales
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ritchie Chen
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yeong Shin Yim
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Gloria B. Choi
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yoel Fink
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Polina Anikeeva
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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13
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Lv X, Dickerson JW, Rook JM, Lindsley CW, Conn PJ, Xiang Z. M 1 muscarinic activation induces long-lasting increase in intrinsic excitability of striatal projection neurons. Neuropharmacology 2017; 118:209-222. [PMID: 28336323 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The dorsolateral striatum is critically involved in movement control and motor learning. Striatal function is regulated by a variety of neuromodulators including acetylcholine. Previous studies have shown that cholinergic activation excites striatal principal projection neurons, medium spiny neurons (MSNs), and this action is mediated by muscarinic acetylcholine subtype 1 receptors (M1) through modulating multiple potassium channels. In the present study, we used electrophysiology techniques in conjunction with optogenetic and pharmacological tools to determine the long-term effects of striatal cholinergic activation on MSN intrinsic excitability. A transient increase in acetylcholine release in the striatum by optogenetic stimulation resulted in a long-lasting increase in excitability of MSNs, which was associated with hyperpolarizing shift of action potential threshold and decrease in afterhyperpolarization (AHP) amplitude, leading to an increase in probability of EPSP-action potential coupling. The M1 selective antagonist VU0255035 prevented, while the M1 selective positive allosteric modulator (PAM) VU0453595 potentiated the cholinergic activation-induced persistent increase in MSN intrinsic excitability, suggesting that M1 receptors are critically involved in the induction of this long-lasting response. This M1 receptor-dependent long-lasting change in MSN intrinsic excitability could have significant impact on striatal processing and might provide a novel mechanism underlying cholinergic regulation of the striatum-dependent motor learning and cognitive function. Consistent with this, behavioral studies indicate that potentiation of M1 receptor signaling by VU0453595 enhanced performance of mice in cue-dependent water-based T-maze, a dorsolateral striatum-dependent learning task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Lv
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Jonathan W Dickerson
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Jerri M Rook
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Craig W Lindsley
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - P Jeffrey Conn
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Zixiu Xiang
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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14
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Abstract
Sensory stimulation drives complex interactions across neural circuits as information is encoded and then transmitted from one brain region to the next. In the highly interconnected thalamocortical circuit, these complex interactions elicit repeatable neural dynamics in response to temporal patterns of stimuli that provide insight into the circuit properties that generated them. Here, using a combination of in vivo voltage-sensitive dye (VSD) imaging of cortex, single-unit recording in thalamus, and optogenetics to manipulate thalamic state in the rodent vibrissa pathway, we probed the thalamocortical circuit with simple temporal patterns of stimuli delivered either to the whiskers on the face (sensory stimulation) or to the thalamus directly via electrical or optogenetic inputs (artificial stimulation). VSD imaging of cortex in response to whisker stimulation revealed classical suppressive dynamics, while artificial stimulation of thalamus produced an additional facilitation dynamic in cortex not observed with sensory stimulation. Thalamic neurons showed enhanced bursting activity in response to artificial stimulation, suggesting that bursting dynamics may underlie the facilitation mechanism we observed in cortex. To test this experimentally, we directly depolarized the thalamus, using optogenetic modulation of the firing activity to shift from a burst to a tonic mode. In the optogenetically depolarized thalamic state, the cortical facilitation dynamic was completely abolished. Together, the results obtained here from simple probes suggest that thalamic state, and ultimately thalamic bursting, may play a key role in shaping more complex stimulus-evoked dynamics in the thalamocortical pathway. NEW & NOTEWORTHY For the first time, we have been able to utilize optogenetic modulation of thalamic firing modes combined with optical imaging of cortex in the rat vibrissa system to directly test the role of thalamic state in shaping cortical response properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa J Whitmire
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Daniel C Millard
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Garrett B Stanley
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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Short SM, Morse TM, McTavish TS, Shepherd GM, Verhagen JV. Respiration Gates Sensory Input Responses in the Mitral Cell Layer of the Olfactory Bulb. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168356. [PMID: 28005923 PMCID: PMC5179112 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiration plays an essential role in odor processing. Even in the absence of odors, oscillating excitatory and inhibitory activity in the olfactory bulb synchronizes with respiration, commonly resulting in a burst of action potentials in mammalian mitral/tufted cells (MTCs) during the transition from inhalation to exhalation. This excitation is followed by inhibition that quiets MTC activity in both the glomerular and granule cell layers. Odor processing is hypothesized to be modulated by and may even rely on respiration-mediated activity, yet exactly how respiration influences sensory processing by MTCs is still not well understood. By using optogenetics to stimulate discrete sensory inputs in vivo, it was possible to temporally vary the stimulus to occur at unique phases of each respiration. Single unit recordings obtained from the mitral cell layer were used to map spatiotemporal patterns of glomerular evoked responses that were unique to stimulations occurring during periods of inhalation or exhalation. Sensory evoked activity in MTCs was gated to periods outside phasic respiratory mediated firing, causing net shifts in MTC activity across the cycle. In contrast, odor evoked inhibitory responses appear to be permitted throughout the respiratory cycle. Computational models were used to further explore mechanisms of inhibition that can be activated by respiratory activity and influence MTC responses. In silico results indicate that both periglomerular and granule cell inhibition can be activated by respiration to internally gate sensory responses in the olfactory bulb. Both the respiration rate and strength of lateral connectivity influenced inhibitory mechanisms that gate sensory evoked responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaina M. Short
- Yale School of Medicine, Dept. Neuroscience, New Haven, CT, United States of America
- The John B. Pierce Laboratory, New Haven, CT, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Thomas M. Morse
- Yale School of Medicine, Dept. Neuroscience, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Thomas S. McTavish
- Yale School of Medicine, Dept. Neuroscience, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Gordon M. Shepherd
- Yale School of Medicine, Dept. Neuroscience, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Justus V. Verhagen
- Yale School of Medicine, Dept. Neuroscience, New Haven, CT, United States of America
- The John B. Pierce Laboratory, New Haven, CT, United States of America
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Perny M, Muri L, Dawson H, Kleinlogel S. Chronic activation of the D156A point mutant of Channelrhodopsin-2 signals apoptotic cell death: the good and the bad. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2447. [PMID: 27809305 PMCID: PMC5260891 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) has become a celebrated research tool and is considered a promising potential therapeutic for neurological disorders. While making its way into the clinic, concerns about the safety of chronic ChR2 activation have emerged; in particular as the high-intensity blue light illumination needed for ChR2 activation may be phototoxic. Here we set out to quantify for the first time the cytotoxic effects of chronic ChR2 activation. We studied the safety of prolonged illumination on ChR2(D156A)-expressing human melanoma cells as cancer cells are notorious for their resistance to killing. Three days of illumination eradicated the entire ChR2(D156A)-expressing cell population through mitochondria-mediated apoptosis, whereas blue light activation of non-expressing control cells did not significantly compromise cell viability. In other words, chronic high-intensity blue light illumination alone is not phototoxic, but prolonged ChR2 activation induces mitochondria-mediated apoptosis. The results are alarming for gain-of-function translational neurological studies but open the possibility to optogenetically manipulate the viability of non-excitable cells, such as cancer cells. In a second set of experiments we therefore evaluated the feasibility to put melanoma cell proliferation and apoptosis under the control of light by transdermally illuminating in vivo melanoma xenografts expressing ChR2(D156A). We show clear proof of principle that light treatment inhibits and even reverses tumor growth, rendering ChR2s potential tools for targeted light-therapy of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Perny
- Institute for Physiology, University of Bern, Bern 3012 Switzerland
| | - Lukas Muri
- Institute for Physiology, University of Bern, Bern 3012 Switzerland
| | - Heather Dawson
- Institute of Pathology, Clinical Pathology Division, University of Bern, Bern 3010 Switzerland
| | - Sonja Kleinlogel
- Institute for Physiology, University of Bern, Bern 3012 Switzerland
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17
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Liu S, Puche AC, Shipley MT. The Interglomerular Circuit Potently Inhibits Olfactory Bulb Output Neurons by Both Direct and Indirect Pathways. J Neurosci 2016; 36:9604-17. [PMID: 27629712 PMCID: PMC5039244 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1763-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Sensory processing shapes our perception. In mammals, odor information is encoded by combinatorial activity patterns of olfactory bulb (OB) glomeruli. Glomeruli are richly interconnected by short axon cells (SACs), which form the interglomerular circuit (IGC). It is unclear how the IGC impacts OB output to downstream neural circuits. We combined in vitro and in vivo electrophysiology with optogenetics in mice and found the following: (1) the IGC potently and monosynaptically inhibits the OB output neurons mitral/tufted cells (MTCs) by GABA release from SACs: (2) gap junction-mediated electrical coupling is strong for the SAC→MTC synapse, but negligible for the SAC→ETC synapse; (3) brief IGC-mediated inhibition is temporally prolonged by the intrinsic properties of MTCs; and (4) sniff frequency IGC activation in vivo generates persistent MTC inhibition. These findings suggest that the temporal sequence of glomerular activation by sensory input determines which stimulus features are transmitted to downstream olfactory networks and those filtered by lateral inhibition. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Odor identity is encoded by combinatorial patterns of activated glomeruli, the initial signal transformation site of the olfactory system. Lateral circuit processing among activated glomeruli modulates olfactory signal transformation before transmission to higher brain centers. Using a combination of in vitro and in vivo optogenetics, this work demonstrates that interglomerular circuitry produces potent inhibition of olfactory bulb output neurons via direct chemical and electrical synapses as well as by indirect pathways. The direct inhibitory synaptic input engages mitral cell intrinsic membrane properties to generate inhibition that outlasts the initial synaptic action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaolin Liu
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Program in Neurosciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21042
| | - Adam C Puche
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Program in Neurosciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21042
| | - Michael T Shipley
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Program in Neurosciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21042
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18
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Bruegmann T, Boyle PM, Vogt CC, Karathanos TV, Arevalo HJ, Fleischmann BK, Trayanova NA, Sasse P. Optogenetic defibrillation terminates ventricular arrhythmia in mouse hearts and human simulations. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:3894-3904. [PMID: 27617859 DOI: 10.1172/jci88950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ventricular arrhythmias are among the most severe complications of heart disease and can result in sudden cardiac death. Patients at risk currently receive implantable defibrillators that deliver electrical shocks to terminate arrhythmias on demand. However, strong electrical shocks can damage the heart and cause severe pain. Therefore, we have tested optogenetic defibrillation using expression of the light-sensitive channel channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) in cardiac tissue. Epicardial illumination effectively terminated ventricular arrhythmias in hearts from transgenic mice and from WT mice after adeno-associated virus-based gene transfer of ChR2. We also explored optogenetic defibrillation for human hearts, taking advantage of a recently developed, clinically validated in silico approach for simulating infarct-related ventricular tachycardia (VT). Our analysis revealed that illumination with red light effectively terminates VT in diseased, ChR2-expressing human hearts. Mechanistically, we determined that the observed VT termination is due to ChR2-mediated transmural depolarization of the myocardium, which causes a block of voltage-dependent Na+ channels throughout the myocardial wall and interrupts wavefront propagation into illuminated tissue. Thus, our results demonstrate that optogenetic defibrillation is highly effective in the mouse heart and could potentially be translated into humans to achieve nondamaging and pain-free termination of ventricular arrhythmia.
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19
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Rogerson T, Jayaprakash B, Cai DJ, Sano Y, Lee YS, Zhou Y, Bekal P, Deisseroth K, Silva AJ. Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms for Trapping and Activating Emotional Memories. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161655. [PMID: 27579481 PMCID: PMC5007047 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent findings suggest that memory allocation to specific neurons (i.e., neuronal allocation) in the amygdala is not random, but rather the transcription factor cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB) modulates this process, perhaps by regulating the transcription of channels that control neuronal excitability. Here, optogenetic studies in the mouse lateral amygdala (LA) were used to demonstrate that CREB and neuronal excitability regulate which neurons encode an emotional memory. To test the role of CREB in memory allocation, we overexpressed CREB in the lateral amygdala to recruit the encoding of an auditory-fear conditioning (AFC) memory to a subset of neurons. Then, post-training activation of these neurons with Channelrhodopsin-2 was sufficient to trigger recall of the memory for AFC, suggesting that CREB regulates memory allocation. To test the role of neuronal excitability in memory allocation, we used a step function opsin (SFO) to transiently increase neuronal excitability in a subset of LA neurons during AFC. Post-training activation of these neurons with Volvox Channelrhodopsin-1 was able to trigger recall of that memory. Importantly, our studies show that activation of the SFO did not affect AFC by either increasing anxiety or by strengthening the unconditioned stimulus. Our findings strongly support the hypothesis that CREB regulates memory allocation by modulating neuronal excitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Rogerson
- Integrative Center for Learning and Memory, Departments of Neurobiology, Psychology, and Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, and Brain Research Institute, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Balaji Jayaprakash
- Integrative Center for Learning and Memory, Departments of Neurobiology, Psychology, and Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, and Brain Research Institute, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Denise J. Cai
- Integrative Center for Learning and Memory, Departments of Neurobiology, Psychology, and Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, and Brain Research Institute, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Yoshitake Sano
- Integrative Center for Learning and Memory, Departments of Neurobiology, Psychology, and Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, and Brain Research Institute, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Yong-Seok Lee
- Integrative Center for Learning and Memory, Departments of Neurobiology, Psychology, and Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, and Brain Research Institute, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Yu Zhou
- Integrative Center for Learning and Memory, Departments of Neurobiology, Psychology, and Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, and Brain Research Institute, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Pallavi Bekal
- Integrative Center for Learning and Memory, Departments of Neurobiology, Psychology, and Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, and Brain Research Institute, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Karl Deisseroth
- Department of Bioengineering, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Neurosciences Program, CNC Program, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Alcino J. Silva
- Integrative Center for Learning and Memory, Departments of Neurobiology, Psychology, and Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, and Brain Research Institute, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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20
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Neske GT, Connors BW. Synchronized gamma-frequency inhibition in neocortex depends on excitatory-inhibitory interactions but not electrical synapses. J Neurophysiol 2016; 116:351-68. [PMID: 27121576 PMCID: PMC4969394 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00071.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Synaptic inhibition plays a crucial role in the precise timing of spiking activity in the cerebral cortex. Synchronized, rhythmic inhibitory activity in the gamma (30-80 Hz) range is thought to be especially important for the active, information-processing neocortex, but the circuit mechanisms that give rise to synchronized inhibition are uncertain. In particular, the relative contributions of reciprocal inhibitory connections, excitatory-inhibitory interactions, and electrical synapses to precise spike synchrony among inhibitory interneurons are not well understood. Here we describe experiments on mouse barrel cortex in vitro as it spontaneously generates slow (<1 Hz) oscillations (Up and Down states). During Up states, inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) are generated at gamma frequencies and are more synchronized than excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) among neighboring pyramidal cells. Furthermore, spikes in homotypic pairs of interneurons are more synchronized than in pairs of pyramidal cells. Comparing connexin36 knockout and wild-type animals, we found that electrical synapses make a minimal contribution to synchronized inhibition during Up states. Estimations of the delays between EPSCs and IPSCs in single pyramidal cells showed that excitation often preceded inhibition by a few milliseconds. Finally, tonic optogenetic activation of different interneuron subtypes in the absence of excitation led to only weak synchrony of IPSCs in pairs of pyramidal neurons. Our results suggest that phasic excitatory inputs are indispensable for synchronized spiking in inhibitory interneurons during Up states and that electrical synapses play a minimal role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrett T Neske
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Barry W Connors
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
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21
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Uzel SGM, Platt RJ, Subramanian V, Pearl TM, Rowlands CJ, Chan V, Boyer LA, So PTC, Kamm RD. Microfluidic device for the formation of optically excitable, three-dimensional, compartmentalized motor units. Sci Adv 2016; 2:e1501429. [PMID: 27493991 PMCID: PMC4972469 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1501429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Motor units are the fundamental elements responsible for muscle movement. They are formed by lower motor neurons and their muscle targets, synapsed via neuromuscular junctions (NMJs). The loss of NMJs in neurodegenerative disorders (such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or spinal muscle atrophy) or as a result of traumatic injuries affects millions of lives each year. Developing in vitro assays that closely recapitulate the physiology of neuromuscular tissues is crucial to understand the formation and maturation of NMJs, as well as to help unravel the mechanisms leading to their degeneration and repair. We present a microfluidic platform designed to coculture myoblast-derived muscle strips and motor neurons differentiated from mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) within a three-dimensional (3D) hydrogel. The device geometry mimics the spinal cord-limb physical separation by compartmentalizing the two cell types, which also facilitates the observation of 3D neurite outgrowth and remote muscle innervation. Moreover, the use of compliant pillars as anchors for muscle strips provides a quantitative functional readout of force generation. Finally, photosensitizing the ESC provides a pool of source cells that can be differentiated into optically excitable motor neurons, allowing for spatiodynamic, versatile, and noninvasive in vitro control of the motor units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastien G. M. Uzel
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Randall J. Platt
- Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | | | - Taylor M. Pearl
- Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Vincent Chan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Peter T. C. So
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- BioSystems and Micromechanics (BioSyM) IRG, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Roger D. Kamm
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- BioSystems and Micromechanics (BioSyM) IRG, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore, Singapore
- Corresponding author.
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Hedrick T, Danskin B, Larsen RS, Ollerenshaw D, Groblewski P, Valley M, Olsen S, Waters J. Characterization of Channelrhodopsin and Archaerhodopsin in Cholinergic Neurons of Cre-Lox Transgenic Mice. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156596. [PMID: 27243816 PMCID: PMC4886964 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of cholinergic signaling in the mammalian CNS has been greatly facilitated by the advent of mouse lines that permit the expression of reporter proteins, such as opsins, in cholinergic neurons. However, the expression of opsins could potentially perturb the physiology of opsin-expressing cholinergic neurons or mouse behavior. Indeed, the published literature includes examples of cellular and behavioral perturbations in preparations designed to drive expression of opsins in cholinergic neurons. Here we investigate expression of opsins, cellular physiology of cholinergic neurons and behavior in two mouse lines, in which channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) and archaerhodopsin (Arch) are expressed in cholinergic neurons using the Cre-lox system. The two mouse lines were generated by crossing ChAT-Cre mice with Cre-dependent reporter lines Ai32(ChR2-YFP) and Ai35(Arch-GFP). In most mice from these crosses, we observed expression of ChR2 and Arch in only cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain and in other putative cholinergic neurons in the forebrain. In small numbers of mice, off-target expression occurred, in which fluorescence did not appear limited to cholinergic neurons. Whole-cell recordings from fluorescently-labeled basal forebrain neurons revealed that both proteins were functional, driving depolarization (ChR2) or hyperpolarization (Arch) upon illumination, with little effect on passive membrane properties, spiking pattern or spike waveform. Finally, performance on a behavioral discrimination task was comparable to that of wild-type mice. Our results indicate that ChAT-Cre x reporter line crosses provide a simple, effective resource for driving indicator and opsin expression in cholinergic neurons with few adverse consequences and are therefore an valuable resource for studying the cholinergic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan Hedrick
- Northwestern University, 303 E Chicago Ave, Chicago IL 60611, United States of America
| | - Bethanny Danskin
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, 551 N 34th St, Seattle WA 98103, United States of America
| | - Rylan S. Larsen
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, 551 N 34th St, Seattle WA 98103, United States of America
| | - Doug Ollerenshaw
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, 551 N 34th St, Seattle WA 98103, United States of America
| | - Peter Groblewski
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, 551 N 34th St, Seattle WA 98103, United States of America
| | - Matthew Valley
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, 551 N 34th St, Seattle WA 98103, United States of America
| | - Shawn Olsen
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, 551 N 34th St, Seattle WA 98103, United States of America
| | - Jack Waters
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, 551 N 34th St, Seattle WA 98103, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Cerritelli S, Hirschberg S, Hill R, Balthasar N, Pickering AE. Activation of Brainstem Pro-opiomelanocortin Neurons Produces Opioidergic Analgesia, Bradycardia and Bradypnoea. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153187. [PMID: 27077912 PMCID: PMC4831707 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Opioids are widely used medicinally as analgesics and abused for hedonic effects, actions that are each complicated by substantial risks such as cardiorespiratory depression. These drugs mimic peptides such as β-endorphin, which has a key role in endogenous analgesia. The β-endorphin in the central nervous system originates from pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons in the arcuate nucleus and nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS). Relatively little is known about the NTSPOMC neurons but their position within the sensory nucleus of the vagus led us to test the hypothesis that they play a role in modulation of cardiorespiratory and nociceptive control. The NTSPOMC neurons were targeted using viral vectors in a POMC-Cre mouse line to express either opto-genetic (channelrhodopsin-2) or chemo-genetic (Pharmacologically Selective Actuator Modules). Opto-genetic activation of the NTSPOMC neurons in the working heart brainstem preparation (n = 21) evoked a reliable, titratable and time-locked respiratory inhibition (120% increase in inter-breath interval) with a bradycardia (125±26 beats per minute) and augmented respiratory sinus arrhythmia (58% increase). Chemo-genetic activation of NTSPOMC neurons in vivo was anti-nociceptive in the tail flick assay (latency increased by 126±65%, p<0.001; n = 8). All effects of NTSPOMC activation were blocked by systemic naloxone (opioid antagonist) but not by SHU9119 (melanocortin receptor antagonist). The NTSPOMC neurons were found to project to key brainstem structures involved in cardiorespiratory control (nucleus ambiguus and ventral respiratory group) and endogenous analgesia (periaqueductal gray and midline raphe). Thus the NTSPOMC neurons may be capable of tuning behaviour by an opioidergic modulation of nociceptive, respiratory and cardiac control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Cerritelli
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan Hirschberg
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
| | - Rob Hill
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
| | - Nina Balthasar
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony E. Pickering
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
- Department of Anaesthesia, University Hospitals Bristol, Bristol, BS2 8HW, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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24
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Bansal A, Liu H, Jayakumar MKG, Andersson-Engels S, Zhang Y. Quasi-Continuous Wave Near-Infrared Excitation of Upconversion Nanoparticles for Optogenetic Manipulation of C. elegans. Small 2016; 12:1732-43. [PMID: 26849846 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201503792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Optogenetics is an emerging powerful tool to investigate workings of the nervous system. However, the use of low tissue penetrating visible light limits its therapeutic potential. Employing deep penetrating near-infrared (NIR) light for optogenetics would be beneficial but it cannot be used directly. This issue can be tackled with upconversion nanoparticles (UCNs) acting as nanotransducers emitting at shorter wavelengths extending to the UV range upon NIR light excitation. Although attractive, implementation of such NIR-optogenetics is hindered by the low UCN emission intensity that necessitates high NIR excitation intensities, resulting in overheating issues. A novel quasi-continuous wave (quasi-CW) excitation approach is developed that significantly enhances multiphoton emissions from UCNs, and for the first time NIR light-triggered optogenetic manipulations are implemented in vitro and in C. elegans. The approach developed here enables the activation of channelrhodopsin-2 with a significantly lower excitation power and UCN concentration along with negligible phototoxicity as seen with CW excitation, paving the way for therapeutic optogenetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshaya Bansal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117583, Singapore
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences & Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117456, Singapore
| | - Haichun Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | | | - Stefan Andersson-Engels
- Biophotonics Group, Department of Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-22100, Lund, Sweden
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117583, Singapore
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences & Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117456, Singapore
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Danskin B, Denman D, Valley M, Ollerenshaw D, Williams D, Groblewski P, Reid C, Olsen S, Waters J. Optogenetics in Mice Performing a Visual Discrimination Task: Measurement and Suppression of Retinal Activation and the Resulting Behavioral Artifact. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144760. [PMID: 26657323 PMCID: PMC4686123 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Optogenetic techniques are used widely to perturb and interrogate neural circuits in behaving animals, but illumination can have additional effects, such as the activation of endogenous opsins in the retina. We found that illumination, delivered deep into the brain via an optical fiber, evoked a behavioral artifact in mice performing a visually guided discrimination task. Compared with blue (473 nm) and yellow (589 nm) illumination, red (640 nm) illumination evoked a greater behavioral artifact and more activity in the retina, the latter measured with electrical recordings. In the mouse, the sensitivity of retinal opsins declines steeply with wavelength across the visible spectrum, but propagation of light through brain tissue increases with wavelength. Our results suggest that poor retinal sensitivity to red light was overcome by relatively robust propagation of red light through brain tissue and stronger illumination of the retina by red than by blue or yellow light. Light adaptation of the retina, via an external source of illumination, suppressed retinal activation and the behavioral artifact without otherwise impacting behavioral performance. In summary, long wavelength optogenetic stimuli are particularly prone to evoke behavioral artifacts via activation of retinal opsins in the mouse, but light adaptation of the retina can provide a simple and effective mitigation of the artifact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethanny Danskin
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, 551 N 34th St, Seattle, WA, 98103, United States of America
| | - Daniel Denman
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, 551 N 34th St, Seattle, WA, 98103, United States of America
| | - Matthew Valley
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, 551 N 34th St, Seattle, WA, 98103, United States of America
| | - Douglas Ollerenshaw
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, 551 N 34th St, Seattle, WA, 98103, United States of America
| | - Derric Williams
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, 551 N 34th St, Seattle, WA, 98103, United States of America
| | - Peter Groblewski
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, 551 N 34th St, Seattle, WA, 98103, United States of America
| | - Clay Reid
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, 551 N 34th St, Seattle, WA, 98103, United States of America
| | - Shawn Olsen
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, 551 N 34th St, Seattle, WA, 98103, United States of America
| | - Jack Waters
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, 551 N 34th St, Seattle, WA, 98103, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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26
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Furman M, Zhan Q, McCafferty C, Lerner BA, Motelow JE, Meng J, Ma C, Buchanan GF, Witten IB, Deisseroth K, Cardin JA, Blumenfeld H. Optogenetic stimulation of cholinergic brainstem neurons during focal limbic seizures: Effects on cortical physiology. Epilepsia 2015; 56:e198-202. [PMID: 26530287 PMCID: PMC4679683 DOI: 10.1111/epi.13220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Focal temporal lobe seizures often cause impaired cortical function and loss of consciousness. Recent work suggests that the mechanism for depressed cortical function during focal seizures may depend on decreased subcortical cholinergic arousal, which leads to a sleep-like state of cortical slow-wave activity. To test this hypothesis, we sought to directly activate subcortical cholinergic neurons during focal limbic seizures to determine the effects on cortical function. Here we used an optogenetic approach to selectively stimulate cholinergic brainstem neurons in the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus during focal limbic seizures induced in a lightly anesthetized rat model. We found an increase in cortical gamma activity and a decrease in delta activity in response to cholinergic stimulation. These findings support the mechanistic role of reduced subcortical cholinergic arousal in causing cortical dysfunction during seizures. Through further work, electrical or optogenetic stimulation of subcortical arousal networks may ultimately lead to new treatments aimed at preventing cortical dysfunction during seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moran Furman
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, U.S.A
| | - Qiong Zhan
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, U.S.A
- Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Cian McCafferty
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, U.S.A
| | - Benjamin A Lerner
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, U.S.A
| | - Joshua E Motelow
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, U.S.A
| | - Jin Meng
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, U.S.A
| | - Chanthia Ma
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, U.S.A
| | - Gordon F Buchanan
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, U.S.A
| | - Ilana B Witten
- Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, U.S.A
| | - Karl Deisseroth
- Bioengineering, Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Stanford University, Stanford, California, U.S.A
| | - Jessica A Cardin
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, U.S.A
- Kavli Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, U.S.A
| | - Hal Blumenfeld
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, U.S.A
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, U.S.A
- Kavli Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, U.S.A
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, U.S.A
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27
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Borgkvist A, Avegno EM, Wong MY, Kheirbek MA, Sonders MS, Hen R, Sulzer D. Loss of Striatonigral GABAergic Presynaptic Inhibition Enables Motor Sensitization in Parkinsonian Mice. Neuron 2015; 87:976-88. [PMID: 26335644 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2015.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Degeneration of dopamine (DA) neurons in Parkinson's disease (PD) causes hypokinesia, but DA replacement therapy can elicit exaggerated voluntary and involuntary behaviors that have been attributed to enhanced DA receptor sensitivity in striatal projection neurons. Here we reveal that in hemiparkinsonian mice, striatal D1 receptor-expressing medium spiny neurons (MSNs) directly projecting to the substantia nigra reticulata (SNr) lose tonic presynaptic inhibition by GABAB receptors. The absence of presynaptic GABAB response potentiates evoked GABA release from MSN efferents to the SNr and drives motor sensitization. This alternative mechanism of sensitization suggests a synaptic target for PD pharmacotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Borgkvist
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Avegno
- Department of Pharmacology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Minerva Y Wong
- Department of Pharmacology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Mazen A Kheirbek
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Mark S Sonders
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Rene Hen
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - David Sulzer
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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28
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Zhuge Y, Patlolla B, Ramakrishnan C, Beygui RE, Zarins CK, Deisseroth K, Kuhl E, Abilez OJ. Human pluripotent stem cell tools for cardiac optogenetics. Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2015; 2014:6171-4. [PMID: 25571406 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2014.6945038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
It is likely that arrhythmias should be avoided for therapies based on human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived cardiomyocytes (CM) to be effective. Towards achieving this goal, we introduced light-activated channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2), a cation channel activated with 480 nm light, into human embryonic stem cells (hESC). By using in vitro approaches, hESC-CM are able to be activated with light. ChR2 is stably transduced into undifferentiated hESC via a lentiviral vector. Via directed differentiation, hESC(ChR2)-CM are produced and subjected to optical stimulation. hESC(ChR2)-CM respond to traditional electrical stimulation and produce similar contractility features as their wild-type counterparts but only hESC(ChR2)-CM can be activated by optical stimulation. Here it is shown that a light sensitive protein can enable in vitro optical control of hESC-CM and that this activation occurs optimally above specific light stimulation intensity and pulse width thresholds. For future therapy, in vivo optical stimulation along with optical inhibition could allow for acute synchronization of implanted hPSC-CM with patient cardiac rhythms.
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29
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Abstract
Nanotechnology-based approaches offer the chemical control required to develop precision tools suitable for applications in neuroscience. We report a novel approach employing hybrid upconversion nanomaterials, combined with the photoresponsive ion channel channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2), to achieve near-infrared light (NIR)-mediated optogenetic control of neuronal activity. Current optogenetic methodologies rely on using visible light (e.g. 470 nm blue light), which tends to exhibit high scattering and low tissue penetration, to activate ChR2. In contrast, our approach enables the use of 980 nm NIR light, which addresses the short-comings of visible light as an excitation source. This was facilitated by embedding upconversion nanomaterials, which can convert NIR light to blue luminescence, into polymeric scaffolds. These hybrid nanomaterial scaffolds allowed for NIR-mediated neuronal stimulation, with comparable efficiency as that of 470 nm blue light. Our platform was optimized for NIR-mediated optogenetic control by balancing multiple physicochemical properties of the nanomaterial (e.g. size, morphology, structure, emission spectra, concentration), thus providing an early demonstration of rationally-designing nanomaterial-based strategies for advanced neural applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreyas Shah
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, U.S.A
| | - Jingjing Liu
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey and Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, U.S.A
| | - Nicholas Pasquale
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, U.S.A
| | - Jinping Lai
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, U.S.A
| | - Heather McGowan
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey and Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, U.S.A
| | - Zhiping P. Pang
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey and Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, U.S.A
- Correspondence: Prof. Ki-Bum Lee, Tel: 848-445-2081, Fax: 732-445-5312, , http://kblee.rutgers.edu/. Prof. Zhiping P. Pang, Tel: 732-235-8074, Fax: 732-235-8612,
| | - Ki-Bum Lee
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, U.S.A
- Correspondence: Prof. Ki-Bum Lee, Tel: 848-445-2081, Fax: 732-445-5312, , http://kblee.rutgers.edu/. Prof. Zhiping P. Pang, Tel: 732-235-8074, Fax: 732-235-8612,
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30
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Magown P, Shettar B, Zhang Y, Rafuse VF. Direct optical activation of skeletal muscle fibres efficiently controls muscle contraction and attenuates denervation atrophy. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8506. [PMID: 26460719 PMCID: PMC4633712 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural prostheses can restore meaningful function to paralysed muscles by electrically stimulating innervating motor axons, but fail when muscles are completely denervated, as seen in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, or after a peripheral nerve or spinal cord injury. Here we show that channelrhodopsin-2 is expressed within the sarcolemma and T-tubules of skeletal muscle fibres in transgenic mice. This expression pattern allows for optical control of muscle contraction with comparable forces to nerve stimulation. Force can be controlled by varying light pulse intensity, duration or frequency. Light-stimulated muscle fibres depolarize proportionally to light intensity and duration. Denervated triceps surae muscles transcutaneously stimulated optically on a daily basis for 10 days show a significant attenuation in atrophy resulting in significantly greater contractile forces compared with chronically denervated muscles. Together, this study shows that channelrhodopsin-2/H134R can be used to restore function to permanently denervated muscles and reduce pathophysiological changes associated with denervation pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Magown
- Department of Medical Neurosciences, Brain Repair Centre, Life Science Research Institute, Dalhousie University, 1348 Summer Street, 3rd Floor, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 1X5
- Department of Surgery (Neurosurgery), Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre, Dalhousie University, 1796 Summer Street, 3rd Floor, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 3A7
| | - Basavaraj Shettar
- Department of Medical Neurosciences, Brain Repair Centre, Life Science Research Institute, Dalhousie University, 1348 Summer Street, 3rd Floor, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 1X5
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Medical Neurosciences, Brain Repair Centre, Life Science Research Institute, Dalhousie University, 1348 Summer Street, 3rd Floor, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 1X5
| | - Victor F. Rafuse
- Department of Medical Neurosciences, Brain Repair Centre, Life Science Research Institute, Dalhousie University, 1348 Summer Street, 3rd Floor, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 1X5
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre, Dalhousie University, 1796 Summer Street, 3rd Floor, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 3A7
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Abstract
Currently, the use of optogenetic sensitization of retinal cells combined with activation/inhibition has the potential to be an alternative to retinal implants that would require electrodes inside every single neuron for high visual resolution. However, clinical translation of optogenetic activation for restoration of vision suffers from the drawback that the narrow spectral sensitivity of an opsin requires active stimulation by a blue laser or a light emitting diode with much higher intensities than ambient light. In order to allow an ambient light-based stimulation paradigm, we report the development of a ‘white-opsin’ that has broad spectral excitability in the visible spectrum. The cells sensitized with white-opsin showed excitability at an order of magnitude higher with white light compared to using only narrow-band light components. Further, cells sensitized with white-opsin produced a photocurrent that was five times higher than Channelrhodopsin-2 under similar photo-excitation conditions. The use of fast white-opsin may allow opsin-sensitized neurons in a degenerated retina to exhibit a higher sensitivity to ambient white light. This property, therefore, significantly lowers the activation threshold in contrast to conventional approaches that use intense narrow-band opsins and light to activate cellular stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subrata Batabyal
- Biophysics and Physiology Lab, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, United States of America
| | - Gregory Cervenka
- Biophysics and Physiology Lab, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, United States of America
| | - Ji Hee Ha
- Department of cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States of America
| | - Young-tae Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, United States of America
| | - Samarendra Mohanty
- Biophysics and Physiology Lab, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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32
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Guo S, Zhou H, Zhang J, Xu K, Zheng X. A multi-electrode array coupled with fiberoptic for deep-brain optical neuromodulation and electrical recording. Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2015; 2013:2752-5. [PMID: 24110297 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2013.6610110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In this paper we developed an integrated device comprised of a multi-electrode array coupled with optical fiber for deep-brain optical stimulation and electrical recording. We characterized the array device both electrically and optically, and conducted in vivo experiments on free moving rats for validation. This design of array device provides a viable tool for neuromodulation and neural signal acquisition in optogenetics and in other fields of neuroscience studies perspectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Itoh
- Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan.
| | - Tamami Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan
| | - Yohei Nakajima
- Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan
| | - Kohei Hatta
- Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan.
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34
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Nikolic K, Jarvis S, Grossman N, Schultz S. Computational models of optogenetic tools for controlling neural circuits with light. Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2015; 2013:5934-7. [PMID: 24111090 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2013.6610903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Optogenetics is a new neurotechnology innovation based on the creation of light sensitivity of neurons using gene technologies and remote light activation. Optogenetics allows for the first time straightforward targeted neural stimulation with practically no interference between multiple stimulation points since either light beam can be finely confined or the expression of light sensitive ion channels and pumps can be genetically targeted. Here we present a generalised computational modeling technique for various types of optogenetic mechanisms, which was implemented in the NEURON simulation environment. It was demonstrated on the example of a two classical mechanisms for cells optical activation and silencing: channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) and halorhodopsin (NpHR).We theoretically investigate the dynamics of the neural response of a layer 5 cortical pyramidal neuron (L5) to four different types of illuminations: 1) wide-field whole cell illumination 2) wide-field apical dendritic illumination 3) focal somatic illumination and 4) focal axon initial segment (AIS) illumination. We show that whole-cell illumination of halorhodopsin most effectively hyperpolarizes the neuron and is able to silence the cell even when driving input is present. However, when channelrhodopsin-2 and halorhodopsin are concurrently active, the relative location of each illumination determines whether the response is modulated with a balance towards depolarization. The methodology developed in this study will be significant to interpret and design optogenetic experiments and in the field of neuroengineering in general.
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35
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Zaglia T, Pianca N, Borile G, Da Broi F, Richter C, Campione M, Lehnart SE, Luther S, Corrado D, Miquerol L, Mongillo M. Optogenetic determination of the myocardial requirements for extrasystoles by cell type-specific targeting of ChannelRhodopsin-2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E4495-504. [PMID: 26204914 PMCID: PMC4538656 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1509380112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Extrasystoles lead to several consequences, ranging from uneventful palpitations to lethal ventricular arrhythmias, in the presence of pathologies, such as myocardial ischemia. The role of working versus conducting cardiomyocytes, as well as the tissue requirements (minimal cell number) for the generation of extrasystoles, and the properties leading ectopies to become arrhythmia triggers (topology), in the normal and diseased heart, have not been determined directly in vivo. Here, we used optogenetics in transgenic mice expressing ChannelRhodopsin-2 selectively in either cardiomyocytes or the conduction system to achieve cell type-specific, noninvasive control of heart activity with high spatial and temporal resolution. By combining measurement of optogenetic tissue activation in vivo and epicardial voltage mapping in Langendorff-perfused hearts, we demonstrated that focal ectopies require, in the normal mouse heart, the simultaneous depolarization of at least 1,300-1,800 working cardiomyocytes or 90-160 Purkinje fibers. The optogenetic assay identified specific areas in the heart that were highly susceptible to forming extrasystolic foci, and such properties were correlated to the local organization of the Purkinje fiber network, which was imaged in three dimensions using optical projection tomography. Interestingly, during the acute phase of myocardial ischemia, focal ectopies arising from this location, and including both Purkinje fibers and the surrounding working cardiomyocytes, have the highest propensity to trigger sustained arrhythmias. In conclusion, we used cell-specific optogenetics to determine with high spatial resolution and cell type specificity the requirements for the generation of extrasystoles and the factors causing ectopies to be arrhythmia triggers during myocardial ischemia.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Arrhythmias, Cardiac/complications
- Arrhythmias, Cardiac/pathology
- Arrhythmias, Cardiac/physiopathology
- Cardiac Complexes, Premature/complications
- Cardiac Complexes, Premature/pathology
- Cardiac Complexes, Premature/physiopathology
- Channelrhodopsins
- Connexins/metabolism
- Coronary Vessels/pathology
- Coronary Vessels/physiopathology
- Electrophysiological Phenomena
- Humans
- Integrases/metabolism
- Ligation
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Myocardial Ischemia/complications
- Myocardial Ischemia/pathology
- Myocardial Ischemia/physiopathology
- Myocardium/metabolism
- Myocardium/pathology
- Myocytes, Cardiac/metabolism
- Myocytes, Cardiac/pathology
- Optogenetics/methods
- Organ Specificity
- Purkinje Fibers/metabolism
- Purkinje Fibers/pathology
- Purkinje Fibers/physiopathology
- Gap Junction alpha-5 Protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Zaglia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy; Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, 35129 Padova, Italy
| | - Nicola Pianca
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy; Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, 35129 Padova, Italy
| | - Giulia Borile
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy; Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, 35129 Padova, Italy
| | | | - Claudia Richter
- Research Group Biomedical Physics, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, 37077 Gottingen, Germany
| | - Marina Campione
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy; Neuroscience Institute, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Stephan E Lehnart
- Heart Research Center Göttingen, Clinic of Cardiology and Pulmonology, University Medical Center, 37077 Gottingen, Germany; German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, partner site Göttingen, 37077 Gottingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Luther
- Research Group Biomedical Physics, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, 37077 Gottingen, Germany; Heart Research Center Göttingen, Clinic of Cardiology and Pulmonology, University Medical Center, 37077 Gottingen, Germany; German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, partner site Göttingen, 37077 Gottingen, Germany; Institute for Nonlinear Dynamics, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, 37077 Gottingen, Germany
| | - Domenico Corrado
- Department of Cardiologic, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Lucile Miquerol
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille UMR 7288, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Marco Mongillo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy; Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, 35129 Padova, Italy; Neuroscience Institute, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 35121 Padova, Italy;
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36
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Petrus E, Rodriguez G, Patterson R, Connor B, Kanold PO, Lee HK. Vision loss shifts the balance of feedforward and intracortical circuits in opposite directions in mouse primary auditory and visual cortices. J Neurosci 2015; 35:8790-801. [PMID: 26063913 PMCID: PMC4461685 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4975-14.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of a sensory modality leads to widespread changes in synaptic function across sensory cortices, which are thought to be the basis for cross-modal adaptation. Previous studies suggest that experience-dependent cross-modal regulation of the spared sensory cortices may be mediated by changes in cortical circuits. Here, we report that loss of vision, in the form of dark exposure (DE) for 1 week, produces laminar-specific changes in excitatory and inhibitory circuits in the primary auditory cortex (A1) of adult mice to promote feedforward (FF) processing and also strengthens intracortical inputs to primary visual cortex (V1). Specifically, DE potentiated FF excitatory synapses from layer 4 (L4) to L2/3 in A1 and recurrent excitatory inputs in A1-L4 in parallel with a reduction in the strength of lateral intracortical excitatory inputs to A1-L2/3. This suggests a shift in processing in favor of FF information at the expense of intracortical processing. Vision loss also strengthened inhibitory synaptic function in L4 and L2/3 of A1, but via laminar specific mechanisms. In A1-L4, DE specifically potentiated the evoked synaptic transmission from parvalbumin-positive inhibitory interneurons to principal neurons without changes in spontaneous miniature IPSCs (mIPSCs). In contrast, DE specifically increased the frequency of mIPSCs in A1-L2/3. In V1, FF excitatory inputs were unaltered by DE, whereas lateral intracortical connections in L2/3 were strengthened, suggesting a shift toward intracortical processing. Our results suggest that loss of vision produces distinct circuit changes in the spared and deprived sensory cortices to shift between FF and intracortical processing to allow adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Petrus
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Zanvyl Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, and
| | - Gabriela Rodriguez
- Cell, Molecular, Developmental Biology, and Biophysics Graduate Program, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, and
| | - Ryan Patterson
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Zanvyl Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, and
| | - Blaine Connor
- Cell, Molecular, Developmental Biology, and Biophysics Graduate Program, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, and
| | - Patrick O Kanold
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742
| | - Hey-Kyoung Lee
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Zanvyl Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, and Cell, Molecular, Developmental Biology, and Biophysics Graduate Program, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, and
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37
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Abstract
Linking the activity of defined neural populations with behavior is a key goal of neuroscience. In the context of controlling behavior, electrical stimulation affords researchers precision in the temporal domain with gross regional specificity, whereas pharmacology allows for more specific manipulation of cell types, but in the absence of temporal precision. The use of microbial opsins--light activated, genetically encoded ion channels and pumps--to control mammalian neurons now allows researchers to "sensitize" genetically and/or topologically defined populations of neurons to light to induce either depolarization or hyperpolarization in both a cell-type-specific and temporally precise manner not achievable with previous techniques. Here, we describe the use of transgenic mice expressing the blue-light gated cation channel Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) under control of the Thy1 promoter for the purpose of linking neuronal activity to behavior through restricted delivery of light to an anatomic region of interest. The surgical procedure for implanting a fiber-optic light delivery guide into the mouse brain, the process of optically stimulating the brain in a behaving animal, and post hoc evaluation are given, along with necessary reagents and discussion of common technical problems and their solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lief E Fenno
- Stanford Neuroscience and Medical Scientist Training Programs, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Lisa A Gunaydin
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Karl Deisseroth
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Stanford Bioengineering and Psychiatry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
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38
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Iordanova B, Vazquez AL, Poplawsky AJ, Fukuda M, Kim SG. Neural and hemodynamic responses to optogenetic and sensory stimulation in the rat somatosensory cortex. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2015; 35:922-32. [PMID: 25669905 PMCID: PMC4640245 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2015.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Introducing optogenetics into neurovascular research can provide novel insights into the cell-specific control of the hemodynamic response. To generalize findings from molecular approaches, it is crucial to determine whether light-activated circuits have the same effect on the vasculature as sensory-activated ones. For that purpose, rats expressing channelrhodopsin (ChR2) specific to excitatory glutamatergic neurons were used to measure neural activity, blood flow, hemoglobin-based optical intrinsic signal, and blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during optogenetic and sensory stimulation. The magnitude of the evoked hemodynamic responses was monotonically correlated with optogenetic stimulus strength. The BOLD hemodynamic response function was consistent for optogenetic and sensory stimuli. The relationship between electrical activities and hemodynamic responses was comparable for optogenetic and sensory stimuli, and better explained by the local field potential (LFP) than the firing rate. The LFP was well correlated with cerebral blood flow, moderately with cerebral blood volume, and less with deoxyhemoglobin (dHb) level. The presynaptic firing rate had little impact on evoking vascular response. Contribution of the postsynaptic LFP to the blood flow response induced by optogenetic stimulus was further confirmed by the application of glutamate receptor antagonists. Overall, neurovascular coupling during optogenetic control of glutamatergic neurons largely conforms to that of a sensory stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bistra Iordanova
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alberto L Vazquez
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Mitsuhiro Fukuda
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Seong-Gi Kim
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research, Institute for Basic Science, Suwon, Korea
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
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39
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Renault R, Sukenik N, Descroix S, Malaquin L, Viovy JL, Peyrin JM, Bottani S, Monceau P, Moses E, Vignes M. Combining microfluidics, optogenetics and calcium imaging to study neuronal communication in vitro. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120680. [PMID: 25901914 PMCID: PMC4406441 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper we report the combination of microfluidics, optogenetics and calcium imaging as a cheap and convenient platform to study synaptic communication between neuronal populations in vitro. We first show that Calcium Orange indicator is compatible in vitro with a commonly used Channelrhodopsine-2 (ChR2) variant, as standard calcium imaging conditions did not alter significantly the activity of transduced cultures of rodent primary neurons. A fast, robust and scalable process for micro-chip fabrication was developed in parallel to build micro-compartmented cultures. Coupling optical fibers to each micro-compartment allowed for the independent control of ChR2 activation in the different populations without crosstalk. By analyzing the post-stimuli activity across the different populations, we finally show how this platform can be used to evaluate quantitatively the effective connectivity between connected neuronal populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renaud Renault
- MSC (Université Paris-Diderot, CNRS-UMR 7057), 5 Rue Thomas Mann, 75013 Paris, France
- Physicochimie Curie (Institut Curie, CNRS-UMR 168, UPMC), Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, 26 rue d’Ulm, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France
- Department of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Nirit Sukenik
- Department of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Stéphanie Descroix
- Physicochimie Curie (Institut Curie, CNRS-UMR 168, UPMC), Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, 26 rue d’Ulm, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Laurent Malaquin
- Physicochimie Curie (Institut Curie, CNRS-UMR 168, UPMC), Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, 26 rue d’Ulm, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Jean-Louis Viovy
- Physicochimie Curie (Institut Curie, CNRS-UMR 168, UPMC), Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, 26 rue d’Ulm, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Jean-Michel Peyrin
- Biological Adaptation and Ageing (CNRS, UMR 8256), F-75005, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 8256, B2A, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Samuel Bottani
- MSC (Université Paris-Diderot, CNRS-UMR 7057), 5 Rue Thomas Mann, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Pascal Monceau
- MSC (Université Paris-Diderot, CNRS-UMR 7057), 5 Rue Thomas Mann, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Elisha Moses
- Department of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Maéva Vignes
- Physicochimie Curie (Institut Curie, CNRS-UMR 168, UPMC), Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, 26 rue d’Ulm, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France
- Biological Adaptation and Ageing (CNRS, UMR 8256), F-75005, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 8256, B2A, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, F-75005, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (MV)
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40
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Apergis-Schoute J, Iordanidou P, Faure C, Jego S, Schöne C, Aitta-Aho T, Adamantidis A, Burdakov D. Optogenetic evidence for inhibitory signaling from orexin to MCH neurons via local microcircuits. J Neurosci 2015; 35:5435-41. [PMID: 25855162 PMCID: PMC4388912 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5269-14.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The lateral hypothalamus (LH) is a key regulator of multiple vital behaviors. The firing of brain-wide-projecting LH neurons releases neuropeptides promoting wakefulness (orexin/hypocretin; OH), or sleep (melanin-concentrating hormone; MCH). OH neurons, which coexpress glutamate and dynorphin, have been proposed to excite their neighbors, including MCH neurons, suggesting that LH may sometimes coengage its antagonistic outputs. However, it remains unclear if, when, and how OH actions promote temporal separation of the sleep and wake signals, a process that fails in narcolepsy caused by OH loss. To explore this directly, we paired optogenetic stimulation of OH cells (at rates that promoted awakening in vivo) with electrical monitoring of MCH cells in mouse brain slices. Membrane potential recordings showed that OH cell firing inhibited action potential firing in most MCH neurons, an effect that required GABAA but not dynorphin receptors. Membrane current analysis showed that OH cell firing increased the frequency of fast GABAergic currents in MCH cells, an effect blocked by antagonists of OH but not dynorphin or glutamate receptors, and mimicked by bath-applied OH peptide. In turn, neural network imaging with a calcium indicator genetically targeted to MCH neurons showed that excitation by bath-applied OH peptides occurs in a minority of MCH cells. Collectively, our data provide functional microcircuit evidence that intra-LH feedforward loops may facilitate appropriate switching between sleep and wake signals, potentially preventing sleep disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Apergis-Schoute
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1PD, United Kingdom,
| | - Panagiota Iordanidou
- Division of Neurophysiology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, London NW7 1AA, United Kingdom
| | - Cedric Faure
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1PD, United Kingdom
| | - Sonia Jego
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada, and
| | - Cornelia Schöne
- Division of Neurophysiology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, London NW7 1AA, United Kingdom
| | - Teemu Aitta-Aho
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1PD, United Kingdom
| | - Antoine Adamantidis
- Neurology Department, Bern University Hospital, 3010 Bern, Switzerland, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada, and
| | - Denis Burdakov
- Division of Neurophysiology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, London NW7 1AA, United Kingdom, MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
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41
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Li A, Gire DH, Restrepo D. ϒ spike-field coherence in a population of olfactory bulb neurons differentiates between odors irrespective of associated outcome. J Neurosci 2015; 35:5808-22. [PMID: 25855190 PMCID: PMC4388934 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4003-14.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies in different sensory systems indicate that short spike patterns within a spike train that carry items of sensory information can be extracted from the overall train by using field potential oscillations as a reference (Kayser et al., 2012; Panzeri et al., 2014). Here we test the hypothesis that the local field potential (LFP) provides the temporal reference frame needed to differentiate between odors regardless of associated outcome. Experiments were performed in the olfactory system of the mouse (Mus musculus) where the mitral/tufted (M/T) cell spike rate develops differential responses to rewarded and unrewarded odors as the animal learns to associate one of the odors with a reward in a go-no go behavioral task. We found that coherence of spiking in M/T cells with the ϒ LFP (65 to 95 Hz) differentiates between odors regardless of the associated behavioral outcome of odor presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anan Li
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Rocky Mountain Taste and Smell Center and Neuroscience Program, University of Colorado Medical School, Aurora, Colorado 80045, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease Bioinformation, Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, 221004, China
| | - David H Gire
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 9819, and
| | - Diego Restrepo
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Rocky Mountain Taste and Smell Center and Neuroscience Program, University of Colorado Medical School, Aurora, Colorado 80045,
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42
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Yang K, Ma R, Wang Q, Jiang P, Li YQ. Optoactivation of parvalbumin neurons in the spinal dorsal horn evokes GABA release that is regulated by presynaptic GABAB receptors. Neurosci Lett 2015; 594:55-9. [PMID: 25817363 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Among heterogeneous neural cells in the spinal dorsal horn, parvalbumin (PV)-positive neurons are one subtype of GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid)-containing interneurons. Using an optogenetic approach, we expressed blue light-sensitive cation channel channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) via a viral vector on PV neurons in the spinal dorsal horn. Combined with in vitro whole-cell recordings, we activated ChR2 expressed on PV neurons by blue light and recorded GABAA receptor-mediated light-evoked inhibitory postsynaptic currents (L-IPSCs). The L-IPSCs were action potential-dependent and abolished by the GABAA receptor antagonist picrotoxin, indicating a synchronic GABA release from presynaptic terminals. Activation of GABAB receptors (the metabotropic receptors of GABA) on presynaptic terminals by a putative agonist, baclofen, depressed the amplitude of L-IPSCs. This depression was largely occluded by pretreatment with the highly selective Cav2.1 (P/Q-type) Ca(2+) channel blocker ω-agatoxin IVA. N-type Ca(2+) channel blocker ω-conotoxin GVIA showed less effects on either L-IPSCs or baclofen depression. We conclude that optoactivation of PV-ChR2 neurons in the spinal dorsal horn induces GABA release from presynaptic terminals, which is modulated by presynaptic GABAB receptors that are coupled to P/Q-type Ca(2+) channels. Importantly, our studies provide a simple and reliable optogenetic approach to study dorsal horn neural circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Yang
- School of Medicine and Affiliated Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China; Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Rui Ma
- School of Medicine and Affiliated Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Qian Wang
- School of Medicine and Affiliated Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Ping Jiang
- School of Medicine and Affiliated Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Yun-Qing Li
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
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43
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Takata N, Yoshida K, Komaki Y, Xu M, Sakai Y, Hikishima K, Mimura M, Okano H, Tanaka KF. Optogenetic activation of CA1 pyramidal neurons at the dorsal and ventral hippocampus evokes distinct brain-wide responses revealed by mouse fMRI. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121417. [PMID: 25793741 PMCID: PMC4368201 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The dorsal and ventral hippocampal regions (dHP and vHP) are proposed to have distinct functions. Electrophysiological studies have revealed intra-hippocampal variances along the dorsoventral axis. Nevertheless, the extra-hippocampal influences of dHP and vHP activities remain unclear. In this study, we compared the spatial distribution of brain-wide responses upon dHP or vHP activation and further estimate connection strengths between the dHP and the vHP with corresponding extra-hippocampal areas. To achieve this, we first investigated responses of local field potential (LFP) and multi unit activities (MUA) upon light stimulation in the hippocampus of an anesthetized transgenic mouse, whose CA1 pyramidal neurons expressed a step-function opsin variant of channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2). Optogenetic stimulation increased hippocampal LFP power at theta, gamma, and ultra-fast frequency bands, and augmented MUA, indicating light-induced activation of CA1 pyramidal neurons. Brain-wide responses examined using fMRI revealed that optogenetic activation at the dHP or vHP caused blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) fMRI signals in situ. Although activation at the dHP induced BOLD responses at the vHP, the opposite was not observed. Outside the hippocampal formation, activation at the dHP, but not the vHP, evoked BOLD responses at the retrosplenial cortex (RSP), which is in line with anatomical evidence. In contrast, BOLD responses at the lateral septum (LS) were induced only upon vHP activation, even though both dHP and vHP send axonal fibers to the LS. Our findings suggest that the primary targets of dHP and vHP activation are distinct, which concurs with attributed functions of the dHP and RSP in spatial memory, as well as of the vHP and LS in emotional responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norio Takata
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
- * E-mail: (NT); (KFT)
| | - Keitaro Yoshida
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuji Komaki
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Ming Xu
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Sakai
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Keigo Hikishima
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masaru Mimura
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji F. Tanaka
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail: (NT); (KFT)
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44
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Hososhima S, Sakai S, Ishizuka T, Yawo H. Kinetic evaluation of photosensitivity in bi-stable variants of chimeric channelrhodopsins. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119558. [PMID: 25789474 PMCID: PMC4366085 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Channelrhodopsin-1 and 2 (ChR1 and ChR2) form cation channels that are gated by light through an unknown mechanism. We tested the DC-gate hypothesis that C167 and D195 are involved in the stabilization of the cation-permeable state of ChRWR/C1C2 which consists of TM1-5 of ChR1 and TM6-7 of ChR2 and ChRFR which consists of TM1-2 of ChR1 and TM3-7 of ChR2. The cation permeable state of each ChRWR and ChRFR was markedly prolonged in the order of several tens of seconds when either C167 or D195 position was mutated to alanine (A). Therefore, the DC-gate function was conserved among these chimeric ChRs. We next investigated the kinetic properties of the ON/OFF response of these bi-stable ChR mutants as they are important in designing the photostimulation protocols for the optogenetic manipulation of neuronal activities. The turning-on rate constant of each photocurrent followed a linear relationship to 0–0.12 mWmm−2 of blue LED light or to 0–0.33 mWmm−2 of cyan LED light. Each photocurrent of bi-stable ChR was shut off to the non-conducting state by yellow or orange LED light in a manner dependent on the irradiance. As the magnitude of the photocurrent was mostly determined by the turning-on rate constant and the irradiation time, the minimal irradiance that effectively evoked an action potential (threshold irradiance) was decreased with time only if the neuron, which expresses bi-stable ChRs, has a certain large membrane time constant (eg. τm > 20 ms). On the other hand, in another group of neurons, the threshold irradiance was not dependent on the irradiation time. Based on these quantitative data, we would propose that these bi-stable ChRs would be most suitable for enhancing the intrinsic activity of excitatory pyramidal neurons at a minimal magnitude of irradiance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoko Hososhima
- Department of Developmental Biology and Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Life Sciences, Sendai, Japan
- Core Research of Evolutional Science & Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seiichiro Sakai
- Core Research of Evolutional Science & Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory for Local Neuronal Circuits, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, Wako, Japan
| | - Toru Ishizuka
- Department of Developmental Biology and Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Life Sciences, Sendai, Japan
- Core Research of Evolutional Science & Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiromu Yawo
- Department of Developmental Biology and Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Life Sciences, Sendai, Japan
- Core Research of Evolutional Science & Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Tokyo, Japan
- Center for Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Zhang S, Qi J, Li X, Wang HL, Britt JP, Hoffman AF, Bonci A, Lupica CR, Morales M. Dopaminergic and glutamatergic microdomains in a subset of rodent mesoaccumbens axons. Nat Neurosci 2015; 18:386-92. [PMID: 25664911 PMCID: PMC4340758 DOI: 10.1038/nn.3945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mesoaccumbens fibers are thought to co-release dopamine and glutamate. However, the mechanism is unclear, and co-release by mesoaccumbens fibers has not been documented. Using electron microcopy, we found that some mesoaccumbens fibers have vesicular transporters for dopamine (VMAT2) in axon segments that are continuous with axon terminals that lack VMAT2, but contain vesicular glutamate transporters type 2 (VGluT2). In vivo overexpression of VMAT2 did not change the segregation of the two vesicular types, suggesting the existence of highly regulated mechanisms for maintaining this segregation. The mesoaccumbens axon terminals containing VGluT2 vesicles make asymmetric synapses, commonly associated with excitatory signaling. Using optogenetics, we found that dopamine and glutamate were released from the same mesoaccumbens fibers. These findings reveal a complex type of signaling by mesoaccumbens fibers in which dopamine and glutamate can be released from the same axons, but are not normally released at the same site or from the same synaptic vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiliang Zhang
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Neuronal Networks Section, US National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jia Qi
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Neuronal Networks Section, US National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Xueping Li
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Neuronal Networks Section, US National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Hui-Ling Wang
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Neuronal Networks Section, US National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jonathan P. Britt
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Synaptic Plasticity Section, US National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Alexander F. Hoffman
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Electrophysiology Research Section, US National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Antonello Bonci
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Synaptic Plasticity Section, US National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Carl R. Lupica
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Electrophysiology Research Section, US National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Marisela Morales
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Neuronal Networks Section, US National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Jones JR, Tackenberg MC, McMahon DG. Manipulating circadian clock neuron firing rate resets molecular circadian rhythms and behavior. Nat Neurosci 2015; 18:373-5. [PMID: 25643294 PMCID: PMC4502919 DOI: 10.1038/nn.3937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
To examine the interaction between molecular, electrical and behavioral circadian rhythms, we combined optogenetic manipulation of suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) firing rate with bioluminescence imaging and locomotor activity monitoring. Manipulating firing rate reset circadian rhythms both ex vivo and in vivo, and this resetting required spikes and network communication. This suggests that SCN firing rate is fundamental to circadian pacemaking as both an input to and output of the molecular clockworks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff R. Jones
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Douglas G. McMahon
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
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Tsubota T, Okubo-Suzuki R, Ohashi Y, Tamura K, Ogata K, Yaguchi M, Matsuyama M, Inokuchi K, Miyashita Y. Cofilin1 controls transcolumnar plasticity in dendritic spines in adult barrel cortex. PLoS Biol 2015; 13:e1002070. [PMID: 25723479 PMCID: PMC4344332 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
During sensory deprivation, the barrel cortex undergoes expansion of a functional column representing spared inputs (spared column), into the neighboring deprived columns (representing deprived inputs) which are in turn shrunk. As a result, the neurons in a deprived column simultaneously increase and decrease their responses to spared and deprived inputs, respectively. Previous studies revealed that dendritic spines are remodeled during this barrel map plasticity. Because cofilin1, a predominant regulator of actin filament turnover, governs both the expansion and shrinkage of the dendritic spine structure in vitro, it hypothetically regulates both responses in barrel map plasticity. However, this hypothesis remains untested. Using lentiviral vectors, we knocked down cofilin1 locally within layer 2/3 neurons in a deprived column. Cofilin1-knocked-down neurons were optogenetically labeled using channelrhodopsin-2, and electrophysiological recordings were targeted to these knocked-down neurons. We showed that cofilin1 knockdown impaired response increases to spared inputs but preserved response decreases to deprived inputs, indicating that cofilin1 dependency is dissociated in these two types of barrel map plasticity. To explore the structural basis of this dissociation, we then analyzed spine densities on deprived column dendritic branches, which were supposed to receive dense horizontal transcolumnar projections from the spared column. We found that spine number increased in a cofilin1-dependent manner selectively in the distal part of the supragranular layer, where most of the transcolumnar projections existed. Our findings suggest that cofilin1-mediated actin dynamics regulate functional map plasticity in an input-specific manner through the dendritic spine remodeling that occurs in the horizontal transcolumnar circuits. These new mechanistic insights into transcolumnar plasticity in adult rats may have a general significance for understanding reorganization of neocortical circuits that have more sophisticated columnar organization than the rodent neocortex, such as the primate neocortex. In vivo measurement of the electrophysiology and shape of neurons reveals that cofilin1 is needed for remodeling dendritic spines in circuits that connect mouse whisker barrels, so aiding experience-dependent plasticity in the neocortex. Plasticity in the adult neocortex is the basis of our learning and memory. However, its molecular mechanisms are still unclear. In the sensory barrel cortex of rodents, a well-characterized model for neocortical plasticity, neurons directly code for whisker displacement—neurons within a given barrel will fire when the whisker that that barrel represents is moved. Strikingly, the deprivation of all but a single whisker alters the original representations—cortical columns representing the deprived inputs shrink and that representing the spared inputs expands, intruding into the surrounding deprived columns. Because single-neuron-level structural changes are suggested to be involved in this plasticity, here we focused on cofilin1, a protein that is known to modulate the cytoskeleton and to regulate the structure of dendritic spines. We induced experience-dependent plasticity in the D1 column by sparing only the D1 whisker, and knocked down the expression of cofilin1 in the D2 column. Cofilin1 knockdown differentially affected plasticity, such that experience-dependent increases in spared input representation were impaired, whereas decreases in deprived input representation were intact. We then found that during these plastic changes, the density of dendritic spines increased in a cofilin1-dependent manner around the connections between the D1 and D2 columns. Cofilin1-dependent density increase was observed only in the most superficial part of the cortex but not in deeper parts, consistent with the distribution patterns of axons that transmit spared and deprived information, respectively. These results suggest that cofilin1 regulates neocortical functional plasticity through the remodeling of dendritic spines within circuits that connect columns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Tsubota
- Department of Physiology, The University of Tokyo School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Reiko Okubo-Suzuki
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Saitama, Japan
| | - Yohei Ohashi
- Department of Physiology, The University of Tokyo School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keita Tamura
- Department of Physiology, The University of Tokyo School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koshin Ogata
- Department of Physiology, The University of Tokyo School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masae Yaguchi
- Department of Physiology, The University of Tokyo School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Matsuyama
- Department of Physiology, The University of Tokyo School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kaoru Inokuchi
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Saitama, Japan
| | - Yasushi Miyashita
- Department of Physiology, The University of Tokyo School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Saitama, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Gu L, Uhelski ML, Anand S, Romero-Ortega M, Kim YT, Fuchs PN, Mohanty SK. Pain inhibition by optogenetic activation of specific anterior cingulate cortical neurons. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117746. [PMID: 25714399 PMCID: PMC4340873 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Cumulative evidence from both humans and animals suggests that the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is important for pain-related perception, and thus a likely target for pain relief therapy. However, use of existing electrode based ACC stimulation has not significantly reduced pain, at least in part due to the lack of specificity and likely co-activation of both excitatory and inhibitory neurons. Herein, we report a dramatic reduction of pain behavior in transgenic mice by optogenetic stimulation of the inhibitory neural circuitry of the ACC expressing channelrhodopsin-2. Electrophysiological measurements confirmed that stimulation of ACC inhibitory neurons is associated with decreased neural activity in the ACC. Further, a distinct optogenetic stimulation intensity and frequency-dependent inhibition of spiking activity in the ACC was observed. Moreover, we confirmed specific electrophysiological responses from different neuronal units in the thalamus, in response to particular types of painful stimuli (i,e., formalin injection, pinch), which we found to be modulated by optogenetic control of the ACC inhibitory neurons. These results underscore the inhibition of the ACC as a clinical alternative in inhibiting chronic pain, and leads to a better understanding of the pain processing circuitry of the cingulate cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Gu
- Biophysics and Physiology Group, Department of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX-76019, United States of America
| | - Megan L. Uhelski
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX-76019, United States of America
| | - Sanjay Anand
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX-76019, United States of America
| | - Mario Romero-Ortega
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX-76019, United States of America
| | - Young-tae Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX-76019, United States of America
| | - Perry N. Fuchs
- Departments of Psychology and Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX-76019, United States of America
| | - Samarendra K. Mohanty
- Biophysics and Physiology Group, Department of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX-76019, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Yamamoto K, Lalley P, Mifflin S. Acute intermittent optogenetic stimulation of nucleus tractus solitarius neurons induces sympathetic long-term facilitation. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2015; 308:R266-75. [PMID: 25519734 PMCID: PMC4329466 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00381.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Acute intermittent hypoxia (AIH) induces sympathetic and phrenic long-term facilitation (LTF), defined as a sustained increase in nerve discharge. We investigated the effects of AIH and acute intermittent optogenetic (AIO) stimulation of neurons labeled with AAV-CaMKIIa, hChR2(H134R), and mCherry in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) of anesthetized, vagotomized, and mechanically ventilated rats. We measured renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA), phrenic nerve activity (PNA), power spectral density, and coherence, and we made cross-correlation measurements to determine how AIO stimulation and AIH affected synchronization between PNA and RSNA. Sixty minutes after AIH produced by ventilation with 10% oxygen in balanced nitrogen, RSNA and PNA amplitude increased by 80% and by 130%, respectively (P < 0.01). Sixty minutes after AIO stimulation, RSNA and PNA amplitude increased by 60% and 100%, respectively, (P < 0.01). These results suggest that acute intermittent stimulation of NTS neurons can induce renal sympathetic and phrenic LTF in the absence of hypoxia or chemoreceptor afferent activation. We also found that while acute intermittent optogenetic and hypoxic stimulations increased respiration-related RSNA modulation (P < 0.01), they did not increase synchronization between central respiratory drive and RSNA. We conclude that mechanisms that induce LTF originate within the caudal NTS and extend to other interconnecting neuronal elements of the central nervous cardiorespiratory network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Yamamoto
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas; and
| | - Peter Lalley
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Steve Mifflin
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas; and
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Muñoz W, Tremblay R, Rudy B. Channelrhodopsin-assisted patching: in vivo recording of genetically and morphologically identified neurons throughout the brain. Cell Rep 2014; 9:2304-16. [PMID: 25533350 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain networks contain a large diversity of functionally distinct neuronal elements, each with unique properties, enabling computational capacities and supporting brain functions. Understanding their functional implications for behavior requires the precise identification of the cell types of a network and in vivo monitoring of their activity profiles. Here, we developed a channelrhodopsin-assisted patching method allowing the efficient in vivo targeted recording of neurons identified by their molecular, electrophysiological, and morphological features. The method has a high yield, does not require visual guidance, and thus can be applied at any depth in the brain. This approach overcomes limitations of present technologies. We validate this strategy with in vivo recordings of identified subtypes of GABAergic and glutamatergic neurons in deep cortical layers, subcortical cholinergic neurons, and neurons in the thalamic reticular nucleus in anesthetized and awake mice. We propose this method as an important complement to existing technologies to relate specific cell-type activity to brain circuitry, function, and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Muñoz
- NYU Neuroscience Institute, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Robin Tremblay
- NYU Neuroscience Institute, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Bernardo Rudy
- NYU Neuroscience Institute, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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