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Miller HE, Garnett EO, Heller Murray ES, Nieto-Castañón A, Tourville JA, Chang SE, Guenther FH. A comparison of structural morphometry in children and adults with persistent developmental stuttering. Brain Commun 2023; 5:fcad301. [PMID: 38025273 PMCID: PMC10653153 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcad301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This cross-sectional study aimed to differentiate earlier occurring neuroanatomical differences that may reflect core deficits in stuttering versus changes associated with a longer duration of stuttering by analysing structural morphometry in a large sample of children and adults who stutter and age-matched controls. Whole-brain T1-weighted structural scans were obtained from 166 individuals who stutter (74 children, 92 adults; ages 3-58) and 191 controls (92 children, 99 adults; ages 3-53) from eight prior studies in our laboratories. Mean size and gyrification measures were extracted using FreeSurfer software for each cortical region of interest. FreeSurfer software was also used to generate subcortical volumes for regions in the automatic subcortical segmentation. For cortical analyses, separate ANOVA analyses of size (surface area, cortical thickness) and gyrification (local gyrification index) measures were conducted to test for a main effect of diagnosis (stuttering, control) and the interaction of diagnosis-group with age-group (children, adults) across cortical regions. Cortical analyses were first conducted across a set of regions that comprise the speech network and then in a second whole-brain analysis. Next, separate ANOVA analyses of volume were conducted across subcortical regions in each hemisphere. False discovery rate corrections were applied for all analyses. Additionally, we tested for correlations between structural morphometry and stuttering severity. Analyses revealed thinner cortex in children who stutter compared with controls in several key speech-planning regions, with significant correlations between cortical thickness and stuttering severity. These differences in cortical size were not present in adults who stutter, who instead showed reduced gyrification in the right inferior frontal gyrus. Findings suggest that early cortical anomalies in key speech planning regions may be associated with stuttering onset. Persistent stuttering into adulthood may result from network-level dysfunction instead of focal differences in cortical morphometry. Adults who stutter may also have a more heterogeneous neural presentation than children who stutter due to their unique lived experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary E Miller
- Department of Speech, Language, & Hearing Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Emily O Garnett
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Elizabeth S Heller Murray
- Department of Speech, Language, & Hearing Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Communication Sciences & Disorders, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Alfonso Nieto-Castañón
- Department of Speech, Language, & Hearing Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jason A Tourville
- Department of Speech, Language, & Hearing Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Soo-Eun Chang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Communication Disorders, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
- Department of Communicative Sciences and Disorders, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Frank H Guenther
- Department of Speech, Language, & Hearing Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Silverberg MJ, Leyden W, Hernández-Ramírez RU, Qin L, Lin H, Justice AC, Hessol NA, Achenbach CJ, D’Souza G, Engels EA, Althoff KN, Mayor AM, Sterling TR, Kitahata MM, Bosch RJ, Saag MS, Rabkin CS, Horberg MA, Gill MJ, Grover S, Mathews WC, Li J, Crane HM, Gange SJ, Lau B, Moore RD, Dubrow R, Neugebauer RS. Timing of Antiretroviral Therapy Initiation and Risk of Cancer Among Persons Living With Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 72:1900-1909. [PMID: 32785640 PMCID: PMC8315132 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Persons living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV; PLWH) experience a high burden of cancer. It remains unknown which cancer types are reduced in PLWH with earlier initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART). METHODS We evaluated AIDS-free, ART-naive PLWH during 1996-2014 from 22 cohorts participating in the North American AIDS Cohort Collaboration on Research and Design. PLWH were followed from first observed CD4 of 350-500 cells/µL (baseline) until incident cancer, death, lost-to-follow-up, or December 2014. Outcomes included 6 cancer groups and 5 individual cancers that were confirmed by chart review or cancer registry linkage. We evaluated the effect of earlier (in the first 6 months after baseline) versus deferred ART initiation on cancer risk. Marginal structural models were used with inverse probability weighting to account for time-dependent confounding and informative right-censoring, with weights informed by subject's age, sex, cohort, baseline year, race/ethnicity, HIV transmission risk, smoking, viral hepatitis, CD4, and AIDS diagnoses. RESULTS Protective results for earlier ART were found for any cancer (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 0.57; 95% confidence interval [CI], .37-.86), AIDS-defining cancers (HR 0.23; 95% CI, .11-.49), any virus-related cancer (HR 0.30; 95% CI, .16-.54), Kaposi sarcoma (HR 0.25; 95% CI, .10-.61), and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (HR 0.22; 95% CI, .06-.73). By 15 years, there was also an observed reduced risk with earlier ART for virus-related NADCs (0.6% vs 2.3%; adjusted risk difference -1.6; 95% CI, -2.8, -.5). CONCLUSIONS Earlier ART initiation has potential to reduce the burden of virus-related cancers in PLWH but not non-AIDS-defining cancers (NADCs) without known or suspected viral etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Silverberg
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California, USA
| | - Wendy Leyden
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California, USA
| | - Raúl U Hernández-Ramírez
- Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Li Qin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Haiqun Lin
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- School of Nursing, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Amy C Justice
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Yale School of Public Health, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Nancy A Hessol
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Chad J Achenbach
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Gypsyamber D’Souza
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Eric A Engels
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Keri N Althoff
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Angel M Mayor
- Retrovirus Research Center, Universidad Central del Caribe School of Medicine, Bayamon, Puerto Rico
| | - Timothy R Sterling
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Mari M Kitahata
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Ronald J Bosch
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael S Saag
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Charles S Rabkin
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael A Horberg
- Mid-Atlantic Permanente Research Institute, Kaiser Permanente Mid-Atlantic States, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - M John Gill
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Surbhi Grover
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - W Christopher Mathews
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Jun Li
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Heidi M Crane
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Stephen J Gange
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Bryan Lau
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Richard D Moore
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert Dubrow
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Romain S Neugebauer
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California, USA
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Abstract
In taste buds, Type I cells represent the majority of cells (50-60%) and primarily have a glial-like function in taste buds. However, recent studies suggest that they have additional sensory and signaling functions including amiloride-sensitive salt transduction, oxytocin modulation of taste, and substance P mediated GABA release. Nonetheless, the overall function of Type I cells in transduction and signaling remains unclear, primarily because of the lack of a reliable reporter for this cell type. GAD65 expression is specific to Type I taste cells and GAD65 has been used as a Cre driver to study Type I cells in salt taste transduction. To test the specificity of transgene-driven expression, we crossed GAD65Cre mice with floxed tdTomato and Channelrhodopsin (ChR2) lines and examined the progeny with immunochemistry, chorda tympani recording, and calcium imaging. We report that while many tdTomato+ taste cells express NTPDase2, a specific marker of Type I cells, we see some expression of tdTomato in both Gustducin and SNAP25-positive taste cells. We also see ChR2 in cells just outside the fungiform taste buds. Chorda tympani recordings in the GAD65Cre/ChR2 mice show large responses to blue light. Furthermore, several isolated tdTomato-positive taste cells responded to KCl depolarization with increases in intracellular calcium, indicating the presence of voltage-gated calcium channels. Taken together, these data suggest that GAD65Cre mice drive expression in multiple taste cell types and thus cannot be considered a reliable reporter of Type I cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric D Larson
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus and Rocky Mountain Taste and Smell Center, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Aurelie Vandenbeuch
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus and Rocky Mountain Taste and Smell Center, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Catherine B Anderson
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus and Rocky Mountain Taste and Smell Center, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Sue C Kinnamon
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus and Rocky Mountain Taste and Smell Center, Aurora, CO, USA
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