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Hernández-Ramírez RU, Spiegelman D, Lok JJ, Forastiere L, Friedman SR, Latkin CA, Vermund SH, Buchanan AL. Overall, Direct, Spillover, and Composite Effects of Components of a Peer-Driven Intervention Package on Injection Risk Behavior Among People Who Inject Drugs in the HPTN 037 Study. AIDS Behav 2024; 28:225-237. [PMID: 37932493 PMCID: PMC11062514 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-023-04213-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
We sought to disentangle effects of the components of a peer-education intervention on self-reported injection risk behaviors among people who inject drugs (n = 560) in Philadelphia, US. We examined 226 egocentric groups/networks randomized to receive (or not) the intervention. Peer-education training consisted of two components delivered to the intervention network index individual only: (1) an initial training and (2) "booster" training sessions during 6- and 12-month follow up visits. In this secondary data analysis, using inverse-probability-weighted log-binomial mixed effects models, we estimated the effects of the components of the network-level peer-education intervention upon subsequent risk behaviors. This included contrasting outcome rates if a participant is a network member [non-index] under the network exposure versus under the network control condition (i.e., spillover effects). We found that compared to control networks, among intervention networks, the overall rates of injection risk behaviors were lower in both those recently exposed (i.e., at the prior visit) to a booster (rate ratio [95% confidence interval]: 0.61 [0.46-0.82]) and those not recently exposed to it (0.81 [0.67-0.98]). Only the boosters had statistically significant spillover effects (e.g., 0.59 [0.41-0.86] for recent exposure). Thus, both intervention components reduced injection risk behaviors with evidence of spillover effects for the boosters. Spillover should be assessed for an intervention that has an observable behavioral measure. Efforts to fully understand the impact of peer education should include routine evaluation of spillover effects. To maximize impact, boosters can be provided along with strategies to recruit especially committed peer educators and to increase attendance at trainings. Clinical Trials Registration Clinicaltrials.gov NCT00038688 June 5, 2002.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl U Hernández-Ramírez
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, USA.
- Center for Methods in Implementation and Prevention Science, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, USA.
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on AIDS, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, USA.
| | - Donna Spiegelman
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, USA
- Center for Methods in Implementation and Prevention Science, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, USA
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on AIDS, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, USA
| | - Judith J Lok
- Department of Mathematics & Statistics, Boston University, Boston, USA
| | - Laura Forastiere
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, USA
| | - Samuel R Friedman
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Carl A Latkin
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
| | - Sten H Vermund
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, USA
| | - Ashley L Buchanan
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, USA
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2
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León-Maldonado L, Hernández-Ramírez RU, Torres-Ibarra L, Spiegelman D, Sheth SS, Lazcano E, Cadena-Fiscal JD, Salmerón J. Factors associated with receiving results and attending colposcopy in patients with positive HPV screens in Mexico City. Prev Med Rep 2023; 35:102347. [PMID: 37593354 PMCID: PMC10428024 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2023.102347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
We identified patient and healthcare system factors related to receipt of screening results and attendance to colposcopy among patients with positive screening results in a cervical cancer screening program in Mexico City, Mexico. We analyzed data from 1,351 patients with high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV)-positive results from two screening demonstration studies conducted between 2017 and 2018. Factors associated with receipt of screening results and with adherence to a colposcopy appointment were identified using multivariable logistic regression. Participants had a median age of 40 years (IQR = 32-48), 60% had less than high school education, and 74% had a previous Pap screening in the last 5 years. Fifty-five percent of participants retrieved their screening results at the healthcare facility (HCF) without any reminder. Providing an email address for contact information, attending a HCF with family medicine, and receiving care from experienced nurses were associated with greater adherence to obtaining screening test results. Fifty-seven percent of participants attended their first scheduled colposcopy appointment. Providing a phone number improved adherence to colposcopy, whereas longer travel times between the HCF and the colposcopy clinic was associated with a decrease in colposcopy adherence. Having a Pap test in the last 5 years was positively associated with better compliance with both outcomes. Securing contact information may help to overcome barriers to future follow-up. Additional research is necessary on strategies for obtaining screening test results and scheduling appointments, which may help address barriers to access, such as limited staff availability, distance from the clinic, and travel costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leith León-Maldonado
- Centro de Investigación en Salud Poblacional, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Raúl U. Hernández-Ramírez
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Methods in Implementation and Prevention Science (CMIPS), Yale School of Public Health (YSPH), New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Leticia Torres-Ibarra
- Centro de Investigación en Salud Poblacional, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Donna Spiegelman
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Methods in Implementation and Prevention Science (CMIPS), Yale School of Public Health (YSPH), New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sangini S. Sheth
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, & Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine (YSM), New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Eduardo Lazcano
- Dirección General, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - José D. Cadena-Fiscal
- Jurisdicción Sanitaria Tlalpan, Servicios de Salud de la Ciudad de México, México City, Mexico
| | - Jorge Salmerón
- Centro de Investigación en Políticas, Población y Salud, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, Mexico
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3
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White EB, Hernández-Ramírez RU, Majwala RK, Nalugwa T, Reza T, Cattamanchi A, Katamba A, Davis JL. Is aggregated surveillance data a reliable method for constructing tuberculosis care cascades? A secondary data analysis from Uganda. PLOS Glob Public Health 2022; 2:e0000716. [PMID: 36962541 PMCID: PMC10045605 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0000716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
To accelerate tuberculosis (TB) control and elimination, reliable data is needed to improve the quality of TB care. We assessed agreement between a surveillance dataset routinely collected for Uganda's national TB program and a high-fidelity dataset collected from the same source documents for a research study from 32 health facilities in 2017 and 2019 for six measurements: 1) Smear-positive and 2) GeneXpert-positive diagnoses, 3) bacteriologically confirmed and 4) clinically diagnosed treatment initiations, and the number of people initiating TB treatment who were also 5) living with HIV or 6) taking antiretroviral therapy. We measured agreement as the average difference between the two methods, expressed as the average ratio of the surveillance counts to the research data counts, its 95% limits of agreement (LOA), and the concordance correlation coefficient. We used linear mixed models to investigate whether agreement changed over time or was associated with facility characteristics. We found good overall agreement with some variation in the expected facility-level agreement for the number of smear positive diagnoses (average ratio [95% LOA]: 1.04 [0.38-2.82]; CCC: 0.78), bacteriologically confirmed treatment initiations (1.07 [0.67-1.70]; 0.82), and people living with HIV (1.11 [0.51-2.41]; 0.82). Agreement was poor for Xpert positives, with surveillance data undercounting relative to research data (0.45 [0.099-2.07]; 0.36). Although surveillance data overcounted relative to research data for clinically diagnosed treatment initiations (1.52 [0.71-3.26]) and number of people taking antiretroviral therapy (1.71 [0.71-4.12]), their agreement as assessed by CCC was not poor (0.82 and 0.62, respectively). Average agreement was similar across study years for all six measurements, but facility-level agreement varied from year to year and was not explained by facility characteristics. In conclusion, the agreement of TB surveillance data with high-fidelity research data was highly variable across measurements and facilities. To advance the use of routine TB data as a quality improvement tool, future research should elucidate and address reasons for variability in its quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth B White
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, United States of America
- Uganda Tuberculosis Implementation Research Consortium, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Raúl U Hernández-Ramírez
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on AIDS, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, United States of America
- Center for Methods in Implementation and Prevention Science, Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Robert Kaos Majwala
- National Tuberculosis and Leprosy Program, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Talemwa Nalugwa
- Uganda Tuberculosis Implementation Research Consortium, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Tania Reza
- Uganda Tuberculosis Implementation Research Consortium, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and Center for Tuberculosis, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Adithya Cattamanchi
- Uganda Tuberculosis Implementation Research Consortium, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and Center for Tuberculosis, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Achilles Katamba
- Uganda Tuberculosis Implementation Research Consortium, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
- Department of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - J Lucian Davis
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, United States of America
- Uganda Tuberculosis Implementation Research Consortium, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine Section, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America
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4
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McNamara KF, Biondi BE, Hernández-Ramírez RU, Taweh N, Grimshaw AA, Springer SA. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Studies Evaluating the Effect of Medication Treatment for Opioid Use Disorder on Infectious Disease Outcomes. Open Forum Infect Dis 2021; 8:ofab289. [PMID: 34430670 PMCID: PMC8378589 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofab289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The opioid epidemic has fueled infectious disease epidemics. We determined the impact of medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD) on treatment outcomes of opioid use disorder (OUD)-associated infectious diseases: antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) viral suppression, hepatitis C virus (HCV) sustained virologic response, HCV reinfection, new hepatitis B virus infections, and infectious endocarditis-related outcomes. Manuscripts reporting on these infectious disease outcomes in adults with OUD receiving MOUD compared with those with OUD "not" receiving MOUD were included. Initial search yielded 8169 papers; 9 were included in the final review. The meta-analysis revealed that MOUD was associated with greater ART adherence (odds ratio [OR] = 1.55; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.12-2.15) and HIV viral suppression (OR = 2.19; 95% CI = 1.88-2.56). One study suggested a positive association between MOUD and HCV sustained virologic response. There is significant support for integrating MOUD with HIV treatment to improve viral suppression among persons with HIV (PWH) and OUD. Treatment of OUD among PWH should be a priority to combat the opioid and HIV epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn F McNamara
- Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, USA
| | - Breanne E Biondi
- Department of Health Law, Policy, and Management, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Raúl U Hernández-Ramírez
- Center for Methods in Implementation and Prevention Science, Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Center for Interdisciplinary Research on AIDS, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Noor Taweh
- Yale AIDS Program, Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Alyssa A Grimshaw
- Harvey Cushing/John Hay Whitney Medical Library, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Sandra A Springer
- Yale AIDS Program, Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Center for Interdisciplinary Research on AIDS, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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5
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Silverberg MJ, Leyden W, Hernández-Ramírez RU, Qin L, Lin H, Justice AC, Hessol NA, Achenbach CJ, D’Souza G, Engels EA, Althoff KN, Mayor AM, Sterling TR, Kitahata MM, Bosch RJ, Saag MS, Rabkin CS, Horberg MA, Gill MJ, Grover S, Mathews WC, Li J, Crane HM, Gange SJ, Lau B, Moore RD, Dubrow R, Neugebauer RS. Timing of Antiretroviral Therapy Initiation and Risk of Cancer Among Persons Living With Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 72:1900-1909. [PMID: 32785640 PMCID: PMC8315132 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Persons living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV; PLWH) experience a high burden of cancer. It remains unknown which cancer types are reduced in PLWH with earlier initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART). METHODS We evaluated AIDS-free, ART-naive PLWH during 1996-2014 from 22 cohorts participating in the North American AIDS Cohort Collaboration on Research and Design. PLWH were followed from first observed CD4 of 350-500 cells/µL (baseline) until incident cancer, death, lost-to-follow-up, or December 2014. Outcomes included 6 cancer groups and 5 individual cancers that were confirmed by chart review or cancer registry linkage. We evaluated the effect of earlier (in the first 6 months after baseline) versus deferred ART initiation on cancer risk. Marginal structural models were used with inverse probability weighting to account for time-dependent confounding and informative right-censoring, with weights informed by subject's age, sex, cohort, baseline year, race/ethnicity, HIV transmission risk, smoking, viral hepatitis, CD4, and AIDS diagnoses. RESULTS Protective results for earlier ART were found for any cancer (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 0.57; 95% confidence interval [CI], .37-.86), AIDS-defining cancers (HR 0.23; 95% CI, .11-.49), any virus-related cancer (HR 0.30; 95% CI, .16-.54), Kaposi sarcoma (HR 0.25; 95% CI, .10-.61), and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (HR 0.22; 95% CI, .06-.73). By 15 years, there was also an observed reduced risk with earlier ART for virus-related NADCs (0.6% vs 2.3%; adjusted risk difference -1.6; 95% CI, -2.8, -.5). CONCLUSIONS Earlier ART initiation has potential to reduce the burden of virus-related cancers in PLWH but not non-AIDS-defining cancers (NADCs) without known or suspected viral etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Silverberg
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California, USA
| | - Wendy Leyden
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California, USA
| | - Raúl U Hernández-Ramírez
- Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Li Qin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Haiqun Lin
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- School of Nursing, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Amy C Justice
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Yale School of Public Health, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Nancy A Hessol
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Chad J Achenbach
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Gypsyamber D’Souza
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Eric A Engels
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Keri N Althoff
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Angel M Mayor
- Retrovirus Research Center, Universidad Central del Caribe School of Medicine, Bayamon, Puerto Rico
| | - Timothy R Sterling
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Mari M Kitahata
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Ronald J Bosch
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael S Saag
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Charles S Rabkin
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael A Horberg
- Mid-Atlantic Permanente Research Institute, Kaiser Permanente Mid-Atlantic States, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - M John Gill
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Surbhi Grover
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - W Christopher Mathews
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Jun Li
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Heidi M Crane
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Stephen J Gange
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Bryan Lau
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Richard D Moore
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert Dubrow
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Romain S Neugebauer
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California, USA
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6
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Hernández-Ramírez RU, Qin L, Lin H, Leyden W, Neugebauer RS, Althoff KN, Hessol NA, Achenbach CJ, Brooks JT, Gill MJ, Grover S, Horberg MA, Li J, Mathews WC, Mayor AM, Patel P, Rabkin CS, Rachlis A, Justice AC, Moore RD, Engels EA, Silverberg MJ, Dubrow R. Association of Immunosuppression and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Viremia With Anal Cancer Risk in Persons Living With HIV in the United States and Canada. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 70:1176-1185. [PMID: 31044245 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciz329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND People living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV; PLWH) have a markedly elevated anal cancer risk, largely due to loss of immunoregulatory control of oncogenic human papillomavirus infection. To better understand anal cancer development and prevention, we determined whether recent, past, cumulative, or nadir/peak CD4+ T-cell count (CD4) and/or HIV-1 RNA level (HIV RNA) best predict anal cancer risk. METHODS We studied 102 777 PLWH during 1996-2014 from 21 cohorts participating in the North American AIDS Cohort Collaboration on Research and Design. Using demographics-adjusted, cohort-stratified Cox models, we assessed associations between anal cancer risk and various time-updated CD4 and HIV RNA measures, including cumulative and nadir/peak measures during prespecified moving time windows. We compared models using the Akaike information criterion. RESULTS Cumulative and nadir/peak CD4 or HIV RNA measures from approximately 8.5 to 4.5 years in the past were generally better predictors for anal cancer risk than their corresponding more recent measures. However, the best model included CD4 nadir (ie, the lowest CD4) from approximately 8.5 years to 6 months in the past (hazard ratio [HR] for <50 vs ≥500 cells/µL, 13.4; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.5-51.0) and proportion of time CD4 <200 cells/µL from approximately 8.5 to 4.5 years in the past (a cumulative measure; HR for 100% vs 0%, 3.1; 95% CI, 1.5-6.6). CONCLUSIONS Our results are consistent with anal cancer promotion by severe, prolonged HIV-induced immunosuppression. Nadir and cumulative CD4 may represent useful markers for identifying PLWH at higher anal cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl U Hernández-Ramírez
- Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Li Qin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Haiqun Lin
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Wendy Leyden
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland
| | | | - Keri N Althoff
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Nancy A Hessol
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Chad J Achenbach
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - John T Brooks
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - M John Gill
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Surbhi Grover
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia
| | - Michael A Horberg
- Mid-Atlantic Permanente Research Institute, Kaiser Permanente Mid-Atlantic States, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Jun Li
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Angel M Mayor
- Retrovirus Research Center, Department of Medicine, Universidad Central del Caribe School of Medicine, Bayamon, Puerto Rico
| | - Pragna Patel
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Charles S Rabkin
- Infections and Immunoepidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Anita Rachlis
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre and Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amy C Justice
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.,Department of Health Policy and Management, Yale School of Public Health, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.,Research Service, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven
| | - Richard D Moore
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Eric A Engels
- Infections and Immunoepidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland
| | | | - Robert Dubrow
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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7
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Ferro A, Morais S, Pelucchi C, Aragonés N, Kogevinas M, López-Carrillo L, Malekzadeh R, Tsugane S, Hamada GS, Hidaka A, Hernández-Ramírez RU, López-Cervantes M, Zaridze D, Maximovitch D, Pourfarzi F, Zhang ZF, Yu GP, Pakseresht M, Ye W, Plymoth A, Leja M, Gasenko E, Derakhshan MH, Negri E, La Vecchia C, Peleteiro B, Lunet N. Smoking and Helicobacter pylori infection: an individual participant pooled analysis (Stomach Cancer Pooling- StoP Project). Eur J Cancer Prev 2020; 28:390-396. [PMID: 30272597 DOI: 10.1097/cej.0000000000000471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Smoking has been associated with acquisition and increased persistence of Helicobacter pylori infection, as well as with lower effectiveness of its eradication. A greater prevalence of infection among smokers could contribute to the increased risk for gastric cancer. We aimed to estimate the association between smoking and seropositivity to H. pylori through an individual participant data pooled analysis using controls from 14 case-control studies participating in the Stomach Cancer Pooling Project. Summary odds ratios and prevalence ratios (PRs), adjusted for age, sex and social class, and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated through random-effects meta-analysis. Heterogeneity was quantified using the I statistic and publication bias with Egger's test. There was no significant association between smoking (ever vs. never) and H. pylori seropositivity (adjusted odds ratio = 1.08; 95% CI: 0.89-1.32; adjusted PR = 1.01; 95% CI: 0.98-1.05). The strength of the association did not increase with the intensity or duration of smoking; stratified analyses according to sex, age, region or type of sample did not yield a consistent pattern of variation or statistically significant results, except for participants younger than 55 years and who had been smoking for more than 30 years (adjusted PR = 1.08; 95% CI: 1.02-1.15). This is the first collaborative analysis providing pooled estimates for the association between smoking and H. pylori seropositivity, based on detailed and uniform information and adjusting for major covariates. The results do not support an association between smoking and H. pylori infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Ferro
- EPIUnit - Instituto de Saúde Pública
| | | | | | - Nuria Aragonés
- Department of Health of Madrid, Epidemiology Section, Public Health Division.,CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manolis Kogevinas
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain.,ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology.,IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute).,Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Reza Malekzadeh
- Digestive Oncology Research Center, Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran
| | - Shoichiro Tsugane
- Epidemiology and Prevention Group, Center for Public Health Sciences, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Akihisa Hidaka
- Epidemiology and Prevention Group, Center for Public Health Sciences, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Raúl U Hernández-Ramírez
- Mexico National Institute of Public Health, Morelos.,Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, USA
| | | | - David Zaridze
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Russian N.N. Blokhin Cancer Research Center, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry Maximovitch
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Russian N.N. Blokhin Cancer Research Center, Moscow, Russia
| | - Farhad Pourfarzi
- Digestive Oncology Research Center, Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran.,Digestive Disease Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Zuo-Feng Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health and Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Guo-Pei Yu
- Medical Informatics Center, Peking University, Peking, China
| | - Mohammadreza Pakseresht
- Digestive Oncology Research Center, Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran.,Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Nutritional Epidemiology Group, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Leeds, Leeds
| | - Weimin Ye
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Amelie Plymoth
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marcis Leja
- Institute of Clinical and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, Riga
| | - Evita Gasenko
- Institute of Clinical and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, Riga
| | - Mohammad H Derakhshan
- Digestive Oncology Research Center, Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran.,Institute of Cardiovascular & Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Eva Negri
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Bárbara Peleteiro
- EPIUnit - Instituto de Saúde Pública.,Departamento de Ciências da Saúde Pública e Forenses e Educação Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Nuno Lunet
- EPIUnit - Instituto de Saúde Pública.,Departamento de Ciências da Saúde Pública e Forenses e Educação Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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8
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Hernández-Ramírez RU, Qin L, Lin H, Leyden W, Neugebauer RS, Althoff KN, Achenbach CJ, Hessol NA, D’Souza G, Gebo KA, Gill MJ, Grover S, Horberg MA, Li J, Mathews WC, Mayor AM, Park LS, Rabkin CS, Salters K, Justice AC, Moore RD, Engels EA, Silverberg MJ, Dubrow R. Association of immunosuppression and HIV viraemia with non-Hodgkin lymphoma risk overall and by subtype in people living with HIV in Canada and the USA: a multicentre cohort study. Lancet HIV 2019; 6:e240-e249. [PMID: 30826282 PMCID: PMC6531288 DOI: 10.1016/s2352-3018(18)30360-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research is needed to better understand relations between immunosuppression and HIV viraemia and risk for non-Hodgkin lymphoma, a common cancer in people living with HIV. We aimed to identify key CD4 count and HIV RNA (viral load) predictors of risk for non-Hodgkin lymphoma, overall and by subtype. METHODS We studied people living with HIV during 1996-2014 from 21 Canadian and US cohorts participating in the North American AIDS Cohort Collaboration on Research and Design. To determine key independent predictors of risk for non-Hodgkin lymphoma, we assessed associations with time-updated recent, past, cumulative, and nadir or peak measures of CD4 count and viral load, using demographics-adjusted, cohort-stratified Cox models, and we compared models using Akaike's information criterion. FINDINGS Of 102 131 people living with HIV during the study period, 712 people developed non-Hodgkin lymphoma. The key independent predictors of risk for overall non-Hodgkin lymphoma were recent CD4 count (ie, lagged by 6 months; <50 cells per μL vs ≥500 cells per μL, hazard ratio [HR] 3·2, 95% CI 2·2-4·7) and average viral load during a 3-year window lagged by 6 months (a cumulative measure; ≥100 000 copies per mL vs ≤500 copies per mL, HR 9·6, 95% CI 6·5-14·0). These measures were also the key predictors of risk for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (recent CD4 count <50 cells per μL vs ≥500 cells per μL, HR 2·4, 95% CI 1·4-4·2; average viral load ≥100 000 copies per mL vs ≤500 copies per mL, HR 7·5, 95% CI 4·5-12·7). However, recent CD4 count was the sole key predictor of risk for CNS non-Hodgkin lymphoma (<50 cells per μL vs ≥500 cells per μL, HR 426·3, 95% CI 58·1-3126·4), and proportion of time viral load was greater than 500 copies per mL during the 3-year window (a cumulative measure) was the sole key predictor for Burkitt lymphoma (100% vs 0%, HR 41·1, 95% CI 9·1-186·6). INTERPRETATION Both recent immunosuppression and prolonged HIV viraemia have important independent roles in the development of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, with likely subtype heterogeneity. Early and sustained antiretroviral therapy to decrease HIV replication, dampen B-cell activation, and restore overall immune function is crucial for preventing non-Hodgkin lymphoma. FUNDING National Institutes of Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, US Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, US Health Resources and Services Administration, Canadian Institutes of Health Research, Ontario Ministry of Health and Long Term Care, and the Government of Alberta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl U. Hernández-Ramírez
- Corresponding author: Raúl U.
Hernández-Ramírez, Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of
Public Health, New Haven, CT 06520-8034, USA
| | - Li Qin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New
Haven, CT, USA
| | - Haiqun Lin
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, Yale
School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Wendy Leyden
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California,
Oakland, CA, USA
| | | | - Keri N. Althoff
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg
School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Chad J. Achenbach
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University Feinberg
School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Nancy A. Hessol
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of California, San
Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Gypsyamber D’Souza
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg
School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kelly A. Gebo
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of
Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - M. John Gill
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta,
Canada
| | - Surbhi Grover
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania
Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael A. Horberg
- Mid-Atlantic Permanente Research Institute, Kaiser Permanente
Mid-Atlantic States, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Jun Li
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Angel M. Mayor
- Retrovirus Research Center, Universidad Central del Caribe School
of Medicine, Bayamon, Puerto Rico
| | - Lesley S. Park
- Stanford Center for Population Health Sciences, Stanford
University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Charles S. Rabkin
- Infections and Immunoepidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer
Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD,
USA
| | - Kate Salters
- Epidemiology and Population Health, British Columbia Centre for
Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Amy C. Justice
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New
Haven, CT, USA,Department of Health Policy and Management, Yale School of Public
Health, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA,Research Service, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System,
West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Richard D. Moore
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of
Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Eric A. Engels
- Infections and Immunoepidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer
Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD,
USA
| | | | - Robert Dubrow
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public
Health, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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9
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Hernández-Ramírez RU, Shiels MS, Dubrow R, Engels EA. Cancer risk in HIV-infected people in the USA from 1996 to 2012: a population-based, registry-linkage study. Lancet HIV 2017; 4:e495-e504. [PMID: 28803888 PMCID: PMC5669995 DOI: 10.1016/s2352-3018(17)30125-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background Monitoring cancer risk among HIV-infected people in the modern antiretroviral therapy (ART) era is critical given their elevated risk for many cancers and prolonged survival with immunosuppression, ART exposure, and aging. Our study described cancer risk in HIV-infected people in the United States relative to the general population. Methods Utilizing data from linked population-based HIV and cancer registries (nine areas; 1996–2012), we calculated standardized incidence ratios (SIRs). We tested SIR differences by AIDS status and over time using Poisson regression. Findings Among 448,258 HIV-infected people, risk was elevated (p<0·0001) for cancer overall (SIR 1·69; 95%CI: 1·67–1·72), AIDS-defining cancers (Kaposi sarcoma [498; 478–519], non-Hodgkin lymphoma [11·5; 11·1–11·9], and cervix [3·24; 2·94–3·56]), most other virus-related cancers (e.g., anus [19·1; 18·1–20·0], liver [3·21; 3·02–3·41], and Hodgkin lymphoma [7·70; 7·20–8·23]), and some virus-unrelated cancers (e.g., lung [1·97; 1·89–2·05]), but not for other common cancers. Risk for several cancers was higher after AIDS onset and declined across calendar periods. After multivariable adjustment, SIRs decreased significantly across 1996–2012 for six cancers (Kaposi sarcoma, two non-Hodgkin lymphoma subtypes, anus, liver, and lung) but remained elevated in the latest period. SIRs did not increase over time for any cancer. Interpretation Risks for several virus-related cancers and lung cancer declined among HIV-infected people, likely reflecting ART expansion since 1996. Despite declines, risk for many cancers remain elevated in the modern treatment era. Funding National Cancer Institute.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl U Hernández-Ramírez
- Infections and Immunoepidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA; Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Meredith S Shiels
- Infections and Immunoepidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Robert Dubrow
- Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Eric A Engels
- Infections and Immunoepidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
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10
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Mérida-Ortega Á, Hernández-Alcaraz C, Hernández-Ramírez RU, García-Martínez A, Trejo-Valdivia B, Salinas-Rodríguez A, Svensson K, Cebrián ME, Franco-Marina F, López-Carrillo L. Phthalate exposure, flavonoid consumption and breast cancer risk among Mexican women. Environ Int 2016; 96:167-172. [PMID: 27690147 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 07/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate if selected phthalate exposure and flavonoid intake interact on breast cancer (BC) risk. MATERIAL AND METHODS Interviews and urine samples were obtained from 233 women with histologically confirmed BC and 221 healthy controls matched by age and place of residence, from various states of northern Mexico. Urinary metabolites concentrations of diethyl phthalate (DEP), butyl benzyl phthalate (BBzP) and dioctyl phthalate (DOP) were determined by solid-phase extraction coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography/isotope dilution/tandem mass spectrometry. Using a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire, consumption of five types of flavonoids (anthocyanidins, flavan-3-ols, flavanones, flavones and flavonols) was estimated according to three food groups: vegetables, fruits and legumes-oil seeds. RESULTS A higher intake of anthocyanidins and flavan-3-ols (from vegetables), synergistically increased the negative association between BBzP and BC. No other significant flavonoid-phthalate multiplicative interactions on the risk for BC were found. CONCLUSION The consumption of some flavonoids may interact with exposure to phthalates on the risk of BC. Epidemiological and underlying mechanisms information is still insufficient and requires further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Katherine Svensson
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, USA
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11
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Pineda-Belmontes CP, Hernández-Ramírez RU, Hernández-Alcaraz C, Cebrián ME, López-Carrillo L. Genetic polymorphisms of PPAR gamma, arsenic methylation capacity and breast cancer risk in Mexican women. Salud Publica Mex 2016; 58:220-7. [DOI: 10.21149/spm.v58i2.7791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The burden of cancer among persons living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) is substantial and increasing. We assessed the prevalence of modifiable cancer risk factors among adult PLWHA in Western high-income countries since 2000. DESIGN Meta-analysis. METHODS We searched PubMed to identify articles published in 2011-2013 reporting prevalence of smoking, alcohol consumption, overweight/obesity, and infection with human papillomavirus (HPV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) among PLWHA. We conducted random effects meta-analyses of prevalence for each risk factor, including estimation of overall, sex-specific, and HIV-transmission-group-specific prevalence. We compared prevalence in PLWHA with published prevalence estimates in US adults. RESULTS The meta-analysis included 113 publications. Overall summary prevalence estimates were current smoking, 54% [95% confidence interval (CI) 49-59%] versus 20-23% in US adults; cervical high-risk HPV infection, 46% (95% CI 34-58%) versus 29% in US females; oral high-risk HPV infection, 16% (95% CI 10-23%) versus 4% in US adults; anal high-risk HPV infection (men who have sex with men), 68% (95% CI 57-79%), with no comparison estimate available; chronic HCV infection, 26% (95% CI 21-30%) versus 0.9% in US adults; and HBV infection, 5% (95% CI 4-5%) versus 0.3% in US adults. Overweight/obesity prevalence (53%; 95% CI 46-59%) was below that of US adults (68%). Meta-analysis of alcohol consumption prevalence was impeded by varying assessment methods. Overall, we observed considerable study heterogeneity in prevalence estimates. CONCLUSION Prevalence of smoking and oncogenic virus infections continues to be extraordinarily high among PLWHA, indicating a vital need for risk factor reduction efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesley S Park
- aDivision of Endocrinology, Gerontology, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine and Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Policy and Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CaliforniabDepartment of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, ConnecticutcDivision of Research, Kaiser Permanente, Oakland, CaliforniadDivision of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA.*Lesley S. Park and Raúl U. Hernández-Ramírez contributed equally to this article
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13
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Abstract
El cáncer gástrico (CG) es la cuarta causa de muerte por cáncer a nivel global. La dieta y el consumo de alcohol y tabaco, además de la infección por Helicobacter pylori determinan un gran número de casos de esta neoplasia. Algunos alimentos contienen sustancias que podrían influir en el proceso de carcinogénesis gástrica, aunque los mecanismos subyacentes no están completamente dilucidados. En México y el mundo, la disminución en el consumo de frutas, vegetales no feculentos y allium, leguminosas y alimentos fuente de selenio, así como el aumento en el consumo de sal, alimentos salados, salmuera y ahumados, chile, carnes procesadas y asadas o a la parrilla se han asociado respectivamente con un aumento de riesgo de CG. Con la evidencia disponible, se podrían desarrollar y evaluar programas para la prevención y control del CG.
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14
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López-Carrillo L, Torres-Sánchez L, Blanco-Muñoz J, Hernández-Ramírez RU, Knaul FM. Utilización correcta de las técnicas de detección de cáncer de mama en mujeres mexicanas. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.21149/spm.v56i5.7711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Objetivo. Identificar las características asociadas con la prevalencia de utilización correcta de la autoexploración manual (AE), el examen clínico (EC) y la mamografía (MA) para la detección de cáncer mamario (CaMa). Material y métodos. Se entrevistó a 1 030 mujeres mexicanas, sanas, de entre 20 y 88 años sobre su historia reproductiva y sociodemográfica. Con base en la forma y frecuencia de realización de estas técnicas de detección, se construyó un índice de utilización correcta. Resultados. La prevalencia de utilización correcta de la AE fue de 11% y del EC de 5.4%. El 7.6% de las mujeres entre 40 y 49 años y 31.6% de las mujeres con 50 años o más se realizaron una MA de acuerdo con la norma vigente al momento del estudio. El aseguramiento por parte del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, del Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado o del Seguro Popular fue el principal determinante de la utilización de la MA. Conclusiones. Se evidencia la necesidad de incrementar la correcta utilización de la AE, el EC y la MA.
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15
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Hernández-Ramírez RU, López-Carrillo L. [Diet and gastric cancer in Mexico and in the world]. Salud Publica Mex 2014; 56:555-560. [PMID: 25604301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is the fourth leading cause of cancer death at global level. Diet, alcohol and tobacco, in addition to Helicobacter pylori infection, account for a large number of cases. Some substances contained in foods may influence GC carcinogenesis process; however, the underlying mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. In Mexico and worldwide, a low intake of fruits, non-starchy and allium vegetables, pulses, and foods containing selenium, as well as high intake of salt, salty, salted and smoked foods, chili pepper, processed and grilled/barbecued meats, have been respectively associated with an increased risk of GC. Based on the available evidence, programs for GC prevention and control could be developed and evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl U Hernández-Ramírez
- Departamento de Salud Ambiental, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Lizbeth López-Carrillo
- Departamento de Salud Ambiental, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
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16
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López-Carrillo L, Torres-Sánchez L, Blanco-Muñoz J, Hernández-Ramírez RU, Knaul FM. [Correct utilization of breast cancer detection techniques in Mexican women]. Salud Publica Mex 2014; 56:538-564. [PMID: 25604299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Identify the characteristics associated with correct utilization of self examination (SE), clinical exam (CE) and mammography (MA) for breast cancer (BC) early detection. MATERIALS AND METHODS Interviews were undertaken with 1 030 Mexican women (n=1 030), 20 to 88 years of age, regarding their reproductive and sociodemographic characteristics. An index of correct utilization was constructed based on the form and frequency practice of those techniques. RESULTS The prevalence of correct utilization of SE was 11% and 5.4% for CE. Further, 7.6% of women 40-49 years of age with 2 or more BC risk factors had MA during the two years prior to the interview, and for 31.6% among women ≥50 years of age the MA was annually. The main determinant of MA utilization was having financial protection from either IMSS, ISSSTE or Seguro Popular. CONCLUSIONS It is necessary to improve the correct utilization of BC detection techniques in Mexico.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Felicia Marie Knaul
- Harvard Global Equity Initiative, Boston, Massachusetts, Estados Unidos de América
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17
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18
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Martínez-Nava GA, Burguete-García AI, López-Carrillo L, Hernández-Ramírez RU, Madrid-Marina V, Cebrián ME. PPARγ and PPARGC1B polymorphisms modify the association between phthalate metabolites and breast cancer risk. Biomarkers 2013; 18:493-501. [PMID: 23866026 DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2013.816776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Breast cancer (BC) risk has been differentially associated with urinary levels of some phthalate metabolites. OBJECTIVE To investigate whether PPARγ and PPARGC1B polymorphisms modulate these associations. MATERIALS AND METHODS 208 BC cases were age-matched with 220 population controls. Phthalate metabolites were determined by HPLC-MS. PPARγ Pro12Ala (rs1801281) and PPARGC1B Ala203Pro (rs7732671) and Val279Ile (rs17572019) were genotyped. RESULTS The association between mono-(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP) and BC risk was positively modified in PPARγ Pro12Ala C carriers. The association with mono-iso-butyl phthalate (MiBP) in PPARGC1B Ala203Pro G carriers was negatively modified. CONCLUSION PPARγ and PPARGC1B polymorphisms modulate the association between phthalate exposure and BC risk.
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19
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Díaz-Villaseñor A, Cruz L, Cebrián A, Hernández-Ramírez RU, Hiriart M, García-Vargas G, Bassol S, Sordo M, Gandolfi AJ, Klimecki WT, López-Carillo L, Cebrián ME, Ostrosky-Wegman P. Arsenic exposure and calpain-10 polymorphisms impair the function of pancreatic beta-cells in humans: a pilot study of risk factors for T2DM. PLoS One 2013; 8:e51642. [PMID: 23349674 PMCID: PMC3551951 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is increasing worldwide and diverse environmental and genetic risk factors are well recognized. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the calpain-10 gene (CAPN-10), which encodes a protein involved in the secretion and action of insulin, and chronic exposure to inorganic arsenic (iAs) through drinking water have been independently associated with an increase in the risk for T2DM. In the present work we evaluated if CAPN-10 SNPs and iAs exposure jointly contribute to the outcome of T2DM. Insulin secretion (beta-cell function) and insulin sensitivity were evaluated indirectly through validated indexes (HOMA2) in subjects with and without T2DM who have been exposed to a gradient of iAs in their drinking water in northern Mexico. The results were analyzed taking into account the presence of the risk factor SNPs SNP-43 and -44 in CAPN-10. Subjects with T2DM had significantly lower beta-cell function and insulin sensitivity. An inverse association was found between beta-cell function and iAs exposure, the association being more pronounced in subjects with T2DM. Subjects without T2DM who were carriers of the at-risk genotype SNP-43 or -44, also had significantly lower beta-cell function. The association of SNP-43 with beta-cell function was dependent on iAs exposure, age, gender and BMI, whereas the association with SNP-44 was independent of all of these factors. Chronic exposure to iAs seems to be a risk factor for T2DM in humans through the reduction of beta-cell function, with an enhanced effect seen in the presence of the at-risk genotype of SNP-43 in CAPN-10. Carriers of CAPN-10 SNP-44 have also shown reduced beta-cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Díaz-Villaseñor
- Departmento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
- Departamento de Fisiología de la Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Laura Cruz
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Torreón, Coahuila, Mexico
| | - Arturo Cebrián
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Gómez Palacio, Durango, Mexico
| | - Raúl U. Hernández-Ramírez
- Centro de Investigación en Salud Poblacional, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Marcia Hiriart
- División de Neurociencias, Departamento de Neurodesarrollo y Fisiología, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gonzálo García-Vargas
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Gómez Palacio, Durango, Mexico
| | - Susana Bassol
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Torreón, Coahuila, Mexico
| | - Monserrat Sordo
- Departmento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - A. Jay Gandolfi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Walter T. Klimecki
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Lizbeth López-Carillo
- Centro de Investigación en Salud Poblacional, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Mariano E. Cebrián
- Sección Externa de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (CINVESTAV), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Patricia Ostrosky-Wegman
- Departmento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
- * E-mail:
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López-Carrillo L, Camargo MC, Schneider BG, Sicinschi LA, Hernández-Ramírez RU, Correa P, Cebrian ME. Capsaicin consumption, Helicobacter pylori CagA status and IL1B-31C>T genotypes: a host and environment interaction in gastric cancer. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 50:2118-22. [PMID: 22414649 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Revised: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) has been associated with a complex combination of genetic and environmental factors. In contrast to most countries, available information on GC mortality trends showed a gradual increase in Mexico. Our aim was to explore potential interactions among dietary (chili pepper consumption), infectious (Helicobacter pylori) and genetic factors (IL1B-31 genotypes) on GC risk. The study was performed in three areas of Mexico, with different GC mortality rates. We included 158 GC patients and 317 clinical controls. Consumption of capsaicin (Cap), the pungent active substance of chili peppers, was estimated by food frequency questionnaire. H. pylori CagA status was assessed by ELISA, and IL1B-31 genotypes were determined by TaqMan assays and Pyrosequencing in DNA samples. Multivariate unconditional logistic regression was used to estimate potential interactions. Moderate to high Cap consumption synergistically increased GC risk in genetically susceptible individuals (IL1B-31C allele carriers) infected with the more virulent H. pylori (CagA+) strains. The combined presence of these factors might explain the absence of a decreasing trend for GC in Mexico. However, further research on gene-environment interactions is required to fully understand the factors determining GC patterns in susceptible populations, with the aim of recommending preventive measures for high risk individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizbeth López-Carrillo
- National Institute of Public Health, Universidad 655, Santa María Ahuacatitlán, CP 62100, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
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Svensson K, Hernández-Ramírez RU, Burguete-García A, Cebrián ME, Calafat AM, Needham LL, Claudio L, López-Carrillo L. Phthalate exposure associated with self-reported diabetes among Mexican women. Environ Res 2011; 111:792-6. [PMID: 21696718 PMCID: PMC5240471 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2011.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2010] [Revised: 04/29/2011] [Accepted: 05/03/2011] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phthalates are ubiquitous industrial chemicals used as plasticizers in plastics made of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) to confer flexibility and durability. They are also present in products used for personal-care, industry and in medical devices. Phthalates have been associated with several adverse health effects, and recently it has been proposed that exposure to phthalates, could have an effect on metabolic homeostasis. This exploratory cross-sectional study evaluated the possible association between phthalate exposure and self-reported diabetes among adult Mexican women. METHODS As part of an on-going case-control study for breast cancer, only controls were selected, which constituted 221 healthy women matched by age (±5 years) and place of residence with the cases. Women with diabetes were identified by self-report. Urinary concentrations of nine phthalate metabolites were measured by online solid phase extraction coupled to high performance liquid chromatography-isotope-dilution tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS Participants with diabetes had significantly higher concentrations of di(2-ethylhexyl) pththalate (DEHP) metabolites: mono(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP), mono(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP) and mono(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate (MECPP) but lower levels of monobenzyl phthalate (MBzP) a metabolite of benzylbutyl phthalate, compared to participants without diabetes. A marginally significant positive associations with diabetes status were observed over tertiles with MEHHP (OR(T3 vs. T1)=2.66; 95% CI: 0.97-7.33; p for trend=0.063) and MEOHP (OR(T3 vs. T1)=2.27; 95% CI; 0.90-5.75; P for trend=0.079) even after adjusting for important confounders. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that levels of some phthalates may play a role in the genesis of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Svensson
- Graduate School of Public Health, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, USA
- National Institute of Public Health, Universidad No. 655, Col. Santa María Ahuacatitlán, Cerrada los Pinos y Caminera, CP. 62100 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Raúl U. Hernández-Ramírez
- National Institute of Public Health, Universidad No. 655, Col. Santa María Ahuacatitlán, Cerrada los Pinos y Caminera, CP. 62100 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Ana Burguete-García
- National Institute of Public Health, Universidad No. 655, Col. Santa María Ahuacatitlán, Cerrada los Pinos y Caminera, CP. 62100 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Mariano E. Cebrián
- Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Antonia M. Calafat
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Larry L. Needham
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Luz Claudio
- Division of International Health, Department of Preventive Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, NY, USA
| | - Lizbeth López-Carrillo
- National Institute of Public Health, Universidad No. 655, Col. Santa María Ahuacatitlán, Cerrada los Pinos y Caminera, CP. 62100 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
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Romero-Franco M, Hernández-Ramírez RU, Calafat AM, Cebrián ME, Needham LL, Teitelbaum S, Wolff MS, López-Carrillo L. Personal care product use and urinary levels of phthalate metabolites in Mexican women. Environ Int 2011; 37:867-71. [PMID: 21429583 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2011.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2010] [Revised: 01/24/2011] [Accepted: 02/20/2011] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Sources of phthalates other than Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) related products are scarcely documented in Mexico. The objective of our study was to explore the association between urinary levels of nine phthalate metabolites and the use of personal care products. Subjects included 108 women who participated as controls in an ongoing population-based case-control study of environmental factors and genetic susceptibility to breast cancer in northern Mexico. Direct interviews were performed to inquire about sociodemographic characteristics, reproductive history, use of personal care products, and diet. Phthalate metabolites measured in urine by high performance liquid chromatography-isotope dilution tandem mass spectrometry were monoethyl phthalate (MEP), monobenzyl phthalate (MBzP), mono-n-butyl phthalate (MBP), mono-isobutyl phthalate (MiBP), mono-3-carboxypropyl phthalate (MCPP) as well as mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP), mono-2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl phthalate (MEOHP), mono-2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl phthalate (MEHHP), mono-2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl phthalate (MECPP) that are metabolites of di-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP). Detectable urinary concentrations of phthalate metabolites varied from 75% (MEHP) to 100% (MEP, MBP, MEOHP, MEHHP and MECPP). Medians of urinary concentrations of some phthalate metabolites were significantly higher among users of the following personal care products compared to nonusers: body lotion (MEHHP, MECPP and sum of DEHP metabolites (ΣDEHP)), deodorant (MEHP and ΣDEHP), perfume (MiBP), anti-aging facial cream (MEP, MBP and MCPP) and bottled water (MCPP, MEHHP and MEOHP). Urinary concentrations of MEP showed a positive relationship with the number of personal care products used. Our results suggest that the use of some personal care products contributes to phthalate body burden that deserves attention due to its potential health impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Romero-Franco
- Center of Population Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Mexico, Avenida Universidad No. 655, Col. Santa María Ahuacatitlán, Cerrada los Pinos y Caminera, CP 62100, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
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López-Carrillo L, Hernández-Ramírez RU, Calafat AM, Torres-Sánchez L, Galván-Portillo M, Needham LL, Ruiz-Ramos R, Cebrián ME. Exposure to phthalates and breast cancer risk in northern Mexico. Environ Health Perspect 2010; 118:539-44. [PMID: 20368132 PMCID: PMC2854732 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.0901091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2009] [Accepted: 12/09/2009] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phthalates, ubiquitous environmental pollutants that may disturb the endocrine system, are used primarily as plasticizers of polyvinyl chloride and as additives in consumer and personal care products. OBJECTIVES In this study, we examined the association between urinary concentrations of nine phthalate metabolites and breast cancer (BC) in Mexican women. METHODS We age-matched 233 BC cases to 221 women residing in northern Mexico. Sociodemographic and reproductive characteristics were obtained by direct interviews. Phthalates were determined in urine samples (collected pretreatment from the cases) by isotope dilution/high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS Phthalate metabolites were detected in at least 82% of women. The geometric mean concentrations of monoethyl phthalate (MEP) were higher in cases than in controls (169.58 vs. 106.78 microg/g creatinine). Controls showed significantly higher concentrations of mono-n-butyl phthalate, mono(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate, and mono(3-carboxypropyl) phthalate (MCPP) than did the cases. After adjusting for risk factors and other phthalates, MEP urinary concentrations were positively associated with BC [odds ratio (OR), highest vs. lowest tertile = 2.20; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.33-3.63; p for trend < 0.01]. This association became stronger when estimated for premenopausal women (OR, highest vs. lowest tertile = 4.13; 95% CI, 1.60-10.70; p for trend < 0.01). In contrast, we observed significant negative associations for monobenzyl phthalate (MBzP) and MCPP. CONCLUSIONS We show for the first time that exposure to diethyl phthalate, the parent compound of MEP, may be associated with increased risk of BC, whereas exposure to the parent phthalates of MBzP and MCPP might be negatively associated. These findings require confirmation.
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Ruiz-Ramos R, López-Carrillo L, Albores A, Hernández-Ramírez RU, Cebrian ME. Sodium arsenite alters cell cycle and MTHFR, MT1/2, and c-Myc protein levels in MCF-7 cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2009; 241:269-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2009.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2009] [Revised: 09/05/2009] [Accepted: 09/09/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Hernández-Ramírez RU, Galván-Portillo MV, Ward MH, Agudo A, González CA, Oñate-Ocaña LF, Herrera-Goepfert R, Palma-Coca O, López-Carrillo L. Dietary intake of polyphenols, nitrate and nitrite and gastric cancer risk in Mexico City. Int J Cancer 2009; 125:1424-30. [PMID: 19449378 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.24454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
N-nitroso compounds (NOC) are potent animal carcinogens and potential human carcinogens. The primary source of exposure for most individuals may be endogenous formation, a process that can be inhibited by dietary polyphenols. To estimate the risk of gastric cancer (GC) in relation to the individual and combined consumption of polyphenols and NOC precursors (nitrate and nitrite), a population-based case-control study was carried out in Mexico City from 2004 to 2005 including 257 histologically confirmed GC cases and 478 controls. Intake of polyphenols, nitrate and nitrite were estimated using a food frequency questionnaire. High intakes of cinnamic acids, secoisolariciresinol and coumestrol were associated with an approximately 50% reduction in GC risk. A high intake of total nitrite as well as nitrate and nitrite from animal sources doubled the GC risk. Odds ratios around 2-fold were observed among individuals with both low intake of cinnamic acids, secoisolariciresinol or coumestrol and high intake of animal-derived nitrate or nitrite, compared to high intake of the polyphenols and low animal nitrate or nitrite intake, respectively. Results were similar for both the intestinal and diffuse types of GC. Our results show, for the first time, a protective effect for GC because of higher intake of cinnamic acids, secoisolariciresinol and coumestrol, and suggest that these polyphenols reduce GC risk through inhibition of endogenous nitrosation. The main sources of these polyphenols were pears, mangos and beans for cinnamic acids; beans, carrots and squash for secoisolariciresinol and legumes for coumestrol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl U Hernández-Ramírez
- Center of Population Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
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