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Rogerson T, Ath SS, Meng N, Casson R. A 12-year follow up survey of childhood blindness at schools for the blind in Cambodia. BMC Ophthalmol 2024; 24:62. [PMID: 38350914 PMCID: PMC10863079 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-024-03285-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cambodia is a low-income country in South East Asia with a population of 15.5 million people of whom 4.9 million (38%) are under the age of 16. The causes of childhood blindness in Cambodia have not been investigated since the first survey of schools for the blind done in 2009 by our group. Given the large demographic and economic shifts in Cambodia since 2009 it is important to determine if these causes have changed in order to ensure intervention programmes are appropriately targeted. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the prevalence of causes of childhood blindness at schools for the blind in Cambodia. METHODS Students between the ages of 5 and 16 years who were attending schools for the blind in Cambodia were examined by a consultant paediatric ophthalmologist and had clinical photographs taken. Distance visual acuity was measured using a logMAR tumbling E chart and the WHO definitions of blindness and severe visual impairment were used. The examining ophthalmologist recorded the anatomical site and aetiology of vision loss using the WHO Prevention of Blindness eye examination record for children. Collected data were compared to a previous survey from 2009. RESULTS Data from 73 students were included for analysis. The most common anatomical location of abnormality causing vision loss was the cornea (n = 20, 33.9%) followed by the lens and retina (n = 11, 18.64% each). Hereditary factors (n = 29, 49.15%) and childhood diseases (n = 27, 45.76%) were the most common aetiological causes of childhood blindness. The majority (71.19%) of childhood blindness was avoidable. The present study did not demonstrate 0a significant difference in the causes of childhood blindness compared to 2009. CONCLUSIONS Corneal pathologies continue to represent the most common cause of vision loss amongst the surveyed population and the majority of causes of childhood blindness continue to be avoidable. These findings will facilitate the development of evidence-based targeted interventional programmes in Cambodia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Rogerson
- Sight For All Foundation, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Royal Adelaide Hospital, Port Road, 5000, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
- Discipline of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
| | - Sith Sam Ath
- Sight For All Foundation, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- National Programme for Eye Health, Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Ngy Meng
- National Programme for Eye Health, Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Robert Casson
- Sight For All Foundation, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Royal Adelaide Hospital, Port Road, 5000, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Discipline of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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2
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Rogerson T, Tam PC, Wong W, Nelson R, Gilhotra J. Cryptococcal endophthalmitis complicated by immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in a renal transplant recipient: A case report and review of the literature. Med Mycol Case Rep 2023; 42:100608. [PMID: 37790731 PMCID: PMC10542418 DOI: 10.1016/j.mmcr.2023.100608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A 59 year old male renal transplant recipient developed endogenous cryptococcal endophthalmitis which was complicated by immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS). Herein we report a novel diagnostic test using lateral flow assay, the management of cryptococcal endophthalmitis and the novel complication of intraocular IRIS in a solid organ transplant recipient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Rogerson
- Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Port Road, Adelaide, 5000, Australia
| | - Patrick C.K. Tam
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Port Road, Adelaide, 5000, Australia
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, 5042, Australia
| | - Wilson Wong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Port Road, Adelaide, 5000, Australia
| | - Renjy Nelson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Port Road, Adelaide, 5000, Australia
- The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
| | - Jagjit Gilhotra
- Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Port Road, Adelaide, 5000, Australia
- The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
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Rogerson T, Shields M, Chan W. Re: Lin et al.: Clinical outcomes after ocular trauma with Orbeez gel pellet projectiles (Ophthalmology. 2023;130:553-555). Ophthalmology 2023; 130:e35. [PMID: 37429498 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2023.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Rogerson
- The Canberra Hospital, Department of Ophthalmology, Garran, Australian Capital Territory, Australia; The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
| | - Melissa Shields
- Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - WengOnn Chan
- The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; The Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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4
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Rogerson T, Dedina L, Goggin M, Chan WO. Salvageable waste associated with intravitreal injections: A local medical waste management approach. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2023; 51:31-35. [PMID: 36321248 DOI: 10.1111/ceo.14187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Healthcare waste management is a globally challenging issue with an increased prevalence of disposable, single-use materials in developed countries and a rapidly ageing population continuing to drive an increase in the use of medical resources. One manifestation of this within ophthalmology is the increasing number of intravitreal injections given for conditions such as age-related macular degeneration and diabetic macular oedema. METHODS A prospective controlled cohort study was performed over 5 weeks in 2021 during which two sites were selected to compare different approaches to sorting the waste generated by intravitreal injections. At Site A all waste associated with these injections was placed in standard hospital waste bins. Site B was the intervention arm where a real-time sorting of waste occurred. The number of injections given and waste amounts were recorded. RESULTS 116 and 286 injections were given at Sites A and B, respectively over the study period. Site A generated an average of 470.7 g of waste per injection compared with 175.1 g at our intervention site. This represents a 62.8% reduction (p < 0.001). At Site B, where waste was sorted, a total of 50.1 kg of medical waste was generated from these injections during the study period of which 33.8 kg (67.5%) was salvageable. CONCLUSIONS This is the first quantification of the medical waste associated with intravitreal injections, a burgeoning treatment for macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy among other conditions. This study demonstrates a significant reduction in the amount of medical waste produced using an easily implementable real-world methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Rogerson
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville South, South Australia, Australia.,South Australian Institute of Ophthalmology, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Liana Dedina
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville South, South Australia, Australia.,South Australian Institute of Ophthalmology, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Michael Goggin
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville South, South Australia, Australia
| | - Weng Onn Chan
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville South, South Australia, Australia.,South Australian Institute of Ophthalmology, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Department of Ophthalmology, The Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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5
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Miller T, Rogerson T, Kim C, Cord-Udy C. First case of paediatric abdominal Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease in Australia. J Paediatr Child Health 2022; 58:724-726. [PMID: 34254711 DOI: 10.1111/jpc.15653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Miller
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Thomas Rogerson
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Chankyung Kim
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Catherine Cord-Udy
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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6
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Rogerson T, Trochsler M, Miliauskas J, Maddern G. First case report of Epstein-Barr virus-positive inflammatory pseudotumour-like follicular dendritic cell sarcoma in Australia. ANZ J Surg 2020; 91:E157-E158. [PMID: 32786020 DOI: 10.1111/ans.16216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Rogerson
- Department of Surgery, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Markus Trochsler
- Department of Surgery, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - John Miliauskas
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Guy Maddern
- Department of Surgery, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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7
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Kennedy L, Rogerson T, Keir AK. Does selective evaluation of gastric aspirates in preterm infants influence time to full enteral feeding? J Paediatr Child Health 2020; 56:1150-1154. [PMID: 32725731 DOI: 10.1111/jpc.14993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The use of routine gastric aspiration in the assessment of feeding intolerance is widespread in neonatal practice. Our article seeks to answer the clinical question, 'In premature infants receiving feeds via nasogastric or orogastric tube [P], does routine evaluation of gastric aspirates [I] compared with selective evaluation of gastric aspirates [C] reduce the time taken to establish full feeds without complications [O]?' Articles were identified through MEDLINE and reference lists from the sources found were reviewed for additional publications. Three papers were critically appraised and National Health and Medical Research Centre grades of level of evidence have been assigned to each. We found limited evidence to either support or reject the practice of routine gastric aspiration in preterm infants. There were no increases in the rates of significant complications in studies underpowered for this outcome. The decision to perform routine or selective gastric aspiration should be determined by individual centres. A large scale randomised controlled trial would be of significant benefit in determining the value of routine gastric aspiration in preterm infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Kennedy
- The Department of Neonatal Medicine, Women's and Children's Hospital Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, The University of Adelaide Robinson Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Thomas Rogerson
- Division of Paediatric Medicine, Women's and Children's Hospital Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Amy Kate Keir
- The Department of Neonatal Medicine, Women's and Children's Hospital Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, The University of Adelaide Robinson Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Healthy Women, Babies and Children Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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8
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Rogerson T, Do-Wyeld M, Cundy TP, Gent R, Goh DW. Letter to the Editor concerning: "the non-visualized appendix and secondary signs on ultrasound for pediatric appendicitis in the community hospital setting". Pediatr Surg Int 2019; 35:919. [PMID: 30712084 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-019-04446-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Rogerson
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Women's and Children's Hospital, 72 King William Street, North Adelaide, South Australia, 5006, Australia.
| | - Montgommery Do-Wyeld
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Women's and Children's Hospital, 72 King William Street, North Adelaide, South Australia, 5006, Australia
| | - Thomas P Cundy
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Women's and Children's Hospital, 72 King William Street, North Adelaide, South Australia, 5006, Australia
| | - Roger Gent
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Women's and Children's Hospital, 72 King William Street, North Adelaide, South Australia, 5006, Australia
| | - Day Way Goh
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Women's and Children's Hospital, 72 King William Street, North Adelaide, South Australia, 5006, Australia
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9
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Do‐Wyeld M, Rogerson T, Court‐Kowalski S, Cundy TP, Khurana S. Fast‐track surgery for acute appendicitis in children: a systematic review of protocol‐based care. ANZ J Surg 2019; 89:1379-1385. [PMID: 30989778 DOI: 10.1111/ans.15125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Montgommery Do‐Wyeld
- Department of Paediatric SurgeryWomen's and Children's Hospital Adelaide South Australia Australia
| | - Thomas Rogerson
- Department of Paediatric SurgeryWomen's and Children's Hospital Adelaide South Australia Australia
| | - Stefan Court‐Kowalski
- Department of Paediatric SurgeryWomen's and Children's Hospital Adelaide South Australia Australia
- Discipline of SurgeryThe University of Adelaide Adelaide South Australia Australia
| | - Thomas P. Cundy
- Department of Paediatric SurgeryWomen's and Children's Hospital Adelaide South Australia Australia
- Discipline of SurgeryThe University of Adelaide Adelaide South Australia Australia
| | - Sanjeev Khurana
- Department of Paediatric SurgeryWomen's and Children's Hospital Adelaide South Australia Australia
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10
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Rogerson T, Jayaprakash B, Cai DJ, Sano Y, Lee YS, Zhou Y, Bekal P, Deisseroth K, Silva AJ. Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms for Trapping and Activating Emotional Memories. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161655. [PMID: 27579481 PMCID: PMC5007047 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent findings suggest that memory allocation to specific neurons (i.e., neuronal allocation) in the amygdala is not random, but rather the transcription factor cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB) modulates this process, perhaps by regulating the transcription of channels that control neuronal excitability. Here, optogenetic studies in the mouse lateral amygdala (LA) were used to demonstrate that CREB and neuronal excitability regulate which neurons encode an emotional memory. To test the role of CREB in memory allocation, we overexpressed CREB in the lateral amygdala to recruit the encoding of an auditory-fear conditioning (AFC) memory to a subset of neurons. Then, post-training activation of these neurons with Channelrhodopsin-2 was sufficient to trigger recall of the memory for AFC, suggesting that CREB regulates memory allocation. To test the role of neuronal excitability in memory allocation, we used a step function opsin (SFO) to transiently increase neuronal excitability in a subset of LA neurons during AFC. Post-training activation of these neurons with Volvox Channelrhodopsin-1 was able to trigger recall of that memory. Importantly, our studies show that activation of the SFO did not affect AFC by either increasing anxiety or by strengthening the unconditioned stimulus. Our findings strongly support the hypothesis that CREB regulates memory allocation by modulating neuronal excitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Rogerson
- Integrative Center for Learning and Memory, Departments of Neurobiology, Psychology, and Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, and Brain Research Institute, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Balaji Jayaprakash
- Integrative Center for Learning and Memory, Departments of Neurobiology, Psychology, and Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, and Brain Research Institute, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Denise J. Cai
- Integrative Center for Learning and Memory, Departments of Neurobiology, Psychology, and Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, and Brain Research Institute, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Yoshitake Sano
- Integrative Center for Learning and Memory, Departments of Neurobiology, Psychology, and Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, and Brain Research Institute, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Yong-Seok Lee
- Integrative Center for Learning and Memory, Departments of Neurobiology, Psychology, and Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, and Brain Research Institute, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Yu Zhou
- Integrative Center for Learning and Memory, Departments of Neurobiology, Psychology, and Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, and Brain Research Institute, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Pallavi Bekal
- Integrative Center for Learning and Memory, Departments of Neurobiology, Psychology, and Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, and Brain Research Institute, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Karl Deisseroth
- Department of Bioengineering, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Neurosciences Program, CNC Program, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Alcino J. Silva
- Integrative Center for Learning and Memory, Departments of Neurobiology, Psychology, and Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, and Brain Research Institute, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
During long-term memory formation, cellular and molecular processes reshape how individual neurons respond to specific patterns of synaptic input. It remains poorly understood how such changes impact information processing across networks of mammalian neurons. To observe how networks encode, store, and retrieve information, neuroscientists must track the dynamics of large ensembles of individual cells in behaving animals, over timescales commensurate with long-term memory. Fluorescence Ca(2+)-imaging techniques can monitor hundreds of neurons in behaving mice, opening exciting avenues for studies of learning and memory at the network level. Genetically encoded Ca(2+) indicators allow neurons to be targeted by genetic type or connectivity. Chronic animal preparations permit repeated imaging of neural Ca(2+) dynamics over multiple weeks. Together, these capabilities should enable unprecedented analyses of how ensemble neural codes evolve throughout memory processing and provide new insights into how memories are organized in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Jercog
- CNC Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Thomas Rogerson
- CNC Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Mark J Schnitzer
- CNC Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305 Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305 James H. Clark Center for Biomedical Engineering & Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
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12
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Abstract
There is now compelling evidence that the allocation of memory to specific neurons (neuronal allocation) and synapses (synaptic allocation) in a neurocircuit is not random and that instead specific mechanisms, such as increases in neuronal excitability and synaptic tagging and capture, determine the exact sites where memories are stored. We propose an integrated view of these processes, such that neuronal allocation, synaptic tagging and capture, spine clustering and metaplasticity reflect related aspects of memory allocation mechanisms. Importantly, the properties of these mechanisms suggest a set of rules that profoundly affect how memories are stored and recalled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Rogerson
- Departments of Neurobiology, Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, and Psychology, Integrative Center for Learning and Memory, Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1761, USA
| | - Denise J Cai
- Departments of Neurobiology, Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, and Psychology, Integrative Center for Learning and Memory, Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1761, USA
| | - Adam Frank
- Departments of Neurobiology, Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, and Psychology, Integrative Center for Learning and Memory, Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1761, USA
| | - Yoshitake Sano
- Departments of Neurobiology, Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, and Psychology, Integrative Center for Learning and Memory, Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1761, USA
| | - Justin Shobe
- Departments of Neurobiology, Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, and Psychology, Integrative Center for Learning and Memory, Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1761, USA
| | - Manuel F Lopez-Aranda
- Departments of Neurobiology, Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, and Psychology, Integrative Center for Learning and Memory, Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1761, USA
| | - Alcino J Silva
- Departments of Neurobiology, Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, and Psychology, Integrative Center for Learning and Memory, Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1761, USA
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Abstract
Although memory allocation is a subject of active research in computer science, little is known about how the brain allocates information within neural circuits. There is an extensive literature on how specific types of memory engage different parts of the brain, and how neurons in these regions process and store information. Until recently, however, the mechanisms that determine how specific cells and synapses within a neural circuit (and not their neighbors) are recruited during learning have received little attention. Recent findings suggest that memory allocation is not random, but rather specific mechanisms regulate where information is stored within a neural circuit. New methods that allow tagging, imaging, activation, and inactivation of neurons in behaving animals promise to revolutionize studies of brain circuits, including memory allocation. Results from these studies are likely to have a considerable impact on computer science, as well as on the understanding of memory and its disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alcino J Silva
- Department of Neurobiology, University of California, Los Angeles, 695 Charles Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1761, USA.
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Zhou Y, Won J, Karlsson MG, Zhou M, Rogerson T, Balaji J, Neve R, Poirazi P, Silva AJ. CREB regulates excitability and the allocation of memory to subsets of neurons in the amygdala. Nat Neurosci 2009; 12:1438-43. [PMID: 19783993 PMCID: PMC2783698 DOI: 10.1038/nn.2405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 345] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2009] [Accepted: 08/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms that determine how information is allocated to specific regions and cells in the brain are fundamentally important for memory capacity, storage and retrieval, but are poorly understood. Here, we manipulated CREB in a subset of lateral amygdala (LA) neurons with a modified Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV), and reversibly inactivated transfected neurons with the Drosophila allatostatin G-protein-coupled receptor (AlstR)/ligand system. We found that inactivation of the HSV-CREB subpopulation of neurons with allatostatin (AL) during training disrupted memory for tone conditioning, while inactivation of a similar proportion of HSV-LacZ control neurons did not. Whole-cell recordings of fluorescently tagged HSV-CREB neurons revealed that neurons with higher CREB levels are more excitable than neighboring neurons, and show larger synaptic efficacy changes following conditioning. Our findings demonstrate that CREB modulates the allocation of fear memory to specific cells in lateral amygdala, and suggest that neuronal excitability plays a key role in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhou
- Department of Neurobiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Rogerson T, Ingram D, Sterrett G, Goh YW. Areolar discharge and peri-areolar breast cysts in adolescent females. Breast 2002; 11:181-4. [PMID: 14965667 DOI: 10.1054/brst.2001.0414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2001] [Revised: 11/14/2001] [Accepted: 12/14/2001] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nipple discharge in adolescents is well documented, and usually results from endocrine dysfunction or local breast disease. Areolar discharge, however, in healthy adolescent girls is a rare finding, and is sometimes associated with peri-areolar lumps. These patients usually present with painless discharge from around the nipple, and sometimes with a lump at the site. Some patients present with a lump only, and secondary inflammation at the site can occur. Although the lesions often resolve spontaneously, they can recur, and the treatment options are discussed. There are very few cases in the literature of areolar discharge in young girls, which perhaps reflects its incidence. The following case report of 16 patients appears to be the largest collection of patients reported with this apparently benign condition. Ultrasound examination is a useful tool in the diagnosis of this condition. Fine needle aspiration was sometimes curative, but surgical excision appeared definitive therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Rogerson
- Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Hospital Ave, Nedlands, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
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16
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Linklater KA, Rogerson T. Alopecia in housed ewes. Vet Rec 1982; 110:565. [PMID: 7202281 DOI: 10.1136/vr.110.24.565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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