201
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Souza PVSD, Pinto WBVDR, Oliveira ASB. C9orf72-related disorders: expanding the clinical and genetic spectrum of neurodegenerative diseases. ARQUIVOS DE NEURO-PSIQUIATRIA 2015; 73:246-56. [PMID: 25807132 DOI: 10.1590/0004-282x20140229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases represent a heterogeneous group of neurological conditions primarily involving dementia, motor neuron disease and movement disorders. They are mostly related to different pathophysiological processes, notably in family forms in which the clinical and genetic heterogeneity are lush. In the last decade, much knowledge has been acumulated about the genetics of neurodegenerative diseases, making it essential in cases of motor neuron disease and frontotemporal dementia the repeat expansions of C9orf72 gene. This review analyzes the main clinical, radiological and genetic aspects of the phenotypes related to the hexanucleotide repeat expansions (GGGGCC) of C9orf72 gene. Future studies will aim to further characterize the neuropsychological, imaging and pathological aspects of the extra-motor features of motor neuron disease, and will help to provide a new classification system that is both clinically and biologically relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Victor Sgobbi de Souza
- Divisão de Doenças Neuromusculares, Departamento de Neurologia e Neurocirurgia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Acary Souza Bulle Oliveira
- Divisão de Doenças Neuromusculares, Departamento de Neurologia e Neurocirurgia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
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202
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Borroni B, Cosseddu M, Pilotto A, Premi E, Archetti S, Gasparotti R, Cappa S, Padovani A. Early stage of behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia: clinical and neuroimaging correlates. Neurobiol Aging 2015; 36:3108-3115. [PMID: 26329689 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 07/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The early stages of behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) are still not completely characterized. In a consecutive series of patients with probable bvFTD diagnosis confirmed by follow-up, we retrospectively evaluated the features at onset. Patients were reclassified according to presenting features and current diagnostic criteria into probable and possible bvFTD. The term "pre-bvFTD" was adopted for patients with cognitive and/or behavioral impairment not fulfilling bvFTD criteria and no deficits in activities of daily living. One hundred ninety-four subjects were included; at first visit, 70% (n = 136) patients were already classified as probable bvFTD. Of the remaining 30% (n = 58), 60% fulfilled criteria for possible bvFTD, while 40% did not, and were classified as pre-FTD. The neuropsychological pattern in possible bvFTD and pre-bvFTD was similar, although possible bvFTD showed more behavioral abnormalities. Pre-bvFTD subjects had frontotemporal gray matter atrophy, although less extensive than possible bvFTD. Conclusively, most bvFTD patients fulfill current diagnostic criteria at first admission, whereas a relatively small group is characterized by mild behavioral and/or cognitive abnormalities in spite of frontotemporal gray matter atrophy. Our preliminary findings will require a validation in prospective studies involving larger samples of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Borroni
- Centre for Ageing Brain and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Neurology Unit, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
| | - Maura Cosseddu
- Centre for Ageing Brain and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Neurology Unit, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Andrea Pilotto
- Centre for Ageing Brain and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Neurology Unit, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Enrico Premi
- Centre for Ageing Brain and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Neurology Unit, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | | | | | - Stefano Cappa
- Institute for Advanced Study IUSS Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Padovani
- Centre for Ageing Brain and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Neurology Unit, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
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203
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Chen JA, Wang Q, Davis-Turak J, Li Y, Karydas AM, Hsu SC, Sears RL, Chatzopoulou D, Huang AY, Wojta KJ, Klein E, Lee J, Beekly DL, Boxer A, Faber KM, Haase CM, Miller J, Poon WW, Rosen A, Rosen H, Sapozhnikova A, Shapira J, Varpetian A, Foroud TM, Levenson RW, Levey AI, Kukull WA, Mendez MF, Ringman J, Chui H, Cotman C, DeCarli C, Miller BL, Geschwind DH, Coppola G. A multiancestral genome-wide exome array study of Alzheimer disease, frontotemporal dementia, and progressive supranuclear palsy. JAMA Neurol 2015; 72:414-22. [PMID: 25706306 DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2014.4040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Previous studies have indicated a heritable component of the etiology of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer disease (AD), frontotemporal dementia (FTD), and progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP). However, few have examined the contribution of low-frequency coding variants on a genome-wide level. OBJECTIVE To identify low-frequency coding variants that affect susceptibility to AD, FTD, and PSP. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS We used the Illumina HumanExome BeadChip array to genotype a large number of variants (most of which are low-frequency coding variants) in a cohort of patients with neurodegenerative disease (224 with AD, 168 with FTD, and 48 with PSP) and in 224 control individuals without dementia enrolled between 2005-2012 from multiple centers participating in the Genetic Investigation in Frontotemporal Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease (GIFT) Study. An additional multiancestral replication cohort of 240 patients with AD and 240 controls without dementia was used to validate suggestive findings. Variant-level association testing and gene-based testing were performed. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Statistical association of genetic variants with clinical diagnosis of AD, FTD, and PSP. RESULTS Genetic variants typed by the exome array explained 44%, 53%, and 57% of the total phenotypic variance of AD, FTD, and PSP, respectively. An association with the known AD gene ABCA7 was replicated in several ancestries (discovery P=.0049, European P=.041, African American P=.043, and Asian P=.027), suggesting that exonic variants within this gene modify AD susceptibility. In addition, 2 suggestive candidate genes, DYSF (P=5.53×10(-5)) and PAXIP1 (P=2.26×10(-4)), were highlighted in patients with AD and differentially expressed in AD brain. Corroborating evidence from other exome array studies and gene expression data points toward potential involvement of these genes in the pathogenesis of AD. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Low-frequency coding variants with intermediate effect size may account for a significant fraction of the genetic susceptibility to AD and FTD. Furthermore, we found evidence that coding variants in the known susceptibility gene ABCA7, as well as candidate genes DYSF and PAXIP1, confer risk for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason A Chen
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Qing Wang
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Jeremy Davis-Turak
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Yun Li
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Anna M Karydas
- Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Sandy C Hsu
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Renee L Sears
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Doxa Chatzopoulou
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Alden Y Huang
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Kevin J Wojta
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Eric Klein
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Jason Lee
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Duane L Beekly
- National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Adam Boxer
- Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Kelley M Faber
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis
| | - Claudia M Haase
- Department of Psychology, School of Education and Social Policy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Josh Miller
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Wayne W Poon
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine
| | - Ami Rosen
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Howard Rosen
- Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco
| | | | - Jill Shapira
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles
| | | | - Tatiana M Foroud
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis
| | | | - Allan I Levey
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Walter A Kukull
- National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Mario F Mendez
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - John Ringman
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles12Mary S. Easton Center for Alzheimer's Disease Research at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Helena Chui
- Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
| | - Carl Cotman
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine
| | | | - Bruce L Miller
- Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Daniel H Geschwind
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles10Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Giovanni Coppola
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles10Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles
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204
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Steinbach R, Loewe K, Kaufmann J, Machts J, Kollewe K, Petri S, Dengler R, Heinze HJ, Vielhaber S, Schoenfeld MA, Stoppel CM. Structural hallmarks of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis progression revealed by probabilistic fiber tractography. J Neurol 2015; 262:2257-70. [PMID: 26159103 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-015-7841-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2015] [Revised: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive limb and/or bulbar muscular weakness and atrophy. Although ALS-related alterations of motor and extra-motor neuronal networks have repeatedly been reported, their temporal dynamics during disease progression are not well understood. Recently, we reported a decline of motor system activity and a concurrent increase of hippocampal novelty-evoked modulations across 3 months of ALS progression. To address whether these functional changes are associated with structural ones, the current study employed probabilistic fiber tractography on diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) data using a longitudinal design. Therein, motor network integrity was assessed by DTI-based tracking of the intracranial corticospinal tract, while connectivity estimates of occipito-temporal tracts (between visual and entorhinal, perirhinal or parahippocampal cortices) served to assess structural changes that could be related to the increased novelty-evoked hippocampal activity across time described previously. Complementing these previous functional observations, the current data revealed an ALS-related decrease in corticospinal tract structural connectivity compared to controls, while in contrast, visuo-perirhinal connectivity was relatively increased in the patient group. Importantly, beyond these between-group differences, a rise in the patients' occipito-temporal tract strengths occurred across a 3-month interval, while at the same time no changes in corticospinal tract connectivity were observed. In line with previously identified functional alterations, the dynamics of these structural changes suggest that the affection of motor- and memory-related networks in ALS emerges at distinct disease stages: while motor network degeneration starts primarily during early (supposedly pre-symptomatic) phases, the hippocampal/medial temporal lobe dysfunctions arise at later stages of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Steinbach
- Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Kristian Loewe
- Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany.,Department of Knowledge and Language Processing, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Joern Kaufmann
- Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Judith Machts
- Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Katja Kollewe
- Department of Neurology, Medical School Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Susanne Petri
- Department of Neurology, Medical School Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Reinhard Dengler
- Department of Neurology, Medical School Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Hans-Jochen Heinze
- Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany.,Leibniz-Institute for Neurobiology, Brennecke Str. 6, 39118, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Vielhaber
- Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Mircea Ariel Schoenfeld
- Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany.,Leibniz-Institute for Neurobiology, Brennecke Str. 6, 39118, Magdeburg, Germany.,Kliniken Schmieder, Zum Tafelholz 8, 78476, Allensbach, Germany
| | - Christian Michael Stoppel
- Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany. .,Leibniz-Institute for Neurobiology, Brennecke Str. 6, 39118, Magdeburg, Germany. .,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
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205
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Lashley T, Rohrer JD, Mead S, Revesz T. Review: An update on clinical, genetic and pathological aspects of frontotemporal lobar degenerations. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2015; 41:858-81. [DOI: 10.1111/nan.12250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tammaryn Lashley
- Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders; Department of Molecular Neuroscience; UCL Institute of Neurology; London UK
| | | | - Simon Mead
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease; UCL Institute of Neurology; London UK
| | - Tamas Revesz
- Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders; Department of Molecular Neuroscience; UCL Institute of Neurology; London UK
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206
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Torralva T, Sposato LA, Riccio PM, Gleichgerrcht E, Roca M, Toledo JB, Trojanowski JQ, Kukull WA, Manes F, Hachinski V. Role of brain infarcts in behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia: Clinicopathological characterization in the National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center database. Neurobiol Aging 2015. [PMID: 26220367 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Diagnosing behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) in patients with prior history of stroke or with silent brain infarcts on neuroimaging studies can be challenging. Vascular changes in patients with bvFTD are not unusual, but bvFTD tends to be ruled out in the presence of cerebrovascular disease. We aimed to identify the clinical, cognitive, and risk factor profile of bvFTD with coexistent cerebrovascular disease (V-bvFTD). We compared demographic data, clinical diagnoses, vascular risk factors, functional status, and normalized neuropsychological z-scores between patients with V-bvFTD versus bvFTD without concomitant cerebrovascular disease (NV-bvFTD) from the National Alzheimer's Coordinating Centre database. We included 391 neuropathologically-diagnosed cases of frontotemporal lobe degeneration. We excluded patients that were diagnosed with aphasic variants of frontotemporal dementia before death. Patients with V-bvFTD (n = 62) were older at the time of onset of cognitive decline (71.6 vs. 62.5 years, p < 0.001) and death (78.7 vs. 69.6, p < 0.001), more likely to be hypertensive (75.8% vs. 45.7%, p = 0.002) and to have a history of stroke (21.2% vs. 6.1%, p = 0.007) than those with NV-bvFTD (n = 329). V-bvFTD was often underdiagnosed, affected elderly patients, and had a similar cognitive profile as NV-bvFTD despite the presence of brain infarcts. In the whole cohort, we observed enhanced cognitive performance with increasing age quintiles despite larger proportions of cerebrovascular disease pathology, likely meaning that frontotemporal lobe degeneration-related primary neurodegeneration exerts a stronger impact on cognition than cerebrovascular disease. Coexisting cerebrovascular disease should not preclude the diagnosis of bvFTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Torralva
- Institute of Cognitive Neurology (INECO), Buenos Aires, Argentina; UDP-INECO Foundation Core on Neuroscience (UIFCoN), Diego Portales University, Santiago, Chile; Institute of Neurosciences, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian Research Council (ACR), Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, Sydney, Australia
| | - Luciano A Sposato
- Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, London Health Sciences Centre, Western Ontario University, London, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Patricia M Riccio
- Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, London Health Sciences Centre, Western Ontario University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - María Roca
- Institute of Cognitive Neurology (INECO), Buenos Aires, Argentina; UDP-INECO Foundation Core on Neuroscience (UIFCoN), Diego Portales University, Santiago, Chile; Institute of Neurosciences, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jon B Toledo
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - John Q Trojanowski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Walter A Kukull
- National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Facundo Manes
- Institute of Cognitive Neurology (INECO), Buenos Aires, Argentina; UDP-INECO Foundation Core on Neuroscience (UIFCoN), Diego Portales University, Santiago, Chile; Institute of Neurosciences, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian Research Council (ACR), Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, Sydney, Australia
| | - Vladimir Hachinski
- Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, London Health Sciences Centre, Western Ontario University, London, Ontario, Canada
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207
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Pottier C, Bieniek KF, Finch N, van de Vorst M, Baker M, Perkersen R, Brown P, Ravenscroft T, van Blitterswijk M, Nicholson AM, DeTure M, Knopman DS, Josephs KA, Parisi JE, Petersen RC, Boylan KB, Boeve BF, Graff-Radford NR, Veltman JA, Gilissen C, Murray ME, Dickson DW, Rademakers R. Whole-genome sequencing reveals important role for TBK1 and OPTN mutations in frontotemporal lobar degeneration without motor neuron disease. Acta Neuropathol 2015; 130:77-92. [PMID: 25943890 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-015-1436-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Frontotemporal lobar degeneration with TAR DNA-binding protein 43 inclusions (FTLD-TDP) is the most common pathology associated with frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Repeat expansions in chromosome 9 open reading frame 72 (C9ORF72) and mutations in progranulin (GRN) are the major known genetic causes of FTLD-TDP; however, the genetic etiology in the majority of FTLD-TDP remains unexplained. In this study, we performed whole-genome sequencing in 104 pathologically confirmed FTLD-TDP patients from the Mayo Clinic brain bank negative for C9ORF72 and GRN mutations and report on the contribution of rare single nucleotide and copy number variants in 21 known neurodegenerative disease genes. Interestingly, we identified 5 patients (4.8 %) with variants in optineurin (OPTN) and TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) that are predicted to be highly pathogenic, including two double mutants. Case A was a compound heterozygote for mutations in OPTN, carrying the p.Q235* nonsense and p.A481V missense mutation in trans, while case B carried a deletion of OPTN exons 13-15 (p.Gly538Glufs*27) and a loss-of-function mutation (p.Arg117*) in TBK1. Cases C-E carried heterozygous missense mutations in TBK1, including the p.Glu696Lys mutation which was previously reported in two amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients and is located in the OPTN binding domain. Quantitative mRNA expression and protein analysis in cerebellar tissue showed a striking reduction of OPTN and/or TBK1 expression in 4 out of 5 patients supporting pathogenicity in these specific patients and suggesting a loss-of-function disease mechanism. Importantly, neuropathologic examination showed FTLD-TDP type A in the absence of motor neuron disease in 3 pathogenic mutation carriers. In conclusion, we highlight TBK1 as an important cause of pure FTLD-TDP, identify the first OPTN mutations in FTLD-TDP, and suggest a potential oligogenic basis for at least a subset of FTLD-TDP patients. Our data further add to the growing body of evidence linking ALS and FTD and suggest a key role for the OPTN/TBK1 pathway in these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Pottier
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
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208
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Bounda GA, Feng YU. Review of clinical studies of Polygonum multiflorum Thunb. and its isolated bioactive compounds. Pharmacognosy Res 2015; 7:225-36. [PMID: 26130933 PMCID: PMC4471648 DOI: 10.4103/0974-8490.157957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Polygonum multiflorum Thunb. (PMT), officially listed in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, is one of the most popular perennial Chinese traditional medicines known as He shou wu in China and East Asia, and as Fo-ti in North America. Mounting pharmacological studies have stressed out its key benefice for the treatment of various diseases and medical conditions such as liver injury, cancer, diabetes, alopecia, atherosclerosis, and neurodegenerative diseases as well. International databases such as PubMed/Medline, Science citation Index and Google Scholar were searched for clinical studies recently published on P. multiflorum. Various clinical studies published articles were retrieved, providing information relevant to pharmacokinetics-pharmacodynamics analysis, sleep disorders, dyslipidemia treatment, and neurodegenerative diseases. This review is an effort to update the clinical picture of investigations ever carried on PMT and/or its isolated bio-compounds and to enlighten its therapeutic assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy-Armel Bounda
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
| | - YU Feng
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, China Pharmaceutical University, Ministry of Education, China
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209
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Xiao S, Sanelli T, Chiang H, Sun Y, Chakrabartty A, Keith J, Rogaeva E, Zinman L, Robertson J. Low molecular weight species of TDP-43 generated by abnormal splicing form inclusions in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and result in motor neuron death. Acta Neuropathol 2015; 130:49-61. [PMID: 25788357 PMCID: PMC4468798 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-015-1412-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The presence of lower molecular weight species comprising the C-terminal region of TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) is a characteristic of TDP-43 proteinopathy in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). Here, we have identified a novel splice variant of TDP-43 that is upregulated in ALS and generates a 35-kDa N-terminally truncated species through use of an alternate translation initiation codon (ATGMet85), denoted here as Met85-TDP-35. Met85-TDP-35 expressed ectopically in human neuroblastoma cells exhibited reduced solubility, cytoplasmic distribution, and aggregation. Furthermore, Met85-TDP-35 sequestered full-length TDP-43 from the nucleus to form cytoplasmic aggregates. Expression of Met85-TDP-35 in primary motor neurons resulted in the formation of Met85-TDP-35-positive cytoplasmic aggregates and motor neuron death. A neo-epitope antibody specific for Met85-TDP-35 labeled the 35-kDa lower molecular weight species on immunoblots of urea-soluble extracts from ALS-FTLD disease-affected tissues and co-labeled TDP-43-positive inclusions in ALS spinal cord sections, confirming the physiological relevance of this species. These results show that the 35-kDa low molecular weight species in ALS-FTLD can be generated from an abnormal splicing event and use of a downstream initiation codon and may represent a mechanism by which TDP-43 elicits its pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangxi Xiao
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8 Canada
| | - Teresa Sanelli
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8 Canada
| | - Helen Chiang
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8 Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8 Canada
| | - Yulong Sun
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Ontario Cancer Institute, University of Toronto, TMDT 4-305, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7 Canada
| | - Avijit Chakrabartty
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Ontario Cancer Institute, University of Toronto, TMDT 4-305, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7 Canada
| | - Julia Keith
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8 Canada
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5 Canada
| | - Ekaterina Rogaeva
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8 Canada
| | - Lorne Zinman
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5 Canada
| | - Janice Robertson
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8 Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8 Canada
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210
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Luzzi S, Cafazzo V, Damora A, Fabi K, Fringuelli FM, Ascoli G, Silvestrini M, Provinciali L, Reverberi C. The neural correlates of road sign knowledge and route learning in semantic dementia and Alzheimer's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2015; 86:595-602. [PMID: 25535307 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2014-309477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although there is a growing body of research on driving and Alzheimer's disease (AD), focal dementias have been understudied. Moreover, driving has never been explored in semantic dementia (SD). METHODS An experimental battery exploring road sign knowledge and route learning was applied to patients with SD and AD selected in the early-moderate stage of disease and to a group of healthy participants. Neuropsychological data were correlated to cerebral hypometabolism distribution, investigated by means of positron emission tomography. RESULTS The two dementias showed opposite profiles. Patients with SD showed poor road sign knowledge and normal performance in route learning. By contrast, patients with AD showed low performance in route learning test with preservation of semantic knowledge of road signs. In SD, there was a correlation of semantic knowledge impairment with hypometabolism in the left temporolateral cortex. No correlation between the AD region of interests (ROIs) and the relevant behavioural indices was found, while in the whole-brain analysis there was a significant correlation between route learning and the superior frontal gyrus. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS For the first time, driving skills were explored in SD, and it is showed a differential profile from the one detected in AD. We demonstrate that the left anterior temporal cortex is implicated in road sign knowledge, while a distributed cortical network, including the frontal cortex, is likely to process route learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Luzzi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - V Cafazzo
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - A Damora
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - K Fabi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - F M Fringuelli
- Nuclear Medicine Department, Ospedali Riuniti di Ancona, Ancona, Italy
| | - G Ascoli
- Nuclear Medicine Department, Ospedali Riuniti di Ancona, Ancona, Italy
| | - M Silvestrini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - L Provinciali
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - C Reverberi
- Department of Psychology, Università Milano, Bicocca, Milano, Italy NeuroMi, Milan Center for Neuroscience, Milano, Italy
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211
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Abstract
Young-onset dementias frequently present with prominent behavioral features and constitute a diagnostic challenge. Most cases are secondary to neurodegenerative conditions, including the behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia, which has overlapping symptoms with many primary psychiatric disorders. This article reviews the differential diagnosis and neuropsychiatric assessment of young-onset dementia, which includes detailed history taking, family history, mental status examination, office-based cognitive tests, and a focused neurologic examination. The clinical examination serves to establish the presence of a dementia and the specific clinical syndrome. Biomarkers can be subsequently integrated in a probabilistic model to determine the most likely neuropathological process.
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212
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Chronic traumatic encephalopathy: A paradigm in search of evidence? J Transl Med 2015; 95:576-84. [PMID: 25867769 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2015.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) has been in the medical literature since the 1920s. It is characterized clinically by diverse neuropsychiatric symptoms, and pathologically by variable degrees of phosphorylated tau accumulation in the brain. The evolving paradigm for the pathogenesis of CTE suggests that concussion or subconcussion from athletic participation initiates a cascade of pathologic events, encompassing neuroinflammation and protein templating with trans-synaptic neurotoxicity. The end result is neurologic and neurobehavioral deterioration, often with self-harm. Although these concepts warrant further investigation, the available evidence permits no conclusions as regards the pathogenesis of the reported findings. Investigations into the role of premorbid or co-morbid neurodegenerative diseases has been limited to date, and in-depth genetic analyses have not been performed. The role of concussion or subconcussion if any, whether and how the condition progresses over time, the extent of phosphorylated tau in clinically normal athletes, the role of phosphorylated tau as a toxic species versus an inert disease response, and whether protein templating has any in vivo relevance remain to be elucidated.
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213
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Agosta F, Weiler M, Filippi M. Propagation of pathology through brain networks in neurodegenerative diseases: from molecules to clinical phenotypes. CNS Neurosci Ther 2015; 21:754-67. [PMID: 26031656 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular mechanisms underlying the stereotypical progression of pathology in neurodegenerative diseases are incompletely understood, but increasing evidence indicates that misfolded protein aggregates can spread by a self-perpetuating neuron-to-neuron transmission. Novel neuroimaging techniques can help elucidating how these disorders spread across brain networks. Recent knowledge from structural and functional connectivity studies suggests that the relation between neurodegenerative diseases and distinct brain networks is likely to be a strict consequence of diffuse network dynamics. Diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging also showed that measurement of white matter tract involvement can be a valid surrogate to assess the in vivo spreading of pathological proteins in these conditions. This review will introduce briefly the main molecular and pathological substrates of the most frequent neurodegenerative diseases and provide a comprehensive overview of neuroimaging findings that support the "network-based neurodegeneration" hypothesis in these disorders. Characterizing network breakdown in neurodegenerative diseases will help anticipate and perhaps prevent the devastating impact of these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Agosta
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Marina Weiler
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.,Laboratory of Neuroimaging, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Massimo Filippi
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.,Department of Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
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214
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van Eersel J, Stevens CH, Przybyla M, Gladbach A, Stefanoska K, Chan CKX, Ong WY, Hodges JR, Sutherland GT, Kril JJ, Abramowski D, Staufenbiel M, Halliday GM, Ittner LM. Early-onset axonal pathology in a novel P301S-Tau transgenic mouse model of frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2015; 41:906-25. [DOI: 10.1111/nan.12233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Janet van Eersel
- Dementia Research Unit; Department of Anatomy; School of Medical Sciences; Faculty of Medicine; University of New South Wales; Sydney Australia
| | - Claire H. Stevens
- Dementia Research Unit; Department of Anatomy; School of Medical Sciences; Faculty of Medicine; University of New South Wales; Sydney Australia
| | - Magdalena Przybyla
- Dementia Research Unit; Department of Anatomy; School of Medical Sciences; Faculty of Medicine; University of New South Wales; Sydney Australia
| | - Amadeus Gladbach
- Dementia Research Unit; Department of Anatomy; School of Medical Sciences; Faculty of Medicine; University of New South Wales; Sydney Australia
| | - Kristie Stefanoska
- Dementia Research Unit; Department of Anatomy; School of Medical Sciences; Faculty of Medicine; University of New South Wales; Sydney Australia
| | - Chesed Kai-Xin Chan
- Department of Anatomy; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine; National University of Singapore; Singapore
| | - Wei-Yi Ong
- Department of Anatomy; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine; National University of Singapore; Singapore
| | - John R. Hodges
- Neuroscience Research Australia; Sydney Australia
- Faculty of Medicine; University of New South Wales; Sydney Australia
| | | | - Jillian J. Kril
- Discipline of Pathology; University of Sydney; Sydney Australia
| | | | | | - Glenda M. Halliday
- Neuroscience Research Australia; Sydney Australia
- Faculty of Medicine; University of New South Wales; Sydney Australia
| | - Lars M. Ittner
- Dementia Research Unit; Department of Anatomy; School of Medical Sciences; Faculty of Medicine; University of New South Wales; Sydney Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia; Sydney Australia
- Sydney Medical School; University of Sydney; Sydney Australia
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215
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Zhang J. Mapping neuroinflammation in frontotemporal dementia with molecular PET imaging. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:108. [PMID: 26022249 PMCID: PMC4451729 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0236-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent findings have led to a renewed interest and support for an active role of inflammation in neurodegenerative dementias and related neurologic disorders. Detection of neuroinflammation in vivo throughout the course of neurodegenerative diseases is of great clinical interest. Studies have shown that microglia activation (an indicator of neuroinflammation) may present at early stages of frontotemporal dementia (FTD), but the role of neuroinflammation in the pathogenesis of FTD is largely unknown. The first-generation translocator protein (TSPO) ligand ([11C]-PK11195) has been used to detect microglia activation in FTD, and the second-generation TSPO ligands have imaged neuroinflammation in vivo with improved pharmacokinetic properties. This paper reviews related literature and technical issues on mapping neuroinflammation in FTD with positron-emission tomography (PET) imaging. Early detection of neuroinflammation in FTD may identify new tools for diagnosis, novel treatment targets, and means to monitor therapeutic efficacy. More studies are needed to image and track neuroinflammation in FTD. It is anticipated that the advances of TSPO PET imaging will overcome technical difficulties, and molecular imaging of neuroinflammation will aid in the characterization of neuroinflammation in FTD. Such knowledge has the potential to shed light on the poorly understood pathogenesis of FTD and related dementias, and provide imaging markers to guide the development and assessment of new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5A5, Canada.
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216
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Defining the genetic connection linking amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) with frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Trends Genet 2015; 31:263-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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217
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Abstract
The prion paradigm has emerged as a unifying molecular principle for the pathogenesis of many age-related neurodegenerative diseases. This paradigm holds that a fundamental cause of specific disorders is the misfolding and seeded aggregation of certain proteins. The concept arose from the discovery that devastating brain diseases called spongiform encephalopathies are transmissible to new hosts by agents consisting solely of a misfolded protein, now known as the prion protein. Accordingly, "prion" was defined as a "proteinaceous infectious particle." As the concept has expanded to include other diseases, many of which are not infectious by any conventional definition, the designation of prions as infectious agents has become problematic. We propose to define prions as "proteinaceous nucleating particles" to highlight the molecular action of the agents, lessen unwarranted apprehension about the transmissibility of noninfectious proteopathies, and promote the wider acceptance of this revolutionary paradigm by the biomedical community.
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218
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Basiri K, Ansari B, Meamar R. Frontotemporal dementia parkinsonism: Clinical findings in a large Iranian family. Adv Biomed Res 2015; 4:37. [PMID: 25789263 PMCID: PMC4358030 DOI: 10.4103/2277-9175.151242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is a group of neurodegenerative disorders characterized by atrophy of the frontal and temporal lobes. Clinical features suggestive of FTD include pre-senile onset before the age of 65, behavioral changes, social and interpersonal disinhibition, fluent and nonfluent aphasia, and loss of insight. FTD and parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17 (FTDP-17) was defined during the International Consensus Conference in Ann Arbor, Michigan in 1996. FTDP-17 is an autosomally dominant inherited condition. Most genotypic alterations do not correlate with clinical phenotypes. However, mutations affecting exon 10 splicing are associated with parkinsonism. In the present study, a male case with FTDP who presented with insidious onset of speech difficulty at a young age that was associated with signs of parkinsonism and a positive family history of FTD with MAPT gene mutation at exon 13 has been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keivan Basiri
- Department of Neurology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Behnaz Ansari
- Department of Neurology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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219
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Overexpression of nuclear FUS induces neuronal cell death. Neuroscience 2015; 287:113-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 11/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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220
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Flanagan EP, Baker MC, Perkerson RB, Duffy JR, Strand EA, Whitwell JL, Machulda MM, Rademakers R, Josephs KA. Dominant frontotemporal dementia mutations in 140 cases of primary progressive aphasia and speech apraxia. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2015; 39:281-6. [PMID: 25765123 PMCID: PMC4879710 DOI: 10.1159/000375299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations in three genes [chromosome 9 open-reading-frame 72 (C9ORF72); microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT) and progranulin (GRN)] account for the vast majority of familial, and a proportion of sporadic, frontotemporal dementia (FTD) cases. Progressive apraxia of speech (PAOS) is a type of FTD characterized by speech production deficits without a known cause. METHODS We therefore assessed for genetic mutations in C9ORF72, MAPT and GRN in 40 prospectively recruited PAOS patients. For comparison, we also assessed these mutations in 100 patients with primary progressive aphasia (PPA), including logopenic PPA (n = 54), nonfluent/agrammatic PPA (n = 17), semantic PPA (n = 16), and unclassifiable PPA (n = 13). RESULTS The mean age at onset of PAOS patients was 66.7 years (± 9.3); 50% were women. Ten patients (25%) had ≥1 first-degree relative with a neurodegenerative disease. No mutations were found in any PAOS patient. In comparison, 36% of the PPA patients had a family history and 5 (5%) had a genetic mutation detected: MAPT (n = 0), GRN (n = 3) and C9ORF72 (n = 2). CONCLUSIONS Although limited by an overrepresentation of logopenic PPA, which frequently predicts Alzheimer's disease pathology, this study suggests that mutations in the three genes most commonly associated with FTD are not associated with PAOS and are not commonly associated with PPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eoin P. Flanagan
- Division of Behavioral Neurology, Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn., USA
| | - Matthew C. Baker
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville,
Fla., USA
| | | | - Joseph R. Duffy
- Division of Speech Pathology, Department of Neurology, Mayo
Clinic, Rochester, Minn., USA
| | - Edythe A. Strand
- Division of Speech Pathology, Department of Neurology, Mayo
Clinic, Rochester, Minn., USA
| | | | - Mary M. Machulda
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn., USA
| | - Rosa Rademakers
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville,
Fla., USA
| | - Keith A. Josephs
- Division of Behavioral Neurology, Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn., USA
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221
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A loss of FUS/TLS function leads to impaired cellular proliferation. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1572. [PMID: 25501833 PMCID: PMC4649830 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Revised: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fused in sarcoma/translocated in liposarcoma (FUS/TLS or FUS) is a multifunctional RNA/DNA-binding protein that is pathologically associated with cancer and neurodegeneration. To gain insight into the vital functions of FUS and how a loss of FUS function impacts cellular homeostasis, FUS expression was reduced in different cellular models through RNA interference. Our results show that a loss of FUS expression severely impairs cellular proliferation and leads to an increase in phosphorylated histone H3, a marker of mitotic arrest. A quantitative proteomics analysis performed on cells undergoing various degrees of FUS knockdown revealed protein expression changes for known RNA targets of FUS, consistent with a loss of FUS function with respect to RNA processing. Proteins that changed in expression as a function of FUS knockdown were associated with multiple processes, some of which influence cell proliferation including cell cycle regulation, cytoskeletal organization, oxidative stress and energy homeostasis. FUS knockdown also correlated with increased expression of the closely related protein EWS (Ewing's sarcoma). We demonstrate that the maladaptive phenotype resulting from FUS knockdown is reversible and can be rescued by re-expression of FUS or partially rescued by the small-molecule rolipram. These results provide insight into the pathways and processes that are regulated by FUS, as well as the cellular consequences for a loss of FUS function.
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222
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Gascon E, Lynch K, Ruan H, Almeida S, Verheyden J, Seeley WW, Dickson DW, Petrucelli L, Sun D, Jiao J, Zhou H, Jakovcevski M, Akbarian S, Yao WD, Gao FB. Alterations in microRNA-124 and AMPA receptors contribute to social behavioral deficits in frontotemporal dementia. Nat Med 2014; 20:1444-51. [PMID: 25401692 PMCID: PMC4257887 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases, such as frontotemporal dementia (FTD), are often associated with behavioral deficits, but the underlying anatomical and molecular causes remain poorly understood. Here we show that forebrain-specific expression of FTD-associated mutant CHMP2B in mice causes several age-dependent neurodegenerative phenotypes, including social behavioral impairments. The social deficits were accompanied by a change in AMPA receptor (AMPAR) composition, leading to an imbalance between Ca(2+)-permeable and Ca(2+)-impermeable AMPARs. Expression of most AMPAR subunits was regulated by the brain-enriched microRNA miR-124, whose abundance was markedly decreased in the superficial layers of the cerebral cortex of mice expressing the mutant CHMP2B. We found similar changes in miR-124 and AMPAR levels in the frontal cortex and induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons from subjects with behavioral variant FTD. Moreover, ectopic miR-124 expression in the medial prefrontal cortex of mutant mice decreased AMPAR levels and partially rescued behavioral deficits. Knockdown of the AMPAR subunit Gria2 also alleviated social impairments. Our results identify a previously undescribed mechanism involving miR-124 and AMPARs in regulating social behavior in FTD and suggest a potential therapeutic avenue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Gascon
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605 USA
| | - Kelleen Lynch
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605 USA
| | - Hongyu Ruan
- Division of Neurosciences, New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, MA, 01772 USA
| | - Sandra Almeida
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605 USA
| | - Jamie Verheyden
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158 USA
| | - William W. Seeley
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Dennis W. Dickson
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Leonard Petrucelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Danqiong Sun
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158 USA
| | - Jian Jiao
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158 USA
| | - Hongru Zhou
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605 USA
| | - Mira Jakovcevski
- Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01604, USA
| | - Schahram Akbarian
- Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01604, USA
| | - Wei-Dong Yao
- Division of Neurosciences, New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, MA, 01772 USA
| | - Fen-Biao Gao
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605 USA
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223
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Abstract
The spectrum of mixed brain pathologies expands beyond accompanying vascular pathology in brains with Alzheimer's disease-related pathology. Co-occurrence of neurodegenerative non-Alzheimer's disease-type proteinopathies is increasingly recognized to be a frequent event in the brains of symptomatic and asymptomatic patients, particularly in older people. Owing to the evolving concept of neurodegenerative diseases, clinical and neuropathological diagnostic criteria have changed during the last decades. Autopsy-based studies differ in the selection criteria and also in the applied staining methods used. The present review summarizes the prevalence of mixed brain pathologies reported in recent community-based studies. In these cohorts, irrespective of the clinical symptoms, the frequency of Alzheimer's disease-related pathology is between 19 and 67%, of Lewy body pathology is between 6 and 39%, of vascular pathologies is between 28 and 70%, of TDP-43 proteinopathy is between 13 and 46%, of hippocampal sclerosis is between 3 and 13% and, finally, of mixed pathologies is between 10 and 74%. Some studies also mention tauopathies. White-matter pathologies are not discussed specifically in all studies, although these lesions may be present in more than 80% of the aging brains. In summary, community-based neuropathology studies have shown that complex constellations of underlying pathologies may lead to cognitive decline, and that the number of possible combinations increases in the aging brain. These observations have implications for the prediction of the prognosis, for the development of biomarkers or therapy targets, or for the stratification of patient cohorts for genome-wide studies or, eventually, for therapy trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Rahimi
- Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gabor G Kovacs
- Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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224
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Suzuki H, Shibagaki Y, Hattori S, Matsuoka M. Nuclear TDP-43 causes neuronal toxicity by escaping from the inhibitory regulation by hnRNPs. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 24:1513-27. [DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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225
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda R Mason
- From the Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease (A.R.M., A.Z., S.F.), San Francisco; the Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Graduate Program (A.R.M.) and the Departments of Neurology (A.Z., S.F.) and Physiology (S.F.), University of California San Francisco; and the Taube/Koret Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research (S.F.), San Francisco, CA. A.Z. is currently affiliated with Lundbeck, Deerfield, IL
| | - Adam Ziemann
- From the Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease (A.R.M., A.Z., S.F.), San Francisco; the Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Graduate Program (A.R.M.) and the Departments of Neurology (A.Z., S.F.) and Physiology (S.F.), University of California San Francisco; and the Taube/Koret Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research (S.F.), San Francisco, CA. A.Z. is currently affiliated with Lundbeck, Deerfield, IL
| | - Steven Finkbeiner
- From the Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease (A.R.M., A.Z., S.F.), San Francisco; the Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Graduate Program (A.R.M.) and the Departments of Neurology (A.Z., S.F.) and Physiology (S.F.), University of California San Francisco; and the Taube/Koret Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research (S.F.), San Francisco, CA. A.Z. is currently affiliated with Lundbeck, Deerfield, IL.
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226
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Premi E, Cauda F, Gasparotti R, Diano M, Archetti S, Padovani A, Borroni B. Multimodal FMRI resting-state functional connectivity in granulin mutations: the case of fronto-parietal dementia. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106500. [PMID: 25188321 PMCID: PMC4154688 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monogenic dementias represent a great opportunity to trace disease progression from preclinical to symptomatic stages. Frontotemporal Dementia related to Granulin (GRN) mutations presents a specific framework of brain damage, involving fronto-temporal regions and long inter-hemispheric white matter bundles. Multimodal resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI) is a promising tool to carefully describe disease signature from the earliest disease phase. OBJECTIVE To define local connectivity alterations in GRN related pathology moving from the presymptomatic (asymptomatic GRN mutation carriers) to the clinical phase of the disease (GRN- related Frontotemporal Dementia). METHODS Thirty-one GRN Thr272fs mutation carriers (14 patients with Frontotemporal Dementia and 17 asymptomatic carriers) and 38 healthy controls were recruited. Local connectivity measures (Regional Homogeneity (ReHo), Fractional Amplitude of Low Frequency Fluctuation (fALFF) and Degree Centrality (DC)) were computed, considering age and gender as nuisance variables as well as the influence of voxel-level gray matter atrophy. RESULTS Asymptomatic GRN carriers had selective reduced ReHo in the left parietal region and increased ReHo in frontal regions compared to healthy controls. Considering Frontotemporal Dementia patients, all measures (ReHo, fALFF and DC) were reduced in inferior parietal, frontal lobes and posterior cingulate cortex. Considering GRN mutation carriers, an inverse correlation with age in the posterior cingulate cortex, inferior parietal lobule and orbitofrontal cortex was found. CONCLUSIONS GRN pathology is characterized by functional brain network alterations even decades before the clinical onset; they involve the parietal region primarily and then spread to the anterior regions of the brain, supporting the concept of molecular nexopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Premi
- Centre for Ageing Brain and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Neurology Unit, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Franco Cauda
- Clinical and Experimental Center for Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Koelliker Hospital, Turin, Italy
- Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Matteo Diano
- Clinical and Experimental Center for Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Koelliker Hospital, Turin, Italy
- Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Padovani
- Centre for Ageing Brain and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Neurology Unit, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Barbara Borroni
- Centre for Ageing Brain and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Neurology Unit, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- * E-mail:
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227
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Duan R, Sharma S, Xia Q, Garber K, Jin P. Towards Understanding RNA-Mediated Neurological Disorders. J Genet Genomics 2014; 41:473-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2014.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2014] [Revised: 08/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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228
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Diehl-Schmid J, Onur OA, Kuhn J, Gruppe T, Drzezga A. Imaging Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2014; 14:489. [DOI: 10.1007/s11910-014-0489-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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229
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Capell A, Fellerer K, Haass C. Progranulin transcripts with short and long 5' untranslated regions (UTRs) are differentially expressed via posttranscriptional and translational repression. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:25879-89. [PMID: 25056957 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.560128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Frontotemporal lobar degeneration is associated with cytoplasmic or nuclear deposition of the TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43). Haploinsufficiency of progranulin (GRN) is a major genetic risk factor for frontotemporal lobar degeneration associated with TDP-43 deposition. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms that control cellular expression of GRN is required not only to understand disease etiology but also for the development of potential therapeutic strategies. We identified different GRN transcripts with short (38-93 nucleotides) or long (219 nucleotides) 5' UTRs and demonstrate a cellular mechanism that represses translation of GRN mRNAs with long 5' UTRs. The long 5' UTR of GRN mRNA contains an upstream open reading frame (uORF) that is absent in all shorter transcripts. Because such UTRs can be involved in translational control as well as in mRNA stability, we compared the expression of GRN in cells expressing cDNAs with and without 5' UTRs. This revealed a selective repression of GRN translation and a reduction of mRNA levels by the 219-nucleotide-long 5' UTR. The specific ability of this GRN 5' UTR to repress protein expression was further confirmed by its transfer to an independent reporter. Deletion analysis identified a short stretch between nucleotides 76 and 125 containing two start codons within one uORF that is required and sufficient for repression of protein expression. Mutagenesis of the two AUG codons within the uORF is sufficient to reduce translational repression. Therefore initiating ribosomes at the AUGs of the uORF fail to efficiently initiate translation at the start codon of GRN. In parallel the 5' UTR also affects mRNA stability; thus two independent mechanisms determine GRN expression via mRNA stability and translational efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Capell
- From the Adolf-Butenandt Institute, Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany,
| | - Katrin Fellerer
- From the Adolf-Butenandt Institute, Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Haass
- From the Adolf-Butenandt Institute, Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany, the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 80336 Munich, Germany, and the Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), 80336 Munich, Germany
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230
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Wolfe MS. Unlocking truths of γ-secretase in Alzheimer's disease: what is the translational potential? FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2014; 9:419-429. [PMID: 26146489 DOI: 10.2217/fnl.14.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Considerable evidence, particularly from genetics, points to the aggregation-prone amyloid β-peptide as a pathogenic entity in Alzheimer's disease. Hence, the proteases that produce this peptide from its precursor protein have been prime targets for the development of potential therapeutics. One of these proteases, γ-secretase, has been a particular focus. Many inhibitors and modulators of this membrane-embedded protease complex have been identified, with some brought into late-stage clinical trials, where they have spectacularly failed. The reasons for these failures will be discussed, along with recent findings on the mechanism of γ-secretase and of Alzheimer-causing mutations that may suggest new strategies for targeting this enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Wolfe
- Center for Neurologic Disease, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Tel.: +1 617 525 5511
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231
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Machts J, Bittner V, Kasper E, Schuster C, Prudlo J, Abdulla S, Kollewe K, Petri S, Dengler R, Heinze HJ, Vielhaber S, Schoenfeld MA, Bittner DM. Memory deficits in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis are not exclusively caused by executive dysfunction: a comparative neuropsychological study of amnestic mild cognitive impairment. BMC Neurosci 2014; 15:83. [PMID: 24981872 PMCID: PMC4086690 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-15-83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recent work suggests that ALS and frontotemporal dementia can occur together and share at least in part the same underlying pathophysiology. However, it is unclear at present whether memory deficits in ALS stem from a temporal lobe dysfunction, or are rather driven by frontal executive dysfunction. In this study we sought to investigate the nature of memory deficits by analyzing the neuropsychological performance of 40 ALS patients in comparison to 39 amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) patients and 40 healthy controls (HC). The neuropsychological battery tested for impairment in executive functions, as well as memory and visuo-spatial skills, the results of which were compared across study groups. In addition, we calculated composite scores for memory (learning, recall, recognition) and executive functions (verbal fluency, cognitive flexibility, working memory). We hypothesized that the nature of memory impairment in ALS will be different from those exhibited by aMCI patients. Results Patient groups exhibited significant differences in their type of memory deficit, with the ALS group showing impairment only in recognition, whereas aMCI patients showed short and delayed recall performance deficits as well as reduced short-term capacity. Regression analysis revealed a significant impact of executive function on memory performance exclusively for the ALS group, accounting for one fifth of their memory performance. Interestingly, merging all sub scores into a single memory and an executive function score obscured these differences. Conclusion The presented results indicate that the interpretation of neuropsychological scores needs to take the distinct cognitive profiles in ALS and aMCI into consideration. Importantly, the observed memory deficits in ALS were distinctly different from those observed in aMCI and can be explained only to some extent in the context of comorbid (coexisting) executive dysfunction. These findings highlight the qualitative differences in temporal lobe dysfunction between ALS and aMCI patients, and support temporal lobe dysfunction as a mechanism underlying the distinct cognitive impairments observed in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Machts
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Leipziger Straße 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
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232
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Distinct synthetic Aβ prion strains producing different amyloid deposits in bigenic mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:10329-34. [PMID: 24982137 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1408968111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
An increasing number of studies continue to show that the amyloid β (Aβ) peptide adopts an alternative conformation and acquires transmissibility; hence, it becomes a prion. Here, we report on the attributes of two strains of Aβ prions formed from synthetic Aβ peptides composed of either 40 or 42 residues. Modifying the conditions for Aβ polymerization increased both the protease resistance and prion infectivity compared with an earlier study. Approximately 150 d after intracerebral inoculation, both synthetic Aβ40 and Aβ42 prions produced a sustained rise in the bioluminescence imaging signal in the brains of bigenic Tg(APP23:Gfap-luc) mice, indicative of astrocytic gliosis. Pathological investigations showed that synthetic Aβ40 prions produced amyloid plaques containing both Aβ40 and Aβ42 in the brains of inoculated bigenic mice, whereas synthetic Aβ42 prions stimulated the formation of smaller, more numerous plaques composed predominantly of Aβ42. Synthetic Aβ40 preparations consisted of long straight fibrils; in contrast, the Aβ42 fibrils were much shorter. Addition of 3.47 mM (0.1%) SDS to the polymerization reaction produced Aβ42 fibrils that were indistinguishable from Aβ40 fibrils produced in the absence or presence of SDS. Moreover, the Aβ amyloid plaques in the brains of bigenic mice inoculated with Aβ42 prions prepared in the presence of SDS were similar to those found in mice that received Aβ40 prions. From these results, we conclude that the composition of Aβ plaques depends on the conformation of the inoculated Aβ polymers, and thus, these inocula represent distinct synthetic Aβ prion strains.
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233
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Govone F, Vacca A, Rubino E, Gai A, Boschi S, Gentile S, Orsi L, Pinessi L, Rainero I. Lack of association between APOE gene polymorphisms and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a comprehensive meta-analysis. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degener 2014; 15:551-6. [PMID: 24918518 DOI: 10.3109/21678421.2014.918149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have evaluated the association between APOE gene polymorphisms and the risk for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), with inconclusive results. The aim of our study was to further define the risk associated with carriage of the APOE alleles and development and clinical characteristics of ALS. We performed a comprehensive meta-analysis of all existing studies investigating the association between the APOE gene and ALS published up to September 2013, comprising a total of 4249 ALS patients and 10,397 controls. Pooled odds ratios (OR) were estimated using the random effect (RE) model. Results showed that the carriage of different APOE alleles had no effect on disease risk. In particular, the ϵ4 allele was not associated with a significantly increased disease risk (ϵ4 carriers vs. non-ϵ4 carriers: RE OR 1.18; 95% CI 0.91-1.53). In conclusion, our study suggests that the APOE gene does not have a significant effect in ALS aetiopathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flora Govone
- Neurology I, Department of Neuroscience "Rita Levi Montalcini", University of Turin , Italy
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234
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Xi Z, Rainero I, Rubino E, Pinessi L, Bruni AC, Maletta RG, Nacmias B, Sorbi S, Galimberti D, Surace EI, Zheng Y, Moreno D, Sato C, Liang Y, Zhou Y, Robertson J, Zinman L, Tartaglia MC, St George-Hyslop P, Rogaeva E. Hypermethylation of the CpG-island near the C9orf72 G₄C₂-repeat expansion in FTLD patients. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:5630-7. [PMID: 24908669 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The G₄C₂-repeat expansion in C9orf72 is a common cause of frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). C9orf72 transcription is reduced in expansion carriers implicating haploinsufficiency as one of the disease mechanisms. Indeed, our recent ALS study revealed that the expansion was associated with hypermethylation of the CpG-island (5'of the repeat) in DNA samples obtained from different tissues (blood, brain and spinal cord). However, the link between FTLD and methylation of the CpG-island is unknown. Hence, we investigated the methylation profile of the same CpG-island by bisulfite sequencing of DNA obtained from blood of 34 FTLD expansion carriers, 166 FTLD non-carriers and 103 controls. Methylation level was significantly higher in FTLD expansion carriers than non-carriers (P = 7.8E-13). Our results were confirmed by two methods (HhaI-assay and sequencing of cloned bisulfite PCR products). Hypermethylation occurred only in carriers of an allele with >50 repeats, and was not detected in non-carriers or individuals with an intermediate allele (22-43 repeats). As expected, the position/number of methylated CpGs was concordant between the sense and anti-sense DNA strand, suggesting that it is a stable epigenetic modification. Analysis of the combined ALS and FTLD datasets (82 expansion carriers) revealed that the degree of methylation of the entire CpG-island or contribution of specific CpGs (n = 26) is similar in both syndromes, with a trend towards a higher proportion of ALS patients with a high methylation level (P = 0.09). In conclusion, we demonstrated that hypermethylation of the CpG-island 5'of the G₄C₂-repeat is expansion-specific, but not syndrome-specific (ALS versus FTLD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengrui Xi
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, 60 Leonard Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 2S8
| | - Innocenzo Rainero
- Neurology I, Rita Levi Montalcini Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Elisa Rubino
- Neurology I, Rita Levi Montalcini Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Pinessi
- Neurology I, Rita Levi Montalcini Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Amalia C Bruni
- Regional Neurogenetic Centre, Lamezia Terme, Azienda Sanitaria Provinciale Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Raffaele G Maletta
- Regional Neurogenetic Centre, Lamezia Terme, Azienda Sanitaria Provinciale Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Benedetta Nacmias
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Sandro Sorbi
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Daniela Galimberti
- Neurology Unit, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Centro Dino Ferrari, Fondazione Ca' Granda, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Ezequiel I Surace
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Dr. Raúl Carrea (FLENI), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Yonglan Zheng
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Danielle Moreno
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, 60 Leonard Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 2S8
| | - Christine Sato
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, 60 Leonard Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 2S8
| | - Yan Liang
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, 60 Leonard Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 2S8
| | - Ye Zhou
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, 60 Leonard Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 2S8
| | - Janice Robertson
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, 60 Leonard Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 2S8
| | - Lorne Zinman
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, 2075 Bayview Ave., Toronto, ON, Canada M4N 3M5, Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8 and
| | - Maria Carmela Tartaglia
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, 60 Leonard Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 2S8, Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8 and
| | - Peter St George-Hyslop
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, 60 Leonard Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 2S8, Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8 and Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Ekaterina Rogaeva
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, 60 Leonard Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 2S8, Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8 and
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235
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Stoica R, De Vos KJ, Paillusson S, Mueller S, Sancho RM, Lau KF, Vizcay-Barrena G, Lin WL, Xu YF, Lewis J, Dickson DW, Petrucelli L, Mitchell JC, Shaw CE, Miller CCJ. ER-mitochondria associations are regulated by the VAPB-PTPIP51 interaction and are disrupted by ALS/FTD-associated TDP-43. Nat Commun 2014; 5:3996. [PMID: 24893131 PMCID: PMC4046113 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 435] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) form tight structural associations and these facilitate a number of cellular functions. However, the mechanisms by which regions of the ER become tethered to mitochondria are not properly known. Understanding these mechanisms is not just important for comprehending fundamental physiological processes but also for understanding pathogenic processes in some disease states. In particular, disruption to ER-mitochondria associations is linked to some neurodegenerative diseases. Here we show that the ER-resident protein VAPB interacts with the mitochondrial protein tyrosine phosphatase-interacting protein-51 (PTPIP51) to regulate ER-mitochondria associations. Moreover, we demonstrate that TDP-43, a protein pathologically linked to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and fronto-temporal dementia perturbs ER-mitochondria interactions and that this is associated with disruption to the VAPB-PTPIP51 interaction and cellular Ca(2+) homeostasis. Finally, we show that overexpression of TDP-43 leads to activation of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) and that GSK-3β regulates the VAPB-PTPIP51 interaction. Our results describe a new pathogenic mechanism for TDP-43.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radu Stoica
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings
College London, London
SE5 8AF, UK
- Clinical Neurosciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings
College London, London
SE5 8AF, UK
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Kurt J. De Vos
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings
College London, London
SE5 8AF, UK
- Clinical Neurosciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings
College London, London
SE5 8AF, UK
- These authors contributed equally to this work
- Present address: Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, South Yorkshire S10 2HQ, UK
| | - Sébastien Paillusson
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings
College London, London
SE5 8AF, UK
- Clinical Neurosciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings
College London, London
SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Sarah Mueller
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings
College London, London
SE5 8AF, UK
- Clinical Neurosciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings
College London, London
SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Rosa M. Sancho
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings
College London, London
SE5 8AF, UK
- Clinical Neurosciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings
College London, London
SE5 8AF, UK
- Present address: Alzheimer’s Research UK, Cambridge
CB21 6AD, UK
| | - Kwok-Fai Lau
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings
College London, London
SE5 8AF, UK
- Present address: Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Gema Vizcay-Barrena
- Centre for Ultrastructural Imaging, King’s
College London, London
SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Wen-Lang Lin
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic,
Jacksonville, Florida
32224, USA
| | - Ya-Fei Xu
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic,
Jacksonville, Florida
32224, USA
| | - Jada Lewis
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic,
Jacksonville, Florida
32224, USA
| | - Dennis W. Dickson
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic,
Jacksonville, Florida
32224, USA
| | - Leonard Petrucelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic,
Jacksonville, Florida
32224, USA
| | - Jacqueline C. Mitchell
- Clinical Neurosciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings
College London, London
SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Christopher E. Shaw
- Clinical Neurosciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings
College London, London
SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Christopher C. J. Miller
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings
College London, London
SE5 8AF, UK
- Clinical Neurosciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings
College London, London
SE5 8AF, UK
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236
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Sama RRK, Ward CL, Bosco DA. Functions of FUS/TLS from DNA repair to stress response: implications for ALS. ASN Neuro 2014; 6:6/4/1759091414544472. [PMID: 25289647 PMCID: PMC4189536 DOI: 10.1177/1759091414544472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fused in sarcoma/translocated in liposarcoma (FUS/TLS or FUS) is a multifunctional DNA-/RNA-binding protein that is involved in a variety of cellular functions including transcription, protein translation, RNA splicing, and transport. FUS was initially identified as a fusion oncoprotein, and thus, the early literature focused on the role of FUS in cancer. With the recent discoveries revealing the role of FUS in neurodegenerative diseases, namely amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal lobar degeneration, there has been a renewed interest in elucidating the normal functions of FUS. It is not clear which, if any, endogenous functions of FUS are involved in disease pathogenesis. Here, we review what is currently known regarding the normal functions of FUS with an emphasis on DNA damage repair, RNA processing, and cellular stress response. Further, we discuss how ALS-causing mutations can potentially alter the role of FUS in these pathways, thereby contributing to disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Catherine L Ward
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Daryl A Bosco
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
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237
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Deng H, Gao K, Jankovic J. The role of FUS gene variants in neurodegenerative diseases. Nat Rev Neurol 2014; 10:337-48. [DOI: 10.1038/nrneurol.2014.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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238
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Targeted high-throughput sequencing identifies a TARDBP mutation as a cause of early-onset FTD without motor neuron disease. Neurobiol Aging 2014; 35:1212.e1-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.10.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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239
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Lin CH, Chen TF, Chiu MJ, Lin HI, Wu RM. Lack of c9orf72 repeat expansion in taiwanese patients with mixed neurodegenerative disorders. Front Neurol 2014; 5:59. [PMID: 24803912 PMCID: PMC4009437 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2014.00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The hexanucleotide repeat expansion in intron 1 of the C9orf72 gene is recognized as the most common genetic cause of frontotemporal dementia (FTD). There are overlapping clinical and pathological characteristics between FTD and Parkinsonism syndrome, and some FTD patients may present with Parkinsonism. The aim of this study was to analyze the hexanucleotide repeat numbers of C9orf72 gene in a mixed Taiwanese cohort with FTD, Parkinsonism syndrome, Parkinson’s disease (PD), and Alzheimer’s dementia (AD). Method: The number of hexanucleotide repeats was estimated in a total of 482 patients with mixed neurodegenerative disorders and 485 control subjects, using a two-step repeat-primed polymerase chain reaction-based genotyping strategy. The individual groups of patients included patients with Parkinsonism syndrome (n = 95), familial PD (n = 109), young-onset PD (n = 201), FTD (n = 9), sporadic AD (n = 61), and early-onset AD (n = 7). Results: We did not identify any pathogenic repeats (>30 repeats) of C9orf72 in either the patients or control subjects. However, we found one young-onset PD patient and one control subject that each had an intermediate number of repeats (25 and 21 repeats, respectively). The clinical phenotype of the young-onset PD in this patient was similar to typical idiopathic PD without additional features, and the patient responded well to levodopa treatment. Conclusion: The repeat expansion in C9orf72 is not a common cause of PD, Parkinsonism syndrome, or dementia in our population. Further studies are needed to investigate the clinical and biological significance of intermediate repeats in C9orf72.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Hsien Lin
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - Ta-Fu Chen
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - Ming-Jang Chiu
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - Han-I Lin
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - Ruey-Meei Wu
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University , Taipei , Taiwan
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240
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Wolfe MS. Targeting mRNA for Alzheimer's and related dementias. SCIENTIFICA 2014; 2014:757549. [PMID: 24876993 PMCID: PMC4020195 DOI: 10.1155/2014/757549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Brain deposition of the amyloid beta-protein (A β ) and tau are characteristic features in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Mutations in the A β precursor protein (APP) and a protease involved in A β production from APP strongly argue for a pathogenic role of A β in AD, while mutations in tau are associated with related disorders collectively called frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). Despite intense effort, therapeutic strategies that target A β or tau have not yet yielded medications, suggesting that alternative approaches should be pursued. In recent years, our laboratory has studied the role of mRNA in AD and FTLD, specifically those encoding tau and the A β -producing protease BACE1. As many FTLD-causing tau mutations destabilize a hairpin structure that regulates RNA splicing, we have targeted this structure with small molecules, antisense oligonucleotides, and small molecule-antisense conjugates. We have also discovered that microRNA interaction with the 3'-untranslated region of tau regulates tau expression. Regarding BACE1, we found that alternative splicing leads to inactive splice isoforms and antisense oligonucleotides shift splicing toward these inactive isoforms to decrease A β production. In addition, a G-quadruplex structure in the BACE1 mRNA plays a role in splice regulation. The prospects for targeting tau and BACE1 mRNAs as therapeutic strategies will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S. Wolfe
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, H.I.M. 754, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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241
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Premi E, Garibotto V, Gazzina S, Formenti A, Archetti S, Gasparotti R, Padovani A, Borroni B. Subcortical and Deep Cortical Atrophy in Frontotemporal Dementia due to Granulin Mutations. Dement Geriatr Cogn Dis Extra 2014; 4:95-102. [PMID: 24926307 PMCID: PMC4036148 DOI: 10.1159/000355428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Parkinsonism is often associated with symptoms of frontotemporal dementia (FTD), but its pathogenesis has been largely neglected. In genetic inherited FTD-related granulin (GRN) mutations, parkinsonism is an early sign, and it is more common than in sporadic disorders. Our aim was to study grey matter (GM) volume changes in subcortical and deep cortical regions in GRN-related FTD. METHODS A total of 33 FTD patients (13 carriers of the GRN mutation, GRN+, and 20 non-carriers, GRN-) and 12 healthy controls (HC) were included in the study. Each subject underwent an MRI examination (1) for voxel-based morphometry to study GM differences in cortical and subcortical regions, and (2) for a region of interest approach using a probabilistic atlas of subcortical regions (caudate nucleus, putamen, thalamus and amygdala) to assess the regional differences. RESULTS The GRN+ group showed greater damage in frontotemporal regions than the GRN- group. The FTD patients had greater GM atrophy in the caudate nucleus and in the thalamus bilaterally than the HC. Damage to these subcortical and deep cortical regions was greater in the GRN+ than in the GRN- patients. DISCUSSION Subcortical and deep cortical involvement is a key feature of FTD, and more pronounced in GRN-related disease. Damage to the caudate region in GRN+ patients may explain the parkinsonism frequently associated since the early stages of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Premi
- Centre for Ageing Brain and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Neurology Unit, Brescia, Italy
| | - Valentina Garibotto
- Department of Medical Imaging, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stefano Gazzina
- Centre for Ageing Brain and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Neurology Unit, Brescia, Italy
| | - Anna Formenti
- Centre for Ageing Brain and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Neurology Unit, Brescia, Italy
| | | | | | - Alessandro Padovani
- Centre for Ageing Brain and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Neurology Unit, Brescia, Italy
| | - Barbara Borroni
- Centre for Ageing Brain and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Neurology Unit, Brescia, Italy
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242
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Abstract
Prions are proteins that acquire alternative conformations that become self-propagating. Transformation of proteins into prions is generally accompanied by an increase in β-sheet structure and a propensity to aggregate into oligomers. Some prions are beneficial and perform cellular functions, whereas others cause neurodegeneration. In mammals, more than a dozen proteins that become prions have been identified, and a similar number has been found in fungi. In both mammals and fungi, variations in the prion conformation encipher the biological properties of distinct prion strains. Increasing evidence argues that prions cause many neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Creutzfeldt-Jakob, and Lou Gehrig's diseases, as well as the tauopathies. The majority of NDs are sporadic, and 10% to 20% are inherited. The late onset of heritable NDs, like their sporadic counterparts, may reflect the stochastic nature of prion formation; the pathogenesis of such illnesses seems to require prion accumulation to exceed some critical threshold before neurological dysfunction manifests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley B Prusiner
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases and Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143;
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243
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Nilsson C, Landqvist Waldö M, Nilsson K, Santillo A, Vestberg S. Age-related incidence and family history in frontotemporal dementia: data from the Swedish Dementia Registry. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94901. [PMID: 24722237 PMCID: PMC3983262 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is considered to be a mainly early-onset neurodegenerative disorder with a strong hereditary component. The aim of the study was to investigate age-related incidence and family history in FTD compared to other dementia disorders, especially Alzheimer's disease (AD). Methods The Swedish Dementia Registry (SveDem) registers all new cases of dementia diagnosed by the participating centres, including data on demographics, diagnosis, and investigations used. Data for the period 2008–2011 were extracted and compared with age-related population data on a regional and national level. Results There were 20 305 patients registered in SveDem during 2008–2011, whereof 352 received a diagnosis of FTD. Mean age at diagnosis for FTD was 69.6 years and almost 70% of FTD cases were 65 years or older at the time of diagnosis. Both FTD and AD showed an increased incidence with age, which reached a maximum in the age group 80–84 years at 6.04 and 202 cases per 100 000 person-years, respectively. The proportion of cases with a positive family history was significantly lower in FTD than in AD. Conclusions Contrary to general opinion within the field, data from SveDem show that the incidence of FTD increases with age, and that the majority of cases are diagnosed after the age of 65 years. In addition, data from SveDem might suggest that the importance of hereditary factors in general is similar in FTD and AD. The recognition of these findings has important consequences for the diagnosis, treatment and care of patients with FTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christer Nilsson
- Department of Memory Disorders, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
- Clinical Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Maria Landqvist Waldö
- Department of Memory Disorders, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
- Geriatric Psychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Karin Nilsson
- Department of Memory Disorders, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
- Geriatric Psychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Alexander Santillo
- Department of Memory Disorders, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
- Clinical Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Susanna Vestberg
- Geriatric Psychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Psychology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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244
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Dehdashti SJ, Zheng W, Gever JR, Wilhelm R, Nguyen DT, Sittampalam G, McKew JC, Austin CP, Prusiner SB. A high-throughput screening assay for determining cellular levels of total tau protein. Curr Alzheimer Res 2014; 10:679-87. [PMID: 23905996 DOI: 10.2174/15672050113109990143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The microtubule-associated protein (MAP) tau has been implicated in the pathology of numerous neurodegenerative diseases. In the past decade, the hyperphosphorylated and aggregated states of tau protein have been important targets in the drug discovery field for the potential treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Although several compounds have been reported to reduce the hyperphosphorylated state of tau or impact the stabilization of tau, their therapeutic activities are remain to be validated. Recently, reduction of total cellular tau protein has emerged as an alternate intervention point for drug development and a potential treatment of tauopathies. We have developed and optimized homogenous assays, using the AlphaLISA and HTRF assay technologies, for the quantification of total cellular tau protein levels in the SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell line. The signal-to-basal ratios were 375 and 5.3, and the Z' factors were 0.67 and 0.60 for the AlphaLISA and HTRF tau assays, respectively. The clear advantages of these homogeneous tau assays over conventional total tau assays, such as ELISA and Western blot, are the elimination of plate wash steps and miniaturization of the assay into 1536-well plate format for the ultra-high-throughput screening of large compound libraries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seameen J Dehdashti
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, NIH, 9800 Medical Center Drive, MSC: 3370, Bethesda, MD 20892-3370, USA
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245
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Haeusler AR, Donnelly CJ, Periz G, Simko EA, Shaw PG, Kim MS, Maragakis NJ, Troncoso JC, Pandey A, Sattler R, Rothstein JD, Wang J. C9orf72 nucleotide repeat structures initiate molecular cascades of disease. Nature 2014; 507:195-200. [PMID: 24598541 PMCID: PMC4046618 DOI: 10.1038/nature13124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 683] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A hexanucleotide repeat expansion (HRE), (GGGGCC)n, in C9orf72 is the most common genetic cause of the neurodegenerative diseases amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Here we identify a molecular mechanism by which structural polymorphism of the HRE leads to ALS/FTD pathology and defects. The HRE forms DNA and RNA G-quadruplexes with distinct structures and promotes RNA•DNA hybrids (R-loops). The structural polymorphism causes a repeat-length-dependent accumulation of transcripts aborted in the HRE region. These transcribed repeats bind to ribonucleoproteins in a conformation-dependent manner. Specifically, nucleolin, an essential nucleolar protein, preferentially binds the HRE G-quadruplex, and patient cells show evidence of nucleolar stress. Our results demonstrate that distinct C9orf72 HRE structural polymorphism at both DNA and RNA levels initiates molecular cascades leading to ALS/FTD pathologies, and provide the basis for a mechanistic model for repeat-associated neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron R. Haeusler
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Christopher J. Donnelly
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- The Brain Science Institute, Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Goran Periz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Eric A.J. Simko
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Patrick G. Shaw
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Min-Sik Kim
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | | | - Juan C. Troncoso
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Akhilesh Pandey
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Rita Sattler
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- The Brain Science Institute, Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Jeffrey D. Rothstein
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- The Brain Science Institute, Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Jiou Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
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246
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Abstract
Loss-of-function mutations of progranulin (PGRN) have been linked to frontotemporal dementia, but little is known about the effects of PGRN deficiency on the brain in health and disease. PGRN has been implicated in neurovascular development, inflammation, and Wnt signaling, a pathway involved in the formation of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Because BBB alterations and inflammation contribute to ischemic brain injury, we examined the role of PGRN in the brain damage produced by ischemia-reperfusion. PGRN(+/-) and PGRN(-/-) mice underwent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) with monitoring of cerebral blood flow. Infarct volume and motor deficits were assessed 72 h later. Post-ischemic inflammation was examined by expression of inflammatory genes and flow cytometry. BBB structure and permeability were examined by electron microscopy (EM) and Evans blue (EB) extravasation, respectively. MCAO resulted in ~60% larger infarcts in PGRN(+/-) and PGRN(-/-) mice, an effect independent of hemodynamic factors or post-ischemic inflammation. Rather, massive hemorrhages and post-ischemic BBB disruption were observed, unrelated to degradation of tight junction (TJ) proteins or matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). By EM, TJ were 30-52% shorter, fewer, and less interlocking, suggesting a weaker seal between endothelial cells. Intracerebral injection of platelet-derived growth factor-CC (PDGF-CC), which increases BBB permeability, resulted in a more severe BBB breakdown in PGRN(+/-) and PGRN(-/-) than wild-type mice. We describe a previously unrecognized involvement of PGRN in the expression of key ultrastructural features of the BBB. Such a novel vasoprotective role of PGRN may contribute to brain dysfunction and damage in conditions associated with reduced PGRN function.
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247
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Mackenzie IRA, Frick P, Neumann M. The neuropathology associated with repeat expansions in the C9ORF72 gene. Acta Neuropathol 2014; 127:347-57. [PMID: 24356984 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-013-1232-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
An abnormal expansion of a GGGGCC hexanucleotide repeat in a non-coding region of the chromosome 9 open reading frame 72 gene (C9ORF72) is the most common genetic abnormality in familial and sporadic FTLD and ALS and the cause in most families where both, FTLD and ALS, are inherited. Pathologically, C9ORF72 expansion cases show a combination of FTLD-TDP and classical ALS with abnormal accumulation of TDP-43 into neuronal and oligodendroglial inclusions consistently seen in the frontal and temporal cortex, hippocampus and pyramidal motor system. In addition, a highly specific feature in C9ORF72 expansion cases is the presence of ubiquitin and p62 positive, but TDP-43 negative neuronal cytoplasmic and intranuclear inclusions. These TDP-43 negative inclusions contain dipeptide-repeat (DPR) proteins generated by unconventional repeat-associated translation of C9ORF72 transcripts with the expanded repeats and are most abundant in the cerebellum, hippocampus and all neocortex regions. Another consistent pathological feature associated with the production of C9ORF72 transcripts with expanded repeats is the formation of nuclear RNA foci that are frequently observed in the frontal cortex, hippocampus and cerebellum. Here, we summarize the complexity and heterogeneity of the neuropathology associated with the C9ORF72 expansion. We discuss implications of the data to the current classification of FTLD and critically review current insights from clinico-pathological correlative studies regarding the fundamental questions as to what processes are required and sufficient to trigger neurodegeneration in C9ORF72 disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian R A Mackenzie
- Department of Pathology, University of British Columbia and Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, Canada
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248
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Stepto A, Gallo JM, Shaw CE, Hirth F. Modelling C9ORF72 hexanucleotide repeat expansion in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia. Acta Neuropathol 2014; 127:377-89. [PMID: 24366528 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-013-1235-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Revised: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
GGGGCC (G4C2) hexanucleotide repeat expansion in chromosome 9 open reading frame 72 (C9ORF72) has been identified as the most common genetic abnormality in both frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). To investigate the role of C9ORF72-related G4C2 repeat expansion in ALS and FTLD, several animal and cell culture models have been generated that reveal initial insights into the disease pathogenesis of C9 ALS/FTLD. These models include neurons differentiated from patient-derived pluripotent stem cells as well as genetically engineered cells and organisms that knock down C9ORF72 orthologues or express G4C2 repeats. Targeted reduction or knockdown of C9ORF72 homologues in zebrafish and mice so far produced conflicting results which neither rule out, nor confirm reduced expression of C9ORF72 as a pathogenic mechanism in C9 ALS/FTLD. In contrast, studies using patient-derived cells, as well as Drosophila and zebrafish models overexpressing disease-related hexanucleotide expansions, can cause repeat length-dependent formation of RNA foci, which directly and progressively correlate with cellular toxicity. RNA foci formation is accompanied by sequestration of specific RNA-binding proteins (RBPs), including Pur-alpha, hnRNPH and ADARB2, suggesting that G4C2-mediated sequestration and functional depletion of RBPs are cytotoxic and thus directly contribute to disease. Moreover, these studies provide experimental evidence that repeat-associated non-ATG translation of repeat-containing sense and antisense RNA leads to dipeptide-repeat proteins (DPRs) that can accumulate and aggregate, indicating that accumulation of DPRs may represent another pathogenic pathway underlying C9 ALS/FTLD. These studies in cell and animal models therefore identify RNA toxicity, RBP sequestration and accumulation of DPRs as emerging pathogenic pathways underlying C9 ALS/FTLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Stepto
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, PO Box 37, 16 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK
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249
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Santillo AF, Nilsson C, Englund E. von Economo neurones are selectively targeted in frontotemporal dementia. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2014; 39:572-9. [PMID: 23346995 PMCID: PMC3749467 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Background von Economo neurones (VEN) are bipolar neurones located in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and the frontoinsular cortex (FI), areas affected early in behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD), in which VEN may constitute a selectively vulnerable cellular population. Aim A previous study has shown a selective loss of VEN in FTD above other neurones in the ACC of FTD. The aim of this study was to confirm this finding in a larger cohort, using a different methodology, and to examine VEN loss in relation to neuropathological severity and molecular pathology. Methods VEN and neighbouring neurones (NN) were quantified in layers Va and Vb of the right dorsal ACC in 21 cases of bvFTD, 10 cases of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and 10 non-demented controls (NDC). Results A marked VEN reduction was seen in all FTD cases. In the neuropathologically early cases of FTD (n = 13), VEN/10 000 NN was significantly reduced by 53% compared with NDC (P < 0.001) and 41% compared with AD (P = 0.019), whereas AD patients showed a non-significant 30% reduction of VEN/10 000 NN compared with NDC. VEN reduction was present in all protein pathology subgroups. Discussion In conclusion, this study confirms selective sensitivity of VEN in FTD and suggests that VEN loss is an early event in the neurodegenerative process.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F Santillo
- Geriatric Psychiatric Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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250
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Riedl L, Mackenzie IR, Förstl H, Kurz A, Diehl-Schmid J. Frontotemporal lobar degeneration: current perspectives. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2014; 10:297-310. [PMID: 24600223 PMCID: PMC3928059 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s38706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The term frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) refers to a group of progressive brain diseases, which preferentially involve the frontal and temporal lobes. Depending on the primary site of atrophy, the clinical manifestation is dominated by behavior alterations or impairment of language. The onset of symptoms usually occurs before the age of 60 years, and the mean survival from diagnosis varies between 3 and 10 years. The prevalence is estimated at 15 per 100,000 in the population aged between 45 and 65 years, which is similar to the prevalence of Alzheimer's disease in this age group. There are two major clinical subtypes, behavioral-variant frontotemporal dementia and primary progressive aphasia. The neuropathology underlying the clinical syndromes is also heterogeneous. A common feature is the accumulation of certain neuronal proteins. Of these, the microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT), the transactive response DNA-binding protein, and the fused in sarcoma protein are most important. Approximately 10% to 30% of FTLD shows an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance, with mutations in the genes for MAPT, progranulin (GRN), and in the chromosome 9 open reading frame 72 (C9orf72) accounting for more than 80% of familial cases. Although significant advances have been made in recent years regarding diagnostic criteria, clinical assessment instruments, neuropsychological tests, cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers, and brain imaging techniques, the clinical diagnosis remains a challenge. To date, there is no specific pharmacological treatment for FTLD. Some evidence has been provided for serotonin reuptake inhibitors to reduce behavioral disturbances. No large-scale or high-quality studies have been conducted to determine the efficacy of non-pharmacological treatment approaches in FTLD. In view of the limited treatment options, caregiver education and support is currently the most important component of the clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Riedl
- Center for Cognitive Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Ian R Mackenzie
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Hans Förstl
- Center for Cognitive Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander Kurz
- Center for Cognitive Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Janine Diehl-Schmid
- Center for Cognitive Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
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