201
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Mitrakas AG, Kalamida D, Giatromanolaki A, Pouliliou S, Tsolou A, Kyranas R, Koukourakis MI. Autophagic flux response and glioblastoma sensitivity to radiation. Cancer Biol Med 2018; 15:260-274. [PMID: 30197793 PMCID: PMC6121047 DOI: 10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2017.0173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Glioblastoma is the most common primary brain tumor in adults and one of the most lethal human tumors. It constitutes a unique non-metastasizing human tumor model with high resistance to radiotherapy and chemotherapy. The current study investigates the association between autophagic flux and glioblastoma cell resistance. Methods: The expression kinetics of autophagy- and lysosome-related proteins following exposure of two glioblastoma cell lines (T98 and U87) to clinically relevant radiation doses was examined. Then, the response of cells resistant to radiotherapy and chemotherapy was investigated after silencing of LC3A, LC3B, and TFEB genes in vitro and in vivo.
Results: Following irradiation with 4 Gy, the relatively radioresistant T98 cells exhibited enhanced autophagic flux. The more radiosensitive U87 cell line suffered a blockage of autophagic flux. Silencing of LC3A, LC3B, and TFEB genes in vitro, significantly sensitized cells to radiotherapy and temozolomide (U87: P < 0.01 and < 0.05, respectively; T98: P < 0.01 and < 0.01, respectively). Silencing of the LC3A gene sensitized mouse xenografts to radiation.
Conclusions: Autophagy in cancer cells may be a key factor of radio-resistance and chemo-resistance in glioblastoma cells. Blocking autophagy may improve the efficacy of radiochemotherapy for glioblastoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alexandra Giatromanolaki
- Department of Pathology, Democritus University of Thrace, and University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Alexandroupolis 68100, Greece
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202
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D'Alessandro G, Grimaldi A, Chece G, Porzia A, Esposito V, Santoro A, Salvati M, Mainiero F, Ragozzino D, Di Angelantonio S, Wulff H, Catalano M, Limatola C. KCa3.1 channel inhibition sensitizes malignant gliomas to temozolomide treatment. Oncotarget 2017; 7:30781-96. [PMID: 27096953 PMCID: PMC5058717 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant gliomas are among the most frequent and aggressive cerebral tumors, characterized by high proliferative and invasive indexes. Standard therapy for patients, after surgery and radiotherapy, consists of temozolomide (TMZ), a methylating agent that blocks tumor cell proliferation. Currently, there are no therapies aimed at reducing tumor cell invasion. Ion channels are candidate molecular targets involved in glioma cell migration and infiltration into the brain parenchyma. In this paper we demonstrate that: i) blockade of the calcium-activated potassium channel KCa3.1 with TRAM-34 has co-adjuvant effects with TMZ, reducing GL261 glioma cell migration, invasion and colony forming activity, increasing apoptosis, and forcing cells to pass the G2/M cell cycle phase, likely through cdc2 de-phosphorylation; ii) KCa3.1 silencing potentiates the inhibitory effect of TMZ on glioma cell viability; iii) the combination of TMZ/TRAM-34 attenuates the toxic effects of glioma conditioned medium on neuronal cultures, through a microglia dependent mechanism since the effect is abolished by clodronate-induced microglia killing; iv) TMZ/TRAM-34 co-treatment increases the number of apoptotic tumor cells, and the mean survival time in a syngeneic mouse glioma model (C57BL6 mice implanted with GL261 cells); v) TMZ/TRAM-34 co-treatment reduces cell viability of GBM cells and cancer stem cells (CSC) freshly isolated from patients.Taken together, these data suggest a new therapeutic approach for malignant glioma, targeting both glioma cell proliferating and migration, and demonstrate that TMZ/TRAM-34 co-treatment affects both glioma cells and infiltrating microglia, resulting in an overall reduction of tumor cell progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina D'Alessandro
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Alfonso Grimaldi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Chece
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Porzia
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Esposito
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy.,Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Santoro
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Salvati
- Department of Science and Medical Surgical Biotechnology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Mainiero
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Davide Ragozzino
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Silvia Di Angelantonio
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Center for Life Nanoscience Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia@Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Heike Wulff
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California Davis, Davis, USA
| | - Myriam Catalano
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Cristina Limatola
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy.,Pasteur Institute Rome-Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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203
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Song J, Zhao X, Feng Y, Xu S, Zhang Y, Wei L. Involvement of proapoptotic genes in autophagic cell death induced by irradiation. Cell Death Discov 2017; 3:17068. [PMID: 31098300 PMCID: PMC6515468 DOI: 10.1038/cddiscovery.2017.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Irradiation is widely used in anticancer therapy; however, the efficiency is limited. Most cancer cells have mutations in apoptosis that they can easily escape the apoptosis induced by irradiation. Autophagy has been known as type II programmed cell death that can be activated by irradiation, especially when apoptosis is blocked, but the underlying molecular mechanism is largely unknown. We demonstrated that proapoptotic genes PUMA and Bid are involved in the regulation of autophagic cell death. When wild-type (WT), Bax-/- and PUMA-/- HCT116 cells were exposed to irradiation, we found that, compared with WT, Bax-/- cells showed significantly decreased cell death because of Bax deficiency; however, surprisingly PUMA-/- cells showed significant increase in cell death although the proapoptotic gene PUMA was knocked out. By analyzing apoptosis via Annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) assay with flow cytometry, both Bax-/- and PUMA-/- cells showed less apoptosis than WT, suggesting the existence of another type of cell death in PUMA-/- cells. Autophagy was then examined in three cell lines by counting the percentage of cells with punctate GFP-LC3. Although all three cell lines showed significantly increased autophagy activity after irradiation, that of PUMA-/- cells was much higher than the other two cell lines, which suggests that PUMA-/- cells may die through autophagy. This was then confirmed by the decreased cell death in PUMA-/- cells when autophagy was blocked by 3-MA. In addition, we also tested the responses of WT and Bid-/- MEFs to irradiation. Bid-/- MEFs but not WT died through autophagy after irradiation. These results imply the involvement of apoptosis-associated genes such as PUMA and Bid in autophagic cell death, which contributes to identifying the molecular mechanism by which autophagy drives cells to death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianrui Song
- Tumor Immunology and Gene Therapy Center, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, China
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Xue Zhao
- Tumor Immunology and Gene Therapy Center, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, China
- Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200217, China
| | - Yi Feng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Sheng Xu
- Department of Radiotherapy, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yanling Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Soochow University Medical College, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Lixin Wei
- Tumor Immunology and Gene Therapy Center, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, China
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204
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Langhans J, Schneele L, Trenkler N, von Bandemer H, Nonnenmacher L, Karpel-Massler G, Siegelin MD, Zhou S, Halatsch ME, Debatin KM, Westhoff MA. The effects of PI3K-mediated signalling on glioblastoma cell behaviour. Oncogenesis 2017; 6:398. [PMID: 29184057 PMCID: PMC5868055 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-017-0004-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The PI3K/Akt/mTOR signalling network is activated in almost 90% of all glioblastoma, the most common primary brain tumour, which is almost invariably lethal within 15 months of diagnosis. Despite intensive research, modulation of this signalling cascade has so far yielded little therapeutic benefit, suggesting that the role of the PI3K network as a pro-survival factor in glioblastoma and therefore a potential target in combination therapy should be re-evaluated. Therefore, we used two distinct pharmacological inhibitors that block signalling at different points of the cascade, namely, GDC-0941 (Pictilisib), a direct inhibitor of the near apical PI3K, and Rapamycin which blocks the side arm of the network that is regulated by mTOR complex 1. While both substances, at concentrations where they inhibit their primary target, have similar effects on proliferation and sensitisation for temozolomide-induced apoptosis, GDC-0941 appears to have a stronger effect on cellular motility than Rapamycin. In vivo GDC-0941 effectively retards growth of orthotopic transplanted human tumours in murine brains and significantly prolongs mouse survival. However, when looking at genetically identical cell populations that are in alternative states of differentiation, i.e. stem cell-like cells and their differentiated progeny, a more complex picture regarding the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway emerges. The pathway is differently regulated in the alternative cell populations and, while it contributes to the increased chemo-resistance of stem cell-like cells compared to differentiated cells, it only contributes to the motility of the latter. Our findings are the first to suggest that within a glioblastoma tumour the PI3K network can have distinct, cell-specific functions. These have to be carefully considered when incorporating inhibition of PI3K-mediated signals into complex combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Langhans
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Lukas Schneele
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Nancy Trenkler
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Hélène von Bandemer
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Lisa Nonnenmacher
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Georg Karpel-Massler
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Markus D Siegelin
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shaoxia Zhou
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Klaus-Michael Debatin
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Mike-Andrew Westhoff
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
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205
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Frentzel J, Sorrentino D, Giuriato S. Targeting Autophagy in ALK-Associated Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2017; 9:E161. [PMID: 29186933 PMCID: PMC5742809 DOI: 10.3390/cancers9120161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved catabolic process, which is used by the cells for cytoplasmic quality control. This process is induced following different kinds of stresses e.g., metabolic, environmental, or therapeutic, and acts, in this framework, as a cell survival mechanism. However, under certain circumstances, autophagy has been associated with cell death. This duality has been extensively reported in solid and hematological cancers, and has been observed during both tumor development and cancer therapy. As autophagy plays a critical role at the crossroads between cell survival and cell death, its involvement and therapeutic modulation (either activation or inhibition) are currently intensively studied in cancer biology, to improve treatments and patient outcomes. Over the last few years, studies have demonstrated the occurrence of autophagy in different Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase (ALK)-associated cancers, notably ALK-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL), non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC), Neuroblastoma (NB), and Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS). In this review, we will first briefly describe the autophagic process and how it can lead to opposite outcomes in anti-cancer therapies, and we will then focus on what is currently known regarding autophagy in ALK-associated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Frentzel
- Merck Serono S.A., Route de Fenil 25, Z.I. B, 1804 Corsier-sur-Vevey, Switzerland.
| | - Domenico Sorrentino
- Inserm, UMR1037, CNRS, ERL5294, Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, CRCT, F-31000 Toulouse, France.
| | - Sylvie Giuriato
- Inserm, UMR1037, CNRS, ERL5294, Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, CRCT, F-31000 Toulouse, France.
- European Research Initiative on ALK-related malignancies (ERIA).
- TRANSAUTOPHAGY: European Network for Multidisciplinary Research and Translation of Autophagy Knowledge, COST Action CA15138.
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206
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Stojcheva N, Schechtmann G, Sass S, Roth P, Florea AM, Stefanski A, Stühler K, Wolter M, Müller NS, Theis FJ, Weller M, Reifenberger G, Happold C. MicroRNA-138 promotes acquired alkylator resistance in glioblastoma by targeting the Bcl-2-interacting mediator BIM. Oncotarget 2017; 7:12937-50. [PMID: 26887050 PMCID: PMC4914333 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most aggressive brain tumor in adults with a median survival below 12 months in population-based studies. The main reason for tumor recurrence and progression is constitutive or acquired resistance to the standard of care of surgical resection followed by radiotherapy with concomitant and adjuvant temozolomide (TMZ/RT→TMZ). Here, we investigated the role of microRNA (miRNA) alterations as mediators of alkylator resistance in glioblastoma cells. Using microarray-based miRNA expression profiling of parental and TMZ-resistant cultures of three human glioma cell lines, we identified a set of differentially expressed miRNA candidates. From these, we selected miR-138 for further functional analyses as this miRNA was not only upregulated in TMZ-resistant versus parental cells, but also showed increased expression in vivo in recurrent glioblastoma tissue samples after TMZ/RT→TMZ treatment. Transient transfection of miR-138 mimics in glioma cells with low basal miR-138 expression increased glioma cell proliferation. Moreover, miR-138 overexpression increased TMZ resistance in long-term glioblastoma cell lines and glioma initiating cell cultures. The apoptosis regulator BIM was identified as a direct target of miR-138, and its silencing mediated the induced TMZ resistance phenotype. Altered sensitivity to apoptosis played only a minor role in this resistance mechanism. Instead, we identified the induction of autophagy to be regulated downstream of the miR-138/BIM axis and to promote cell survival following TMZ exposure. Our data thus define miR-138 as a glioblastoma cell survival-promoting miRNA associated with resistance to TMZ therapy in vitro and with tumor progression in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Stojcheva
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gennadi Schechtmann
- Department of Neuropathology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Steffen Sass
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Patrick Roth
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ana-Maria Florea
- Department of Neuropathology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Anja Stefanski
- Molecular Proteomics Laboratory, Biological and Medical Research Center (BMFZ), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Kai Stühler
- Molecular Proteomics Laboratory, Biological and Medical Research Center (BMFZ), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Marietta Wolter
- Department of Neuropathology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Nikola S Müller
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Fabian J Theis
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,Department of Mathematics, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - Michael Weller
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Guido Reifenberger
- Department of Neuropathology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, partner site Essen/Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Caroline Happold
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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207
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Autophagy inhibitors chloroquine and LY294002 enhance temozolomide cytotoxicity on cutaneous melanoma cell lines in vitro. Anticancer Drugs 2017; 28:307-315. [PMID: 27941537 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000000463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Patients with metastatic melanoma are difficult to treat and have a very poor prognosis because of high resistance to therapy. Recent evidence indicates that tumors could overcome death through autophagy, a survival mechanism, which cancer cells use under lack of energy and nutrient deprivation. Melanoma cells have different sensitivity to temozolomide (TMZ) treatment. In this study, we showed that the combination of autophagy inhibitors chloroquine or LY294002 and TMZ induced enhanced cytotoxicity of alkylating agents on human melanoma cell lines. All assays were performed on patient-derived melanoma cell lines. The effectiveness of the combined treatment of TMZ and autophagy inhibitors was determined using an MTT assay. Next, we analyzed the expression mRNA level of Beclin 1, LC3B, and p62/STSQM1 and the relative expression of LC3B protein under combined treatment. Autophagic flux was determined by analysis of colocalization of Lysotracker Red and LC3B puncta. Apoptosis was measured by Annexin V/PI staining. Cell cycle analyses were carried out by flow cytometry. We showed that autophagy inhibition could enhance melanoma cell death combined with TMZ therapy. Chloroquine synergistically enhanced the TMZ-induced growth arrest and increased the G0/G1 population in Mel Z and Mel IL cell lines, but not Mel MTP. The expression analysis showed that autophagy involvement in TMZ enhanced cytotoxicity. Furthermore, LY294002, an early-stage autophagy, and PI3K inhibitor were found to exert similar effects. Both chloroquine and LY294002 improved the cytotoxic effect of TMZ treatment, making this combination applicable as a potent antitumor treatment for metastatic melanoma.
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208
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Involvement of autophagy in the outcome of mitotic catastrophe. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14571. [PMID: 29109414 PMCID: PMC5674033 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14901-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Evading cell death is a major driving force for tumor progression that is one of the main problems in current cancer research. Mitotic catastrophe (MC) represents attractive platform compromising tumor resistance to current therapeutic modalities. MC appeared as onco-suppressive mechanism and is defined as a stage driving the cell to an irreversible destiny, i.e. cell death via apoptosis or necrosis. Our study highlights that MC induction in colorectal carcinoma cell lines ultimately leads to the autophagy followed by apoptosis. We show that autophagy suppression in Atg 13 knockout non-small cell lung carcinoma cells lead to the dramatic decrease of MC rate. Furthermore, mitochondria-linked anti-apoptotic proteins Mcl-1 and Bcl-xL play a crucial role in the duration of MC and a cross-talk between autophagy and apoptosis. Thus, the suppression of apoptosis by overexpression of Mcl-1 or Bcl-xL affected MC and lead to a significant induction of autophagy in HCT116 wt and HCT116 14-3-3σ-/- cells. Our data demonstrate that MC induction is a critical stage, in which a cell decides how to die, while mitochondria are responsible for the maintaining the balance between MC - autophagy - apoptosis.
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209
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Therapeutic effects of the euglenoid ichthyotoxin, euglenophycin, in colon cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 8:104347-104358. [PMID: 29262645 PMCID: PMC5732811 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers and the 3rd leading cause of cancer-related mortality. The emergence of drug resistance poses a major challenge in CRC care or treatment. This can be addressed by determining cancer mechanisms, discovery of druggable targets, and development of new drugs. In search for novel agents, aquatic microorganisms offer a vastly untapped pharmacological source that can be developed for cancer therapeutics. In this study, we characterized the anti-colorectal cancer potential of euglenophycin, a microalgal toxin from Euglena sanguinea. The toxin (49.1-114.6 μM) demonstrated cytotoxic, anti-proliferative, anti-clonogenic, and anti-migration effects against HCT116, HT29, and SW620 CRC cells. We identified G1 cell cycle arrest and cell type - dependent modulation of autophagy as mechanisms of growth inhibition. We validated euglenophycin’s anti-tumorigenic activity in vivo using CRL:Nu(NCr)Foxn1nu athymic nude mouse CRC xenograft models. Intraperitoneal toxin administration (100 mg/kg; 5 days) decreased HCT116 and HT29 xenograft tumor volumes (n=10 each). Tumor inhibition was associated with reduced expression of autophagy negative regulator mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) and decreased trend of serum pro-inflammatory cytokines. Together, these results provide compelling evidence that euglenophycin can be a promising anti-colorectal cancer agent targeting multiple cancer-promoting processes. Furthermore, this study supports expanding natural products drug discovery to freshwater niches as prospective sources of anti-cancer compounds.
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210
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High LC3/Beclin Expression Correlates with Poor Survival in Glioma: a Definitive Role for Autophagy as Evidenced by In Vitro Autophagic Flux. Pathol Oncol Res 2017; 25:137-148. [PMID: 29022195 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-017-0310-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest the role of autophagy, an evolutionarily conserved catabolic process, in determining the response of gliomas to treatment either positively or negatively. The study attempts to characterize autophagy in low and high-grade glioma by investigating the autophagic flux and clinical significance of autophagy proteins (LC3 and beclin 1) in a group of glioma patients. We evaluated the expression of autophagic markers in resected specimens of low-grade glioma (LGG) and high-grade glioma (HGG) tissues, by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. Our results show that expression of autophagy proteins were more prominent in HGG than in LGG. Increased level of autophagic proteins in HGG can be due to an increased rate of autophagy or can be because of blockage in the final degradation step of autophagy (defective autophagy). To distinguish these possibilities, the autophagic flux assay which helps to determine the rate of degradation/synthesis of autophagic proteins (LC3-II and p62) over a period of time by blocking the final degradation step of autophagy using bafilomycin A1 was used . The assessment of autophagic flux in ex vivo culture of primary glioma cells revealed for the first time increased turnover of autophagy in high grade compared to low grade-glioma. Though autophagic markers were reduced in LGG, functionally autophagy was non defective in both grades of glioma. We then investigated whether autophagy in gliomas is regulated by nutrient sensing pathways including mTOR and promote cell survival by providing an alternate energy source in response to metabolic stress. The results depicted that the role of autophagy during stress varies with tissue and has a negative correlation with mTOR substrate phosphorylation. We also evaluated the expression of LC3 and beclin 1 with progression free survival (PFS) using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and have found that patients with low LC3/beclin 1 expression had better PFS than those with high expression of LC3/beclin 1 in their tumors. Together, we provide evidence that autophagy is non-defective in glioma and also show that high LC3/beclin 1 expression correlates with poor PFS in both LGG and HGG.
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211
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A novel acridine derivative, LS-1-10 inhibits autophagic degradation and triggers apoptosis in colon cancer cells. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e3086. [PMID: 28981103 PMCID: PMC5682664 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Revised: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy promotes cancer cell survival and drug resistance by degrading harmful cellular components and maintaining cellular energy levels. Disruption of autophagy may be a promising approach to sensitize cancer cells to anticancer drugs. The combination of autophagic inhibitors, such as chloroquine (CQ) and lucanthone with conventional cancer therapeutics has been investigated in clinical trials, but adverse drug-drug interactions are a high possibility. Here we designed and synthesized a novel, small-molecule library based on an acridine skeleton and the CQ structure with various modifications and substitutions and screened the compounds for effective autophagy inhibition. We found that 9-chloro-2-(3-(dimethylamino)propyl)pyrrolo[2,3,4-kl]acridin-1(2H)-one (LS-1-10) was the most effective from our library at inhibiting autophagic-mediated degradation and could decrease the viability of multiple colon cancer cells. In addition, LS-1-10 induced DNA damage and caspase 8-mediated apoptosis. Overall, this small molecule was more efficient at reducing the viability of cancer cells than other conventional chemotherapeutic agents, such as CQ and amsacrine. The anticancer and autophagy-inhibiting activities of LS-1-10 were confirmed in vivo in a xenograft mouse model. Collectively, this study has identified a new and efficient single compound with both autophagy-inhibiting and anticancer activity, which may provide a novel approach for cancer therapy.
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212
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Chaicharoenaudomrung N, Jaroonwitchawan T, Noisa P. Cordycepin induces apoptotic cell death of human brain cancer through the modulation of autophagy. Toxicol In Vitro 2017; 46:113-121. [PMID: 28987792 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Brain cancer, in particular neuroblastoma and glioblastoma, is a global challenge to human health. Cordycepin, extracted from Cordyceps ssp., has been revealed as a strong anticancer agent through several ways; however, the mechanism, by which cordycepin counteracts brain cancers, is still poorly understood. In this study, the underlying mechanisms of cordycepin against human brain cancer cells were explored. SH-SY5Y and U251 cells were being a model to represent human neuroblastoma and glioblastoma, respectively. Here, it was found that cordycepin inhibited cell growth, and induced apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner in both SH-SY5Y and U-251 cell lines. The expression of pro-apoptotic genes, including P53, BAX, Caspase-3, and Caspase-9, were upregulated, whereas the expression of anti-apoptotic gene, BCL-2, was suppressed. Besides, cordycepin induced the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) along with the suppression of antioxidant genes, including GPX, SOD, and Catalase. Importantly, cordycepin was shown to involve in the activation of autophagy, which was evidenced by the increment of LC3I/II. The combination of cordycepin with chloroquine, an autophagy inhibitor, further inhibited the growth, and enhanced the death of brain cancer cells. Altogether, this finding suggested that cordycepin induced apoptosis of human brain cancer cells through mitochondrial-mediated intrinsic pathway and the modulation of autophagy. Therefore, cordycepin could be a promising candidate for the development of anticancer drugs targeting human brain cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nipha Chaicharoenaudomrung
- Laboratory of Cell-Based Assays and Innovations, School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, 111 University Avenue, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Thiranut Jaroonwitchawan
- Laboratory of Cell-Based Assays and Innovations, School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, 111 University Avenue, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Parinya Noisa
- Laboratory of Cell-Based Assays and Innovations, School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, 111 University Avenue, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand.
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213
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Wu TY, Cho TY, Lu CK, Liou JP, Chen MC. Identification of 7-(4'-Cyanophenyl)indoline-1-benzenesulfonamide as a mitotic inhibitor to induce apoptotic cell death and inhibit autophagy in human colorectal cancer cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12406. [PMID: 28963527 PMCID: PMC5622076 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12795-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting cellular mitosis in tumor cells is an attractive cancer treatment strategy. Here, we report that B220, a synthetic benzenesulfonamide compound, could represent a new mitotic inhibitor for the treatment of colorectal cancer. We examined the action mechanism of B220 in the colorectal carcinoma HCT116 cell line, and found that treatment of cells with B220 caused cells to accumulate in G2/M phase, with a concomitant induction of the mitotic phase markers, MPM2 and cyclin B1. After 48 h of B220 treatment, cells underwent apoptotic cell death via caspase-3 activation and poly(ADP ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage. In addition, B220 inhibits autophagy by blocking conversion of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3-I) to LC3-II and inhibiting autophagic flux. Notably, blockade of autophagy by pharmacological inhibition or using an Atg5-targeting shRNA reduced B220-induced cytotoxicity. Conversely, the autophagy inducer NVP-BEZ235 shows a synergistic interaction with B220 in HCT116 cells, indicating autophagy was required for the observed cell death. In summary, these results indicate B220 combined with the induction of autophagy using the dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor, NVP-BEZ235, might be an attractive strategy for cancer therapy, and provides a framework for further development of B220 as a new therapeutic agent for colon cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tung-Yun Wu
- Ph.D. Program for the Clinical Drug Discovery from Botanical Herbs, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Yu Cho
- Graduate Institute of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Kuang Lu
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Ping Liou
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Chuan Chen
- Ph.D. Program for the Clinical Drug Discovery from Botanical Herbs, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Graduate Institute of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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214
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Jiang Y, Jiao Y, Wang Z, Li T, Liu Y, Li Y, Zhao X, Wang D. Sinomenine Hydrochloride Inhibits Human Glioblastoma Cell Growth through Reactive Oxygen Species Generation and Autophagy-Lysosome Pathway Activation: An In Vitro and In Vivo Study. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E1945. [PMID: 28891980 PMCID: PMC5618594 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18091945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common malignant primary brain tumor, and it is one of the causes of cancer fatality in both adult and pediatric populations. Patients with glioblastoma require chemotherapy after surgical resection and radiotherapy. Therefore, chemotherapy constitutes a viable approach for the eradication of glioblastoma cells. In this study, the anti-tumor activity of sinomenine hydrochloride (SH) was evaluated in U87 and SF767 cells in vitro and in vivo. The results showed that SH potently inhibited U87 and SF767 cell viability and did not cause caspase-dependent cell death, as demonstrated by the absence of significant early apoptosis and caspase-3 cleavage. Instead, SH activated an autophagy-mediated cell death pathway, as indicated by the accumulated microtubule-associated protein light chain 3B (LC3B)-II, triggered autophagic flux and enhanced cell viability after pretreatment with autophagy inhibitors. SH-mediated autophagy in the two cell lines was implicated in reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, protein kinase B (Akt)-mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway suppression and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway activation. The ROS antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC), the Akt-specific activator insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and the JNK-specific inhibitor SP600125 attenuated SH-induced autophagy. Moreover, ROS activated autophagy via the Akt-mTOR and JNK pathways. Additionally, SH treatment may promote lysosome biogenesis through activating transcription factor EB (TFEB). The in vivo study found that SH effectively suppressed glioblastoma growth without exhibiting significant toxicity. In conclusion, our findings reveal a novel mechanism of action of SH in cancer cells via the induction of autophagy through ROS generation and autophagy-lysosome pathway activation; these findings also supply a new potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of human glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumao Jiang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Basic Research on Prevention and Treatment of Major Diseases, Experimental Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100000, China.
| | - Yue Jiao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Basic Research on Prevention and Treatment of Major Diseases, Experimental Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100000, China.
| | - Zhiguo Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Basic Research on Prevention and Treatment of Major Diseases, Experimental Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100000, China.
| | - Tao Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Basic Research on Prevention and Treatment of Major Diseases, Experimental Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100000, China.
| | - Yang Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Basic Research on Prevention and Treatment of Major Diseases, Experimental Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100000, China.
| | - Yujuan Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Basic Research on Prevention and Treatment of Major Diseases, Experimental Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100000, China.
| | - Xiaoliang Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Basic Research on Prevention and Treatment of Major Diseases, Experimental Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100000, China.
| | - Danqiao Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Basic Research on Prevention and Treatment of Major Diseases, Experimental Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100000, China.
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215
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Abdul Rahim SA, Dirkse A, Oudin A, Schuster A, Bohler J, Barthelemy V, Muller A, Vallar L, Janji B, Golebiewska A, Niclou SP. Regulation of hypoxia-induced autophagy in glioblastoma involves ATG9A. Br J Cancer 2017; 117:813-825. [PMID: 28797031 PMCID: PMC5590001 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2017.263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypoxia is negatively associated with glioblastoma (GBM) patient survival and contributes to tumour resistance. Anti-angiogenic therapy in GBM further increases hypoxia and activates survival pathways. The aim of this study was to determine the role of hypoxia-induced autophagy in GBM. METHODS Pharmacological inhibition of autophagy was applied in combination with bevacizumab in GBM patient-derived xenografts (PDXs). Sensitivity towards inhibitors was further tested in vitro under normoxia and hypoxia, followed by transcriptomic analysis. Genetic interference was done using ATG9A-depleted cells. RESULTS We find that GBM cells activate autophagy as a survival mechanism to hypoxia, although basic autophagy appears active under normoxic conditions. Although single agent chloroquine treatment in vivo significantly increased survival of PDXs, the combination with bevacizumab resulted in a synergistic effect at low non-effective chloroquine dose. ATG9A was consistently induced by hypoxia, and silencing of ATG9A led to decreased proliferation in vitro and delayed tumour growth in vivo. Hypoxia-induced activation of autophagy was compromised upon ATG9A depletion. CONCLUSIONS This work shows that inhibition of autophagy is a promising strategy against GBM and identifies ATG9 as a novel target in hypoxia-induced autophagy. Combination with hypoxia-inducing agents may provide benefit by allowing to decrease the effective dose of autophagy inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti Aminah Abdul Rahim
- NorLux Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-1526 Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
| | - Anne Dirkse
- NorLux Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-1526 Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
- Faculty of Science, Technology and Communication, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette L-4365, Luxembourg
| | - Anais Oudin
- NorLux Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-1526 Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
| | - Anne Schuster
- NorLux Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-1526 Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
| | - Jill Bohler
- NorLux Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-1526 Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
| | - Vanessa Barthelemy
- NorLux Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-1526 Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
| | - Arnaud Muller
- Proteome and Genome Research Unit, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-1526 Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
| | - Laurent Vallar
- Proteome and Genome Research Unit, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-1526 Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
| | - Bassam Janji
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-1526 Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
| | - Anna Golebiewska
- NorLux Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-1526 Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
| | - Simone P Niclou
- NorLux Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-1526 Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
- KG Jebsen Brain Tumour Research Center, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, N-5019 Bergen, Norway
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216
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De Munck J, Binks A, McNeish IA, Aerts JL. Oncolytic virus-induced cell death and immunity: a match made in heaven? J Leukoc Biol 2017; 102:631-643. [PMID: 28720686 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.5ru0117-040r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of the mechanisms responsible for cancer development has increased enormously over the last decades. However, for many cancers, this has not been translated into a significant improvement in overall survival, and overall mortality remains high. Treatment for many malignancies remains based on surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. Significant progress has been made toward the development of more specific, more potent, and less invasive treatment modalities, but such targeted therapies remain the exception for most cancers. Thus, cancer therapies based on a different mechanism of action should be explored. The immune system plays an important role in keeping tumor growth at bay. However, in many cases, these responses are not strong enough to keep tumor growth under control. Thus, immunotherapy aims to boost the immune system to suppress tumor growth efficiently. This has been demonstrated by the recent successes of immune checkpoint therapy in several cancers. Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are another exciting class of immunotherapy agent. As well as replicating selectively within and killing tumor cells, OVs are able to elicit potent anti-tumor immune responses. Therapeutic vaccination with OVs, also referred to as cancer virotherapy, can thus be tailored to elicit vigorous cellular immune responses and even target individual malignancies in a personalized manner. In this review, we will describe the intricate link among oncolytic virotherapy, tumor immunology, and immunogenic cell death (ICD) and discuss ways to harness optimally their potential for future cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolien De Munck
- Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium; and
| | - Alex Binks
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Iain A McNeish
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Joeri L Aerts
- Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium; and
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217
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Lan YL, Wang X, Xing JS, Lou JC, Ma XC, Zhang B. The potential roles of dopamine in malignant glioma. Acta Neurol Belg 2017; 117:613-621. [PMID: 27995487 DOI: 10.1007/s13760-016-0730-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Despite the numerous promising discoveries in contemporary cancer research and the emerging innovative cancer treatment strategies, the global burden of malignant glioma is expected to increase, partially due to its poor prognosis and human aging. Dopamine, a monoamine catecholamine neurotransmitter, is currently regarded as an important endogenous regulator of tumor growth. Dopamine may be an important treatment for brain tumors and could impact the pathogenesis of glioma by regulating tumor angiogenesis and vasculogenesis. Additionally, dopamine might exert an anti-glioma, cytotoxic effect by modulating apoptosis and autophagy. Dopamine and its receptors are also known to influence the immune system, as it is related to the pathogenesis of glioma. Dopamine may also increase the efficacy of anti-cancer drugs. Here, we review the potential roles of dopamine in malignant glioma and further identify the previously unknown function of dopamine as a potent regulator in the pathogenesis of glioma. Currently, the precise mechanisms regarding the protective effect of dopamine on glioma are poorly understood. However, our experimental results strongly emphasize the importance of this topic in future investigations.
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218
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Wang N, Zhang Q, Luo L, Ning B, Fang Y. β-asarone inhibited cell growth and promoted autophagy via P53/Bcl-2/Bclin-1 and P53/AMPK/mTOR pathways in Human Glioma U251 cells. J Cell Physiol 2017; 233:2434-2443. [PMID: 28776671 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Glioma is the most common type of primary brain tumor and has an undesirable prognosis. Autophagy plays an important role in cancer therapy, but it is effect is still not definite. P53 is an important tumor suppressor gene and protein that is closely to autophagy. Our aim was to study the effect of β-asarone on inhibiting cell proliferation in human glioma U251 cells and to detect the effect of the inhibition on autophagy through the P53 signal pathway. For cell growth, the cells were divided into four groups: the model, β-asarone, temozolomide (TMZ), and co-administration groups. For cell autoghapy and the P53 pathway, the cells were divided into six groups: the model, β-asarone, 3MA, Rapa, Pifithrin-µ, and NSC groups. The counting Kit-8 assay and flow cytometry (FCM) were then used to measure the cell proliferation and cycle. Electron microscopy was used to observe autophagosome formation. Cell immunohistochemistry/-immunofluorescence, FCM and Western blot (WB) were used to examine the expression of Beclin-1 and P53. The levels of P53 and GAPDH mRNA were detected by RT-PCR. Using WB, we determined autophagy-related proteins Beclin-1, LC3-II/I, and P62 and those of the P53 pathway-related proteins P53, Bcl-2, mTOR, P-mTOR, AMPK, P-AMPK, and GAPDH. We got the results that β-asarone changed the cellular morphology, inhibited cell proliferation, and enhanced the expression of P53, LC3-II/I, Beclin-1, AMPK, and pAMPK while inhibiting the expression of P62, Bcl-2, mTOR, and pmTOR. All the data suggested that β-asarone could reduce the cell proliferation and promote autophagy possible via the P53 pathway in U251 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanbu Wang
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Qinxin Zhang
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Laiyu Luo
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Baile Ning
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yongqi Fang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, P.R. China
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219
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Wu HB, Yang S, Weng HY, Chen Q, Zhao XL, Fu WJ, Niu Q, Ping YF, Wang JM, Zhang X, Yao XH, Bian XW. Autophagy-induced KDR/VEGFR-2 activation promotes the formation of vasculogenic mimicry by glioma stem cells. Autophagy 2017; 13:1528-1542. [PMID: 28812437 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2017.1336277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiangiogenesis with bevacizumab, an antibody against vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), has been used for devascularization to limit the growth of malignant glioma. However, the benefits are transient due to elusive mechanisms underlying resistance to the antiangiogenic therapy. Glioma stem cells (GSCs) are capable of forming vasculogenic mimicry (VM), an alternative microvascular circulation independent of VEGF-driven angiogenesis. Herein, we report that the formation of VM was promoted by bevacizumab-induced macroautophagy/autophagy in GSCs, which was associated with tumor resistance to antiangiogenic therapy. We established a 3-dimensional collagen scaffold to examine the formation of VM and autophagy by GSCs, and found that rapamycin increased the number of VM and enhanced KDR/VEGFR-2 phosphorylation. Treatment with chloroquine, or knockdown of the autophagy gene ATG5, inhibited the formation of VM and KDR phosphorylation in GSCs. Notably, neutralization of GSCs-produced VEGF with bevacizumab failed to recapitulate the effect of chloroquine treatment and ATG5 knockdown, suggesting that autophagy-promoted formation of VM was independent of tumor cell-derived VEGF. ROS was elevated when autophagy was induced in GSCs and activated KDR phosphorylation through the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-AKT pathway. A ROS inhibitor, N-acetylcysteine, abolished KDR phosphorylation and the formation of VM by GSCs. By examination of the specimens from 95 patients with glioblastoma, we found that ATG5 and p-KDR expression was strongly associated with the density of VM in tumors and poor clinical outcome. Our results thus demonstrate a crucial role of autophagy in the formation of VM by GSCs, which may serve as a therapeutic target in drug-resistant glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Bo Wu
- a Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital , Third Military Medical University, and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China , Chongqing , China
| | - Shuai Yang
- a Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital , Third Military Medical University, and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China , Chongqing , China
| | - Hai-Yan Weng
- b Department of Pathology, the Affiliated Provincial Hospital , Anhui Medical University , Hefei , China
| | - Qian Chen
- a Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital , Third Military Medical University, and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China , Chongqing , China
| | - Xi-Long Zhao
- a Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital , Third Military Medical University, and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China , Chongqing , China
| | - Wen-Juan Fu
- a Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital , Third Military Medical University, and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China , Chongqing , China
| | - Qin Niu
- a Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital , Third Military Medical University, and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China , Chongqing , China
| | - Yi-Fang Ping
- a Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital , Third Military Medical University, and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China , Chongqing , China
| | - Ji Ming Wang
- a Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital , Third Military Medical University, and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China , Chongqing , China.,c Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research , National Cancer Institute at Frederick , Frederick , MD , USA
| | - Xia Zhang
- a Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital , Third Military Medical University, and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China , Chongqing , China
| | - Xiao-Hong Yao
- a Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital , Third Military Medical University, and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China , Chongqing , China
| | - Xiu-Wu Bian
- a Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital , Third Military Medical University, and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China , Chongqing , China
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220
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Zhou Z, Howard TA, Villano JL. Long-term daily temozolomide with dose-dependent efficacy in MGMT promotor methylation negative recurrent high-grade astrocytoma. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2017; 80:1043-1046. [PMID: 28791452 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-017-3415-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Temozolomide (TMZ) for malignant gliomas is traditionally dosed in 5 out of a 28-day cycle, however alternative regimens exist, including dose-dense. Continuous daily dosing is available, but the acceptable dose and duration of therapy is unknown. We document a 40-year-old male with recurrent anaplastic astrocytoma, IDH mutant and MGMT promotor methylation negative, who has well-tolerated continuous daily TMZ for 20 months at 100 mg per day for nearly the length of this period. A trial at 80 mg per day demonstrated disease progression with response upon return to 100 mg per day. Prior to the daily TMZ, the patient underwent three surgical resections, radiation therapy with concurrent TMZ according to the EORTC-NCIC protocol, and subsequently bevacizumab in combination with use of the Optune device. Long-term survival of patients with recurrent malignant gliomas is uncommon, and currently no standard treatment strategies exist for these patients. We present this case to demonstrate the tolerability and dose dependency of prolonged daily TMZ dosing as a therapeutic option for recurrent anaplastic astrocytomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengqiu Zhou
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Tracy A Howard
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - John L Villano
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA. .,Departments of Medicine, Neurosurgery, and Neurology, University of Kentucky, 800 Rose St., CC446, Lexington, KY, 40536-0093, USA.
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221
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Chen ST, Lee TY, Tsai TH, Huang YC, Lin YC, Lin CP, Shieh HR, Hsu ML, Chi CW, Lee MC, Chang HH, Chen YJ. Traditional Chinese medicine Danggui Buxue Tang inhibits colorectal cancer growth through induction of autophagic cell death. Oncotarget 2017; 8:88563-88574. [PMID: 29179457 PMCID: PMC5687627 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The induction of autophagic cell death is an important process in the development of anticancer therapeutics. We aimed to evaluate the activity of the ancient Chinese decoction Danggui Buxue Tang (DBT) against colorectal cancer (CRC) and the associated autophagy-related mechanism. Materials and methods CT26 CRC cells were implanted into syngeneic BALB/c mice for the tumor growth assay. DBT extracts and DBT-PD (polysaccharide-depleted) fractions were orally administered. The toxicity profiles of the extracts were analyzed using measurements of body weight, hemogram, and biochemical parameters. The morphology of tissue sections was observed using light and transmission electron microscopy. Western blotting and small interference RNA assays were used to determine the mechanism. Results DBT-PD and DBT, which contained an equal amount of DBT-PD, inhibited CT26 syngeneic tumor growth. In the tumor specimen, the expression of microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3B (LC3B) was upregulated by DBT-PD and DBT. The development of autophagosomes was observed via transmission electron microscopy in tumors treated with DBT-PD and DBT. In vitro experiments for mechanism clarification demonstrated that DBT-PD could induce autophagic death in CT26 cells accompanied by LC3B lipidation, downregulation of phospho-p70s6k, and upregulation of Atg7. RNA interference of Atg7, but not Atg5, partially reversed the effect of DBT-PD on LC3B lipidation and expression of phospho-p70s6k and Atg7. The changes in ultrastructural morphology and LC3B expression induced by DBT-PD were also partially blocked by the knockdown of Atg7 mRNA. Conclusion DBT induced autophagic death of colorectal cancer cells through the upregulation of Atg7 and modulation of the mTOR/p70s6k signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun-Ting Chen
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Taipei Buddhist Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City 23142, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Tzung-Yan Lee
- Graduate Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Tung-Hu Tsai
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan.,Depatment of Chemical Engineering, National United University, Miaoli 36003, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chuen Huang
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Yin-Cheng Lin
- Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City 25160, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Ping Lin
- Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City 25160, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ru Shieh
- Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City 25160, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Ling Hsu
- Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City 25160, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Wen Chi
- Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City 25160, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Cheng Lee
- Department of Research, Taipei Buddhist Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City 23141, Taiwan
| | - Hen-Hong Chang
- School of Post-Baccalaureate Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, and Research Center for Chinese Medicine and Acupuncture, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.,Department of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jen Chen
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40402, Taiwan .,Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City 25160, Taiwan.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 10449, Taiwan
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Shi L, Li H, Zhan Y. All-trans retinoic acid enhances temozolomide-induced autophagy in human glioma cells U251 via targeting Keap1/Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:2709-2714. [PMID: 28927033 PMCID: PMC5588105 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study evaluated the retinoic acid (RA) enhancement of temozolomide (TMZ) effects on the human glioma cells U251 and explored its underlying molecular mechanism. The cell growth was detected using the MTT assay and the cell cycle was assessed by flow cytometry. Cell apoptosis was analyzed by Annexin V/propidium iodide staining, and the cell morphology was evaluated using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Additionally, reverse transcription-PCR and western blot analysis were applied to detect the mRNA and protein levels. The RA treatment in combination with TMZ in the human U251 cells further inhibited cells growth, arresting cell cycle progression at the G0/G1 phase, and significantly induced apoptosis of U251 cells. After the RA+TMZ treatment of U251 cells, autophagy associated proteins Beclin 1 and LC3B were significantly increased, and the TEM analysis were consistent with autophagy protein levels. Moreover, Keap1/Nrf2/ARE expression was downregulated significantly, indicating the involvement in the mechanisms that RA treatment could enhance the TMZ effects on U251 cells. RA treatment in combination with TMZ may provide some experimental evidence for the possible effect of RA+TMZ against the growth and the proliferation of glioma cells. Therefore, the RA+TMZ administration may have potential utility for glioblastoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dezhou People's Hospital, Dezhou, Shandong 253014, P.R. China
| | - Hongyuan Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dezhou People's Hospital, Dezhou, Shandong 253014, P.R. China
| | - Yang Zhan
- Department of Pathology, Dezhou People's Hospital, Dezhou, Shandong 253014, P.R. China
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223
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Abstract
Autophagy represents a catabolic program involved in the degradation of cellular components via lysosomes. It serves to mitigate cellular stress and to provide metabolic precursors especially upon starvation. Thereby, autophagy can support the survival of cancer cells. In addition, there is now convincing evidence showing that under certain conditions autophagy can also foster cell death. This dual function of autophagy is also relevant upon anticancer treatment, as many chemotherapeutic agents engage autophagy. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms that are critical for mediating autophagic cell death in cancer cells will be instrumental to selectively interfere with this cellular program in order to increase the cancer cell’s response to cytotoxic drugs. This review illustrates how anticancer drug-induced autophagy is involved in mediating cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Fulda
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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Pant K, Saraya A, Venugopal SK. Oxidative stress plays a key role in butyrate-mediated autophagy via Akt/mTOR pathway in hepatoma cells. Chem Biol Interact 2017; 273:99-106. [PMID: 28600122 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most aggressive forms of cancer, responsible for a number of deaths in humans. Butyrate, one of the short chain fatty acids produced by the gut microbiota during anaerobic fermentation, was shown to be beneficial for inhibiting cancer growth. In this study, we showed that sodium butyrate induced autophagy via reactive oxygen species (ROS) in hepatoma cells. Butyrate (0-6 mM) incubation significantly increased intracellular ROS levels (45.2% compared to control), which in turn inhibited phosphorylation of akt and mTOR, leading to the upregulation of autophagic proteins, such as beclin 1, ATG 5, LC3-II, followed by the increased autophagosome formation (34.4% compared to control cells). Addition of a known antioxidant, N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), reversed these butyrate-induced ROS and autophagy. It was also found that butyrate-induced ROS enhanced MAPK activation, which was inhibited by NAC. In conclusion, our data showed that butyrate induced ROS, which in turn induced autophagy via inhibition of akt/mTOR pathway. Hence, butyrate could be considered as a potential candidate for HCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishor Pant
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, South Asian University, New Delhi, India
| | - Anoop Saraya
- Department of Gastroenterology & Human Nutrition, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
| | - Senthil K Venugopal
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, South Asian University, New Delhi, India.
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225
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Oliveira KA, Dal-Cim TA, Lopes FG, Nedel CB, Tasca CI. Guanosine promotes cytotoxicity via adenosine receptors and induces apoptosis in temozolomide-treated A172 glioma cells. Purinergic Signal 2017; 13:305-318. [PMID: 28536931 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-017-9562-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gliomas are a malignant tumor group whose patients have survival rates around 12 months. Among the treatments are the alkylating agents as temozolomide (TMZ), although gliomas have shown multiple resistance mechanisms for chemotherapy. Guanosine (GUO) is an endogenous nucleoside involved in extracellular signaling that presents neuroprotective effects and also shows the effect of inducing differentiation in cancer cells. The chemotherapy allied to adjuvant drugs are being suggested as a novel approach in gliomas treatment. In this way, this study evaluated whether GUO presented cytotoxic effects on human glioma cells as well as GUO effects in association with a classical chemotherapeutic compound, TMZ. Classical parameters of tumor aggressiveness, as alterations on cell viability, type of cell death, migration, and parameters of glutamatergic transmission, were evaluated. GUO (500 and 1000 μM) decreases the A172 glioma cell viability after 24, 48, or 72 h of treatment. TMZ alone or GUO plus TMZ also reduced glioma cell viability similarly. GUO combined with TMZ showed a potentiation effect of increasing apoptosis in A172 glioma cells, and a similar pattern was observed in reducing mitochondrial membrane potential. GUO per se did not elevate the acidic vesicular organelles occurrence, but TMZ or GUO plus TMZ increased this autophagy hallmark. GUO did not alter glutamate transport per se, but it prevented TMZ-induced glutamate release. GUO or TMZ did not alter glutamine synthetase activity. Pharmacological blockade of glutamate receptors did not change GUO effect on glioma viability. GUO cytotoxicity was partially prevented by adenosine receptor (A1R and A2AR) ligands. These results point to a cytotoxic effect of GUO on A172 glioma cells and suggest an anticancer effect of GUO as a putative adjuvant treatment, whose mechanism needs to be unraveled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen A Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Tharine A Dal-Cim
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Flávia G Lopes
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Cláudia B Nedel
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil.,Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Carla Inês Tasca
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil. .,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil. .,Departamento de Bioquímica, CCB, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Trindade, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil.
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226
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Würstle S, Schneider F, Ringel F, Gempt J, Lämmer F, Delbridge C, Wu W, Schlegel J. Temozolomide induces autophagy in primary and established glioblastoma cells in an EGFR independent manner. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:322-328. [PMID: 28693171 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite major contributions to the current molecular understanding of autophagy, a recycling process for intracellular components to maintain homeostatic balance, relatively little is known about the interacting networks. To address this issue, the current study investigated the role of autophagy in primary and established glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) cells and its interplay with the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and the standard chemotherapeutic agent temozolomide (TMZ). TMZ treatment leads to an upregulation of autophagy, predominantly in primary GBM cells. The interaction between EGFR and Beclin-1, an important protein in initiating autophagy, was assessed using a cancer cell line transfected with EGFRvIII, and by stimulation with EGF. The results of the current study suggest that Beclin-1 and EGFR do not interact directly in either primary or established GBM cells. To enable the limited efficacy of patient treatment strategies of GBM to potentially be enhanced through the application of autophagy regulators, the multiple cellular interactions of autophagy require further elucidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Würstle
- Department of Neuropathology, Technische Universität München, D-81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Fabian Schneider
- Department of Neuropathology, Technische Universität München, D-81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Florian Ringel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Technische Universität München, D-81675 Munich, Germany.,Department of Neurosurgery, Universitätsmedizin Mainz, D-55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jens Gempt
- Department of Neurosurgery, Technische Universität München, D-81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Friederike Lämmer
- Department of Neuropathology, Technische Universität München, D-81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Claire Delbridge
- Department of Neuropathology, Technische Universität München, D-81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Neuropathology, Technische Universität München, D-81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Jürgen Schlegel
- Department of Neuropathology, Technische Universität München, D-81675 Munich, Germany
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227
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Borhani S, Mozdarani H, Babalui S, Bakhshandeh M, Nosrati H. In Vitro Radiosensitizing Effects of Temozolomide on U87MG Cell Lines of Human Glioblastoma Multiforme. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2017; 42:258-265. [PMID: 28533574 PMCID: PMC5429494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioma is the most common primary brain tumor with poor prognosis. Temozolomide (TMZ) has been used with irradiation (IR) to treat gliomas. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the cytotoxic and radiosensitizing effect of TMZ when combined with high-dose and high-dose rate of gamma irradiation in vitro. METHODS Two 'U87MG' cell lines and skin fibroblast were cultured and assigned to five groups for 24, 48, and 72 hours. The groups were namely, TMZ group (2000 μM/L), IR group (5 Gy), TMZ plus IR group, control group, and control solvent group. MTT assay was applied to evaluate cell viability. Data were analyzed with SPSS 21.0 software using one-way ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis test. P<0.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS The slope of growth curve U87MG cells in semi-logarithmic scale was equal to 27.36±0.89 hours. The viability of cells was determined for different TMZ and IR treatment groups. In terms of cell viability, there were no significant differences between the control and control solvent groups (P=0.35) and between treated group by IR (5 Gy) alone and TMZ (2000 µM/ml) alone (P=0.15). Data obtained for the cell viability of combined TMZ plus IR in both cell lines compared to TMZ or IR treated group alone showed a significant difference (P=0.002). CONCLUSION The evaluation of cells viability showed that TMZ in combination with IR on glioma cells led to a significant radiosensitivity compared to IR alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Borhani
- Department of Radiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Mozdarani
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran,Correspondence: Hossein Mozdarani, Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, P. O. Box: 14115-111, Tehran, Iran Tel: +98 21 82883830 Fax: +98 21 88006544
| | - Somayyeh Babalui
- Radiotherapy Oncology, Cancer Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Bakhshandeh
- Radiotherapy Oncology, Cancer Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Nosrati
- Radiotherapy Oncology, Cancer Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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228
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Yu Q, Liu L, Wang P, Yao Y, Xue Y, Liu Y. EMAP-II sensitize U87MG and glioma stem-like cells to temozolomide via induction of autophagy-mediated cell death and G2/M arrest. Cell Cycle 2017; 16:1085-1092. [PMID: 28436750 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2017.1315492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the fact that temozolomide (TMZ) has been widely accepted as the key chemotherapeutic agent to prolong the survival of patients with glioblastoma, failure and recurrence cases can still be observed in clinics. Glioma stem-like cells (GSCs) are thought to be responsible for the drug resistance. In this study, we investigate whether endothelial monocyte-activating polypeptide-II (EMAP-II), a pro-inflammatory cytokine, can enhance TMZ cytotoxicity on U87MG and GSCs or not. As described in prior research, GSCs have been isolated from U87MG and maintained in the serum-free DMEM/F12 medium containing EGF, b-FGF, and B27. TMZ and/or EMAP-II administration were performed for 72 h, respectively. The results showed that TMZ combined with EMAP-II inhibit the proliferation of U87MG and GSCs by a larger measure than TMZ single treatment by decreasing the IC50. EMAP-II also enhanced TMZ-induced autophagy-mediated cell death and G2/M arrest. Moreover, we found that EMAP-II functioned a targeted suppression on mTOR, which may involve in the anti-neoplasm mechanism. The results suggest that EMAP-II could be considered as a combined chemotherapeutic agent against glioblastoma by sensitizing U87MG and GSCs to TMZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Yu
- a Department of Neurosurgery , Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University , Shenyang , China.,b Liaoning Research Center for Translational Medicine in Nervous System Disease , Shenyang China
| | - Libo Liu
- c Department of Neurobiology , College of Basic Medicine, China Medical University , Shenyang China.,d Key Laboratory of Cell Biology , Ministry of Public Health of China, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education of China, China Medical University , Shenyang China
| | - Ping Wang
- c Department of Neurobiology , College of Basic Medicine, China Medical University , Shenyang China.,d Key Laboratory of Cell Biology , Ministry of Public Health of China, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education of China, China Medical University , Shenyang China
| | - Yilong Yao
- a Department of Neurosurgery , Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University , Shenyang , China.,b Liaoning Research Center for Translational Medicine in Nervous System Disease , Shenyang China
| | - Yixue Xue
- c Department of Neurobiology , College of Basic Medicine, China Medical University , Shenyang China.,d Key Laboratory of Cell Biology , Ministry of Public Health of China, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education of China, China Medical University , Shenyang China
| | - Yunhui Liu
- a Department of Neurosurgery , Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University , Shenyang , China.,b Liaoning Research Center for Translational Medicine in Nervous System Disease , Shenyang China
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229
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Hu T, Li Z, Gao CY, Cho CH. Mechanisms of drug resistance in colon cancer and its therapeutic strategies. World J Gastroenterol 2017. [PMID: 27570424 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.vss.i30.6876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance develops in nearly all patients with colon cancer, leading to a decrease in the therapeutic efficacies of anticancer agents. This review provides an up-to-date summary on over-expression of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters and evasion of apoptosis, two representatives of transport-based and non-transport-based mechanisms of drug resistance, as well as their therapeutic strategies. Different ABC transporters were found to be up-regulated in colon cancer, which can facilitate the efflux of anticancer drugs out of cancer cells and decrease their therapeutic effects. Inhibition of ABC transporters by suppressing their protein expressions or co-administration of modulators has been proven as an effective approach to sensitize drug-resistant cancer cells to anticancer drugs in vitro. On the other hand, evasion of apoptosis observed in drug-resistant cancers also results in drug resistance to anticancer agents, especially to apoptosis inducers. Restoration of apoptotic signals by BH3 mimetics or epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors and inhibition of cancer cell growth by alternative cell death pathways, such as autophagy, are effective means to treat such resistant cancer types. Given that the drug resistance mechanisms are different among colon cancer patients and may change even in a single patient at different stages, personalized and specific combination therapy is proposed to be more effective and safer for the reversal of drug resistance in clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Hu
- Tao Hu, Chi Hin Cho, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Tao Hu, Chi Hin Cho, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chun-Ying Gao
- Tao Hu, Chi Hin Cho, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chi Hin Cho
- Tao Hu, Chi Hin Cho, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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230
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Qin Y, Chen W, Liu B, Zhou L, Deng L, Niu W, Bao D, Cheng C, Li D, Liu S, Niu C. MiR-200c Inhibits the Tumor Progression of Glioma via Targeting Moesin. Am J Cancer Res 2017; 7:1663-1673. [PMID: 28529643 PMCID: PMC5436519 DOI: 10.7150/thno.17886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We attempt to demonstrate the regulatory role of miR-200c in glioma progression and its mechanisms behind. Here, we show that miR-200c expression was significantly reduced in the glioma tissues compared to paratumor tissues, especially in malignant glioma. Exogenous overexpression of miR-200c inhibited the proliferation and invasion of glioma cells. In addition, the in vivo mouse xenograft model showed that miR-200c inhibited glioma growth and liver metastasis, which is mainly regulated by targeting moesin (MSN). We demonstrated that the expression of MSN in glioma specimens were negatively correlated with miR-200c expression, and MSN overexpression rescued the phenotype about cell proliferation and invasion induced by miR-200c. Moreover, knockdown of MSN was able to mimic the effects induced by miR-200c in glioma cells. These results indicate that miR-200c plays an important role in the regulation of glioma through targeting MSN.
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231
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Tan Q, Joshua AM, Wang M, Bristow RG, Wouters BG, Allen CJ, Tannock IF. Up-regulation of autophagy is a mechanism of resistance to chemotherapy and can be inhibited by pantoprazole to increase drug sensitivity. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2017; 79:959-969. [PMID: 28378028 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-017-3298-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autophagy is a survival mechanism that allows recycling of cellular breakdown products, particularly in stressed cells. Here we evaluate the hypotheses that up-regulation of autophagy is a common mechanism of resistance to chemotherapy, and that drug resistance can be reversed by inhibiting autophagy with a proton pump inhibitor. METHODS We exposed human PC3, LNCaP and MCF7 cells to seven clinically-used chemotherapy drugs ± pantoprazole, examined the up-regulation of autophagy and the effect on cellular proliferation by Western Blots, MTS assay and colony-forming assay. The distribution of drug effects and of autophagy was quantified in LNCaP tumor sections in relation to blood vessels and hypoxia by immunohistochemistry using γH2AX, cleaved caspase-3 and p62. RESULTS All anticancer drugs led to up-regulation of autophagy in cultured tumor cells. Pantoprazole inhibited the induction of autophagy in a time- and dose-dependent manner, and sensitized cancer cells to the seven anti-cancer drugs. Treatment of LNCaP xenografts with paclitaxel induced both DNA damage and autophagy; autophagy was inhibited and markers of toxicity were increased by pantoprazole. CONCLUSIONS Induction of autophagy is a general mechanism associated with resistance to anticancer drugs and that its inhibition is a promising therapeutic strategy to enhance the effects of chemotherapy and improve clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Tan
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Princess Margaret Cancer Center, 9 floor room 417, 610 University Ave, Toronto, ON, M5G2M9, Canada.
| | - A M Joshua
- Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - M Wang
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - R G Bristow
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - B G Wouters
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - C J Allen
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ian F Tannock
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Princess Margaret Cancer Center, 9 floor room 417, 610 University Ave, Toronto, ON, M5G2M9, Canada.
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232
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HDAC4 and HDAC6 sustain DNA double strand break repair and stem-like phenotype by promoting radioresistance in glioblastoma cells. Cancer Lett 2017; 397:1-11. [PMID: 28342984 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The role of histone deacetylase (HDAC) 4 and 6 in glioblastoma (GBM) radioresistance was investigated. We found that tumor samples from 31 GBM patients, who underwent temozolomide and radiotherapy combined treatment, showed HDAC4 and HDAC6 expression in 93.5% and 96.7% of cases, respectively. Retrospective clinical data analysis demonstrated that high-intensity HDAC4 and/or HDAC6 immunostaining was predictive of poor clinical outcome. In vitro experiments revealed that short hairpin RNA-mediated silencing of HDAC4 or HDAC6 radiosensitized U87MG and U251MG GBM cell lines by promoting DNA double-strand break (DSBs) accumulation and by affecting DSBs repair molecular machinery. We found that HDAC6 knock-down predisposes to radiation therapy-induced U251MG apoptosis- and U87MG autophagy-mediated cell death. HDAC4 silencing promoted radiation therapy-induced senescence, independently by the cellular context. Finally, we showed that p53WT expression contributed to the radiotherapy lethal effects and that HDAC4 or HDAC6 sustained GBM stem-like radioresistant phenotype. Altogether, these observations suggest that HDAC4 and HDAC6 are guardians of irradiation-induced DNA damages and stemness, thus promoting radioresistance, and may represent potential prognostic markers and therapeutic targets in GBM.
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233
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The Glycoside Oleandrin Reduces Glioma Growth with Direct and Indirect Effects on Tumor Cells. J Neurosci 2017; 37:3926-3939. [PMID: 28292827 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2296-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Oleandrin is a glycoside that inhibits the ubiquitous enzyme Na+/K+-ATPase. In addition to its known effects on cardiac muscle, recent in vitro and in vivo evidence highlighted its potential for anticancer properties. Here, we evaluated for the first time the effect of oleandrin on brain tumors. To this aim, mice were transplanted with human or murine glioma and analyzed for tumor progression upon oleandrin treatment. In both systems, oleandrin impaired glioma development, reduced tumor size, and inhibited cell proliferation. We demonstrated that oleandrin does the following: (1) enhances the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) level in the brain; (2) reduces both microglia/macrophage infiltration and CD68 immunoreactivity in the tumor mass; (3) decreases astrogliosis in peritumoral area; and (4) reduces glioma cell infiltration in healthy parenchyma. In BDNF-deficient mice (bdnftm1Jae/J) and in glioma cells silenced for TrkB receptor expression, oleandrin was not effective, indicating a crucial role for BDNF in oleandrin's protective and antitumor functions. In addition, we found that oleandrin increases survival of temozolomide-treated mice. These results encourage the development of oleandrin as possible coadjuvant agent in clinical trials of glioma treatment.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT In this work, we paved the road for a new therapeutic approach for the treatment of brain tumors, demonstrating the potential of using the cardioactive glycoside oleandrin as a coadjuvant drug to standard chemotherapeutics such as temozolomide. In murine models of glioma, we demonstrated that oleandrin significantly increased mouse survival and reduced tumor growth both directly on tumor cells and indirectly by promoting an antitumor brain microenvironment with a key protective role played by the neurotrophin brain-derived neurotrophic factor.
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234
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Jakubowicz-Gil J, Bądziul D, Langner E, Wertel I, Zając A, Rzeski W. Temozolomide and sorafenib as programmed cell death inducers of human glioma cells. Pharmacol Rep 2017; 69:779-787. [PMID: 28587939 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2017.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gliomas are aggressive brain tumors with very high resistance to chemotherapy. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of sorafenib and Temozolomide in elimination of human glioma cells through apoptosis and autophagy. METHODS MOGGCCM (anaplastic astrocytoma) and T98G (glioblastoma multiforme) cell lines incubated with sorafenib and/or Temozolomide were used in the experiments. Cell morphology (ER stress, apoptosis, autophagy, and necrosis) was analyzed microscopically while apoptosis and mitochondrial membrane potential were assessed with flow cytometry. Beclin1, LC3, p62, Hsp27, and Hsp72 levels were analyzed by immunoblotting. The activity of caspase 3, 8, and 9 was evaluated fluorometrically. Expression of Hsps was blocked by transfection with specific siRNA. RESULTS In MOGGCCM cells, Temozolomide most frequently induced autophagy, which was accompanied by decreased p62 and increased beclin1 and LC3II levels. Sorafenib initiated mainly apoptosis. Additional incubation with Temozolomide, synergistically potentiated the pro-apoptotic properties of sorafenib, but it was mediated in a caspase-independent way. In T98G cells, the effect of the analyzed drugs on programmed cell death induction was different from that in MOGGCCM cells. Sorafenib induced autophagy, while Temozolomide initiated mainly apoptosis. After simultaneous drug application, apoptosis dominated, suggesting synergistic action of both drugs. Inhibition of Hsp27 and Hsp72 expression increased the sensitivity of both cell lines to ER stress and, to a lesser extent, to induction of apoptosis, but not autophagy. CONCLUSIONS Sorafenib and Temozolomide applied in combination are potent apoptosis inducers in T98G and MOGGCCM cells. ER stress precedes the elimination. Blocking of Hsp expression has a greater impact on ER stress rather than apoptosis induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Jakubowicz-Gil
- Department of Comparative Anatomy and Anthropology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Dorota Bądziul
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Rzeszow, Rzeszów, Poland.
| | - Ewa Langner
- Department of Medical Biology, Institute of Agricultural Medicine, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Iwona Wertel
- 1st Department of Gynecology, University School of Medicine, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Adrian Zając
- Department of Comparative Anatomy and Anthropology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Wojciech Rzeski
- Department of Medical Biology, Institute of Agricultural Medicine, Lublin, Poland; Department of Immunology and Virology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Lublin, Poland.
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235
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Rutin increases the cytotoxicity of temozolomide in glioblastoma via autophagy inhibition. J Neurooncol 2017; 132:393-400. [PMID: 28293765 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-017-2387-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The chemotherapeutic agent temozolomide (TMZ) is widely used in the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Rutin, a citrus flavonoid ecglycoside found in edible plants, has neuroprotective and anticancer activities. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy and the underlying mechanisms of rutin used in combination with TMZ in GBM. In vitro cell viability assay demonstrated that rutin alone had generally low cytotoxic effect, but it enhanced the efficacy of TMZ in a dose-dependent manner. Subcutaneous and orthotopic xenograft studies also showed that tumor volumes were significantly lower in mice receiving combined TMZ/Rutin treatment as compared to TMZ or rutin alone treatment. Moreover, immunoblotting analysis showed that TMZ activated JNK activity to induce protective response autophagy, which was blocked by rutin, resulting in decreased autophagy and increased apoptosis, suggesting that rutin enhances TMZ efficacy both in vitro and in vivo via inhibiting JNK-mediated autophagy in GBM. The combination rutin with TMZ may be a potentially useful therapeutic approach for GBM patient.
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236
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Santana-Codina N, Mancias JD, Kimmelman AC. The Role of Autophagy in Cancer. ANNUAL REVIEW OF CANCER BIOLOGY-SERIES 2017; 1:19-39. [PMID: 31119201 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cancerbio-041816-122338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved and regulated process that targets proteins and damaged organelles for lysosomal degradation to maintain cell metabolism, genomic integrity, and cell survival. The role of autophagy in cancer is dynamic and depends, in part, on tumor type and stage. Although autophagy constrains tumor initiation in normal tissue, some tumors rely on autophagy for tumor promotion and maintenance. Studies in genetically engineered mouse models support the idea that autophagy can constrain tumor initiation by regulating DNA damage and oxidative stress. In established tumors, autophagy can also be required for tumor maintenance, allowing tumors to survive environmental stress and providing intermediates for cell metabolism. Autophagy can also be induced in response to chemotherapeutics, acting as a drug-resistance mechanism. Therefore, targeting autophagy is an attractive cancer therapeutic option currently undergoing validation in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naiara Santana-Codina
- Division of Genomic Stability and DNA Repair, Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
| | - Joseph D Mancias
- Division of Genomic Stability and DNA Repair, Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
| | - Alec C Kimmelman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016;
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237
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Shen X, Kan S, Liu Z, Lu G, Zhang X, Chen Y, Bai Y. EVA1A inhibits GBM cell proliferation by inducing autophagy and apoptosis. Exp Cell Res 2017; 352:130-138. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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238
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Nørøxe DS, Poulsen HS, Lassen U. Hallmarks of glioblastoma: a systematic review. ESMO Open 2017; 1:e000144. [PMID: 28912963 PMCID: PMC5419216 DOI: 10.1136/esmoopen-2016-000144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite decades of intense research, the complex biology of glioblastoma (GBM) is not completely understood. Progression-free survival and overall survival have remained unchanged since the implementation of the STUPP regimen in 2005 with concomitant radio-/chemotherapy and adjuvant chemotherapy with temozolomide. In the context of Hanahan and Weinberg's six hallmarks and two emerging hallmarks of cancer, we discuss up-to-date status and recent research in the biology of GBM. We discuss the clinical impact of the research results with the most promising being in the hallmarks ‘enabling replicative immortality’, ‘inducing angiogenesis’, ‘reprogramming cellular energetics’ and ‘evading immune destruction’. This includes the importance of molecular diagnostics according to the new WHO classification and how next generation sequencing is being implemented in the clinical daily life. Molecular results linked together with clinical outcome have revealed the importance of the prognostic biomarker isocitratedehydrogenase (IDH), which is now part of the diagnostic criteria in brain tumours. IDH is discussed in the context of the hallmark ‘reprogramming cellular energetics’. O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase status predicts a more favourable response to treatment and is thus a predictive marker. Based on genomic aberrations, Verhaak et al have suggested a division of GBM into three subgroups, namely, proneural, classical and mesenchymal, which could be meaningful in the clinic and could help guide and differentiate treatment decisions according to the specific subgroup. The information achieved will develop and improve precision medicine in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ulrik Lassen
- Department of Radiation Biology, The Finsen Center, Rigshospitalet
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239
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Battaglia L, Muntoni E, Chirio D, Peira E, Annovazzi L, Schiffer D, Mellai M, Riganti C, Salaroglio IC, Lanotte M, Panciani P, Capucchio MT, Valazza A, Biasibetti E, Gallarate M. Solid lipid nanoparticles by coacervation loaded with a methotrexate prodrug: preliminary study for glioma treatment. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2017; 12:639-656. [PMID: 28186465 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2016-0380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Methotrexate-loaded biocompatible nanoparticles were tested for preliminary efficacy in glioma treatment. MATERIALS & METHODS Behenic acid nanoparticles, prepared by the coacervation method, were loaded with the ester prodrug didodecylmethotrexate, which was previously tested in vitro against glioblastoma human primary cultures. Nanoparticle conjugation with an ApoE mimicking chimera peptide was performed to obtain active targeting to the brain. RESULTS & CONCLUSION Biodistribution studies in healthy rats assessed the superiority of ApoE-conjugated formulation, which was tested on an F98/Fischer glioma model. Differences were observed in tumor growth rate (measured by MRI) between control and treated rats. In vitro tests on F98 cultured cells assessed their susceptibility to treatment, with consequent apoptosis, and allowed us to explain the apoptosis observed in glioma models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Battaglia
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Muntoni
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Daniela Chirio
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Elena Peira
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Laura Annovazzi
- Centro Ricerche di Neurobiooncologia, Policlinico di Monza Foundation, Vercelli, Italy
| | - Davide Schiffer
- Centro Ricerche di Neurobiooncologia, Policlinico di Monza Foundation, Vercelli, Italy
| | - Marta Mellai
- Centro Ricerche di Neurobiooncologia, Policlinico di Monza Foundation, Vercelli, Italy
| | - Chiara Riganti
- Dipartimento di Oncologia, Università degli Studi di Torino, Orbassano, Italy
| | | | - Michele Lanotte
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Pierpaolo Panciani
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Capucchio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Torino, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Alberto Valazza
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Torino, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Elena Biasibetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Torino, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Marina Gallarate
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
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Shi F, Guo H, Zhang R, Liu H, Wu L, Wu Q, Liu J, Liu T, Zhang Q. The PI3K inhibitor GDC-0941 enhances radiosensitization and reduces chemoresistance to temozolomide in GBM cell lines. Neuroscience 2017; 346:298-308. [PMID: 28147244 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is among the most lethal of all human tumors. It is the most frequently occurring malignant primary brain tumor in adults. The current standard of care (SOC) for GBM is initial surgical resection followed by treatment with a combination of temozolomide (TMZ) and ionizing radiation (IR). However, GBM has a dismal prognosis, and survivors have compromised quality of life owing to the adverse effects of radiation. GBM is characterized by overt activity of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling pathway. GDC-0941 is a highly specific PI3K inhibitor with promising anti-tumor activity in human solid tumors. It is being evaluated in Phase II clinical trials for the treatment of breast and non-squamous cell lung cancer. We hypothesized that GDC-0941 may act as an antitumor agent and potentiate the effects of TMZ and IR. In this study, GDC-0941 alone induced cytotoxicity and pro-apoptotic effects. Moreover, combined with the standard GBM therapy (TMZ and IR), it suppressed cell viability, showed enhanced pro-apoptotic effects, augmented autophagy response, and attenuated migratory/invasive capacity in three glioma cell lines. Protein microarray analyses showed that treatment with TMZ+GDC-0941+IR induced higher levels of p53 and glycogen synthase kinase 3-beta (GSK3-β) expression in SHG44GBM cells than those induced by other treatments. This was verified in all cell lines by western blot analysis. Furthermore, the combination of TMZ and GDC-0941 with or without IR reduced the levels of p-AKT and O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) in T98G cells. The results of this study suggest that the combination of TMZ, IR, and GDC-0941 is a promising choice for future treatments of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Shi
- Department of Skull Base Surgery Center, Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 45 Changchun Street, Beijing 100053, China.
| | - Hongchuan Guo
- Department of Skull Base Surgery Center, Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 45 Changchun Street, Beijing 100053, China.
| | - Rong Zhang
- Division of Cancer Immunotherapy, Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center (NCC), 6-5-1Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8577, Japan.
| | - Hongyu Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing 100853, China.
| | - Liangliang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing 100853, China.
| | - Qiyan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing 100853, China.
| | - Jialin Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing 100853, China.
| | - Tianyi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing 100853, China.
| | - Qiuhang Zhang
- Department of Skull Base Surgery Center, Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 45 Changchun Street, Beijing 100053, China.
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241
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Button RW, Vincent JH, Strang CJ, Luo S. Dual PI-3 kinase/mTOR inhibition impairs autophagy flux and induces cell death independent of apoptosis and necroptosis. Oncotarget 2017; 7:5157-75. [PMID: 26814436 PMCID: PMC4868678 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The PI-3 kinase (PI-3K)/mTOR pathway is critical for cell growth and proliferation. Strategies of antagonising this signaling have proven to be detrimental to cell survival. This observation, coupled with the fact many tumours show enhanced growth signaling, has caused dual inhibitors of PI-3K and mTOR to be implicated in cancer treatment, and have thus been studied across various tumour models. Since PI-3K (class-I)/mTOR pathway negatively regulates autophagy, dual inhibitors of PI-3K/mTOR are currently believed to be autophagy activators. However, our present data show that the dual PI-3K/mTOR inhibition (DKI) potently suppresses autophagic flux. We further confirm that inhibition of Vps34/PI3KC3, the class-III PI-3K, causes the blockade to autophagosome-lysosome fusion. Our data suggest that DKI induces cell death independently of apoptosis and necroptosis, whereas autophagy perturbation by DKI may contribute to cell death. Given that autophagy is critical in cellular homeostasis, our study not only clarifies the role of a dual PI-3K/mTOR inhibitor in autophagy, but also suggests that its autophagy inhibition needs to be considered if such an agent is used in cancer chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Button
- Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, Institute of Translational and Stratified Medicine, University of Plymouth, Research Way, Plymouth, UK
| | - Joseph H Vincent
- Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, Institute of Translational and Stratified Medicine, University of Plymouth, Research Way, Plymouth, UK
| | - Conor J Strang
- Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, Institute of Translational and Stratified Medicine, University of Plymouth, Research Way, Plymouth, UK
| | - Shouqing Luo
- Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, Institute of Translational and Stratified Medicine, University of Plymouth, Research Way, Plymouth, UK
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242
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Pinheiro R, Braga C, Santos G, Bronze MR, Perry MJ, Moreira R, Brites D, Falcão AS. Targeting Gliomas: Can a New Alkylating Hybrid Compound Make a Difference? ACS Chem Neurosci 2017; 8:50-59. [PMID: 27665765 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.6b00169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and aggressive type of brain tumor in adults. The triazene Temozolomide (TMZ), an alkylating drug, is the classical chemotherapeutic agent for gliomas, but has been disappointing against the highly invasive and resistant nature of GBM. Hybrid compounds may open new horizons within this challenge. The multicomponent therapeutic strategy here used resides on a combination of two repurposing drugs acting by different but potentially synergistic mechanisms, improved efficacy, and lower resistance effects. We synthesized a new hybrid compound (HYBCOM) by covalently binding a TMZ analogue to valproic acid, a histone deacetylase inhibitor drug that was shown to sensitize TMZ-resistant glioma cells. Advantages of this new molecule as compared to TMZ, in terms of chemotherapeutic efficacy, were investigated. Our results evidenced that HYBCOM more efficiently decreased the viability and proliferation of the GL261 glioma cells, while showing to better target the tumor cells than the functionally normal astrocytes. Increased cytotoxicity by HYBCOM may be a consequence of the improved autophagic process observed. Additionally, HYBCOM changed the morphology of GL261 cells into a nonpolar, more rounded shape, impairing cell migration ability. Most interesting, and in opposite to TMZ, cells exposed to HYBCOM did not enhance the expression of drug resistance proteins, a major issue in the treatment of GBM. Overall, our studies indicate that HYBCOM has promising chemotherapeutic benefits over the classical TMZ, and future studies should assess if the treatment translates into efficacy in glioblastoma experimental models and reveal clinical benefits in GBM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Pinheiro
- Research Institute for
Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), ‡Department of Biochemistry and Human
Biology, §Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Therapeutics, and ∥Department of Toxicological and Bromatological
Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor
Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Braga
- Research Institute for
Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), ‡Department of Biochemistry and Human
Biology, §Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Therapeutics, and ∥Department of Toxicological and Bromatological
Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor
Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Gisela Santos
- Research Institute for
Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), ‡Department of Biochemistry and Human
Biology, §Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Therapeutics, and ∥Department of Toxicological and Bromatological
Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor
Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Maria R. Bronze
- Research Institute for
Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), ‡Department of Biochemistry and Human
Biology, §Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Therapeutics, and ∥Department of Toxicological and Bromatological
Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor
Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Maria J. Perry
- Research Institute for
Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), ‡Department of Biochemistry and Human
Biology, §Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Therapeutics, and ∥Department of Toxicological and Bromatological
Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor
Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rui Moreira
- Research Institute for
Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), ‡Department of Biochemistry and Human
Biology, §Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Therapeutics, and ∥Department of Toxicological and Bromatological
Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor
Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Dora Brites
- Research Institute for
Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), ‡Department of Biochemistry and Human
Biology, §Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Therapeutics, and ∥Department of Toxicological and Bromatological
Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor
Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana S. Falcão
- Research Institute for
Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), ‡Department of Biochemistry and Human
Biology, §Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Therapeutics, and ∥Department of Toxicological and Bromatological
Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor
Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
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243
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Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) may be one of the most challenging brain tumors to treat, as patients generally do not live more than 2 years. This review aimed to give a timely review of potential future treatments for GBM by looking at the latest strategies, involving mainly the use of temozolomide (TMZ). Although these studies were carried out either in vitro or in rodents, the findings collectively suggested that we are moving toward developing a more efficacious therapy for GBM patients. Nanoparticles preparation was, by far, the most extensively studied strategy for targeted brain delivery. Therefore, the first section of this review presents a treatment strategy using TMZ-loaded nanocarriers, which encompassed nanoparticles, nanoliposomes, and nanosponges. Besides nanocarriers, new complexes that were formed between TMZ and another chemical agent or molecule have shown increased cytotoxicity and antitumor activity. Another approach was by reducing GBM cell resistance to TMZ, and this was achieved either through the suppression of metabolic change occurring in the cells, inhibition of the DNA repair protein, or up-regulation of the protein that mediates autophagy. Finally, the review collates a list of substances that have demonstrated the ability to suppress tumor cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chooi Yeng Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
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244
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Visible light-induced cytotoxicity of Ru,Os–polyazine complexes towards rat malignant glioma. Inorganica Chim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2016.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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245
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Zhang C, Lai SH, Yang HH, Xing DG, Zeng CC, Tang B, Wan D, Liu YJ. Photoinduced ROS regulation of apoptosis and mechanism studies of iridium(iii) complex against SGC-7901 cells. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra00732a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A new iridium(iii) complex, Ir(ppy)2(FBPIP)]PF6 (Ir-1), was synthesized and characterized. The anticancer activity of the complex was investigated by cytotoxicity in vitro, apoptosis, cell invasion, autophagy, cell cycle arrest and western blot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhang
- School of Pharmacy
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University
- Guangzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Shang-Hai Lai
- School of Pharmacy
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University
- Guangzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Hui-Hui Yang
- School of Pharmacy
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University
- Guangzhou
- P. R. China
| | - De-Gang Xing
- School of Basic Course
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University
- Guangzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Chuan-Chuan Zeng
- School of Pharmacy
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University
- Guangzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Bing Tang
- School of Pharmacy
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University
- Guangzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Dan Wan
- School of Pharmacy
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University
- Guangzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Yun-Jun Liu
- School of Pharmacy
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University
- Guangzhou
- P. R. China
- Guangdong Cosmetics Engineering & Technology Research Center
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246
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Zhao Y, Wang W, Min I, Wyrwas B, Moore M, Zarnegar R, Fahey TJ. BRAF V600E-dependent role of autophagy in uveal melanoma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2016; 143:447-455. [PMID: 27928645 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-016-2317-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autophagy can function in a dual role in cancer development and progression: It can be cytoprotective or contribute to cell death. Therefore, determining the contextual role of autophagy between these two opposing effects is important. So far, little is known about the role of autophagy in uveal melanoma. In the present study, we looked to investigate the autophagic process, as well as its effect on cell survival in uveal melanoma cell lines under stressed conditions (starvation). The possible role of autophagy during BRAF inhibition in uveal melanoma was also sought. METHODS Two human uveal melanoma cell lines, OCM1A, which harbors the BRAF mutation V600E and Mel 290, which is BRAF wild type, were studied. Autophagy levels were determined by Western blot assay with/without the addition of autophagic flux inhibitor (bafilomycin A1). Cell proliferation was assessed by an MTT assay. RESULTS Starvation triggered autophagy in BRAF V600E-mutant OCM1A cells but not in BRAF wild-type Mel 290 cells. Enhanced autophagy helped the OCM1A cells survive under stressed conditions. The BRAF inhibitor vemurafenib upregulated autophagy through suppression of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR/p70S6 K pathway in BRAF V600E-mutant uveal melanoma cells. Autophagy inhibition impaired the treatment efficacy of vemurafenib in BRAF V600E-mutant uveal melanoma cells. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that starvation-trigged autophagy, which is BRAF V600E dependent, promotes cancer cell survival in uveal melanoma. Vemurafenib induces autophagic cell death rather than adaptive cell survival in BRAF V600E-mutant melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinu Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China.,Department of Surgery, New York Presbyterian Hospital and Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Weibin Wang
- Department of Surgery, New York Presbyterian Hospital and Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, 10021, USA.,Department of Surgical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Irene Min
- Department of Surgery, New York Presbyterian Hospital and Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Brian Wyrwas
- Department of Surgery, New York Presbyterian Hospital and Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Maureen Moore
- Department of Surgery, New York Presbyterian Hospital and Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Rasa Zarnegar
- Department of Surgery, New York Presbyterian Hospital and Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Thomas J Fahey
- Department of Surgery, New York Presbyterian Hospital and Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, 10021, USA.
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247
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Creemers SG, van Koetsveld PM, van den Dungen ESR, Korpershoek E, van Kemenade FJ, Franssen GJH, de Herder WW, Feelders RA, Hofland LJ. Inhibition of Human Adrenocortical Cancer Cell Growth by Temozolomide in Vitro and the Role of the MGMT Gene. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2016; 101:4574-4584. [PMID: 27603910 PMCID: PMC5155680 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2016-2768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Treatment of patients with adrenocortical carcinomas (ACC) with mitotane and/or chemotherapy is often associated with toxicity and poor tumor response. New therapeutic options are urgently needed. OBJECTIVE The objectives of the study were to evaluate the therapeutic possibilities of temozolomide (TMZ) in ACC cells and to assess the potential predictive role of the DNA repair gene O6-Methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) in adrenocortical tumors. METHODS Three human ACC cell lines and eight primary ACC cultures were used to assess effects of TMZ in vitro. In the cell lines, 11 normal adrenals, 16 adrenocortical adenomas, and 29 ACC, MGMT promoter methylation and expression were determined. RESULTS IC50 values of TMZ on cell growth were 39 μM, 38 μM, and 44 μM for H295R, HAC15, and SW13, respectively. TMZ induced apoptosis and provoked cytotoxic and cytostatic effects by reducing the surviving fraction of ACC colonies and the colony size. TMZ thereby induced cell cycle arrests in ACC cell lines. TMZ and mitotane both inhibited growth of ACC cells cultured as three-dimensional spheroids. TMZ inhibited cell amount in five of eight primary ACC cultures and induced apoptosis in seven of eight primary ACC cultures. In ACC cell lines and adrenal tissues, MGMT promoter methylation was low. In ACCs, methylation was inversely correlated with MGMT mRNA expression. MGMT protein expression was not correlated with MGMT methylation. CONCLUSIONS For the first time, we show the therapeutic potential of temozolomide for ACC, offering an urgently needed potential alternative for patients not responding to mitotane alone or with etoposide, doxorubicin, and cisplatin. (Pre-)clinical studies are warranted to assess efficacy in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Creemers
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology (S.G.C., P.M.v.K., E.S.R.v.d.D., W.W.d.H., R.A.F., L.J.H.), and Departments of Pathology (E.K., F.J.v.K.) and Surgery (G.J.H.F.), Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - P M van Koetsveld
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology (S.G.C., P.M.v.K., E.S.R.v.d.D., W.W.d.H., R.A.F., L.J.H.), and Departments of Pathology (E.K., F.J.v.K.) and Surgery (G.J.H.F.), Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - E S R van den Dungen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology (S.G.C., P.M.v.K., E.S.R.v.d.D., W.W.d.H., R.A.F., L.J.H.), and Departments of Pathology (E.K., F.J.v.K.) and Surgery (G.J.H.F.), Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - E Korpershoek
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology (S.G.C., P.M.v.K., E.S.R.v.d.D., W.W.d.H., R.A.F., L.J.H.), and Departments of Pathology (E.K., F.J.v.K.) and Surgery (G.J.H.F.), Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - F J van Kemenade
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology (S.G.C., P.M.v.K., E.S.R.v.d.D., W.W.d.H., R.A.F., L.J.H.), and Departments of Pathology (E.K., F.J.v.K.) and Surgery (G.J.H.F.), Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - G J H Franssen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology (S.G.C., P.M.v.K., E.S.R.v.d.D., W.W.d.H., R.A.F., L.J.H.), and Departments of Pathology (E.K., F.J.v.K.) and Surgery (G.J.H.F.), Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - W W de Herder
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology (S.G.C., P.M.v.K., E.S.R.v.d.D., W.W.d.H., R.A.F., L.J.H.), and Departments of Pathology (E.K., F.J.v.K.) and Surgery (G.J.H.F.), Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R A Feelders
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology (S.G.C., P.M.v.K., E.S.R.v.d.D., W.W.d.H., R.A.F., L.J.H.), and Departments of Pathology (E.K., F.J.v.K.) and Surgery (G.J.H.F.), Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - L J Hofland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology (S.G.C., P.M.v.K., E.S.R.v.d.D., W.W.d.H., R.A.F., L.J.H.), and Departments of Pathology (E.K., F.J.v.K.) and Surgery (G.J.H.F.), Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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248
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Qin L, Wang X, Zhang S, Feng S, Yin L, Zhou H. Lipopolysaccharide-induced autophagy participates in the control of pro-inflammatory cytokine release in grass carp head kidney leukocytes. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 59:389-397. [PMID: 27826112 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3B (LC3B) is a known marker of autophagy in mammals. In the present study, we isolated and identified grass carp LC3B (gcLC3B) cDNA and found its inductive expression in response to bacterial infection in vivo. To assess the occurrence of autophagy in immune response, the role of gcLC3B as an autophagy marker in grass carp was characterized. Accordingly, grass carp kidney cells (CIKs) with stable expression of GFP-gcLC3B were established and GFP-gcLC3B puncta were counted under a confocal fluorescence microscope. Results showed that starvation, a conventional inducer of autophagy, significantly enhanced GFP-gcLC3B puncta number, indicating the existence of gcLC3B-linked autophagy in fish cells. Moreover, a commercial antibody recognizing gcLC3B and 3-methyladenine (3-MA) were validated in grass carp CIKs, and used to evaluate autophagy in grass carp head kidney leukocytes (HKLs) in response to LPS. Western blotting assay showed that LPS significantly induced the conversion of gcLC3B protein, providing the evidence for autophagy induced by LPS in fish immune cells. Importantly, autophagy inhibition by 3-MA enhanced grass carp IL-1β and TNF-α secretion, indicating the involvement of autophagy in pro-inflammatory cytokine production. Besides, 3-MA could amplify LPS-induced IL-1β and TNF-α release, implying that autophagic induction may drive a mechanism for controlling inflammatory response in fish. Thus, our data highlight the role of autophagy in fish immunity and provide new insight into the mechanism for the regulation of inflammation in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Qin
- School of Life Science and Technology, Center for Informational Biology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyan Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Center for Informational Biology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengnan Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Center for Informational Biology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiyu Feng
- School of Life Science and Technology, Center for Informational Biology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Licheng Yin
- School of Life Science and Technology, Center for Informational Biology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Zhou
- School of Life Science and Technology, Center for Informational Biology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People's Republic of China.
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249
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Li J, Cai J, Zhao S, Yao K, Sun Y, Li Y, Chen L, Li R, Zhai X, Zhang J, Jiang C. GANT61, a GLI inhibitor, sensitizes glioma cells to the temozolomide treatment. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2016; 35:184. [PMID: 27894350 PMCID: PMC5127098 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-016-0463-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of downregulating Hedgehog pathway by GANT61 on human glioma cells, examine the consequent changes of temozolomide (TMZ)-induced effects and explore the molecular mechanisms. METHODS The cytotoxicity of a Gli1/2 inhibitor, GANT61 was examined both alone and in combination with TMZ in human glioma cell lines. The mRNA and protein expression alterations were determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blot, respectively. CCK-8 assay detected the cell proliferative capability. Apoptotic cell number was measured by flow cytometry. The transwell assay was used to test the cell invasive capability. DNA damage effect was identified by COMET assay and γH2AX expression. RESULTS Proliferation of tumor cells treated with GANT61 in combination with TMZ was significantly suppressed compared with those treated with either drug used alone. The combination treatment induced a higher rate of apoptosis, DNA damage and reduced the invasive capability of glioma cells. DNA damage repair enzyme MGMT and the Notch1 pathway increased in the cells treated by TMZ treatment. However, GANT61 could abrogated the protein increasing. CONCLUSIONS GANT61 sensitizes glioma cells to TMZ treatment by enhancing DNA damage effect, decreasing MGMT expression and the Notch1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlong Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 246 Xuefu Road, Nangang, 150086, Harbin, People's Republic of China.,Chinese Glioma Cooperative Group (CGCG), Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Jinquan Cai
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 246 Xuefu Road, Nangang, 150086, Harbin, People's Republic of China.,Neuroscience Institute, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin, 150086, China.,Chinese Glioma Cooperative Group (CGCG), Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Shihong Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 246 Xuefu Road, Nangang, 150086, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Yao
- Department of Pathology, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Ying Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 246 Xuefu Road, Nangang, 150086, Harbin, People's Republic of China.,Chinese Glioma Cooperative Group (CGCG), Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Yongli Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 246 Xuefu Road, Nangang, 150086, Harbin, People's Republic of China.,Chinese Glioma Cooperative Group (CGCG), Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Lingchao Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China.,Chinese Glioma Cooperative Group (CGCG), Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Ruiyan Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 246 Xuefu Road, Nangang, 150086, Harbin, People's Republic of China.,Chinese Glioma Cooperative Group (CGCG), Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Xiuwei Zhai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Daqing LongNan Hospital, Daqing, 163001, China
| | - Junhe Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 246 Xuefu Road, Nangang, 150086, Harbin, People's Republic of China. .,Chinese Glioma Cooperative Group (CGCG), Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Chuanlu Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 246 Xuefu Road, Nangang, 150086, Harbin, People's Republic of China. .,Neuroscience Institute, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin, 150086, China. .,Chinese Glioma Cooperative Group (CGCG), Beijing, 100050, China.
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250
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Belounis A, Nyalendo C, Le Gall R, Imbriglio TV, Mahma M, Teira P, Beaunoyer M, Cournoyer S, Haddad E, Vassal G, Sartelet H. Autophagy is associated with chemoresistance in neuroblastoma. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:891. [PMID: 27846885 PMCID: PMC5109645 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2906-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neuroblastoma (NB) is a frequent pediatric tumor characterized by a poor prognosis where a majority of tumors progress despite intensive multimodality treatments. Autophagy, a self-degradative process in cells, could be induced by chemotherapy and be associated with chemoresistance. The aim of this study was to determine whether: 1) autophagy is present in NB, 2) chemotherapy modified its levels, and 3) its inhibition decreased chemoresistance. Methods Immunohistochemical stainings were performed on samples from 184 NB patients in order to verify the expression of LC3B, a specific marker for autophagy, and Beclin 1, a positive regulator of autophagy. In addition, we performed an in vitro study with six NB cell lines and six drugs (vincristine, doxorubicin, cisplatin temozolomide, LY294002 and syrolimus). Inhibition of autophagy was performed using ATG5 knockdown cells or hydroxychloroquine (HCQ). Cell survival was measured using the MTT cell proliferation assay. Autophagy was detected by monodansylcadaverine, confocal microscopy and Western blot. In vivo study with tumor xenografts in NSG mice was performed. Results Our results have indicated that autophagy was present at low levels in NB and was not a prognostic factor, while Beclin 1 was highly expressed in children with poor NB prognosis. However, autophagy levels increased after chemotherapy in vitro and in vivo. Tumor progression was significantly decreased in mice treated with a combination of HCQ and vincristine. Conclusions Taken together, autophagy is present in NB, induced by chemotherapy and associated with chemoresistance, which is significantly reduced by its inhibition. Therefore, targeting autophagy represents a very attractive approach to develop new therapeutic strategies in NB. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-016-2906-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assila Belounis
- Research centre of the Sainte Justine university hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of pathology and cellular biology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Carine Nyalendo
- Department of biochemistry, CHU Sainte Justine, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Roxane Le Gall
- Research centre of the Sainte Justine university hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Tina V Imbriglio
- Research centre of the Sainte Justine university hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Mohamed Mahma
- Research centre of the Sainte Justine university hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Pierre Teira
- Division of paediatric oncology, CHU Sainte Justine, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Mona Beaunoyer
- Department of surgery, CHU Sainte Justine, 3175, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sonia Cournoyer
- Research centre of the Sainte Justine university hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Elie Haddad
- Research centre of the Sainte Justine university hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Gilles Vassal
- Department of paediatric oncology, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Hervé Sartelet
- Research centre of the Sainte Justine university hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada. .,Department of pathology and cellular biology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada. .,Department of pathology and cytogenetic, CHU Sainte Justine, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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