201
|
Parenting Stress Related to Behavioral Problems and Disease Severity in Children with Problematic Severe Asthma. J Clin Psychol Med Settings 2016; 22:179-93. [PMID: 26054697 PMCID: PMC4575360 DOI: 10.1007/s10880-015-9423-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Our study examined parenting stress and its association with behavioral problems and disease severity in children with problematic severe asthma. Research participants were 93 children (mean age 13.4 ± 2.7 years) and their parents (86 mothers, 59 fathers). As compared to reference groups analyzed in previous research, scores on the Parenting Stress Index in mothers and fathers of the children with problematic severe asthma were low. Higher parenting stress was associated with higher levels of internalizing and externalizing behavioral problems in children (Child Behavior Checklist). Higher parenting stress in mothers was also associated with higher airway inflammation (FeNO). Thus, although parenting stress was suggested to be low in this group, higher parenting stress, especially in the mother, is associated with more airway inflammation and greater child behavioral problems. This indicates the importance of focusing care in this group on all possible sources of problems, i.e., disease exacerbations and behavioral problems in the child as well as parenting stress.
Collapse
|
202
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is common, life-long in nature, and can be very debilitating. Thus, an intensive search is on to identify the potential risk factors for the disorder. Premature birth has been identified as one potential factor that could influence potential symptoms of ASD. METHOD The sample for this study consisted of 1655 at risk children for developmental delays who were 17-37 months of age. Participants were divided into those diagnosed with ASD (n = 916) and children with atypical development only (n = 739). RESULTS Premature births were almost twice as common for the atypical development group versus the ASD group. CONCLUSIONS Implications of these data are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L Goldin
- a Department of Psychology , Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge , LA , USA
| | - Johnny L Matson
- a Department of Psychology , Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge , LA , USA
| |
Collapse
|
203
|
Interventions for Parents of People with Intellectual Disabilities. CURRENT DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS REPORTS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40474-016-0088-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
204
|
Hall SS, Wright HF, Hames A, Mills DS. The long-term benefits of dog ownership in families with children with autism. J Vet Behav 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jveb.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
205
|
Cohen SR, Zeedyk S, Tipton LA, Rodas NV, Blacher J. Fathers of children with or without ID: understanding long-term psychological symptoms. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH : JIDR 2016; 60:295-307. [PMID: 26708718 PMCID: PMC4925317 DOI: 10.1111/jir.12232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Researchers have primarily relied on mother report to understand the parenting contexts of rearing children with intellectual disabilities. Fathers are increasingly being considered as equally important reporters of their child's behaviours, as they have unique and independent relationships with their children. The purpose of this study was to understand how one source of stress - reports of child behaviour problems - along with spousal support related to parenting tasks, associated with fathers' reports of psychological symptoms over time. METHOD One hundred eighty-two father participants completed measures of child behaviour problems, spousal support and psychological symptoms. Growth curve modelling was employed to examine paternal psychological symptoms over the child's developmental trajectory. RESULTS Fathers' reports of child behaviour problems predicted initial levels of paternal psychological symptoms but did not predict change in paternal psychological symptoms over time. Spousal support further reduced initial levels of paternal psychological symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Child behaviour problems are more important than disability status in predicting father's psychological symptoms. Spousal support predicts paternal psychological symptoms and can be viewed as an additional resource for fathers. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
Collapse
|
206
|
Wainer AL, Hepburn S, McMahon Griffith E. Remembering parents in parent-mediated early intervention: An approach to examining impact on parents and families. AUTISM : THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2016; 21:5-17. [PMID: 26951325 DOI: 10.1177/1362361315622411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this review is to advance the discussion regarding meaningful outcomes of early intervention for children with autism spectrum disorder. The rapid growth in the development and evaluation of early intervention approaches for autism spectrum disorder includes both therapist-driven and parent-mediated interventions. The majority of research on both approaches to early intervention focuses on promoting child outcomes (e.g. language acquisition) with less emphasis on family and parent outcomes (e.g. quality of life, self-efficacy). Given that parent buy-in is essential for parent-mediated interventions to be effective over time, increased attention to family outcomes that are of value to families and have the potential to be impacted positively by these interventions is needed to develop, disseminate, and sustain high-quality interventions in community settings. In this review, we draw from work on parent and family outcomes targeted in related fields (e.g. Part C early intervention, pediatric chronic illness, behavior management parent training) that we propose are particularly relevant for evaluating the impact of parent-mediated interventions in early intervention for autism spectrum disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allison L Wainer
- Rush University Autism Assessment, Research, and Treatment Center, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
207
|
Potijk MR, de Winter AF, Bos AF, Kerstjens JM, Reijneveld SA. Co-occurrence of developmental and behavioural problems in moderate to late preterm-born children. Arch Dis Child 2016; 101:217-22. [PMID: 26471109 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2015-308958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the occurrence of emotional and behavioural problems (EBP) in moderate to late preterm (MLP) and full-term children with developmental delay. DESIGN Participants were recruited from 13 randomly selected preventive child healthcare (PCH) centres in the Netherlands. We included 903 MLP children of 32-36 weeks' gestation and 538 full-term controls, born between January 2002 and June 2003. Parents completed the Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ) and Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL) shortly before the scheduled PCH visit at 4 years of age. Co-occurrence was defined as: ASQ total or domain score >2 SDs below the mean and a CBCL score >84th percentile on total problems, internalising (emotional) or externalising (behavioural) problems. RESULTS EBP were more prevalent among MLP children with abnormal ASQ total problems scores than among full-term children, particularly regarding externalising problems (33.8% vs 23.8%). In MLP children, rates of EBP differed per developmental domain and were highest for the domains problem-solving (36.0% had externalising problems, 95% CI 24.1% to 49.9%) and personal-social skills (38.7% had internalising problems, 95% CI 26.4% to 52.8%). The risk of any type of co-occurrence was higher for MLP than for full-term children (OR 1.86; 95% CI 1.14 to 3.03). Independent risk factors for co-occurrence were male gender, low socioeconomic status and young maternal age. CONCLUSIONS Up to 39% of 4-year-old MLP children with developmental delay also have EBP, indicating that increased awareness of EBP is warranted in MLP children with developmental delay. Further research is needed to determine whether early detection of co-occurring problems results in better long-term health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marieke R Potijk
- Department of Health Sciences, Community and Occupational Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea F de Winter
- Department of Health Sciences, Community and Occupational Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arend F Bos
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jorien M Kerstjens
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sijmen A Reijneveld
- Department of Health Sciences, Community and Occupational Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
208
|
Mitchell DB, Szczerepa A, Hauser-Cram P. Spilling over: Partner parenting stress as a predictor of family cohesion in parents of adolescents with developmental disabilities. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2016; 49-50:258-267. [PMID: 26741262 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2015.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Family cohesion relates to positive outcomes for both parents and children. Maintaining cohesion may be especially challenging for families of adolescents with developmental disabilities, yet this has been studied infrequently in this group. We investigated cohesion in these families, particularly with respect to partner stress, using the notion of the 'spillover effect' as a model. Adolescents with disabilities and their parents participated. Parents reported on teen adaptive and problem behaviours and on marital satisfaction, parenting stress, and family cohesion. The stress of one partner was tested as a predictor of the quality of family cohesion reported by the other. Adolescent behaviour problems were negative predictors of family cohesion in mothers, and marital satisfaction positively predicted cohesion for both parents. Above other factors, greater partner stress predicted poorer family cohesion for both fathers and mothers. Marital satisfaction acted as a suppressor of this relation. To improve the overall climate of families, care providers should take into consideration individual relationships, including the marital relationship. In addition, the possibility of spillover from one individual to another should be recognized as a factor in family functioning. Family-centred practices are likely to lead to greater feelings of cohesion and overall better individual and family well-being.
Collapse
|
209
|
Guralnick MJ. Early Intervention for Children with Intellectual Disabilities: An Update. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES 2016; 30:211-229. [DOI: 10.1111/jar.12233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Guralnick
- Center on Human Development and Disability; University of Washington; Seattle WA USA
| |
Collapse
|
210
|
Improving child self-regulation and parenting in families of pre-kindergarten children with developmental disabilities and behavioral difficulties. PREVENTION SCIENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR PREVENTION RESEARCH 2016; 16:222-32. [PMID: 24676874 DOI: 10.1007/s11121-014-0482-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The transition to school may be particularly difficult for children with developmental disabilities and behavioral difficulties. Such children are likely to experience problems with self-regulation skills, which are critical to school adjustment. Additionally, inconsistent discipline practices and low parental involvement in children's schooling may contribute to a poor transition to school. This study employed a randomized clinical trial to examine the effects of a school readiness intervention that focused on children's self-regulation skills as well as parenting and parental involvement in school. Results showed that the intervention had positive effects on children's self-regulation in kindergarten as measured by teacher and observer reports. Additionally, the intervention significantly reduced ineffective parenting prior to school entry, which in turn affected parental involvement. This finding is significant because it demonstrates that parental involvement in school may be increased by efforts to improve parenting skills in general. Overall, the study demonstrated that school adjustment across kindergarten among children with developmental disabilities and behavioral difficulties can be enhanced through an intervention aimed specifically at improving school readiness skills.
Collapse
|
211
|
Early childhood psychological factors and risk for bedwetting at school age in a UK cohort. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2016; 25:519-28. [PMID: 26294078 PMCID: PMC4854940 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-015-0756-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
There is evidence for a link between psychological factors and bedwetting, but the direction of this association is unclear. Using data on 8769 children from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, we examined whether difficult temperament (Toddler Temperament Scale at 24 months; Emotionality Activity Sociability Questionnaire at 38 months) and psychological problems (Revised Rutter Parent Scale for Preschool Children at 42 months) are linked to bedwetting at school age. We examined the association between these risk factors and different patterns of bedwetting from 4 to 9 years using multinomial regression. Difficult temperament and psychological problems in early childhood were associated with increased odds of bedwetting at 4-9 years. The strongest associations were most often found for the pattern of bedwetting that was both frequent (at least twice a week) and persistent (up to age 9) e.g. the temperament traits of 'adaptability' and 'mood' were associated with a 33 % increase (95 % confidence interval = 1.14-1.55) and a 27 % increase (1.10-1.47) respectively in the odds of persistent and frequent bedwetting per one standard deviation increase in risk score. Early behaviour problems (e.g. conduct problems [1.43 (1.25, 1.63)] and hyperactivity [1.29 (1.11, 1.50), p < 0.001]) were also associated with frequent and persistent bedwetting, but there was less evidence that early emotional difficulties were risk factors for bedwetting. Adjustment for confounders did not alter these conclusions. The presence of difficult temperament and behaviour problems in early childhood might help to identify children who will continue to experience bedwetting at school age.
Collapse
|
212
|
Ros R, Hernandez J, Graziano PA, Bagner DM. Parent Training for Children With or at Risk for Developmental Delay: The Role of Parental Homework Completion. Behav Ther 2016; 47:1-13. [PMID: 26763493 PMCID: PMC4714771 DOI: 10.1016/j.beth.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the extent to which parental homework completion during behavioral parent training (BPT) for children with or at risk for developmental delay contributed to parenting and child outcomes. Parents of 48 children (Mage=44.17 months, SD=14.29; 73% male; 72% White) with developmental delay (IQ<75) or at risk for developmental delay (due to premature birth) with co-occurring clinically elevated externalizing behavior problems received Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) as part of two previously completed randomized controlled trials. Parental homework completion was measured using parental report of home practice of treatment skills collected weekly by therapists. Parents also reported on child externalizing behavior problems and levels of parenting stress, while parenting skills were observed during a 5-min child directed play and child compliance was observed during a 5-min cleanup situation. Results indicated that higher rates of parental homework completion predicted parenting outcomes (i.e., increased positive parenting skills and decreased levels of parenting stress) and child outcomes (i.e., lower levels of externalizing behavior problems). Additionally, although limited by temporal precedence, there was an indirect effect of reductions in parenting stress on the negative association between parental homework completion and child externalizing behavior problems. These findings highlight the importance of parents practicing skills learned during BPT for optimizing treatment outcome. Parenting stress was also identified as a potential mechanism by which high levels of parental homework completion contributed to reductions in child externalizing behavior problems.
Collapse
|
213
|
Giné C, Gràcia M, Vilaseca R, Salvador Beltran F, Balcells-Balcells A, Dalmau Montalà M, Luisa Adam-Alcocer A, Teresa Pro M, Simó-Pinatella D, Maria Mas Mestre J. Family Quality of Life for People With Intellectual Disabilities in Catalonia. JOURNAL OF POLICY AND PRACTICE IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/jppi.12134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
214
|
Valla L, Wentzel-Larsen T, Hofoss D, Slinning K. Prevalence of suspected developmental delays in early infancy: results from a regional population-based longitudinal study. BMC Pediatr 2015; 15:215. [PMID: 26678149 PMCID: PMC4683867 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-015-0528-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prevalence estimates on suspected developmental delays (SDD) in young infants are scarce and a necessary first step for planning an early intervention. We investigated the prevalence of SDD at 4, 6 and 12 months, in addition to associations of SDD with gender, prematurity and maternal education. Methods This study is based on a Norwegian longitudinal sample of 1555 infants and their parents attending well-baby clinics for regular health check-ups. Moreover, parents completed the Norwegian translation of the Ages and Stages Questionnaires (ASQ) prior to the check-up, with a corrected gestational age being used to determine the time of administration for preterm infants. Scores ≤ the established cut-offs in one or more of the five development areas: communication, gross motor, fine motor, problem solving and personal-social, which defined SDD for an infant were reported. Chi-square tests were performed for associations between the selected factors and SDD. Results According to established Norwegian cut-off points, the overall prevalence of SDD in one or more areas was 7.0 % (10.3 % US cut-off) at 4 months, 5.7 % (12.3 % US cut-off) at 6 months and 6.1 % (10.3 % US cut-off) at 12 months. The highest prevalence of SDD was in the gross motor area at all three time points. A gestational age of < 37 weeks revealed a significant association with the communication SDD at 4 months, and with the fine motor and personal social SDD at 6 months. Gender was significantly associated with the fine motor and problem solving SDD at 4 months and personal- social SDD at 6 months: as more boys than girls were delayed. No significant associations were found between maternal education and the five developmental areas of the ASQ. Conclusion Our findings indicate prevalence rates of SDD between 5.7 and 7.0 % in Norwegian infants between 4 and 12 months of age based on the Norwegian ASQ cut-off points (10.3–12.3 %, US cut-off points). During the first year of life, delay is most frequent within the gross motor area. Special attention should be paid to infants born prematurely, as well as to boys. Separate norms for boys and girls should be considered for the ASQ. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12887-015-0528-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisbeth Valla
- National Network for Infant Mental Health in Norway, Center for Child and Adolescent Mental Health, Eastern and Southern Norway, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Tore Wentzel-Larsen
- Center for Child and Adolescent Mental Health, Eastern and Southern Norway, Oslo, Norway. .,Norwegian Center for Violence and Traumatic Stress Studies, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Dag Hofoss
- Institute of Health and Society, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Kari Slinning
- National Network for Infant Mental Health in Norway, Center for Child and Adolescent Mental Health, Eastern and Southern Norway, Oslo, Norway. .,Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
215
|
Crapnell TL, Woodward LJ, Rogers CE, Inder TE, Pineda RG. Neurodevelopmental Profile, Growth, and Psychosocial Environment of Preterm Infants with Difficult Feeding Behavior at Age 2 Years. J Pediatr 2015; 167:1347-53. [PMID: 26490123 PMCID: PMC4662882 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2015.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the association of difficult feeding behaviors in very preterm infants at age 2 years with growth and neurodevelopmental outcomes and family factors and functioning. STUDY DESIGN Eighty children born ≤30 weeks gestation were studied from birth until age 2 years. Feeding difficulties were assessed using the Eating Subscale of the Infant-Toddler Social Emotional Assessment at age 2 years, along with growth measurement and developmental testing. Maternal mental health and family factors were assessed using standardized questionnaires. ANOVA and χ(2) analyses were performed to determine associations between feeding difficulties and growth, neurodevelopmental outcomes, and family characteristics. RESULTS Twenty-one children (26%) were at risk for feeding difficulties, and an additional 18 (23%) had definite feeding difficulties at age 2 years. Those with feeding difficulties were more likely to be subject to a range of neurodevelopmental problems, including impaired cognition (P = .02), language (P = .04), motor (P = .01), and socioemotional (P < .007) skills. Compared with the parents of children with fewer feeding difficulties, parents of the children with feeding difficulties had higher parenting stress (P = .02) and reported more difficulty managing their child's behavior (P = .002) and more frequent parent-child interaction problems (P = .002). No associations were found between difficult feeding behaviors and growth, maternal mental health, or family factors. CONCLUSION Difficult feeding behaviors in children born very preterm appear to be highly comorbid with other developmental and family challenges, including neurodevelopmental impairment and parent-child interaction difficulties. Focusing on improving feeding skills, in conjunction with supporting positive parent-child interactions, may be beneficial for improving outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tara L Crapnell
- Program in Occupational Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Lianne J Woodward
- Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Cynthia E Rogers
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Terrie E Inder
- Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Roberta G Pineda
- Program in Occupational Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO; Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO.
| |
Collapse
|
216
|
Stratis EA, Lecavalier L. Informant agreement for youth with autism spectrum disorder or intellectual disability: a meta-analysis. J Autism Dev Disord 2015; 45:1026-41. [PMID: 25253177 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-014-2258-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated informant agreement on emotional and behavior problems and social skills in youth with autism spectrum disorder or intellectual disability using meta-analytic methods. Forty-nine studies were included, consisting of 107 effect sizes. The mean weighted effect size across all raters and all behaviors was .36, reflecting moderate agreement. Consistent with meta-analyses in typically developing youth, pairs of similar informants (e.g., parent-parent) demonstrated higher agreement compared to pairs of different raters (e.g., parent-teacher). With all rater pairs combined, agreement was significantly higher for externalizing problems (r = .42) than either internalizing problems (r = .35) or social skills (r = .30). Several factors appear to moderate the level of agreement among informants, including the youth's diagnosis, age, and IQ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Stratis
- Department of Psychology, Nisonger Center, Ohio State University, 371D McCampbell Hall, 1581 Dodd Drive, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
217
|
Cheng ER, Palta M, Poehlmann-Tynan J, Witt WP. The Influence of Children's Cognitive Delay and Behavior Problems on Maternal Depression. J Pediatr 2015; 167:679-86. [PMID: 26163083 PMCID: PMC4554998 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the impact of children's cognitive delay and behavior on maternal depressive symptoms using a large national cohort of US families. STUDY DESIGN Data were drawn from 2 waves of the nationally representative Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Birth Cohort (n = 7550). Cognitive delay was defined at age 24 months by the lowest 10th percentile of the Bayley Short Form-Research Edition. At age 4 years, the children's behavior was assessed using the Preschool and Kindergarten Behavior Scales, administered to mothers and primary nonparental child care providers, and maternal depressive symptoms with the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale. Weighted generalized estimating equation models examined whether the children's behavior mediated the relationship between their cognitive delay status at 24 months and 4-year maternal depressive outcomes. RESULTS At age 4 years, 26.9% of mothers of children with cognitive delay reported high depressive symptoms, compared with 17.4% of mothers of typically developing children (P < .0001). When the children's behavior was accounted for, the effect of cognitive delay on maternal depressive symptoms decreased by 36% (P < .0001). These findings remained significant when the children's behaviors were assessed by their primary nonparental care providers. CONCLUSION Caring for a child with a cognitive delay influences maternal depressive symptoms in part through the child's behavior problems. Preventive interventions to ameliorate adverse outcomes for children with cognitive delay and their families should consider the impact of the children's behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erika R Cheng
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Division of General Academic Pediatrics, MassGeneral Hospital for Children, Boston, MA.
| | - Mari Palta
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI; Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | - Julie Poehlmann-Tynan
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | - Whitney P Witt
- Division of Maternal and Child Health Research, Truven Health Analytics, Durham, NC
| |
Collapse
|
218
|
La Valle C. The Effectiveness of Mentoring Youth with Externalizing and Internalizing Behavioral Problems on Youth Outcomes and Parenting Stress: A Meta-analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/13611267.2015.1073565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
219
|
Roberts LR, Neece CL. Feasibility of Mindfulness-based Stress Reduction Intervention for Parents of Children with Developmental Delays. Issues Ment Health Nurs 2015; 36:592-602. [PMID: 26379133 DOI: 10.3109/01612840.2015.1017063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) interventions are popular as a treatment strategy for myriad diagnoses in various settings, and may be beneficial for parents of children with developmental delays (DD). However, prior research suggests extreme levels of stress and extraordinary demands on time among these parents, making the feasibility of effectively implementing MBSR with this population questionable. This study examined the feasibility of administering standard MBSR to a diverse community-based sample of parents of young children with DD. The potential impact of MBSR interventions includes improvement in parents' mental health, and collateral benefits for the family environment, including improved child behavior. Nurses may have an integral role in interdisciplinary teams providing MBSR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa R Roberts
- a Loma Linda University, School of Nursing , Loma Linda , California , USA
| | - Cameron L Neece
- a Loma Linda University, School of Nursing , Loma Linda , California , USA
| |
Collapse
|
220
|
Trajectories of Internalizing and Externalizing Behavior Problems in Children with Developmental Disabilities. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10802-015-0055-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
221
|
Bemister TB, Brooks BL, Dyck RH, Kirton A. Predictors of caregiver depression and family functioning after perinatal stroke. BMC Pediatr 2015; 15:75. [PMID: 26174779 PMCID: PMC4502550 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-015-0397-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perinatal stroke is a leading cause of cerebral palsy and lifelong neurological morbidity. Studies on perinatal stroke outcomes are increasing, although examinations of its broader impact on parents and families have been limited. A recent study found that parents of children with moderate and severe outcomes have increased risk for psychosocial concerns, including depressive symptoms and poor family functioning. Other parents adapt remarkably well, but how this occurs is unknown. The primary aim of this study was to examine predictors of parent and family outcomes, namely caregiver depression and family functioning. The secondary aim was to explore potential mediators and moderators of the relationship between condition severity and parent and family outcomes. METHODS Parents were recruited from a large, population-based perinatal stroke research cohort, and they completed measures assessing their demographics, social supports, stress levels, marital quality, feelings of guilt and blame, psychological well-being, and family functioning. Bivariate analyses compared these variables. Predictor variables, mediators, and moderators were chosen according to the strength of their relationship with the outcome variables (i.e., caregiver depression and family functioning) and theory. Hierarchical regression, mediator, and moderator analyses were conducted accordingly. RESULTS A total of 103 parents participated in this study (76 mothers, 27 fathers; mean age of 39.2 years; mean child age of 7.46 years). Condition severity, anxiety, social support, and blame independently predicted caregiver depression while condition severity, stress levels, and marital quality independently predicted family functioning. Blame regarding the cause of their child's condition also mediated the relationship between condition severity and caregiver depression. CONCLUSIONS Adverse parental outcomes can be predicted in perinatal stroke populations. Moreover, anxiety and stress management techniques, marital support, and psychoeducation regarding the unpreventable nature of perinatal stroke may be utilized in the future to enhance family outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taryn B Bemister
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1 N4, Canada. .,Calgary Pediatric Stroke Program, Alberta Children's Hospital, 2888 Shaganappi Trail NW, Calgary, AB, T3B 6A8, Canada.
| | - Brian L Brooks
- Neurosciences, Brain Injury and Rehabilitation Program, Alberta Children's Hospital, 2888 Shaganappi Trail NW, Calgary, AB, T3B 6A8, Canada. .,Departments of Paediatrics and Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4 N1, Canada. .,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Heritage Medical Research Building, Room 293, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4 N1, Canada.
| | - Richard H Dyck
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1 N4, Canada.
| | - Adam Kirton
- Calgary Pediatric Stroke Program, Alberta Children's Hospital, 2888 Shaganappi Trail NW, Calgary, AB, T3B 6A8, Canada. .,Departments of Paediatrics and Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4 N1, Canada. .,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Heritage Medical Research Building, Room 293, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4 N1, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
222
|
Griffith GM, Hastings RP, Petalas MA, Lloyd TJ. Mothers' expressed emotion towards children with autism spectrum disorder and their siblings. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH : JIDR 2015; 59:580-7. [PMID: 25521064 DOI: 10.1111/jir.12178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Expressed emotion (EE) is a construct used to measure the emotional climate within families. EE is of interest to researchers in the field of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) because of its putative implications for child development. The aim was to explore whether maternal EE differs towards a child with ASD and a non-disabled sibling. METHODS We adopted a within-family design with 143 mothers of children with ASD and a non-disabled sibling. EE was measured using the Five-Minute Speech Sample. RESULTS Wilcoxon signed-rank tests were utilised. Mothers were coded as significantly more critical and less warm towards their child with ASD than towards the sibling. There were no significant differences in maternal emotional overinvolvement or overall EE towards the child with ASD and a sibling. CONCLUSIONS The data support the results of previous research suggesting that EE is linked to the relationship a mother has with individual children, rather than being evidence of the character disposition of mothers. More research is needed to understand the emotional dimensions of parent-child relationships in families with children with ASD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G M Griffith
- School of Psychology, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
223
|
Minnes P, Perry A, Weiss JA. Predictors of distress and well-being in parents of young children with developmental delays and disabilities: the importance of parent perceptions. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH : JIDR 2015; 59:551-560. [PMID: 25169777 DOI: 10.1111/jir.12160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Moving from family-centred to child-centred models of service delivery can be stressful for parents as their young children with developmental delays and disabilities transition into school. The purpose of this paper was to explore and compare predictors of both distress and well-being in parents during this transition period. METHODS A sample of 155 mothers of 113 boys and 42 girls participated in the study. The mean age of the children was 4.9 years and their diagnoses included autism spectrum disorder (52%); unspecified intellectual disability/developmental delay (26%); Down syndrome (12%); other genetic conditions (4%) and other diagnoses (6%). Participants completed surveys primarily online focusing on child characteristics, family resources, parent coping strategies, parental distress and positive gain. RESULTS Multiple regression analyses were conducted to determine predictors of parent reported distress and positive gain. Parent coping variables were the strongest predictors of both positive gain and parental distress, with reframing emerging as a predictor of positive gain and parent empowerment emerging as a predictor of both greater positive gain and lower parental distress. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study highlight not only the importance of including positive as well as negative outcomes in research with parents but also the importance of including parent characteristics such as coping strategies (e.g. reframing and empowerment/self-efficacy) as potential predictors of outcome in such studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Minnes
- Department of Psychology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
224
|
Mitchell DB, Hauser-Cram P, Crossman MK. Relationship dimensions of the 'Down syndrome advantage'. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH : JIDR 2015; 59:506-18. [PMID: 25070618 PMCID: PMC4309742 DOI: 10.1111/jir.12153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some researchers have proposed an 'advantage' for parents of children with Down syndrome over parents of children with other intellectual disabilities, especially in relation to experiencing less parenting stress. Others have maintained that these differences are an artefact of demographic and related differences. This study extends the investigation of possible differences in dimensions of parenting stress and also examines whether differences exist in maternal and child contingent responsiveness during mother-child interaction in these two groups. METHOD Mothers of children with Down syndrome (n = 43) and undifferentiated developmental disabilities (n = 54) completed measures of children's adaptive functioning and behaviour problems, parenting stress and maternal social support. Observers rated the contingent interactions between mothers and children using the Nursing Child Assessment Teaching Scale. RESULTS Once mother's age, education and social support as well as child adaptive functioning and behaviour problems were considered, neither parent nor child related parenting stress demonstrated an advantage for parents of children with Down syndrome. However, a 'Down syndrome advantage' was apparent for both maternal and child contingent responsiveness after accounting for maternal demographic and contextual variables and child attributes. CONCLUSIONS Children with Down syndrome and their mothers have more positive interactions than children with other developmental disabilities, both in terms of the responsiveness of mothers and of child responses contingent on maternal behaviour. These findings suggest that both children with Down syndrome themselves and their mothers are contributing to a Down syndrome advantage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D B Mitchell
- Colby-Sawyer College, Social Sciences and Education, New London, NH, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
225
|
Machalicek W, Lang R, Raulston TJ. Training Parents of Children with Intellectual Disabilities: Trends, Issues, and Future Directions. CURRENT DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS REPORTS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s40474-015-0048-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
226
|
Mackler JS, Kelleher RT, Shanahan L, Calkins SD, Keane SP, O'Brien M. Parenting Stress, Parental Reactions, and Externalizing Behavior From Ages 4 to 10. JOURNAL OF MARRIAGE AND THE FAMILY 2015; 77:388-406. [PMID: 26778852 PMCID: PMC4712732 DOI: 10.1111/jomf.12163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The association between parenting stress and child externalizing behavior, and the mediating role of parenting, has yielded inconsistent findings; however, the literature has typically been cross-sectional and unidirectional. In the current study the authors examined the longitudinal transactions among parenting stress, perceived negative parental reactions, and child externalizing at 4, 5, 7, and 10 years old. Models examining parent effects (parenting stress to child behavior), child effects (externalizing to parental reactions and stress), indirect effects of parental reactions, and the transactional associations among all variables, were compared. The transactional model best fit the data, and longitudinal reciprocal effects emerged between parenting stress and externalizing behavior. The mediating role of parental reactions was not supported; however, indirect effects suggest that parenting stress both is affected by and affects parent and child behavior. The complex associations among parent and child variables indicate the importance of interventions to improve the parent-child relationship and reducing parenting stress.
Collapse
|
227
|
Robertson RE. The acquisition of problem behavior in individuals with developmental disabilities as a behavioral cusp. Behav Modif 2015; 39:475-95. [PMID: 25733661 DOI: 10.1177/0145445515572185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A behavioral cusp has been defined as a behavior change that produces contact with new contingencies with important and far-reaching consequences. The concept of behavioral cusps has most frequently been used to select target skills taught to learners and to evaluate the importance of those skills; however, the concept is equally applicable to behavior changes that bring about important and far-reaching negative consequences. Although it has been acknowledged that socially undesirable behavior change can also qualify as a behavioral cusp, this area of the cusp concept has been under-examined. In this article, an undesirable behavior change, the acquisition of problem behavior in individuals with developmental disabilities, is compared with criteria for behavioral cusps previously identified in the literature. The advantages of viewing problem behavior as a behavioral cusp are outlined, and implications for practice and research from a behavioral cusp approach to problem behavior are provided.
Collapse
|
228
|
Long KA, Kao B, Plante W, Seifer R, Lobato D. Cultural and child-related predictors of distress among Latina caregivers of children with intellectual disabilities. AMERICAN JOURNAL ON INTELLECTUAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2015; 120:145-165. [PMID: 25715183 DOI: 10.1352/1944-7558-120.2.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this article is to examine associations among socioeconomic, cultural, and child factors and maternal distress among families of children with intellectual disabilities (ID). Latino and nonLatino White (NLW) mothers of children with and without ID (N = 192) reported on familism, language acculturation, maternal distress, child adaptive functioning, and child behavior problems. Among mothers of children with ID, higher levels of child behavior problems mediated the association between Latina ethnicity and elevated maternal distress. Associations between child behavior problems and maternal distress in Latina mothers of children with ID were moderated by single-parent marital status, higher familism, and lower English usage. Thus, child and cultural factors contribute to elevated distress among Latina mothers of children with ID.
Collapse
|
229
|
Skotarczak L, Lee GK. Effects of parent management training programs on disruptive behavior for children with a developmental disability: a meta-analysis. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2015; 38:272-87. [PMID: 25577178 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
This meta-analysis determined the effects of parent management training (PMT) on disruptive behaviors in children with a developmental disability. Parent management training programs, based on behavioral theories of psychology, are commonly used in addressing disruptive behavior in children. Eleven studies met inclusion criteria with a total of 540 participants, with 275 in experimental groups and 265 in control groups. The effect of PMT on the disruptive behavior in children with a developmental disability was significant (g=0.39). The moderator effects of type of PMT, delivery type and setting, and administrator level of education were also significant. The moderator effects of child age, and session number and duration were not significant in this meta-analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Skotarczak
- University at Buffalo - State University of New York, United States.
| | | |
Collapse
|
230
|
McConnell D, Savage A. Stress and Resilience Among Families Caring for Children with Intellectual Disability: Expanding the Research Agenda. CURRENT DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS REPORTS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s40474-015-0040-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
231
|
Picard I, Morin D, De Mondehare L. Psychoeducational Program for Parents of Adolescents With Intellectual Disabilities. JOURNAL OF POLICY AND PRACTICE IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/jppi.12099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Picard
- Clinique Régionale d'Évaluation du Développement de L'enfant de Lanaudière; Joliette Québec Canada
| | - Diane Morin
- Département de Psychologie; Université du Québec à Montréal; Montreal Québec Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
232
|
Potharst ES, Houtzager BA, van Wassenaer-Leemhuis AG, Kok JH, Koot HM, Last BF. Maternal and Paternal Perception of Child Vulnerability and Behaviour Problems in Very Preterm Born Children. INFANT AND CHILD DEVELOPMENT 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/icd.1898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eva S. Potharst
- Psychosocial Department; Emma Children's Hospital/Academic Medical Centre; Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Department of Neonatology; Emma Children's Hospital/Academic Medical Centre; Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Department of Developmental Psychology and the EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research; VU University; Amsterdam The Netherlands
- UvA minds; academic outpatient child and adolescent treatment center of the University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Bregje A. Houtzager
- Psychosocial Department; Emma Children's Hospital/Academic Medical Centre; Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Department of Neonatology; Emma Children's Hospital/Academic Medical Centre; Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Medical Psychology; Deventer Hospital, Deventer; The Netherlands
| | | | - Joke H. Kok
- Department of Neonatology; Emma Children's Hospital/Academic Medical Centre; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Hans M. Koot
- Department of Developmental Psychology and the EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research; VU University; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Bob F. Last
- Psychosocial Department; Emma Children's Hospital/Academic Medical Centre; Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Department of Developmental Psychology and the EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research; VU University; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
233
|
Woodman AC, Mawdsley HP, Hauser-Cram P. Parenting stress and child behavior problems within families of children with developmental disabilities: Transactional relations across 15 years. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2015; 36C:264-276. [PMID: 25462487 PMCID: PMC4425632 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2014.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Parents of children with developmental disabilities (DD) are at increased risk of experiencing psychological stress compared to other parents. Children's high levels of internalizing and externalizing problems have been found to contribute to this elevated level of stress. Few studies have considered the reverse direction of effects, however, in families where a child has a DD. The present study investigated transactional relations between child behavior problems and maternal stress within 176 families raising a child with early diagnosed DD. There was evidence of both child-driven and parent-driven effects over the 15-year study period, spanning from early childhood (age 3) to adolescence (age 18), consistent with transactional models of development. Parent-child transactions were found to vary across different life phases and with different domains of behavior problems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashley C Woodman
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Tobin Hall 509, 135 Hicks Way, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
| | - Helena P Mawdsley
- College of Education, University of Florida, 618 SW 12th Street, Norman Hall, Gainesville, FL, 32601, USA.
| | - Penny Hauser-Cram
- Lynch School of Education, Boston College, 140 Commonwealth Avenue, Campion Hall, Room 239B, Newton, MA 02467, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
234
|
Kirby AV, White TJ, Baranek GT. Caregiver strain and sensory features in children with autism spectrum disorder and other developmental disabilities. AMERICAN JOURNAL ON INTELLECTUAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2015; 120:32-45. [PMID: 25551265 PMCID: PMC4562396 DOI: 10.1352/1944-7558-120.1.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Caring for children with disabilities contributes to increased levels of parent stress or caregiver strain. However, the potential relationship of sensory features to strain among caregivers of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and other developmental disabilities (DD) is unknown. Sensory features include overreactions, underreactions, and unusual interests in sensations, which may negatively impact family functioning. This descriptive study confirmed three caregiver strain types (i.e., objective, subjective internalized, subjective externalized) and explored differences among ASD (n = 71) and DD (n = 36) groups, with the ASD group reporting higher levels. Furthermore, this study explored the contribution of sensory features to caregiver strain, finding differential contributions to strain in the ASD group and covariate contributions (i.e., child cognition, mother's education) in the DD group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne V. Kirby
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, Division of Occupational Science & Occupational Therapy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Tamira J. White
- School of Education, Applied Developmental Science and Special Education, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Grace T. Baranek
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, Division of Occupational Science & Occupational Therapy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
235
|
Schuiringa H, van Nieuwenhuijzen M, Orobio de Castro B, Matthys W. Parenting and the parent-child relationship in families of children with mild to borderline intellectual disabilities and externalizing behavior. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2015; 36:1-12. [PMID: 25262097 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2014.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This cross-sectional study examined the association between parenting behavior, the parent-child relationship, and externalizing child behavior in families of children with mild to borderline intellectual disabilities (MBID). The families of a child with MBID and accompanying externalizing behavior problems (n=113) reported more positive discipline and physical punishment but less involvement, less positive parenting, less monitoring, a lower sense of parenting competence, less acceptance of the child, and less closeness to the child than the families of a child with MBID and no accompanying externalizing behavior problems (n=71). The parent-child relationship was most strongly associated with externalizing child behavior, over and above parenting behaviors. In addition, the parent-child relationship was found to be associated with parenting behavior, over and above the child's externalizing behavior. Our results highlight the importance of both the parent-child relationship and parenting behavior in connection with the occurrence of externalizing behavior problems on the part of children with MBID. Parenting behavior and the parent-child relationship may thus be promising targets for interventions with this group of children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hilde Schuiringa
- Department of Developmental Psychology, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80140, 3508 TC Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Maroesjka van Nieuwenhuijzen
- Department of Clinical Child and Family Studies, VU University of Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Learn Research Institute for Learning and Education, VU University of Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands; The EMGO + Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University of Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Bram Orobio de Castro
- Department of Developmental Psychology, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80140, 3508 TC Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Walter Matthys
- Department of Child and Adolescent Studies and Department of Psychiatry of University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80140, 3508 TC Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
236
|
Patel BR. Caregivers of veterans with "invisible" injuries: what we know and implications for social work practice. SOCIAL WORK 2015; 60:9-17. [PMID: 25643571 DOI: 10.1093/sw/swu043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Today, as a result of the longest volunteer-fought conflict in U.S. history, there are many wounded coming home not only with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), but also with traumatic brain injury (TBI), which together have been called the "signature" or "invisible" injuries of the Iraq and Afghanistan wars. Caregivers are an important part of their recovery, yet little is known about them, as previous research on caregivers mostly focused on geriatric populations. According to one estimate 275,000 to 1 million people are currently caring or have cared for loved ones who have returned from Iraq and Afghanistan. These caregivers are unique in that they are younger, some with children, and they are caring for a unique under-studied population for longer periods of time. This article summarizes literature on caregivers of veterans who suffer from PTSD, TBI, or both; provides a theoretical framework; and discusses implications for social workers in assisting caregivers and their families.
Collapse
|
237
|
Gray KE, Cradock MM, Kapp-Simon KA, Collett BR, Pullmann LD, Speltz ML. Longitudinal Analysis of Parenting Stress in Mothers and Fathers of Infants with and without Single-Suture Craniosynostosis. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2015; 52:3-11. [DOI: 10.1597/13-239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To examine longitudinal differences in reported stress between parents of children with and without single-suture craniosynostosis and to compare the stress reports of mothers and fathers. Design Multi-site, nonrandomized prospective study. Setting/Participants Children with single-suture craniosynostosis (cases) were identified via referral of the treating surgeon or physician at the time of diagnosis, and those without single-suture craniosynostosis (controls) were recruited from pediatric practices, birthing centers, and announcements in print media. When children were aged 6, 18, and 36 months (on average), mothers and fathers of children with and without single-suture craniosynostosis completed the Parenting Stress Index. For cases, 247 mothers and 211 fathers completed the Parenting Stress Index at the first visit; corresponding numbers for controls were 254 and 220, respectively. Main Outcome Measures The Parenting Stress Index Parent and Child Domains and subscales scores. Results We found few differences between parents of infants with and without single-suture craniosynostosis, regardless of parent gender. Irrespective of case status, mothers consistently reported higher stress than fathers on the Parent Domain. Within the Parent Domain, mothers reported more stress than fathers on the Role Restriction and Spousal Support subscales. Conclusions The parents of children with single-suture craniosynostosis reported levels of stress similar to those reported by parents of same-aged, unaffected children. Mothers reported greater stress than fathers, and these differences remained remarkably stable over time. This may reflect widely held perceptions of gender differences in parenting roles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristen E. Gray
- Department of Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Mary Michaeleen Cradock
- Department of Psychology, St. Louis Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Kathleen A. Kapp-Simon
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University, and Licensed Clinical Psychologist, Pediatric Psychologist, Shriners Hospital for Children, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Brent R. Collett
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Seattle Children's Hospital, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Lynette D. Pullmann
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Matthew L. Speltz
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Seattle Children's Hospital, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| |
Collapse
|
238
|
Fairthorne J, Hammond G, Bourke J, Jacoby P, Leonard H. Early mortality and primary causes of death in mothers of children with intellectual disability or autism spectrum disorder: a retrospective cohort study. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113430. [PMID: 25535971 PMCID: PMC4275172 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Mothers of children with intellectual disability or autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have poorer health than other mothers. Yet no research has explored whether this poorer health is reflected in mortality rates or whether certain causes of death are more likely. We aimed to calculate the hazard ratios for death and for the primary causes of death in mothers of children with intellectual disability or ASD compared to other mothers. Methods The study population comprised all mothers of live-born children in Western Australia from 1983–2005. We accessed state-wide databases which enabled us to link socio-demographic details, birth dates, diagnoses of intellectual disability or ASD in the children and dates and causes of death for all mothers who had died prior to 2011. Using Cox Regression with death by any cause and death by each of the three primary causes as the event of interest, we calculated hazard ratios for death for mothers of children intellectual disability or ASD compared to other mothers. Results and Discussion During the study period, mothers of children with intellectual disability or ASD had more than twice the risk of death. Mothers of children with intellectual disability were 40% more likely to die of cancer; 150% more likely to die of cardiovascular disease and nearly 200% more likely to die from misadventure than other mothers. Due to small numbers, only hazard ratios for cancer were calculated for mothers of children with ASD. These mothers were about 50% more likely to die from cancer than other mothers. Possible causes and implications of our results are discussed. Conclusion Similar studies, pooling data from registries elsewhere, would improve our understanding of factors increasing the mortality of mothers of children with intellectual disability or ASD. This would allow the implementation of informed services and interventions to improve these mothers' longevity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Fairthorne
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Geoff Hammond
- Health Department of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Jenny Bourke
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Peter Jacoby
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Helen Leonard
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
239
|
Norona AN, Baker BL. The transactional relationship between parenting and emotion regulation in children with or without developmental delays. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2014; 35:3209-3216. [PMID: 25178703 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2014.07.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Researchers have identified numerous internal and external factors that contribute to individual differences in emotion regulation (ER) abilities. To extend these findings, we examined the longitudinal effects of a significant external predictor (parenting) on children's ER abilities in the context of an internal predictor (intellectual functioning). We used cross-lagged panel modeling to investigate the transactional relationship between parenting and ER in children with or without developmental delays (DD) across three time points in early and middle childhood (age 3, 5, and 8). Participants were 225 families in the Collaborative Family Study, a longitudinal study of young children with or without DD. Child ER ability and maternal scaffolding skills were coded from mother-child interactions at ages 3, 5, and 8. Compared to children with typical development (TD), children with DD were significantly more dysregulated at all time points, and their mothers exhibited fewer scaffolding behaviors in early childhood. In addition, cross-lagged panel models revealed a significant bidirectional relationship between maternal scaffolding and ER from ages 3 to 5 in the DD group but not the TD group. These findings suggest that scaffolding may be a crucial parenting skill to target in the early treatment of children with ER difficulties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda N Norona
- Department of Psychology, University of California, 1285 Franz Hall, Box 951563, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1563, USA.
| | - Bruce L Baker
- Department of Psychology, University of California, 1285 Franz Hall, Box 951563, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1563, USA
| |
Collapse
|
240
|
Chen VCH, Yeh CJ, Lee TC, Chou JY, Shao WC, Shih DH, Chen CI, Lee PC. Symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and quality of life of mothers of school-aged children: The roles of child, mother, and family variables. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2014; 30:631-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.kjms.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
|
241
|
Emerson E, Blacher J, Einfeld S, Hatton C, Robertson J, Stancliffe RJ. Environmental risk factors associated with the persistence of conduct difficulties in children with intellectual disabilities and autistic spectrum disorders. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2014; 35:3508-3517. [PMID: 25238636 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2014.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the association between exposure to environmental risks in early childhood and the prevalence and persistence of conduct difficulties (CD) in children with intellectual disability (ID) who did not have autistic spectrum disorder (ASD), children with ASD and typically developing (TD) children. Results indicated that: (1) exposure to risk was associated with elevated prevalence of CD at age three and, for TD children and children with ID, increased risk of CD persisting to ages five and seven; (2) at all levels of risk, children with ASD were more likely to show persistent CD than other children; (3) children with ID were no more likely to show persistent CD than TD children at low levels of exposure to environmental risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Emerson
- University of Sydney, Australia; Lancaster University, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
242
|
Lancaster RL, Balling K, Hastings R, Lloyd TJ. Attributions, criticism and warmth in mothers of children with intellectual disability and challenging behaviour: a pilot study. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH : JIDR 2014; 58:1060-1071. [PMID: 23464804 DOI: 10.1111/jir.12029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Associations between parental expressed emotion (EE) or parental attributions and the problem behaviours of children with intellectual disability (ID) have been explored in ID research. However, a more detailed examination of the attributional model of EE has not been reported. In the present study, we partially replicated and extended research focused on mothers of typically developing children with behaviour problems. METHODS Twenty-seven mothers of children with ID and behaviour problems aged 4-9 years were interviewed about their most problematic behaviours exhibited by their child, and completed a Five Minute Speech Sample. Interview transcripts and speech samples were coded for maternal EE and spontaneous causal attributions regarding the child's behaviour problems. Data were also collected on maternal well-being, and the child's behaviour problems. RESULTS Mothers typically made attributions that were internal to the child, controllable by the child, personal to the child and stable for the child. Maternal attributions of being able to control the child's behaviour were associated with high maternal criticism and low warmth. Maternal depression was more strongly associated with the child's behaviour problems when mothers were coded as high in criticism or low in warmth. CONCLUSIONS Patterns of maternal attributions about their child's behaviour problems and their consequences for maternal well-being and maternal-child relationships require more research attention. Implications for practice are discussed, including the potential for maternal attributions to be incompatible with the focus of positive behaviour supports offered to families.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R L Lancaster
- Child and Family Therapy Services, Stalybridge, UK; Child Health, Wrexham Maelor Hospital, Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board, Wrexham, UK; Psychology, University of Wales Bangor, Bangor, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
243
|
Intervention and Support for Siblings of Youth with Developmental Disabilities: A Systematic Review. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 2014; 18:1-23. [DOI: 10.1007/s10567-014-0175-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
244
|
Stuttard L, Beresford B, Clarke S, Beecham J, Todd S, Bromley J. Riding the rapids: living with autism or disability--an evaluation of a parenting support intervention for parents of disabled children. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2014; 35:2371-2383. [PMID: 24973545 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2014.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Evidence on the effectiveness of interventions to support parents of disabled children to manage their child's behaviour problems is limited. The aim of this study was to evaluate a group-delivered intervention (Riding the Rapids) which was specifically developed for parents of a child with a disability or autistic spectrum condition. This programme has been routinely delivered by a community-based mental health team across an urban, multi-ethnic locality for a number of years. A non-randomised controlled study design comprising an intervention group (n=48) and comparator (no intervention) group (n=28) was used to evaluate the effects of the intervention on child behaviour (Eyberg Child Behaviour Inventory; parent-set goals) and parenting efficacy and satisfaction (Parents Sense of Competence Scale) at post-intervention and six-month follow-up. Data on costs to the service provider of delivering the intervention were also collected. Receipt of the intervention was associated with significant reductions in parent-reported behaviour problems and significant improvements in parenting efficacy and satisfaction. At six-month follow-up, progress towards achieving parent-set child behaviour goals and parenting satisfaction had been maintained. Post hoc analysis suggests parents who do not have English as a first language may not benefit as much as other parents from this intervention. Findings suggest this is a promising intervention for parents of a child with a disability that is likely to be less resource intensive to service providers than individually delivered interventions. Limitations and implications for future research are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Stuttard
- Social Policy Research Unit, University of York, York, UK.
| | | | - Susan Clarke
- Social Policy Research Unit, University of York, York, UK
| | - Jennifer Beecham
- Personal Social Services Research Unit, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
| | - Samantha Todd
- Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Jo Bromley
- Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| |
Collapse
|
245
|
The Role of Graduate Schools of Education in Training Autism Professionals to Work with Diverse Families. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-02603-9_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
|
246
|
Cheng ER, Palta M, Kotelchuck M, Poehlmann J, Witt WP. Cognitive delay and behavior problems prior to school age. Pediatrics 2014; 134:e749-57. [PMID: 25113290 PMCID: PMC4533234 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2014-0259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationship between cognitive delay (CD) and behavior problems between ages 9 months and 5 years, while adjusting for covariates related to CD. METHODS Data were from 4 waves of the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Birth Cohort (n = 8000). Children were classified as typically developing (TD) or as having resolved, newly developed, or persistent CD between 9 and 24 months, based on scores from the Bayley Short Form-Research Edition below or above the 10th percentile. Child behavior was measured by using the Infant/Toddler Symptom Checklist (ages 9 and 24 months) and the Preschool and Kindergarten Behavior Scales (ages 4 and 5 years); children in the top 10th percentile were considered to have a behavior problem. Hierarchical linear modeling estimated the effect of CD status on children's behavioral trajectories, adjusted for confounders. RESULTS CD resolved for 80.3% of children between 9 and 24 months. Behavior problems at 24 months were detected in 19.3%, 21.8%, and 35.5% of children with resolved, newly developed, and persistent CD, respectively, versus 13.0% of TD children. Behavior problems increased among children with CD over time, and more so among children with persistent CD. By age 5, children with persistent CD had behavior scores moderately (0.59 SD) higher than TD children. CONCLUSIONS Behavior problems among children with CD are slightly higher at 9 months, clearly evident by 24 months, and increase as children move toward school age. Efforts to promote the earliest identification, evaluation, and service referral may be necessary to improve outcomes for these children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erika Rose Cheng
- Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Division of General Academic Pediatrics, Center for Child and Adolescent Health Research and Policy, Boston, Massachusetts;
| | - Mari Palta
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Milton Kotelchuck
- Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Division of General Academic Pediatrics, Center for Child and Adolescent Health Research and Policy, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Julie Poehlmann
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin; and
| | - Whitney P. Witt
- Division of Maternal and Child Health Research, Truven Health Analytics, Bethesda, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
247
|
Green S, Caplan B, Baker B. Maternal supportive and interfering control as predictors of adaptive and social development in children with and without developmental delays. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH : JIDR 2014; 58:691-703. [PMID: 23865770 PMCID: PMC4876851 DOI: 10.1111/jir.12064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parents of children with developmental delays (DD) have been found to use more controlling behaviour with their children than parents of children with typical development (TD). While controlling behaviour is related to poorer developmental outcomes in TD children, there is little research on how it predicts outcomes in DD children. Furthermore, existing research tends to use inconsistent or non-specific definitions of controlling behaviour, often combining parent control which follows the child's goal (e.g. supportive direction) and that which interferes with the child's goal (e.g. interference). METHODS Participants were 200 mother-child dyads observed at child age 3, with follow-up assessments of adaptive behaviour and social skills administered at child ages 5 and 6, respectively. We coded the frequency of both types of controlling behaviour based on mothers' interactions with their children with TD (n = 113) or DD (n = 87) at age 3. RESULTS Mothers in the DD group used more interfering but not more supportive directive acts compared to mothers in the TD group. Adaptive behaviour was assessed at child age 5 and social skills were assessed at age 6. Higher frequency of supportive directive acts predicted better adaptive functioning for the TD group and better social skills for the DD group. Higher frequency of interfering acts predicted lower adaptive and social skills for children with DD but not with TD. CONCLUSIONS Results are discussed in terms of the differential developmental needs of children with and without DD as well as implications for early intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Green
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
248
|
Ellingsen R, Baker BL, Blacher J, Crnic K. Resilient parenting of preschool children at developmental risk. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH : JIDR 2014; 58:664-678. [PMID: 23834102 DOI: 10.1111/jir.12063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given the great benefits of effective parenting to child development under normal circumstances, and the even greater benefits in the face of risk, it is important to understand why some parents manage to be effective in their interactions with their child despite facing formidable challenges. This study examined factors that promoted effective parenting in the presence of child developmental delay, high child behaviour problems, and low family income. METHOD Data were obtained from 232 families at child age 3 and 5 years. Using an adapted ABCX model, we examined three risk domains (child developmental delay, child behaviour problems, and low family income) and three protective factors (mother's education, health, and optimism). The outcome of interest was positive parenting as coded from mother-child interactions. RESULTS Levels of positive parenting differed across levels of risk. Education and optimism appeared to be protective factors for positive parenting at ages 3 and 5, and health appeared to be an additional protective factor at age 5. There was an interaction between risk and education at age 3; mothers with higher education engaged in more positive parenting at higher levels of risk than did mothers with less education. There was also an interaction between risk and optimism at age 3; mothers with higher optimism engaged in more positive parenting at lower levels of risk than did mothers with less optimism. The risk index did not predict change in positive parenting from age 3-5, but the protective factor of maternal health predicted positive changes. CONCLUSIONS This study examined factors leading to positive parenting in the face of risk, a topic that has received less attention in the literature on disability. Limitations, future directions, and implications for intervention are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Ellingsen
- Psychology, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
249
|
Stephenson DD, Beaton EA, Weems CF, Angkustsiri K, Simon TJ. Identifying patterns of anxiety and depression in children with chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: comorbidity predicts behavioral difficulties and impaired functional communications. Behav Brain Res 2014; 276:190-8. [PMID: 24906195 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.05.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 05/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) is a complex genetic disorder with a variable clinical presentation that can include cardiac, neural, immunological, and psychological issues. Previous studies have measured elevated anxiety and depression in children with 22q11.2DS. Comorbity of anxiety and depression is well established in the pediatric literature but the nature of comorbidity patterns has not been empirically established in children with 22q11.2DS. Comorbidity of anxiety and depression has important implications for treatment and prognosis, and may be a marker of risk in this population of children at high-risk for developing schizophrenia. METHOD Participants were 131 boys and girls ages 8-14 with (n=76) and without (n=55) 22q11.2DS and their mothers. Children and mothers independently completed self- and parent-report measures of anxiety and depression. Mothers also completed measures of behavioral functioning including the Behavioral Assessment for Children, 2nd ed. (BASC-2). Cluster analyses were conducted to test if theoretically based groupings of anxiety and depression could be identified. We hypothesized four psychological profiles based on child- and mother-reports: low/no anxiety and low/no depression, higher depression and low/no anxiety, higher anxiety and no/low depression, and a comorbid profile of higher anxiety and higher depression. BASC-2 subscale scores were then compared across subgroups of children to determine if a comorbid profile would predict greater behavioral difficulties. RESULTS In the full sample of children both with and without 22q11.2DS, cluster analyses of self and maternal reported anxiety and depression revealed the expected subgroups: (1) a group of children with higher anxiety/lower depression (anxious); (2) a group with primary depression (lower anxiety/higher depression (depressed)); (3) a comorbid group with higher anxiety/higher depression (comorbid); and, (4) a lowest anxiety/lowest depression group (NP). Mothers' reports produced highly similar groupings. Furthermore, the 22q11.2DS youth were more likely to be in anxiety, depressed or comorbid clusters than the typically developing (TD) youth. Children with 22q11.2DS comorbid for anxiety and depression exhibited the worst functional outcomes (e.g., poor poorer functional communication, and reduced daily life activities). CONCLUSIONS Anxiety, comorbid with depression may be of particular concern in children with 22q11.2DS who arguably carry a greater burden on their stress coping resources than children without a complex genetic disorder. Furthermore, the manifestation of negative mood, anxiety and difficult behavior is likely to reverberate between the child and her or his environment. This can lead to negative interactions with family, peers, and teachers, which in turn further taxes coping resources. Comorbidity of anxiety and depression within a vulnerable population highlights the need for the development of tailored interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David D Stephenson
- Department of Psychology, University of New Orleans, 2000 Lakeshore Dr., New Orleans, LA 70148, United States
| | - Elliott A Beaton
- Department of Psychology, University of New Orleans, 2000 Lakeshore Dr., New Orleans, LA 70148, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis, 2230 Stockton Bvld., Sacramento, CA 95817, United States; MIND Institute, University of California Davis, 2825 50th Street, Sacramento, CA 95817, United States.
| | - Carl F Weems
- Department of Psychology, University of New Orleans, 2000 Lakeshore Dr., New Orleans, LA 70148, United States
| | - Kathleen Angkustsiri
- MIND Institute, University of California Davis, 2825 50th Street, Sacramento, CA 95817, United States; Department of Pediatrics, 2516 Stockton Blvd., Sacramento, CA 95817, United States
| | - Tony J Simon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis, 2230 Stockton Bvld., Sacramento, CA 95817, United States; MIND Institute, University of California Davis, 2825 50th Street, Sacramento, CA 95817, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
250
|
Will MN, Wilson BJ. A longitudinal analysis of parent and teacher ratings of problem behavior in boys with and without developmental delays. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES : JOID 2014; 18:176-187. [PMID: 24698956 DOI: 10.1177/1744629514528828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated parent and teacher ratings of behavior problems in children with and without intellectual disabilities at three time points over the course of 9 years. The group of children with intellectual disabilities (IDs) had higher behavior problem ratings than the group of children with no IDs (NIDs) across the three time points. Parents and teachers generally agreed on behavior, with the exception of attention problems and externalizing problems. The ratings of problem behavior remained stable over the three time points. Our findings imply that children with ID may be more likely to be perceived as having greater externalizing behaviors by teachers than by parents and that parents may perceive children as having greater attention problems than teachers. For the majority of the subscales, the lack of differences between parent and teacher ratings over time implies relative stability of ratings over a 9-year period from young childhood through adolescence for individuals with and without ID.
Collapse
|