201
|
Nagpal A, Clingenpeel MM, Thakkar RK, Fabia R, Lutmer J. Positive cumulative fluid balance at 72h is associated with adverse outcomes following acute pediatric thermal injury. Burns 2018; 44:1308-1316. [PMID: 29929899 DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2018.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the association between fluid resuscitation volume following pediatric burn injury and impact on outcomes. METHODS A retrospective chart review of pediatric patients (0-18 years) sustaining ≥15% TBSA burn, admitted to an American Burn Association verified pediatric burn center from 2010 to 2015. RESULTS Twenty-seven patients met inclusion criteria and had complete data available for analysis. Fifteen (56%) patients received greater than 6ml/kg/total body surface area burn in first 24h and twelve (44%) patients received less than 6ml/kg/percent total body surface area burn in first 24h. There were no differences between groups in median number of mechanical ventilator days (4 vs 8, p=0.96), intensive care unit length of stay (10 vs 13.5, p=0.75), or hospital length of stay (37 vs 37.5, p=0.56). Secondary analysis revealed that patients with a higher mean cumulative fluid overload (>253ml/kg, n=16) had larger burn size, higher injury severity scores, and were more likely to receive mechanical ventilation and invasive support devices. Controlling for burn size, odds of longer PICU length of stay and duration of mechanical ventilation were 20.33 [95% CI (1.7-235.6) p=0.02] and 27.9 [95% CI (2.1-364.7) p=0.01], respectively, among patients with a high cumulative fluid overload on day 3 compared to low cumulative fluid overload. CONCLUSIONS Resuscitation volume in the first 24h was not associated with adverse outcomes. Persistent cumulative fluid overload at day 3 and beyond was independently associated with adverse outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Nagpal
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, The Children's Hospital at OU Medical Center, 1200 Children's Ave, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, United States.
| | - Melissa-Moore Clingenpeel
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH 43215, United States; Biostatistics Core, The Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH, 43205, United States.
| | - Rajan K Thakkar
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH, 43205, United States; The Ohio State University College of Medicine, 370 W 9th Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, United States.
| | - Renata Fabia
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH, 43205, United States; The Ohio State University College of Medicine, 370 W 9th Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, United States.
| | - Jeffrey Lutmer
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH 43215, United States; The Ohio State University College of Medicine, 370 W 9th Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
202
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Although renal replacement therapy is widely used in critically ill children, there have been few comprehensive population-based studies of its use. This article describes renal replacement therapy use, and associated outcomes, in critically ill children across the United Kingdom in the largest cohort study of this patient group. DESIGN A retrospective observational study using prospectively collected data. SETTING Data from the Pediatric Intensive Care Audit Network database which collects data on all children admitted to U.K. PICUs. PATIENTS Children (< 16 yr) in PICU who received renal replacement therapy between January 1, 2005, and December 31, 2012, were identified. INTERVENTIONS Individual-level data including age, underlying diagnosis, modality (peritoneal dialysis and continuous extracorporeal techniques [continuous renal replacement therapy]), duration of renal replacement therapy, PICU length of stay, and survival were extracted. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Three-thousand eight-hundred twenty-five of 129,809 PICU admissions (2.9%) received renal replacement therapy in 30 of 33 centers. Volumes of renal replacement therapy varied considerably from 0% to 8.6% of PICU admissions per unit, but volume was not associated with patient survival. Overall survival to PICU discharge (73.8%) was higher than previous reports. Mortality risk was related to age, with lower risk in older children compared with neonates (odds ratio, 0.6; 95% CI, 0.5-0.8) although mortality did not increase over the age of 1 year; mode of renal replacement therapy, with lower risk in peritoneal dialysis than continuous renal replacement therapy methodologies (odds ratio, 0.7; 0.5-0.9); duration of renal replacement therapy (odds ratio, 1.02/d; 95% CI, 1.01-1.04); and primary diagnosis, with the lowest survival in liver disease patients (53.9%). CONCLUSIONS This study describes current renal replacement therapy use across the United Kingdom and associated outcomes. We describe a number of factors associated with outcome, including age, underlying diagnosis, and renal replacement therapy modality which will need to be factored into future trial design.
Collapse
|
203
|
Fluid overload independent of acute kidney injury predicts poor outcomes in neonates following congenital heart surgery. Pediatr Nephrol 2018; 33:511-520. [PMID: 29128923 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-017-3818-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 09/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fluid overload (FO) is common after neonatal congenital heart surgery and may contribute to mortality and morbidity. It is unclear if the effects of FO are independent of acute kidney injury (AKI). METHODS This was a retrospective cohort study which examined neonates (age < 30 days) who underwent cardiopulmonary bypass in a university-affiliated children's hospital between 20 October 2010 and 31 December 2012. Demographic information, risk adjustment for congenital heart surgery score, surgery type, cardiopulmonary bypass time, cross-clamp time, and vasoactive inotrope score were recorded. FO [(fluid in-out)/pre-operative weight] and AKI defined by Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes serum creatinine criteria were calculated. Outcomes were all-cause, in-hospital mortality and median postoperative hospital and intensive care unit lengths of stay. RESULTS Overall, 167 neonates underwent cardiac surgery using cardiopulmonary bypass in the study period, of whom 117 met the inclusion criteria. Of the 117 neonates included in the study, 76 (65%) patients developed significant FO (>10%), and 25 (21%) developed AKI ≥ Stage 2. When analyzed as FO cohorts (< 10%,10-20%, > 20% FO), patients with greater FO were more likely to have AKI (9.8 vs. 18.2 vs. 52.4%, respectively, with AKI ≥ stage 2; p = 0.013) and a higher vasoactive-inotrope score, and be premature. In the multivariable regression analyses of patients without AKI, FO was independently associated with hospital and intensive care unit lengths of stay [0.322 extra days (p = 0.029) and 0.468 extra days (p < 0.001), respectively, per 1% FO increase). In all patients, FO was also associated with mortality [odds ratio 1.058 (5.8% greater odds of mortality per 1% FO increase); 95% confidence interval 1.008,1.125;p = 0.032]. CONCLUSIONS Fluid overload is an important independent contributor to outcomes in neonates following congenital heart surgery. Careful fluid management after cardiac surgery in neonates with and without AKI is warranted.
Collapse
|
204
|
Alobaidi R, Morgan C, Basu RK, Stenson E, Featherstone R, Majumdar SR, Bagshaw SM. Association Between Fluid Balance and Outcomes in Critically Ill Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatr 2018; 172:257-268. [PMID: 29356810 PMCID: PMC5885847 DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2017.4540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE After initial resuscitation, critically ill children may accumulate fluid and develop fluid overload. Accruing evidence suggests that fluid overload contributes to greater complexity of care and worse outcomes. OBJECTIVE To describe the methods to measure fluid balance, define fluid overload, and evaluate the association between fluid balance and outcomes in critically ill children. DATA SOURCES Systematic search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, trial registries, and selected gray literature from inception to March 2017. STUDY SELECTION Studies of children admitted to pediatric intensive care units that described fluid balance or fluid overload and reported outcomes of interest were included. No language restrictions were applied. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS All stages were conducted independently by 2 reviewers. Data extracted included study characteristics, population, fluid metrics, and outcomes. Risk of bias was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Narrative description of fluid assessment methods and fluid overload definitions was done. When feasible, pooled analyses were performed using random-effects models. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Mortality was the primary outcome. Secondary outcomes included treatment intensity, organ failure, and resource use. RESULTS A total of 44 studies (7507 children) were included in this systematic review and meta-analysis. Of those, 27 (61%) were retrospective cohort studies, 13 (30%) were prospective cohort studies, 3 (7%) were case-control studies, and 1 study (2%) was a secondary analysis of a randomized trial. The proportion of children with fluid overload varied by case mix and fluid overload definition (median, 33%; range, 10%-83%). Fluid overload, however defined, was associated with increased in-hospital mortality (17 studies [n = 2853]; odds ratio [OR], 4.34 [95% CI, 3.01-6.26]; I2 = 61%). Survivors had lower percentage fluid overload than nonsurvivors (22 studies [n = 2848]; mean difference, -5.62 [95% CI, -7.28 to -3.97]; I2 = 76%). After adjustment for illness severity, there was a 6% increase in odds of mortality for every 1% increase in percentage fluid overload (11 studies [n = 3200]; adjusted OR, 1.06 [95% CI, 1.03-1.10]; I2 = 66%). Fluid overload was associated with increased risk for prolonged mechanical ventilation (>48 hours) (3 studies [n = 631]; OR, 2.14 [95% CI, 1.25-3.66]; I2 = 0%) and acute kidney injury (7 studies [n = 1833]; OR, 2.36 [95% CI, 1.27-4.38]; I2 = 78%). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Fluid overload is common and is associated with substantial morbidity and mortality in critically ill children. Additional research should now ideally focus on interventions aimed to mitigate the potential for harm associated with fluid overload.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rashid Alobaidi
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Stollery Children’s Hospital, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Catherine Morgan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Rajit K. Basu
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Erin Stenson
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Robin Featherstone
- Alberta Strategy for Patient-Oriented Research (SPOR) SUPPORT Unit Knowledge Translation Platform, Alberta Research Center for Health Evidence (ARCHE), Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Sumit R. Majumdar
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Sean M. Bagshaw
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
205
|
Fuhrman DY, Kane-Gill S, Goldstein SL, Priyanka P, Kellum JA. Acute kidney injury epidemiology, risk factors, and outcomes in critically ill patients 16-25 years of age treated in an adult intensive care unit. Ann Intensive Care 2018; 8:26. [PMID: 29445884 PMCID: PMC5812957 DOI: 10.1186/s13613-018-0373-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most studies of acute kidney injury (AKI) have focused on older adults, and little is known about AKI in young adults (16-25 years) that are cared for in an adult intensive care unit (ICU). We analyzed data from a large single-center ICU database and defined AKI using the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes criteria. We stratified patients 16-55 years of age into four age groups for comparison and used multivariable logistic regression to identify associations of potential susceptibilities and exposures with AKI and mortality. RESULTS AKI developed in 52.6% (n = 8270) of the entire cohort and in 39.8% of the young adult age group (16-25 years). The AUCs for the age categories were similar at 0.754, 0.769, 0.772, and 0.770 for the 16-25-, 26-35-, 36-45-, and 45-55-year age groups, respectively. For the youngest age group, diabetes (OR 1.89; 95% CI 1.09-3.29), surgical reason for admission (OR 1.79; 95% CI 1.44-2.23), severity of illness (OR 1.02; 95% CI 1.02-1.03), hypotension (OR 1.13; 95% CI 1.04-1.24), and certain medications (vancomycin and calcineurin inhibitors) were all independently associated with AKI. AKI was a significant predictor for longer length of stay, ICU mortality, and mortality after discharge. CONCLUSIONS AKI is a common event for young adults admitted to an adult tertiary care center ICU with an associated increased length of stay and risk of mortality. Potentially modifiable risk factors for AKI including medications were identified for all stratified age groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dana Y. Fuhrman
- Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, 4401 Penn Avenue, Children’s Hospital Drive, Faculty Pavilion Suite 2000, Pittsburgh, PA 15224 USA
| | - Sandra Kane-Gill
- School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, 638 Salk Hall, 3501 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
| | - Stuart L. Goldstein
- Center for Acute Care Nephrology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229 USA
| | - Priyanka Priyanka
- The Center for Critical Care Nephrology, 3347 Forbes Avenue, Ste 220, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
| | - John A. Kellum
- The Center for Critical Care Nephrology, 3347 Forbes Avenue, Ste 220, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
| |
Collapse
|
206
|
Sethi SK, Raghunathan V, Shah S, Dhaliwal M, Jha P, Kumar M, Paluri S, Bansal S, Mhanna MJ, Raina R. Fluid Overload and Renal Angina Index at Admission Are Associated With Worse Outcomes in Critically Ill Children. Front Pediatr 2018; 6:118. [PMID: 29765932 PMCID: PMC5938374 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2018.00118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: We investigated the association of fluid overload and oxygenation in critically sick children, and their correlation with various outcomes (duration of ventilation, ICU stay, and mortality). We also assessed whether renal angina index (RAI) at admission can predict mortality or acute kidney injury (AKI) on day 3 after admission. Design and setting: Prospective study, pediatric intensive care in a tertiary hospital. Duration: June 2013-June 2014. Patients: Patients were included if they needed invasive mechanical ventilation for >24 h and had an indwelling arterial catheter. Patients with congenital heart disease or those who received renal replacement therapy (RRT) were excluded. Methods: Oxygenation index, fluid overload percent (daily, cumulative), RAI at admission and pediatric logistic organ dysfunction (PELOD) score were obtained in all critically ill children. KDIGO classification was used to define AKI, using both creatinine and urine output criteria. Admission data for determination of RAI included the use of vasopressors, invasive mechanical ventilation, percent fluid overload, and change in kidney function (estimated creatinine clearance). Univariable and multivariable approaches were used to assess the relations between fluid overload, oxygenation index and clinical outcomes. An RAI cutoff >8 was used to predict AKI on day 3 of admission and mortality. Results: One hundred and two patients were recruited. Fluid overload predicted oxygenation index in all patients, independent of age, gender and PELOD score (p < 0.05). Fluid overload was associated with longer duration of ventilation (p < 0.05), controlled for age, gender, and PELOD score. Day-3 AKI rates were higher in patients with a RAI of 8 or more, and higher areas under the RAI curve had better prediction rates for Day-3 AKI. An RAI <8 had high negative predictive values (80-95%) for Day-3 AKI. RAI was better than traditional markers of pediatric severity of illness (PELOD) score for prediction of AKI on day 3. Conclusions: This study emphasizes that positive fluid balance adversely affects intensive care in critically ill children. Further, the RAI prediction model may help optimize treatment and improve clinical prediction of AKI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sidharth K Sethi
- Kidney and Urology Institute, Medanta, The Medicity Hospital, Gurgaon, India
| | - Veena Raghunathan
- Pediatric Intensive Care, Medanta, The Medicity Hospital, Gurgaon, India
| | - Shilpi Shah
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Akron Children Hospital, Akron, OH, United States
| | - Maninder Dhaliwal
- Pediatric Intensive Care, Medanta, The Medicity Hospital, Gurgaon, India
| | - Pranaw Jha
- Kidney and Urology Institute, Medanta, The Medicity Hospital, Gurgaon, India
| | - Maneesh Kumar
- Pediatric Intensive Care, Medanta, The Medicity Hospital, Gurgaon, India
| | | | - Shyam Bansal
- Kidney and Urology Institute, Medanta, The Medicity Hospital, Gurgaon, India
| | - Maroun J Mhanna
- Department of Pediatrics, Metrohealth Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Rupesh Raina
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Akron Children Hospital, Akron, OH, United States
| |
Collapse
|
207
|
Selewski DT, Goldstein SL. The role of fluid overload in the prediction of outcome in acute kidney injury. Pediatr Nephrol 2018; 33:13-24. [PMID: 27900473 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-016-3539-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Our understanding of the epidemiology and the impact of acute kidney injury (AKI) and fluid overload on outcomes has improved significantly over the past several decades. Fluid overload occurs commonly in critically ill children with and without associated AKI. Researchers in pediatric AKI have been at the forefront of describing the impact of fluid overload on outcomes in a variety of populations. A full understanding of this topic is important as fluid overload represents a potentially modifiable risk factor and a target for intervention. In this state-of-the-art review, we comprehensively describe the definition of fluid overload, the impact of fluid overload on kidney function, the impact of fluid overload on the diagnosis of AKI, the association of fluid overload with outcomes, the targeted therapy of fluid overload, and the impact of the timing of renal replacement therapy on outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David T Selewski
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics & Communicable Diseases, C.S. Mott Children's Hospital, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Stuart L Goldstein
- Center for Acute Care Nephrology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
208
|
|
209
|
Fluid Overload and Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: Is Renal Replacement Therapy a Buoy or an Anchor? Pediatr Crit Care Med 2017; 18:1181-1182. [PMID: 29206736 DOI: 10.1097/pcc.0000000000001357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
210
|
Selewski DT, Askenazi DJ, Bridges BC, Cooper DS, Fleming GM, Paden ML, Verway M, Sahay R, King E, Zappitelli M. The Impact of Fluid Overload on Outcomes in Children Treated With Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: A Multicenter Retrospective Cohort Study. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2017; 18:1126-1135. [PMID: 28937504 PMCID: PMC5716912 DOI: 10.1097/pcc.0000000000001349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize the epidemiology of fluid overload and its association with mortality and duration of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in children treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. SETTING Six tertiary children's hospital ICUs. PATIENTS Seven hundred fifty-six children younger than 18 years old treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for greater than or equal to 24 hours from January 1, 2007, to December 31, 2011. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Overall survival to extracorporeal membrane oxygenation decannulation and hospital discharge was 74.9% (n = 566) and 57.7% (n = 436), respectively. Median fluid overload at extracorporeal membrane oxygenation initiation was 8.8% (interquartile range, 0.3-19.2), and it differed between hospital survivors and non survival, though not between extracorporeal membrane oxygenation survivors and non survivors. Median peak fluid overload on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation was 30.9% (interquartile range, 15.4-54.8). During extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, 84.8% had a peak fluid overload greater than or equal to 10%; 67.2% of patients had a peak fluid overload of greater than or equal to 20% and 29% of patients had a peak fluid overload of greater than or equal to 50%. The median peak fluid overload was lower in patients who survived on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (27.2% vs 44.4%; p < 0.0001) and survived to hospital discharge (24.8% vs 43.3%; p < 0.0001). After adjusting for acute kidney injury, pH at extracorporeal membrane oxygenation initiation, nonrenal complications, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation mode, support type, center and patient age, the degree of fluid overload at extracorporeal membrane oxygenation initiation (p = 0.05), and the peak fluid overload on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (p < 0.0001) predicted duration of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in survivors. Multivariable analysis showed that peak fluid overload on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (adjusted odds ratio, 1.09; 95% CI, 1.04-1.15) predicted mortality on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; fluid overload at extracorporeal membrane oxygenation initiation (adjusted odds ratio, 1.13; 95% CI, 1.05-1.22) and peak fluid overload (adjusted odds ratio, 1.18; 95% CI, 1.12-1.24) both predicted hospital morality. CONCLUSIONS Fluid overload occurs commonly and is independently associated with adverse outcomes including increased mortality and increased duration of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in a broad pediatric extracorporeal membrane oxygenation population. These results suggest that fluid overload is a potential target for intervention to improve outcomes in children on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David T Selewski
- Department of Pediatrics & Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - David J Askenazi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Brian C Bridges
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - David S Cooper
- Department of Pediatrics, The Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Geoffrey M Fleming
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | | | - Mark Verway
- Department of Pediatrics, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Rashmi Sahay
- Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Eileen King
- Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Michael Zappitelli
- Department of Pediatrics, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
211
|
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) has become one of the more common complications seen among hospitalized children. The development of a consensus definition has helped refine the epidemiology of pediatric AKI, and we now have a far better understanding of its incidence, risk factors, and outcomes. Strategies for diagnosing AKI have extended beyond serum creatinine, and the most current data underscore the diagnostic importance of oliguria as well as introduce the concept of urinary biomarkers of kidney injury. As AKI has become more widespread, we have seen that it is associated with a number of adverse consequences including longer lengths of stay and greater mortality. Though effective treatments do not currently exist for AKI once it develops, we hope that the diagnostic and definitional strides seen recently translate to the testing and development of more effective interventions.
Collapse
|
212
|
Rowan CM, Nitu ME, Moser EAS, Swigonski NL, Renbarger JL. Weight gain and supplemental O 2 : Risk factors during the hematopoietic cell transplant admission in pediatric patients. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2017; 64. [PMID: 28439949 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.26561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory failure in the pediatric hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) recipient is the leading cause for admission to the intensive care unit and carries a high mortality rate. The objective of this study is to investigate the association of clinical risk factors with the development of respiratory failure in the pediatric allogeneic HCT recipient. PROCEDURES This is a single-center, retrospective review of allogeneic pediatric HCT from 2008 to 2014. Multiple variables were examined. The primary outcome was respiratory failure. Percent weight gain was investigated at multiple time points. Bivariate and multivariate regression was used. RESULTS Of the 87 allogeneic HCT recipients, 22 (25%) developed respiratory failure. Mortality for entire cohort was 13.8%. All who died were intubated prior to death. The group with respiratory failure had significantly higher percent weight gain increase at multiple time points: peak weight prior to discharge or intubation (P = 0.008), weight at discharge or intubation (P = .001), and weight at day 43 (median day for intubation) (P = 0.02). Odds ratio (OR) for respiratory failure increased with increasing percentage peak weight gain: 10% increase (3.1 [1.1, 9.0]), 15% increase (4.1 [1.5, 11.2]), and 20% (8.3 [2.4. 28.9]). Fifty percent of all patients required supplemental O2 . OR for respiratory failure in patients requiring more than 1 l supplemental O2 is 25.3 (6.5, 98.7). CONCLUSION Percent weight gain and need for supplemental oxygen is highly associated with the development of respiratory failure in pediatric HCT recipients, representing predictors of acute respiratory failure in pediatric HCT. These data could be incorporated into an algorithm that should be developed, implemented, and validated in a prospective, multicenter fashion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Courtney M Rowan
- Division of Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Mara E Nitu
- Division of Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Elizabeth A S Moser
- Department of Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Nancy L Swigonski
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine and Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indiana University Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Jamie L Renbarger
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| |
Collapse
|
213
|
Implementing a practice change: early initiation of continuous renal replacement therapy during neonatal extracorporeal life support standardizes care and improves short-term outcomes. J Artif Organs 2017; 21:76-85. [PMID: 29086091 DOI: 10.1007/s10047-017-1000-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We hypothesized that a standardized approach to early continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) during neonatal extracorporeal life support (ECLS) results in greater homogeneity of CRRT initiation times with improvements in fluid balance and outcomes. METHODS Retrospective analysis of data (2007-2015) obtained from neonates treated prior to (E1; n = 32) and after (E2; n = 31) a 2011 practice change: CRRT initiation within 48 h of ECLS. RESULTS Birthweight, gestational age, ECLS mode, and age at ECLS initiation were similar to each epoch. Survival [E1: median 75%, E2: 71%] and length of ECLS [E1: median 221 h, E2: 180 h] were comparable. During E2, 100% of infants received CRRT (vs. E1: 37%; p < 0.001) and 97% of infants initiated CRRT within 48 h of ECLS (vs. E1: 13%; p < 0.001). Control charts demonstrate reduced practice variation. Elapsed time from ECLS to CRRT differed between Epochs [E1: median 105 h, E2: 9 h; p < 0.001] as did weight at CRRT initiation [E1: 4.13 kg (29% above baseline), E2: 3.19 kg (0%); p < 0.001]. Significant differences in weight change were noted on days 6 and 7 (E1: 14%, E2: 2%; raw data comparison yielded p < 0.05) and curves were different (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS We successfully implemented a practice change, initiating CRRT within 48 h of ECLS cannulation, leading to decreased practice variation and improved short-term outcomes including decreased weight gain at CRRT initiation and faster return to baseline weight during the first 7 days of ECLS. We did not demonstrate changes in duration of ECLS, invasive ventilation, or survival.
Collapse
|
214
|
Sethi SK, Sinha R, Jha P, Wadhwani N, Raghunathan V, Dhaliwal M, Bansal SB, Kher V, Lobo V, Sharma J, Raina R. Feasibility of sustained low efficiency dialysis in critically sick pediatric patients: A multicentric retrospective study. Hemodial Int 2017; 22:228-234. [PMID: 28972697 DOI: 10.1111/hdi.12605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sustained low-efficiency dialysis (SLED) has emerged as a cost effective alternative to Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy in the management of hemodynamically unstable adult patients with acute kidney injury. The objective of the study was to document the SLED practices in these centers, and to look at the feasibility, and tolerability of SLED in critically sick pediatric patients. METHODS It was a retrospective record review from January 2010 to June 2016 done in four tertiary pediatric nephrology centers in India. All pediatric patients undergoing SLED in the collaborating centers were included in the study. Basic demographic data, prescription parameters and outcomes of patients were recorded. FINDINGS During the study period a total of 68 children received 211 sessions of SLED. PRISM score at admission in patients was 13.33 ± 9.15. Fifty-seven patients were ventilated (84%). Most of the patients had one or more organ system involved in addition to renal (n = 64; 94%). Heparin free sessions were achievable in 153 sessions (72%). Out of 211 sessions, 148 sessions were on at least one inotrope (70.1%). Overall premature terminations had to be done in 27 sessions (13% of all sessions), out of which 7 sessions had to be terminated due to circuit clotting (3.3%). Intradialytic hypotension or need for inotrope escalation was seen in 31 (15%) sessions but termination of the session for drop in BP was required in only 20 (9%) sessions. CONCLUSION SLED is a feasible method of providing renal replacement in critically ill pediatric patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sidharth K Sethi
- Kidney Institute, Medanta, The Medicity, Gurgaon, Haryana 122001, India
| | - Rajiv Sinha
- Institute of Child Health and AMRI Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Pranaw Jha
- Kidney Institute, Medanta, The Medicity, Gurgaon, Haryana 122001, India
| | - Nikita Wadhwani
- Kidney Institute, Medanta, The Medicity, Gurgaon, Haryana 122001, India
| | - Veena Raghunathan
- Pediatric Critical Care, Medanta, The Medicity, Gurgaon, Haryana, India
| | - Maninder Dhaliwal
- Pediatric Critical Care, Medanta, The Medicity, Gurgaon, Haryana, India
| | - Shyam B Bansal
- Kidney Institute, Medanta, The Medicity, Gurgaon, Haryana 122001, India
| | - Vijay Kher
- Kidney Institute, Medanta, The Medicity, Gurgaon, Haryana 122001, India
| | - Valentine Lobo
- Renal Unit, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Jyoti Sharma
- Renal Unit, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rupesh Raina
- Pediatric Nephrology, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Department of Nephrology, Cleveland Clinic Akron General, Akron, Ohio, USA
| |
Collapse
|
215
|
|
216
|
Fluid Bolus Over 15-20 Versus 5-10 Minutes Each in the First Hour of Resuscitation in Children With Septic Shock: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2017; 18:e435-e445. [PMID: 28777139 DOI: 10.1097/pcc.0000000000001269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare the effect of administration of 40-60 mL/kg of fluids as fluid boluses in aliquots of 20 mL/kg each over 15-20 minutes with that over 5-10 minutes each on the composite outcome of need for mechanical ventilation and/or impaired oxygenation-increase in oxygenation index by 5 from baseline in the initial 6 and 24 hours in children with septic shock. DESIGN Randomized controlled trial. SETTING Pediatric emergency and ICU of a tertiary care institute. PATIENTS Children (< 18 yr old) with septic shock. INTERVENTIONS We randomly assigned participants to 15-20 minutes bolus (study group) or 5-10 minutes bolus groups (control group). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS We assessed the composite outcomes in the initial 6 and 24 hours after fluid resuscitation in both groups. We performed logistic regression to evaluate factors associated with need for ventilation in the first hour. Data were analyzed using Stata 11.5. Of the 96 children, 45 were randomly assigned to "15-20 minutes group" and 51 to "5-10 minutes group." Key baseline characteristics were not different between the groups. When compared with 5-10 minutes group, fewer children in 15-20 minutes group needed mechanical ventilation or had an increase in oxygenation index in the first 6 hours (36% vs 57%; relative risk, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.39-0.99) and 24 hours (43% vs 68%; relative risk, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.42-0.93) after fluid resuscitation. We did not find any difference in secondary outcomes such as death (1.2; 0.70-2.03), length of stay (mean difference: 0.52; -1.72 to 2.7), or resolution of shock (0.98; 0.63-1.53). CONCLUSION Children receiving fluid boluses over 5-10 minutes each had a higher risk of intubation than those receiving boluses over 15-20 minutes each. Notwithstanding the lack of difference in risk of mortality and the possibility that a lower threshold of intubation and mechanical ventilation was used in the presence of fluid overload, our results raise concerns on the current recommendation of administering boluses over 5-10 minutes each in children with septic shock.
Collapse
|
217
|
Stojanović V, Barišić N, Radovanović T, Bjelica M, Milanović B, Doronjski A. Acute kidney injury in premature newborns-definition, etiology, and outcome. Pediatr Nephrol 2017; 32:1963-1970. [PMID: 28555296 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-017-3690-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neonatal acute kidney injury (AKI) is common and is associated with poor outcomes. New criteria for the diagnosis of AKI were introduced based on the increase in serum creatinine (SCr) levels and/or reduction of urine output (UOP). Yet, there is no generally accepted opinion so far, which criteria (whether SCr, UOP, or their combination) are the most appropriate to diagnose neonatal AKI. METHODS The retrospective study included 195 prematurely born neonates who fulfilled all inclusion criteria (with at least two SCr measurements). In all the neonates included in the study, AKI was diagnosed using three different definitions: (1) SCr criteria (an increase in SCr values of ≥0.3 mg/dl), (2) UOP criteria (UOP < 1.5 ml/kg/h), and (3) SCr + UOP criteria. RESULTS Out of all of the patients the study included, 85 (44%) were diagnosed with AKI. The neonates who had AKI had a significantly lower gestational age, birth weight, and Apgar score, longer duration of mechanical ventilation, and a higher mortality rate. SCr + UOP criteria showed higher sensitivity for prediction of death compared to SCr or UOP alone (p = 0.0008, 95% CI 0.040-0.154, and p = 0.0038, 95% CI 0.024-0.125, respectively). If only SCr or only UOP criterion are used, they fail to identify AKI in 61 and 67%, respectively. AKI was an independent risk factor for death (OR 7.4875; CI 3.1887-17.5816). CONCLUSIONS Similar to other studies, our data showed that neonates with AKI have worse outcome. Neonatal AKI defined based on SCr + UOP criteria is a better predictor of death than neonatal AKI defined based only on the SCr or UOP criteria. Also, by using SCr + UOP criteria for diagnosing neonatal AKI, more patients with AKI are recruited than when only one of those criteria is used.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vesna Stojanović
- School of Medicine, Institute for Child and Youth Health Care of Vojvodina, University of Novi Sad, Hajduk Veljkova 10, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia.
| | - Nenad Barišić
- School of Medicine, Institute for Child and Youth Health Care of Vojvodina, University of Novi Sad, Hajduk Veljkova 10, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia
| | - Tanja Radovanović
- Institute for Child and Youth Health Care of Vojvodina, Hajduk Veljkova 10, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia
| | - Milena Bjelica
- Institute for Child and Youth Health Care of Vojvodina, Hajduk Veljkova 10, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia
| | - Borko Milanović
- School of Medicine, Institute for Child and Youth Health Care of Vojvodina, University of Novi Sad, Hajduk Veljkova 10, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Doronjski
- School of Medicine, Institute for Child and Youth Health Care of Vojvodina, University of Novi Sad, Hajduk Veljkova 10, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
218
|
Zappitelli M, Ambalavanan N, Askenazi DJ, Moxey-Mims MM, Kimmel PL, Star RA, Abitbol CL, Brophy PD, Hidalgo G, Hanna M, Morgan CM, Raju TN, Ray P, Reyes-Bou Z, Roushdi A, Goldstein SL. Developing a neonatal acute kidney injury research definition: a report from the NIDDK neonatal AKI workshop. Pediatr Res 2017; 82:569-573. [PMID: 28604760 PMCID: PMC9673450 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2017.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Zappitelli
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Montreal Children’s Hospital, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Namasivayam Ambalavanan
- Departments of Pediatrics, Molecular and Cellular Pathology, and Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - David J. Askenazi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Marva M. Moxey-Mims
- Division of Kidney Urologic and Hematologic Diseases, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Paul L. Kimmel
- Division of Kidney Urologic and Hematologic Diseases, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Robert A. Star
- Division of Kidney Urologic and Hematologic Diseases, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Carolyn L. Abitbol
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Holtz Children’s Hospital, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Patrick D. Brophy
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa Children’s Hospital, Pediatric Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, University of Iowa Healthcare, University of Iowa Health System, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Guillermo Hidalgo
- Department of Pediatrics, East Carolina University, East Carolina University School of Medicine, Greenville, North Carolina
| | - Mina Hanna
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | | | - Tonse N.K. Raju
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Pregnancy and Perinatology Branch, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Patricio Ray
- Department of Nephrology, Main Hospital, Children’s National Health System, Washington, DC
| | - Zayhara Reyes-Bou
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, Neonatal Perinatal Medicine Section, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Amani Roushdi
- Department of Pediatrics, Mackenzie Health Hospital, Richmond Hill, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stuart L. Goldstein
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital and Medical Center, Cincinnati, USA
| |
Collapse
|
219
|
Acute kidney injury in pediatric patients. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 2017; 31:427-439. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpa.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
220
|
Kwiatkowski DM, Krawczeski CD. Acute kidney injury and fluid overload in infants and children after cardiac surgery. Pediatr Nephrol 2017; 32:1509-1517. [PMID: 28361230 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-017-3643-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Acute kidney injury is a common and serious complication after congenital heart surgery, particularly among infants. This comorbidity has been independently associated with adverse outcomes including an increase in mortality. Postoperative acute kidney injury has a complex pathophysiology with many risk factors, and therefore no single medication or therapy has been demonstrated to be effective for treatment or prevention. However, it has been established that the associated fluid overload is one of the major determinants of morbidity, particularly in infants after cardiac surgery. Therefore, in the absence of an intervention to prevent acute kidney injury, much of the effort to improve outcomes has focused on treating and preventing fluid overload. Early renal replacement therapy, often in the form of peritoneal dialysis, has been shown to be safe and beneficial in infants with oliguria after heart surgery. As understanding of the pathophysiology of acute kidney injury and the ability to confidently diagnose it earlier continues to evolve, it is likely that novel preventative and therapeutic interventions will be available in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David M Kwiatkowski
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 750 Welch Road, Suite 321, Palo Alto, CA, 94062, USA.
| | - Catherine D Krawczeski
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 750 Welch Road, Suite 321, Palo Alto, CA, 94062, USA
| |
Collapse
|
221
|
Roberts DA, Shaw AD. Impact of volume status and volume therapy on the kidney. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 2017; 31:345-352. [PMID: 29248141 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpa.2017.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Volume resuscitation to correct hypotension in surgical and critically ill patients is a common practice. Available evidence suggests that iatrogenic volume overload is associated with worse outcomes in established acute kidney injury. Intraoperative arterial hypotension is associated with postoperative renal dysfunction, and prompt correction with fluid management protocols that combine inotrope infusions with volume therapy targeted to indices of volume responsiveness should be considered. From the perspective of renal function, the minimum amount of intravenous fluid required to maintain perfusion and oxygen delivery is desirable. Available evidence and expert opinion suggest that balanced crystalloid solutions are preferable to isotonic saline for volume resuscitation. Moreover, albumin has a similar safety profile as crystalloids. Hetastarch-containing colloids have a clear association with acute kidney injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David A Roberts
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1211 Medical Center Drive, 2301 VUH C/o Robin Snyder, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, USA.
| | - Andrew D Shaw
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1211 Medical Center Drive, 2301 VUH C/o Robin Snyder, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
222
|
American College of Critical Care Medicine Clinical Practice Parameters for Hemodynamic Support of Pediatric and Neonatal Septic Shock. Crit Care Med 2017; 45:1061-1093. [PMID: 28509730 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0000000000002425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 381] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The American College of Critical Care Medicine provided 2002 and 2007 guidelines for hemodynamic support of newborn and pediatric septic shock. Provide the 2014 update of the 2007 American College of Critical Care Medicine "Clinical Guidelines for Hemodynamic Support of Neonates and Children with Septic Shock." DESIGN Society of Critical Care Medicine members were identified from general solicitation at Society of Critical Care Medicine Educational and Scientific Symposia (2006-2014). The PubMed/Medline/Embase literature (2006-14) was searched by the Society of Critical Care Medicine librarian using the keywords: sepsis, septicemia, septic shock, endotoxemia, persistent pulmonary hypertension, nitric oxide, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, and American College of Critical Care Medicine guidelines in the newborn and pediatric age groups. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS The 2002 and 2007 guidelines were widely disseminated, translated into Spanish and Portuguese, and incorporated into Society of Critical Care Medicine and American Heart Association/Pediatric Advanced Life Support sanctioned recommendations. The review of new literature highlights two tertiary pediatric centers that implemented quality improvement initiatives to improve early septic shock recognition and first-hour compliance to these guidelines. Improved compliance reduced hospital mortality from 4% to 2%. Analysis of Global Sepsis Initiative data in resource rich developed and developing nations further showed improved hospital mortality with compliance to first-hour and stabilization guideline recommendations. CONCLUSIONS The major new recommendation in the 2014 update is consideration of institution-specific use of 1) a "recognition bundle" containing a trigger tool for rapid identification of patients with septic shock, 2) a "resuscitation and stabilization bundle" to help adherence to best practice principles, and 3) a "performance bundle" to identify and overcome perceived barriers to the pursuit of best practice principles.
Collapse
|
223
|
Clinical outcomes and mortality before and after implementation of a pediatric sepsis protocol in a limited resource setting: A retrospective cohort study in Bangladesh. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181160. [PMID: 28753618 PMCID: PMC5533322 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pediatric sepsis has a high mortality rate in limited resource settings. Sepsis protocols have been shown to be a cost-effective strategy to improve morbidity and mortality in a variety of populations and settings. At Dhaka Hospital in Bangladesh, mortality from pediatric sepsis in high-risk children previously approached 60%, which prompted the implementation of an evidenced-based protocol in 2010. The clinical effectiveness of this protocol had not been measured. We hypothesized that implementation of a pediatric sepsis protocol improved clinical outcomes, including reducing mortality and length of hospital stay. MATERIALS AND METHODS This was a retrospective cohort study of children 1-59 months old with a diagnosis of sepsis, severe sepsis or septic shock admitted to Dhaka Hospital from 10/25/2009-10/25/2011. The primary outcome was inpatient mortality pre- and post-protocol implementation. Secondary outcomes included fluid overload, heart failure, respiratory insufficiency, length of hospital stay, and protocol compliance, as measured by antibiotic and fluid bolus administration within 60 minutes of hospital presentation. RESULTS 404 patients were identified by a key-word search of the electronic medical record; 328 patients with a primary diagnosis of sepsis, severe sepsis, or septic shock were included (143 pre- and185 post-protocol) in the analysis. Pre- and post-protocol mortality were similar and not statistically significant (32.17% vs. 34.59%, p = 0.72). The adjusted odds ratio (AOR) for post-protocol mortality was 1.55 (95% CI, 0.88-2.71). The odds for developing fluid overload were significantly higher post-protocol (AOR 3.45, 95% CI, 2.04-5.85), as were the odds of developing heart failure (AOR 4.52, 95% CI, 1.43-14.29) and having a longer median length of stay (AOR 1.81, 95% CI 1.10-2.96). There was no statistically significant difference in respiratory insufficiency (pre- 65.7% vs. post- 70.3%, p = 0.4) or antibiotic administration between the cohorts (pre- 16.08% vs. post- 12.43%, p = 0.42). CONCLUSIONS Implementation of a pediatric sepsis protocol did not improve all-cause mortality or length of stay and may have been associated with increased fluid overload and heart failure during the study period in a large, non-governmental hospital in Bangladesh. Similar rates of early antibiotic administration may indicate poor protocol compliance. Though evidenced-based protocols are a potential cost-effective strategy to improve outcomes, future studies should focus on optimal implementation of context-relevant sepsis protocols in limited resource settings.
Collapse
|
224
|
Fuhrman D, Crowley K, Vetterly C, Hoshitsuki K, Koval A, Carcillo J. Medication Use as a Contributor to Fluid Overload in the PICU: A Prospective Observational Study. J Pediatr Intensive Care 2017; 7:69-74. [PMID: 31073473 DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1604422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In this prospective observational study, we explored the association of daily fluid intake from medication use with fluid overload in 75 children beginning 24 hours after intubation. The mean percent daily fluid intake from medications was 29% in the overall cohort. Excess intake and inadequate output contributed significantly to fluid overload. In the 28 patients who became ≥10% fluid overloaded, the mean percent daily fluid intake from medications was 34%, but just 23% in the patients who did not. Awareness of volume contribution and maximized concentration of parenteral medications when able may lessen the burden of fluid overload.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dana Fuhrman
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Kelli Crowley
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Carol Vetterly
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Keito Hoshitsuki
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Alaina Koval
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Joseph Carcillo
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| |
Collapse
|
225
|
Selewski DT, Goldstein SL, Fraser E, Plomaritas K, Mottes T, Terrell T, Humes HD. Immunomodulatory Device Therapy in a Pediatric Patient With Acute Kidney Injury and Multiorgan Dysfunction. Kidney Int Rep 2017; 2:1259-1264. [PMID: 29270537 PMCID: PMC5733826 DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2017.06.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David T Selewski
- University of Michigan Health System, C.S. Mott Children's Hospital, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Stuart L Goldstein
- Center for Acute Care Nephrology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Erin Fraser
- University of Michigan Health System, C.S. Mott Children's Hospital, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Katie Plomaritas
- University of Michigan Health System, C.S. Mott Children's Hospital, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Theresa Mottes
- Center for Acute Care Nephrology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Tara Terrell
- Center for Acute Care Nephrology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - H David Humes
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Innovative BioTherapies, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,CytoPherx, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| |
Collapse
|
226
|
Srivastava A. Fluid Resuscitation: Principles of Therapy and "Kidney Safe" Considerations. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 2017; 24:205-212. [PMID: 28778359 DOI: 10.1053/j.ackd.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Fluid resuscitation in the acutely ill must take into consideration numerous elements, including the intravenous solution itself, the phase of resuscitation, and the strategies toward volume management which are paramount. With the advancement in the understanding and implementation of aggressive fluid resuscitation has also come a greater awareness of the resultant fluid toxicity, especially in those that suffer acute kidney injury, and the realization that there is continued ambiguity with regard to volume mitigation and removal in the resuscitated patient. As such, the discussion regarding intravenous solutions continues to evolve especially as it pertains to their effect on kidney and metabolic function, electrolytes, and ultimately patient outcome. In the section below, we review the foundations of fluid resuscitation in the critically ill patient and the different solutions available in this context, including their composition, physiologic properties, and safety and efficacy including the available data regarding "renal-safe" options.
Collapse
|
227
|
A Case-Control Analysis of Postoperative Fluid Balance and Mortality After Pediatric Cardiac Surgery. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2017; 18:614-622. [PMID: 28492405 DOI: 10.1097/pcc.0000000000001170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A positive fluid balance after cardiac surgery may be associated with poor outcomes; however, previous studies looking at this association have been limited by the number of deaths in the study population. Our primary aim was to determine the relationship between postoperative cumulative fluid balance and mortality in cardiac surgical patients. Secondary aims were to study the association between fluid balance and duration of mechanical ventilation, intensive care and hospital length of stay. DESIGN Case-control study. SETTING A 30-bed multidisciplinary PICU. PATIENTS All patients admitted to the PICU following cardiac surgery from 2010 to 2014. INTERVENTIONS Deaths during PICU admission following cardiac surgery (cases) were matched 1:3 with children who survived to PICU discharge (controls) using the following criteria: age at surgery (within a 20% age range), Risk Adjusted Congenital Heart Surgery (RACHS-1) category, and year of admission. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Of 1,996 eligible children, 46 died (2.3%) of whom 45 (98%) were successfully matched. Cumulative fluid balance on days 2 and 7 was not associated with PICU mortality. On multivariable analysis, factors associated with mortality were cardiopulmonary bypass time (per 10-min increase, odds ratio [95% CI], 1.06 [1.00-1.12]; p = 0.03), extracorporeal membrane oxygenation requirement within 3 days (46.6 [9.47-230.11]; p < 0.001), peak serum chloride (mmol/L) in the first 48 hours (1.12 [1.01-1.23]), and time to start peritoneal dialysis after surgery (in comparison to no peritoneal dialysis, odds ratio [95% CI] in those started on early peritoneal dialysis was 1.07 [0.33-3.41]; p = 0.90 and in late peritoneal dialysis 3.65 [1.21-10.99]; p = 0.02). Children with cumulative fluid balance greater than or equal to 5% by day 2 spent longer on mechanical ventilation (median [interquartile range], 211 hr [97-539] vs 93 hr [34-225]; p <0.001), in PICU (11 d [8-26] vs 6 [3-13]; p < 0.001) and in hospital (22 d [13-39] vs 14 d [8-30]; p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Early fluid overload is not associated with mortality. However, it is associated with increased duration of mechanical ventilation and PICU length of stay. Early peritoneal dialysis commencement (compared with late peritoneal dialysis) after surgery was associated with decreased mortality.
Collapse
|
228
|
Does a Spoonful of Insulin Make the Acute Kidney Injury Go Down? Pediatr Crit Care Med 2017; 18:721-722. [PMID: 28691962 DOI: 10.1097/pcc.0000000000001196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
229
|
Wu B, Yan W, Li X, Kong X, Yu X, Zhu Y, Xing C, Mao H. Initiation and Cessation Timing of Renal Replacement Therapy in Patients with Type 1 Cardiorenal Syndrome: An Observational Study. Cardiorenal Med 2017; 7:118-127. [PMID: 28611785 DOI: 10.1159/000454932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Renal replacement therapy (RRT) is a rescue therapy for patients with type 1 cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) with poor prognoses. However, the optimal timing for initiation and cessation of RRT remains controversial. The purpose of this study was to determine the optimal timing of initiation and cessation of RRT for patients with type 1 CRS. METHODS In this retrospective analysis, patients with refractory type 1 CRS receiving RRT were divided into 3 groups according to weaning from RRT and death within 90 days. Baseline characteristics, underlying heart disease, comorbidities, drug use before RRT, indicators of RRT initiation, and prognosis were compared between the 3 groups. RESULTS Fifty-two patients were enrolled, which included 27 males and 25 females with a mean age of 70.7 ± 16.1 years and a 90-day mortality rate of 65.4%. The mean urine output before RRT initiation was 800 mL/ 24 h in the RRT-independent group, 650 mL/24 h in the RRT-dependent group, and 345 mL/ 24 h in the death group (p = 0.021). Additionally, there were obvious differences in fluid balance between the 3 groups (167, 250, and 1,270 mL, respectively, p = 0.016). Patients could be successfully weaned from RRT when urine output was >880 mL and fluid balance volume was <150 mL. CONCLUSION The mean fluid balance of survivors was remarkably less than that of the death group at RRT initiation. RRT termination can be considered when urine output is >880 mL/24 h and volume balance is <150 mL/24 h.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Buyun Wu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenyan Yan
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xing Li
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiangqing Kong
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiangbao Yu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yamei Zhu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Changying Xing
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huijuan Mao
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
230
|
Fluid Overload and Kidney Injury Score: A Multidimensional Real-Time Assessment of Renal Disease Burden in the Critically Ill Patient. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2017; 18:524-530. [PMID: 28406863 DOI: 10.1097/pcc.0000000000001123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Interruptive acute kidney injury alerts are reported to decrease acute kidney injury-related mortality in adults. Critically ill children have multiple acute kidney injury risk factors; although recognition has improved due to standardized definitions, subtle changes in serum creatinine make acute kidney injury recognition challenging. Age and body habitus variability prevent a uniform maximum threshold of creatinine. Exposure of nephrotoxic medications is common but not accounted for in kidney injury scores. Current severity of illness measures do not include fluid overload, a well-described mortality risk factor. We hypothesized that a multidimensional measure of renal status would better characterize renal severity of illness while maintaining or improving on correlation measures with adverse outcomes, when compared with traditional acute kidney injury staging. DESIGN A novel, real-time, multidimensional, renal status measure, combining acute kidney injury, fluid overload greater than or equal to 15%, and nephrotoxin exposure, was developed (Fluid Overload Kidney Injury Score) and prospectively applied to all patient encounters. Peak Fluid Overload Kidney Injury Score values prior to discharge or death were used to measure correlation with outcomes. SETTING Quarternary PICU of a freestanding children's hospital. PATIENTS All patients admitted over 18 months. INTERVENTION None. RESULTS Peak Fluid Overload Kidney Injury Score ranged between 0 and 14 in 2,830 PICU patients (median age, 5.5 yr; interquartile range, 1.3-12.9; 55% male), 66% of patients had Fluid Overload Kidney Injury Score greater than or equal to 1. Fluid Overload Kidney Injury Score was independently associated with PICU mortality and PICU and hospital length of stay when controlled for age, Pediatric Risk of Mortality-3, ventilator, pressor, and renal replacement therapy use (p = 0.047). Mortality increased from 1.5% in Fluid Overload Kidney Injury Score 0 to 40% in Fluid Overload Kidney Injury Score 8+. When urine output points were excluded, Fluid Overload Kidney Injury Score was more strongly correlated with mortality than fluid overload or acute kidney injury definitions alone. CONCLUSION A multidimensional score of renal disease burden was significantly associated with adverse PICU outcomes. Further studies will evaluate Fluid Overload Kidney Injury Score as a warning and decision support tool to impact patient-centered outcomes.
Collapse
|
231
|
Effect of Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy on Outcome in Pediatric Acute Liver Failure. Crit Care Med 2017; 44:1910-9. [PMID: 27347761 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0000000000001826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To establish the effect of continuous renal replacement therapy on outcome in pediatric acute liver failure. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. SETTING Sixteen-bed PICU in a university-affiliated tertiary care hospital and specialist liver centre. PATIENTS All children (0-18 yr) admitted to PICU with pediatric acute liver failure between January 2003 and December 2013. INTERVENTIONS Children with pediatric acute liver failure were managed according to a set protocol. The guidelines for continuous renal replacement therapy in pediatric acute liver failure were changed in 2011 following preliminary results to indicate the earlier use of continuous renal replacement therapy for both renal dysfunction and detoxification. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Of 165 children admitted with pediatric acute liver failure, 136 met the inclusion criteria and 45 of these received continuous renal replacement therapy prior to transplantation or recovery. Of the children managed with continuous renal replacement therapy, 26 (58%) survived: 19 were successfully bridged to liver transplantation and 7 spontaneously recovered. Cox proportional hazards regression model clearly showed reducing hyperammonemia by 48 hours after initiating continuous renal replacement therapy significantly improved survival (HR, 1.04; 95% CI, 1.013-1.073; p = 0.004). On average, for every 10% decrease in ammonia from baseline at 48 hours, the likelihood of survival increased by 50%. Time to initiate continuous renal replacement therapy from PICU admission was lower in survivors compared to nonsurvivors (HR, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.916-1.007; p = 0.095). Change in practice to initiate early and high-dose continuous renal replacement therapy led to increased survival with maximum effect being visible in the first 14 days (HR, 3; 95% CI, 1.0-10.3; p = 0.063). Among children with pediatric acute liver failure who did not receive a liver transplant, use of continuous renal replacement therapy significantly improved survival (HR, 4; 95% CI, 1.5-11.6; p = 0.006). CONCLUSION Continuous renal replacement therapy can be used successfully in critically ill children with pediatric acute liver failure to provide stability and bridge to transplantation. Inability to reduce ammonia by 48 hours confers poor prognosis. Continuous renal replacement therapy should be considered at an early stage to help prevent further deterioration and buy time for potential spontaneous recovery or bridge to liver transplantation.
Collapse
|
232
|
Clark WR, Neri M, Garzotto F, Ricci Z, Goldstein SL, Ding X, Xu J, Ronco C. The future of critical care: renal support in 2027. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2017; 21:92. [PMID: 28395664 PMCID: PMC5387317 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-017-1665-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Since its inception four decades ago, both the clinical and technologic aspects of continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) have evolved substantially. Devices now specifically designed for critically ill patients with acute kidney injury are widely available and the clinical challenges associated with treating this complex patient population continue to be addressed. However, several important questions remain unanswered, leaving doubts in the minds of many clinicians about therapy prescription/delivery and patient management. Specifically, questions surrounding therapy dosing, timing of initiation and termination, fluid management, anticoagulation, drug dosing, and data analytics may lead to inconsistent delivery of CRRT and even reluctance to prescribe it. In this review, we discuss current limitations of CRRT and potential solutions over the next decade from both a patient management and a technology perspective. We also address the issue of sustainability for CRRT and related therapies beyond 2027 and raise several points for consideration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William R Clark
- School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, 480 Stadium Mall Drive; FRNY 1051, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
| | - Mauro Neri
- International Renal Research Institute of Vicenza (IRRIV), San Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy
| | - Francesco Garzotto
- International Renal Research Institute of Vicenza (IRRIV), San Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy
| | - Zaccaria Ricci
- Department of Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery, Pediatric Cardiac Intensive Care Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Stuart L Goldstein
- Center for Acute Care Nephrology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Xiaoqiang Ding
- Department of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Kidney Disease and Dialysis, Shanghai Quality Control Center for Dialysis, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiarui Xu
- Department of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Kidney Disease and Dialysis, Shanghai Quality Control Center for Dialysis, Shanghai, China
| | - Claudio Ronco
- International Renal Research Institute of Vicenza (IRRIV), San Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy.,Department of Nephrology, San Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
233
|
Jetton JG, Sorenson M. Pharmacological management of acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease in neonates. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 2017; 22:109-115. [PMID: 27720664 DOI: 10.1016/j.siny.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Both acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are seen more frequently in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) as advances in supportive care improve the survival of critically ill infants as well as those with severe, congenital kidney and urinary tract anomalies. Many aspects of the infant's care, including fluid balance, electrolyte and mineral homeostasis, acid-base balance, and growth and nutrition require close monitoring by and collaboration among neonatologists, nephrologists, dieticians, and pharmacologists. This educational review summarizes the therapies widely used for neonates with AKI and CKD. Use of these therapies is extrapolated from data in older children and adults or based on clinical experience and case series. There is a critical need for more research on the use of therapies in infants with kidney disease as well as for the development of drug delivery systems and preparations scaled more appropriately for these small patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer G Jetton
- Division of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa Children's Hospital, Iowa City, IA, USA.
| | - Mark Sorenson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Care, University of Iowa Children's Hospital, Iowa City, IA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
234
|
Current state of the art for renal replacement therapy in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury. Intensive Care Med 2017; 43:841-854. [DOI: 10.1007/s00134-017-4762-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|
235
|
Langston C. Managing Fluid and Electrolyte Disorders in Kidney Disease. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2017; 47:471-490. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2016.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
236
|
Early Fluid Overload Prolongs Mechanical Ventilation in Children With Viral-Lower Respiratory Tract Disease. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2017; 18:e106-e111. [PMID: 28107266 DOI: 10.1097/pcc.0000000000001060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Viral-lower respiratory tract disease is common in young children worldwide and is associated with high morbidity. Acute respiratory failure due to viral-lower respiratory tract disease necessitates PICU admission for mechanical ventilation. In critically ill patients in PICU settings, early fluid overload is common and associated with adverse outcomes such as prolonged mechanical ventilation and increased mortality. It is unclear, however, if this also applies to young children with viral-lower respiratory tract disease induced acute respiratory failure. In this study, we aimed to investigate the relation of early fluid overload with adverse outcomes in mechanically ventilated children with viral-lower respiratory tract disease in a retrospective dataset. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. SETTING Single, tertiary referral PICU. PATIENTS One hundred thirty-five children (< 2 yr old) with viral-lower respiratory tract disease requiring mechanical ventilation admitted to the PICU of the Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam between 2008 and 2014. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS The cumulative fluid balance on day 3 of mechanical ventilation was compared against duration of mechanical ventilation (primary outcome) and daily mean oxygen saturation index (secondary outcome), using uni- and multivariable linear regression. In 132 children, the mean cumulative fluid balance on day 3 was + 97.9 (49.2) mL/kg. Higher cumulative fluid balance on day 3 was associated with a longer duration of mechanical ventilation in multivariable linear regression (β = 0.166; p = 0.048). No association was found between the fluid status and oxygen saturation index during the period of mechanical ventilation. CONCLUSIONS Early fluid overload is an independent predictor of prolonged mechanical ventilation in young children with viral-lower respiratory tract disease. This study suggests that avoiding early fluid overload is a potential target to reduce duration of mechanical ventilation in these children. Prospective testing in a clinical trial is warranted to support this hypothesis.
Collapse
|
237
|
Diaz F, Benfield M, Brown L, Hayes L. Fluid overload and outcomes in critically ill children: A single center prospective cohort study. J Crit Care 2017; 39:209-213. [PMID: 28254390 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2017.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To prospectively evaluate the association between fluid overload (FO) and clinical outcomes, mortality, mechanical ventilation (MV), and duration and length of stay in a pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). METHODS Over a 12-month period, patients who were on MV for >24h or vasoactive support were prospectively included. Demographic and clinical data were recorded. Daily FO was calculated as [(fluid in-fluid out)/admission weight]×100%. Multivariate stepwise logistic regression analysis was used to determine predictors of survival. RESULTS 224 patients were included; median age was 3.3 (IQR 0.7, 9.9) years, mortality was 15.6%. The median peak FO (PFO) was 12.5% (IQR 5, 25), PFO>10% was present in 55.8% of patients, and PFO>20% was present in 33%. The PFO in non-survivors was 17.8% (IQR 8, 30) and 11% (IQR 4, 23) in survivors (p=0.028). A survival analysis showed no association between PFO and mortality. A multivariate analysis identified vasoactive support, >3 organ failures and acute kidney injury (AKI) but not FO as independent risk factors for mortality. FO was associated with MV duration and PICU length of stay. CONCLUSION FO is frequent in a general PICU population, but PFO is not an independent risk factor for mortality. Future studies of FO should focus on patients with AKI and multiorgan failure for better classification of severity and potential interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Franco Diaz
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States; Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Clínica Alemana de Santiago, Chile; Facultad de Medicina Clinica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mark Benfield
- Pediatric Nephrology of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - LaTanya Brown
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Leslie Hayes
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States; Children's of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
238
|
Choi SJ, Ha EJ, Jhang WK, Park SJ. Factors Associated With Mortality in Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy for Pediatric Patients With Acute Kidney Injury. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2017; 18:e56-e61. [PMID: 28157807 DOI: 10.1097/pcc.0000000000001024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To analyze the epidemiology of pediatric acute kidney injury requiring continuous renal replacement therapy and identify prognostic factors affecting mortality rates. DESIGN Retrospective analysis. SETTING PICU of a tertiary medical center. PATIENTS One hundred-twenty three children diagnosed with acute kidney injury requiring continuous renal replacement therapy. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Vasoactive-Inotropic Score, arterial blood gas analysis, blood chemistry at continuous renal replacement therapy initiation, the extent of fluid overload 24 hours prior to continuous renal replacement therapy initiation, Pediatric Risk of Mortality III score at admission, and need for mechanical ventilation during continuous renal replacement therapy were compared in survivors and nonsurvivors. Out of 1,832 patient admissions, 185 patients (10.1%) developed acute kidney injury during the study period. Of these, 158 patients were treated with continuous renal replacement therapy, and finally, 123 patients were enrolled. Of the enrolled patients, 50 patients died, corresponding to a mortality rate of 40.6%. The survivor group and the nonsurvivor group were compared, and the following factors were associated with an increased risk of mortality: higher Pediatric Risk of Mortality III score at admission and Vasoactive-Inotropic Score when initiating continuous renal replacement therapy, increased fluid overload 24 hours before continuous renal replacement therapy initiation, and need for mechanical ventilation during continuous renal replacement therapy. The percentage of fluid overload difference between the survivors and the nonsurvivors was 1.2% ± 2.2% versus 4.1% ± 4.6%, respectively. Acidosis, elevated lactic acid and blood urea nitrogen, and lower serum creatinine level were laboratory parameters associated with increased mortality. On multivariate analysis, Vasoactive-Inotropic Score, need for mechanical ventilation, blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine level were statistically significant. (Odds ratio: 1.040, 6.096, 1.032, and 0.643, respectively.) CONCLUSIONS:: A higher Vasoactive-Inotropic Score, need for mechanical ventilation, elevated blood urea nitrogen, and lower creatinine level were associated with increased mortality in pediatric acute kidney injury patients who underwent continuous renal replacement therapy. Lower creatinine levels may be associated with increased mortality in the context of fluid overload, which is correlated with a reduced chance of survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seung Jun Choi
- All authors: Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Songpa-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
239
|
Factors Associated With Mortality in Pediatric Acute Kidney Injury Treated With Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy: More Questions Than Answers. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2017; 18:198-199. [PMID: 28157799 DOI: 10.1097/pcc.0000000000001057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
240
|
Continuous Venovenous Hemofiltration in Children Less Than or Equal to 10 kg: A Single-Center Experience. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2017; 18:e70-e76. [PMID: 27977538 DOI: 10.1097/pcc.0000000000001030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to review the data from patients with a body weight less than or equal to 10 kg who required continuous venovenous hemofiltration, to assess the feasibility and problems associated with continuous venovenous hemofiltration in this population and compare the results with the current literature. DESIGN Retrospective study design. SETTING PICU in a single tertiary pediatric referral center. PATIENTS Children less than or equal to 10 kg who received continuous venovenous hemofiltration between January 2008 and July 2014 were included in the study. INTERVENTIONS Clinical data from these children were analyzed, and the differences between survivors and nonsurvivors were evaluated and compared with results from current literature. In a subgroup analysis of children less than or equal to 5 kg compared with children between 5 and 10 kg, the survival rate, indications for continuous venovenous hemofiltration, and continuous venovenous hemofiltration characteristics were assessed. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS In total, 71 continuous renal replacement therapy episodes in 70 children were included in the study. Children in our cohort had a survival rate of 57.7% (41/71). Survivors had less frequent need for vasopressor support prior to continuous venovenous hemofiltration, lower oxygen requirement and percent fluid overload at continuous venovenous hemofiltration initiation. Survival rate was not significantly different in children less than or equal to 5 kg compared with 5-10 kg. However, in children less than or equal to 5 kg, metabolic manipulation was a significantly more frequent indication for continuous venovenous hemofiltration, heparin use was lower and maximal blood flow rate was higher. CONCLUSIONS We have shown that continuous venovenous hemofiltration can be performed with good outcomes in children less than or equal to 10 kg using relatively high blood flow rates and with the current equipment available.
Collapse
|
241
|
Kaddourah A, Basu RK, Bagshaw SM, Goldstein SL. Epidemiology of Acute Kidney Injury in Critically Ill Children and Young Adults. N Engl J Med 2017; 376:11-20. [PMID: 27959707 PMCID: PMC5322803 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1611391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 664] [Impact Index Per Article: 94.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The epidemiologic characteristics of children and young adults with acute kidney injury have been described in single-center and retrospective studies. We conducted a multinational, prospective study involving patients admitted to pediatric intensive care units to define the incremental risk of death and complications associated with severe acute kidney injury. METHODS We used the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes criteria to define acute kidney injury. Severe acute kidney injury was defined as stage 2 or 3 acute kidney injury (plasma creatinine level ≥2 times the baseline level or urine output <0.5 ml per kilogram of body weight per hour for ≥12 hours) and was assessed for the first 7 days of intensive care. All patients 3 months to 25 years of age who were admitted to 1 of 32 participating units were screened during 3 consecutive months. The primary outcome was 28-day mortality. RESULTS A total of 4683 patients were evaluated; acute kidney injury developed in 1261 patients (26.9%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 25.6 to 28.2), and severe acute kidney injury developed in 543 patients (11.6%; 95% CI, 10.7 to 12.5). Severe acute kidney injury conferred an increased risk of death by day 28 after adjustment for 16 covariates (adjusted odds ratio, 1.77; 95% CI, 1.17 to 2.68); death occurred in 60 of the 543 patients (11.0%) with severe acute kidney injury versus 105 of the 4140 patients (2.5%) without severe acute kidney injury (P<0.001). Severe acute kidney injury was associated with increased use of mechanical ventilation and renal-replacement therapy. A stepwise increase in 28-day mortality was associated with worsening severity of acute kidney injury (P<0.001 by log-rank test). Assessment of acute kidney injury according to the plasma creatinine level alone failed to identify acute kidney injury in 67.2% of the patients with low urine output. CONCLUSIONS Acute kidney injury is common and is associated with poor outcomes, including increased mortality, among critically ill children and young adults. (Funded by the Pediatric Nephrology Center of Excellence at Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and others; AWARE ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01987921 .).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Kaddourah
- From the Center for Acute Care Nephrology (A.K., R.K.B., S.L.G.) and the Division of Critical Care (R.K.B.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati; Sidra Medical and Research Center, Doha, Qatar (A.K.); and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (S.M.B.)
| | - Rajit K Basu
- From the Center for Acute Care Nephrology (A.K., R.K.B., S.L.G.) and the Division of Critical Care (R.K.B.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati; Sidra Medical and Research Center, Doha, Qatar (A.K.); and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (S.M.B.)
| | - Sean M Bagshaw
- From the Center for Acute Care Nephrology (A.K., R.K.B., S.L.G.) and the Division of Critical Care (R.K.B.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati; Sidra Medical and Research Center, Doha, Qatar (A.K.); and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (S.M.B.)
| | - Stuart L Goldstein
- From the Center for Acute Care Nephrology (A.K., R.K.B., S.L.G.) and the Division of Critical Care (R.K.B.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati; Sidra Medical and Research Center, Doha, Qatar (A.K.); and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (S.M.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
242
|
Kyle UG, Akcan-Arikan A, Silva JC, Goldsworthy M, Shekerdemian LS, Coss-Bu JA. Protein Feeding in Pediatric Acute Kidney Injury Is Not Associated With a Delay in Renal Recovery. J Ren Nutr 2016; 27:8-15. [PMID: 27838192 DOI: 10.1053/j.jrn.2016.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Critically ill children with acute kidney injury (AKI) are at high risk of underfeeding. Newer guidelines for nutrition support recommend higher protein intake. Therefore, the study evaluated the effects of protein feeding on the resolution of AKI and compared energy and protein intake in patients with and without AKI after implementation of Nutrition Support guidelines. DESIGN Retrospective study. SUBJECTS Five hundred twenty critically ill children from October 2012 to June 2013 and October to December 2013. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Energy and protein intake in patients with no AKI, resolved, or persistent AKI. Energy and protein intake was documented for days 1-8 of Pediatric Intensive Care Unit stay and in the postimplementation versus preimplementation period of nutrition support guidelines. AKI was defined by modified pRIFLE. Persistent AKI was defined as patients who did not resolve their AKI during the study period. RESULTS A higher percentage of patients with resolved and persistent AKI met ≥ 80% of protein needs versus no AKI. After adjustment for Pediatric Risk of Mortality Score, the odds ratio for protein intake of ≥ 80% compared to <80% of estimated protein needs was not significant, which suggests that higher protein intake was not associated with nonresolution of AKI. There were significant improvements in the cumulative protein gap in patients with no AKI in the postimplementation (-1.0 [-1.7 to -0.6] g/kg/day) compared to preimplementation period (-1.3 [-1.7 to -0.9] g/kg/day, P = .001) and persistent AKI in the postimplementation (-0.8 [-1.4 to -0.1] g/kg/day) compared to preimplementation (-1.3 [-1.7 to -0.9] g/kg/day, P = .03). CONCLUSIONS Higher protein intake was not associated with a delay in renal recovery in patients with AKI after adjustment for severity of illness. Protein intake was improved in critically ill children with no AKI, resolved, and persistent AKI after implementation of Nutrition Support Guidelines, but underfeeding persisted in these patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ursula G Kyle
- Section of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine/Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Ayse Akcan-Arikan
- Section of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine/Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas; Section of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine/Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Jaime C Silva
- Section of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine/Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Michelle Goldsworthy
- Section of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine/Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Lara S Shekerdemian
- Section of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine/Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Jorge A Coss-Bu
- Section of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine/Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas.
| |
Collapse
|
243
|
Cooper DS, Basu RK, Price JF, Goldstein SL, Krawczeski CD. The Kidney in Critical Cardiac Disease: Proceedings From the 10th International Conference of the Pediatric Cardiac Intensive Care Society. World J Pediatr Congenit Heart Surg 2016; 7:152-63. [PMID: 26957397 DOI: 10.1177/2150135115623289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The field of cardiac intensive care continues to advance in tandem with congenital heart surgery. The focus of intensive care unit care has now shifted to that of morbidity reduction and eventual elimination. Acute kidney injury (AKI) after cardiac surgery is associated with adverse outcomes, including prolonged intensive care and hospital stays, diminished quality of life, and increased long-term mortality. Acute kidney injury occurs frequently, complicating the care of both postoperative patients and those with heart failure. Patients who become fluid overloaded and/or require dialysis are at high risk of mortality, but even minor degrees of AKI portend a significant increase in mortality and morbidity. Clinicians continue to seek methods of early diagnosis and risk stratification of AKI to prevent its adverse sequelae. Previous conventional wisdom that survivors of AKI fully recover renal function without subsequent consequences may be flawed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David S Cooper
- The Heart Institute and the Center for Acute Care Nephrology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Rajit K Basu
- Division of Critical Care and the Center for Acute Care Nephrology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jack F Price
- Division of Cardiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Stuart L Goldstein
- The Heart Institute and the Center for Acute Care Nephrology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Catherine D Krawczeski
- Dvision of Cardiology, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
244
|
Tal L, Angelo JR, Akcan-Arikan A. Neonatal extracorporeal renal replacement therapy-a routine renal support modality? Pediatr Nephrol 2016; 31:2013-5. [PMID: 27270721 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-016-3423-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Peritoneal dialysis (PD) is generally considered the preferred extracorporeal therapy for neonates with acute kidney injury (AKI). However, there are situations when PD is not suitable, such as in patients with previous abdominal surgery, hyperammonemia and significant ascites or anasarca. Additionally, with a need to start PD soon after catheter placement, there is increased risk of PD catheter leak and infection. Extracorporeal continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) is challenging in severely ill neonates as it requires obtaining adequately sized central venous access to accommodate adequate blood flow rates and also adaptation of a CRRT machine meant for older children and adults. In addition, ultrafiltration often cannot be set in sufficiently small increments to be suitable for neonates. Although CRRT practices can be modified to fit the needs of infants and neonates, there is a need for a device designed specifically for this population. Until that becomes available, providing the highest level of care for neonates with AKI is dependent on the shared experiences of members of the pediatric nephrology community.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leyat Tal
- Renal Section, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Joseph R Angelo
- Renal Section, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ayse Akcan-Arikan
- Renal Section, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA. .,Section of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, 6621 Fannin Street, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
245
|
Neunhoeffer F, Wiest M, Sandner K, Renk H, Heimberg E, Haller C, Kumpf M, Schlensak C, Hofbeck M. Non-invasive measurement of renal perfusion and oxygen metabolism to predict postoperative acute kidney injury in neonates and infants after cardiopulmonary bypass surgery. Br J Anaesth 2016; 117:623-634. [DOI: 10.1093/bja/aew307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
|
246
|
Lee ST, Cho H. Fluid overload and outcomes in neonates receiving continuous renal replacement therapy. Pediatr Nephrol 2016; 31:2145-52. [PMID: 26975386 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-016-3363-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) has emerged as the modality of choice for the management of high-risk neonates with acute kidney injury (AKI), inborn errors of metabolism and multi-organ dysfunction. The aim of this study was to evaluate fluid overload (FO) and investigate the factors associated with outcomes in neonates undergoing CRRT. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 34 neonates with AKI who were admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) of Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea between January 2007 and December 2014 where they underwent at least 24 h of CRRT. RESULTS The survival rates of patients with an FO of ≥30 % at the time of CRRT initiation were lower than those of patients with an FO of <30 % at the same time-point. Univariate Cox regression analysis revealed that a higher percentage FO at CRRT initiation and decreased urine output at the end of CRRT were associated with mortality, and multivariate Cox regression analysis indicated that mortality was associated with decreased urine output at the end of CRRT. Univariate linear regression analysis revealed that the length of hospital stay was associated with higher levels of serum creatinine at CRRT initiation, longer stay in the NICU prior to initiation of CRRT, longer duration of CRRT and lower body weight at the time of NICU admission. CONCLUSIONS Neonates with a higher percentage FO and higher levels of serum creatinine at CRRT initiation showed poor outcomes. Early initiation of CRRT before the development of severe FO or azotemia might improve the outcomes of neonates requiring CRRT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sang Taek Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 135-710, South Korea
| | - Heeyeon Cho
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 135-710, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
247
|
Musielak A, Warzywoda A, Wojtalik M, Kociński B, Kroll P, Ostalska-Nowicka D, Zachwieja J. Outcomes of Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy With Regional Citrate Anticoagulation in Small Children After Cardiac Surgery: Experience and Protocol From a Single Center. Ther Apher Dial 2016; 20:639-644. [DOI: 10.1111/1744-9987.12456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Musielak
- Pediatric Cardiology and Nephrology; Poznan University of Medical Sciences; Poznan Poland
| | - Alfred Warzywoda
- Pediatric Cardiology and Nephrology; Poznan University of Medical Sciences; Poznan Poland
| | - Michał Wojtalik
- Pediatric Cardiology and Nephrology; Poznan University of Medical Sciences; Poznan Poland
| | - Bartłomiej Kociński
- Pediatric Cardiology and Nephrology; Poznan University of Medical Sciences; Poznan Poland
| | - Paweł Kroll
- Pediatric Cardiology and Nephrology; Poznan University of Medical Sciences; Poznan Poland
| | | | - Jacek Zachwieja
- Pediatric Cardiology and Nephrology; Poznan University of Medical Sciences; Poznan Poland
| |
Collapse
|
248
|
Fayad AI, Buamscha DG, Ciapponi A. Intensity of continuous renal replacement therapy for acute kidney injury. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016; 10:CD010613. [PMID: 27699760 PMCID: PMC6457961 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd010613.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common condition among patients in intensive care units (ICU), and is associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. Continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) is a blood purification technique used to treat the most severe forms of AKI but its effectiveness remains unclear. OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of different intensities (intensive and less intensive) of CRRT on mortality and recovery of kidney function in critically ill AKI patients. SEARCH METHODS We searched Cochrane Kidney and Transplant's Specialised Register to 9 February 2016 through contact with the Information Specialist using search terms relevant to this review. Studies contained in the Specialised Register are identified through search strategies specifically designed for CENTRAL, MEDLINE, and EMBASE; handsearching conference proceedings; and searching the International Clinical Trials Register (ICTRP) Search Portal and ClinicalTrials.gov. We also searched LILACS to 9 February 2016. SELECTION CRITERIA We included all randomised controlled trials (RCTs). We included all patients with AKI in ICU regardless of age, comparing intensive (usually a prescribed dose ≥35 mL/kg/h) versus less intensive CRRT (usually a prescribed dose < 35 mL/kg/h). For safety and cost outcomes we planned to include cohort studies and non-RCTs. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Data were extracted independently by two authors. The random-effects model was used and results were reported as risk ratios (RR) for dichotomous outcomes and mean differences (MD) for continuous outcomes, with 95% confidence intervals (CI). MAIN RESULTS We included six studies enrolling 3185 participants. Studies were assessed as being at low or unclear risk of bias. There was no significant difference between intensive versus less intensive CRRT on mortality risk at day 30 (5 studies, 2402 participants: RR 0.88, 95% CI 0.71 to 1.08; I2 = 75%; low quality of evidence) or after 30 days post randomisation (5 studies, 2759 participants: RR 0.92, 95% CI 0.80 to 1.06; I2 = 65%; low quality of evidence). There were no significant differences between intensive versus less intensive CRRT in the numbers of patients who were free of RRT after CRRT discontinuation (5 studies, 2402 participants: RR 1.12, 95% CI 0.91 to 1.37; I2 = 71%; low quality of evidence) or among survivors at day 30 (5 studies, 1415 participants: RR 1.03, 95% CI 0.96 to 1.11; I2 = 69%; low quality of evidence) and day 90 (3 studies, 988 participants: RR 0.98, IC 95% 0.94 to 1.01, I2 = 0%; moderatequality of evidence). There were no significant differences between intensive and less intensive CRRT on the number of days in hospital (2 studies, 1665 participants): MD -0.23 days, 95% CI -3.35 to 2.89; I2 = 8%; low quality of evidence) and the number of days in ICU (2 studies, 1665 participants: MD -0.58 days, 95% CI -3.73 to 2.56, I2 = 19%; low quality of evidence). Intensive CRRT increased the risk of hypophosphataemia (1 study, 1441 participants: RR 1.21, 95% CI 1.11 to 1.31; high quality evidence) compared to less intensive CRRT. There was no significant differences between intensive and less intensive CRRT on numbers of patients who experienced adverse events (3 studies, 1753 participants: RR 1.08, 95% CI 0.73 to 1.61; I2 = 16%; moderate quality of evidence). In the subgroups analysis by severity of illness and by aetiology of AKI, intensive CRRT would seem to reduce the risk mortality (2 studies, 531 participants: RR 0.73, 95% CI 0.61 to 0.88; I2 = 0%; high quality of evidence) only in the subgroup of patients with post-surgical AKI. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Based on the current low quality of evidence identified, more intensive CRRT did not demonstrate beneficial effects on mortality or recovery of kidney function in critically ill patients with AKI. There was an increased risk of hypophosphataemia with more intense CRRT. Intensive CRRT reduced the risk of mortality in patients with post-surgical AKI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alicia I Fayad
- Ricardo Gutierrez Children's HospitalPediatric NephrologyInstitute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health PolicyLos Incas Av 4174Buenos AiresArgentina1427
| | - Daniel G Buamscha
- Juan Garrahan Children's HospitalPediatric Critical Care UnitCombate de Los Pozoz Y PichinchaBuenos AiresArgentina
| | - Agustín Ciapponi
- Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy (IECS‐CONICET)Argentine Cochrane CentreDr. Emilio Ravignani 2024Buenos AiresCapital FederalArgentinaC1414CPV
| | | |
Collapse
|
249
|
Polglase GR, Ong T, Hillman NH. Cardiovascular Alterations and Multiorgan Dysfunction After Birth Asphyxia. Clin Perinatol 2016; 43:469-83. [PMID: 27524448 PMCID: PMC4988334 DOI: 10.1016/j.clp.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The cardiovascular response to asphyxia involves redistribution of cardiac output to maintain oxygen delivery to critical organs such as the adrenal gland, heart, and brain, at the expense of other organs such as the gut, kidneys and skin. This redistribution results in reduced perfusion and localized hypoxia/ischemia in these organs, which, if severe, can result in multiorgan failure. Liver injury, coagulopathy, bleeding, thrombocytopenia, renal dysfunction, and pulmonary and gastrointestinal injury all result from hypoxia, underperfusion, or both. Current clinical therapies need to be considered together with therapeutic hypothermia and cardiovascular recovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Graeme R. Polglase
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, 27–31 Wright Street, Clayton, Victoria, 3168, Australia
| | - Tracey Ong
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, 27–31 Wright Street, Clayton, Victoria, 3168, Australia
| | - Noah H Hillman
- Noah Hillman: Saint Louis University, Department of Pediatrics, 1100 S. Grand Blvd, St. Louis, MO 63124
| |
Collapse
|
250
|
Skeens MA, McArthur J, Cheifetz IM, Duncan C, Randolph AG, Stanek J, Lehman L, Bajwa R. High Variability in the Reported Management of Hepatic Veno-Occlusive Disease in Children after Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2016; 22:1823-1828. [PMID: 27496218 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2016.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Veno-occlusive disease (VOD) is a potentially fatal complication of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Patients with VOD are often critically ill and require close collaboration between transplant physicians and intensivists. We surveyed members of a consortium of pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) and transplant physicians to assess variability in the self-reported approach to the diagnosis and management of VOD. An internet-based self-administered survey was sent to pediatric HSCT and PICU providers from September 2014 to February 2015. The survey contained questions relating to the diagnosis and treatment of VOD. The response rate was 41% of 382 providers surveyed. We found significant variability in the diagnostic and management approaches to VOD in children. Even though ultrasound is not part of the diagnostic criteria, providers reported using reversal of portal venous flow seen on abdominal ultrasound in addition to Seattle criteria (70%) or Baltimore criteria to make the diagnosis of VOD. Almost 40% of respondents did not diagnose VOD in anicteric patients (bilirubin < 2 mg/dL). Most providers (75%) initiated treatment with defibrotide at the time of diagnosis, but 14%, 7%, and 6% of the providers waited for reversal of portal venous flow, renal dysfunction, or pulmonary dysfunction, respectively, to develop before initiating therapy. Only 50% of the providers restricted fluids to 75% of the daily maintenance, whereas 21% did not restrict fluids at all. Albumin with diuretics was used by 95% of respondents. Platelets counts were maintained at 20,000 to 50,000/mm(3) and 10,000 to 20,000/mm(3) by 64% and 20% of the respondents, respectively. Paracentesis was generally initiated in the setting of oliguria or hypoxia, and nearly 50% of the providers used continuous drainage to gravity, whereas the remainder used an intermittent drainage approach. Nearly 73% of the transplant providers used VOD prophylaxis, whereas the remainder did not use any medications for VOD prophylaxis. There was also considerable variation in the management strategies among the transplant and critical care providers. We conclude that there is considerable self-reported variability in the diagnosis and management of VOD in children. The practice variations reported in this study should encourage the development of standard practice guidelines, which will be helpful in improving the outcome of this potentially fatal complication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Micah A Skeens
- Division of Hematology/Oncology/BMT, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jennifer McArthur
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Ira M Cheifetz
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Dept of Pediatrics, Duke Children's Hospital, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Christine Duncan
- Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Adrienne G Randolph
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Joseph Stanek
- Division of Hematology/Oncology/BMT, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Leslie Lehman
- Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rajinder Bajwa
- Division of Hematology/Oncology/BMT, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio.
| | | |
Collapse
|