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Lin WH, Kuo HH, Ho LH, Tseng ML, Siao AC, Hung CT, Jeng KC, Hou CW. Gardenia jasminoides extracts and gallic acid inhibit lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation by suppression of JNK2/1 signaling pathways in BV-2 cells. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2015; 18. [PMID: 26221479 PMCID: PMC4509950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Gardenia jasminoides Ellis (GJ, Cape Jasmine Fruit, Zhi Zi) has been traditionally used for the treatment of infectious hepatitis, aphthous ulcer, and trauma; however, the direct evidence is lacking. MATERIALS AND METHODS We investigated the effect of the GJ extract (GJ) and gallic acid (GA) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced inflammation of BV-2 microglial cells and acute liver injury in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. RESULTS Our results showed that the GJ extract and GA reduced LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO), interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and prostaglandin (PGE2) production in BV-2 cells. The GJ extract and GA significantly decreased serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels in LPS-treated rats. Furthermore, the water extract, but not the ethanol extract, of the GJ dose-dependently inhibited LPS-induced JNK2/1 and slightly p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression in BV-2 cells. CONCLUSION Taken together, these results indicate that the protective mechanism of the GJ extract involves an antioxidant effect and inhibition of JNK2/1 MAP kinase and COX-2 expressions in LPS-induced inflammation of BV-2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Hung Lin
- Department of Technology Management, Chung Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Heng-Hung Kuo
- Department of Finance, Chung Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Li-Hsing Ho
- Department of Technology Management, Chung Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Lang Tseng
- Department of Biotechnology, Yuanpei University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - An-Ci Siao
- Office of Physical Education, Chung Hua University Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Tsen Hung
- Department of Health and Leisure Management, Yuanpei University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Kee-Ching Jeng
- Department of Medical Research, Tungs’ Taichung Metro Harbor Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Wei Hou
- Office of Physical Education, Chung Hua University Hsinchu, Taiwan,*Corresponding author: Chien-Wei Hou. Department of Biotechnology, Yuanpei University, Hsinchu, Taiwan. N0. 306, Yuanpei St, Hsinchu City, Taiwan. Tel: +886-3-538-1183 # 8154, Fax: +886-3-6102312.
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Dual effect of red wine on liver redox status: a concise and mechanistic review. Arch Toxicol 2015; 89:1681-93. [PMID: 26026610 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1538-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is a common cause of liver related morbidity and mortality. It is closely linked to underlying insulin resistance. It has recently been shown that bile acids modulate insulin signaling and can improve insulin resistance in cell based and animal studies. These effects are mediated in part by activation of farnesoid x receptors by bile acids. In human studies, FXR agonists improve insulin resistance and have recently been shown to improve NAFLD. The basis for the use of FXR agonists for the treatment of NAFLD and early human experience with such agents is reviewed in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun J Sanyal
- Virgnia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Va., USA
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Lactobacillus fermentum ZYL0401 Attenuates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Hepatic TNF-α Expression and Liver Injury via an IL-10- and PGE2-EP4-Dependent Mechanism. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126520. [PMID: 25978374 PMCID: PMC4433256 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) has essential role in the pathogenesis of D-galactosamine-sensitized animal models and alcoholic liver diseases of humans, by stimulating release of pro-inflammatory mediators that cause hepatic damage and intestinal barrier impairment. Oral pretreatment of probiotics has been shown to attenuate LPS-induced hepatic injury, but it is unclear whether the effect is direct or due to improvement in the intestinal barrier. The present study tested the hypothesis that pretreatment with probiotics enables the liver to withstand directly LPS-induced hepatic injury and inflammation. In a mouse model of LPS-induced hepatic injury, the levels of hepatic tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) of mice with depleted intestinal commensal bacteria were not significantly different from that of the control models. Pre-feeding mice for 10 days with Lactobacillus fermentum ZYL0401 (LF41), significantly alleviated LPS-induced hepatic TNF-α expression and liver damage. After LF41 pretreatment, mice had dramatically more L.fermentum-specific DNA in the ileum, significantly higher levels of ileal cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and interleukin 10 (IL-10) and hepatic prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). However, hepatic COX-1, COX-2, and IL-10 protein levels were not changed after the pretreatment. There were also higher hepatic IL-10 protein levels after LPS challenge in LF41-pretreaed mice than in the control mice. Attenuation of hepatic TNF-α was mediated via the PGE2/E prostanoid 4 (EP4) pathway, and serum ALT levels were attenuated in an IL-10-dependent manner. A COX-2 blockade abolished the increase in hepatic PGE2 and IL-10 associated with LF41. In LF41-pretreated mice, a blockade of IL-10 caused COX-2-dependent promotion of hepatic PGE2, without affecting hepatic COX-2levels. In LF41-pretreated mice, COX2 prevented enhancing TNF-α expression in both hepatic mononuclear cells and the ileum, and averted TNF-α-mediated increase in intestinal permeability. Together, we demonstrated that LF41 pre-feeding enabled the liver to alleviate LPS-induced hepatic TNF-α expression and injury via a PGE2-EP4- and IL-10-dependent mechanism.
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Moniaux N, Darnaud M, Garbin K, Dos Santos A, Guettier C, Samuel D, Amouyal G, Amouyal P, Bréchot C, Faivre J. The Reg3α (HIP/PAP) Lectin Suppresses Extracellular Oxidative Stress in a Murine Model of Acute Liver Failure. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125584. [PMID: 25938566 PMCID: PMC4418718 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Acute liver failure (ALF) is a rapidly progressive heterogeneous illness with high mortality rate and no widely accessible cure. A promising drug candidate according to previous preclinical studies is the Reg3α (or HIP/PAP) lectin, which alleviates ALF through its free-radical scavenging activity. Here we study the therapeutic targets of Reg3α in order to gain information on the nature of the oxidative stress associated with ALF. METHODS Primary hepatocytes stressed with the reactive oxygen species (ROS) inducers TNFα and H2O2 were incubated with a recombinant Reg3α protein. ALF was induced in C57BL/6J mice by an anti-CD95 antibody. Livers and primary hepatocytes were harvested for deoxycholate separation of cellular and extracellular fractions, immunostaining, immunoprecipitation and malondialdehyde assays. Fibrin deposition was studied by immunofluorescence in frozen liver explants from patients with ALF. RESULTS Fibrin deposition occurs during experimental and clinical acute liver injuries. Reg3α bound the resulting transient fibrin network, accumulated in the inflammatory extracellular matrix (ECM), greatly reduced extracellular ROS levels, and improved cell viability. Hepatocyte treatment with ligands of death receptors, e.g. TNFα and Fas, resulted in a twofold increase of malondialdehyde (MDA) level in the deoxycholate-insoluble fractions. Reg3α treatment maintained MDA at a level similar to control cells and thereby increased hepatocyte survival by 35%. No antioxidant effect of Reg3α was noted in the deoxycholate-soluble fractions. Preventing fibrin network formation with heparin suppressed the prosurvival effect of Reg3α. CONCLUSIONS Reg3α is an ECM-targeted ROS scavenger that binds the fibrin scaffold resulting from hepatocyte death during ALF. ECM alteration is an important pathogenic factor of ALF and a relevant target for pharmacotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Moniaux
- INSERM, U1193, Centre Hépatobiliaire, Villejuif, F-94800, France
- Université Paris-Sud, Faculté de Médecine, Villejuif, F-94800, France
| | - Marion Darnaud
- INSERM, U1193, Centre Hépatobiliaire, Villejuif, F-94800, France
- Université Paris-Sud, Faculté de Médecine, Villejuif, F-94800, France
| | - Kévin Garbin
- INSERM, U1193, Centre Hépatobiliaire, Villejuif, F-94800, France
- Université Paris-Sud, Faculté de Médecine, Villejuif, F-94800, France
| | - Alexandre Dos Santos
- INSERM, U1193, Centre Hépatobiliaire, Villejuif, F-94800, France
- Université Paris-Sud, Faculté de Médecine, Villejuif, F-94800, France
| | - Catherine Guettier
- INSERM, U1193, Centre Hépatobiliaire, Villejuif, F-94800, France
- Université Paris-Sud, Faculté de Médecine, Villejuif, F-94800, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Hôpital Universitaire Paul Brousse, Villejuif, F-94800, France
| | - Didier Samuel
- INSERM, U1193, Centre Hépatobiliaire, Villejuif, F-94800, France
- Université Paris-Sud, Faculté de Médecine, Villejuif, F-94800, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Hôpital Universitaire Paul Brousse, Villejuif, F-94800, France
| | | | | | - Christian Bréchot
- INSERM, U1193, Centre Hépatobiliaire, Villejuif, F-94800, France
- Université Paris-Sud, Faculté de Médecine, Villejuif, F-94800, France
| | - Jamila Faivre
- INSERM, U1193, Centre Hépatobiliaire, Villejuif, F-94800, France
- Université Paris-Sud, Faculté de Médecine, Villejuif, F-94800, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Hôpital Universitaire Paul Brousse, Villejuif, F-94800, France
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Chen S, Zhao X, Ran L, Wan J, Wang X, Qin Y, Shu F, Gao Y, Yuan L, Zhang Q, Mi M. Resveratrol improves insulin resistance, glucose and lipid metabolism in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a randomized controlled trial. Dig Liver Dis 2015; 47:226-32. [PMID: 25577300 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2014.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is a major health problem worldwide. Resveratrol is a natural polyphenol found in edible plants that has a variety of biochemical and physiological effects. AIMS To evaluate the effect of resveratrol on insulin resistance, glucose and lipid metabolism in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. METHODS Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial: 60 subjects with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease were given 2 placebo capsules (placebo group) or 2 150mg resveratrol capsules (resveratrol group) twice daily for three months. Liver ultrasound imaging, anthropometric profile, serum liver enzymes, insulin, glucose, C-peptide, lipid profile, and inflammation-related cytokines were compared pre and post-treatment. RESULTS Compared with the placebo group, resveratrol significantly decreased aspartate aminotransferase, glucose and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol [-6.00 (-9.00, -3.00) IU/L, -0.64±0.31mmol/L, and -0.41±0.35mmol/L, respectively, P≤0.001] alanine aminotransferase, total cholesterol [-7.00 (-11.0, -2.50) IU/L and -0.67±0.50mmol/L, respectively, P=0.002], and homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance index (-0.60±1.15, P=0.016). In the resveratrol group significant reductions of the levels of tumour necrosis factor-alpha, cytokeratin 18 fragment, and fibroblast growth factor 21 [-0.53±1.30pg/mL, -26.9 (-70.3, 5.12) IU/L and -23.3 (-43.0, 0.31) pg/mL, respectively, P<0.05] and elevation of adiponectin level [1.22 (-0.37, 1.60) ng/mL, P=0.025] were observed. CONCLUSION Resveratrol supplementation may benefit patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihui Chen
- Research Center of Nutrition and Food Safety, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Food Safety, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaolan Zhao
- Health Care Center of Southwest Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Ran
- Research Center of Nutrition and Food Safety, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Food Safety, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Wan
- Research Center of Nutrition and Food Safety, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Food Safety, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaofang Wang
- Health Care Center of Southwest Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu Qin
- Research Center of Nutrition and Food Safety, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Food Safety, Chongqing, China
| | - Furong Shu
- Research Center of Nutrition and Food Safety, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Food Safety, Chongqing, China
| | - Yanxiang Gao
- Research Center of Nutrition and Food Safety, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Food Safety, Chongqing, China
| | - Lijia Yuan
- Research Center of Nutrition and Food Safety, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Food Safety, Chongqing, China
| | - Qianyong Zhang
- Research Center of Nutrition and Food Safety, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Food Safety, Chongqing, China.
| | - Mantian Mi
- Research Center of Nutrition and Food Safety, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Food Safety, Chongqing, China.
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Carulli L. Telomere shortening as genetic risk factor of liver cirrhosis. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:379-383. [PMID: 25593453 PMCID: PMC4292269 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i2.379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cirrhosis is the main complication of chronic liver disease, leads to progressive liver function impairment and is the main risk factor for the development of liver cancer. Liver failure at endstage cirrhosis is associated with increased mortality with liver transplantation as the only possible treatment at this stage. The pathogenesis of liver cirrhosis is not completely elucidated. Although the common factors leading to liver injury, such as viral hepatitis, alcohol consume or fatty liver disease can be identified in the majority of patients a small percentage of patients have no apparent risk factors. Moreover given the same risk factors, some patients progress to cirrhosis whereas others have a benign course, the reason remains unclear. In order to develop new diagnostic and therapeutic tools, it is s essential to understand the pathogenesis of cirrhosis. The identification of genetic risk factors associated with cirrhosis is one of the possible approach to achieve these goal. In the past years several studies have supported the role of telomere shortening and cirrhosis. In the recent year several studies on the relation between several single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) and cirrhosis have been published; it has been proposed also a cirrhosis risk score based on seven SNPs. Also epidemiological studies on identical twins and in different ethnic groups have been supporting the importance of the role of genetic risk factors. Finally in the very recent years it has been suggested that telomere shortening may represent a genetic risk factor for the development of cirrhosis.
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208
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A concise review of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Atherosclerosis 2015; 239:192-202. [PMID: 25617860 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the hepatic manifestation of the metabolic syndrome and the incidence of which is rising rapidly due to the increasing epidemic of obesity in both adults and children. The initial accumulation of fat followed by subsequent inflammation is central to the development of liver damage, and is critically influenced by host factors including age, gender, presence of diabetes, genetic polymorphisms and more recently by the gut microbiome. An increasing body of data suggest that NAFLD is also an independent risk factor of cardiovascular disease, which remains the commonest cause of mortality in such patients. This review focusses on the pathogenesis of NAFLD, and the evolution of new approaches to the management and treatment of NAFLD.
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209
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Maes M, Vanhaecke T, Cogliati B, Yanguas SC, Willebrords J, Rogiers V, Vinken M. Measurement of Apoptotic and Necrotic Cell Death in Primary Hepatocyte Cultures. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1250:349-61. [PMID: 26272157 PMCID: PMC4579552 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2074-7_27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Hepatotoxicity, including drug-induced liver injury, is frequently accompanied by cell death. The latter is typically driven by apoptosis or necrosis, which substantially differ based upon biochemical and morphological criteria. This chapter describes two commonly used methods to probe apoptotic and necrotic activities in adherent monolayer cultures of primary hepatocytes. The apoptosis assay uses a prototypical substrate of caspase 3, the main executor of apoptotic cell death, which can be cleaved, yielding a product that can be measured fluorimetrically. The second assay relies on the disruption of the cell plasma membrane, which typically occurs in necrotic cell death and that results in the extracellular release of cytoplasmic enzymes, such as lactate dehydrogenase. The latter can be indirectly assessed by spectrophotometrically measuring the consumption of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaël Maes
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, Brussels, 1090, Belgium,
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Woo Eom
- Cell Therapy and Tissue Engineering Center, Yonsei University, Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - Soon Koo Baik
- Cell Therapy and Tissue Engineering Center, Yonsei University, Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
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211
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Lei Z, Mo Z, Zhu J, Pang X, Zheng X, Wu Z, Wang K, Li X, Xie D, Gao Z. Soluble ST2 plasma concentrations predict mortality in HBV-related acute-on-chronic liver failure. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:535938. [PMID: 25892854 PMCID: PMC4393901 DOI: 10.1155/2015/535938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus-related acute-on-chronic liver failure (HBV-ACLF) is a rapidly progressing and frequently fatal condition. The aim of this study was to determine whether interleukin- (IL-) 33 and soluble ST2 (sST2) were associated with disease severity and mortality in HBV-ACLF. We found that plasma levels of sST2 but not IL-33 were higher in HBV-ACLF patients compared with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients and healthy controls. However, plasma levels of IL-33, TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-10 did not correlate with sST2 levels. Similarly, immunohistochemistry revealed low IL-33 expression and high ST2 expression in liver sections of patients with HBV-ACLF. Evaluation of dynamic changes of sST2 in HBV-ACLF showed that plasma sST2 levels increased over time in patients who died during the 180-day follow-up but decreased in those who survived. In addition, plasma sST2 level after week 1 correlated with disease severity, as assessed by total bilirubin, prothrombin time, and model for end-stage liver disease score. Results of Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that higher sST2 concentration (≥87 ng/mL) at week 3 was associated with poor survival. These findings indicate the potential usefulness of sST2 as a predictor of disease severity and in making treatment decisions for patients with HBV-ACLF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziying Lei
- 1Department of Infectious Disease, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun-Yet-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
- 2Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Sun Yat-Sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Zhishuo Mo
- 1Department of Infectious Disease, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun-Yet-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
- 2Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Sun Yat-Sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Jianyun Zhu
- 1Department of Infectious Disease, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun-Yet-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
- 2Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Sun Yat-Sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Xiuqing Pang
- 1Department of Infectious Disease, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun-Yet-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
- 2Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Sun Yat-Sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Xingrong Zheng
- 1Department of Infectious Disease, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun-Yet-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
- 2Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Sun Yat-Sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Zhebin Wu
- 1Department of Infectious Disease, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun-Yet-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
- 2Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Sun Yat-Sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Ke Wang
- 1Department of Infectious Disease, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun-Yet-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
- 2Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Sun Yat-Sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Xinhua Li
- 1Department of Infectious Disease, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun-Yet-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
- 2Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Sun Yat-Sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
- *Xinhua Li: and
| | - Dongying Xie
- 1Department of Infectious Disease, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun-Yet-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
- 2Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Sun Yat-Sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
- *Dongying Xie:
| | - Zhiliang Gao
- 1Department of Infectious Disease, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun-Yet-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
- 2Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Sun Yat-Sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
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Cai Y, Zou Z, Liu L, Chen S, Chen Y, Lin Z, Shi K, Xu L, Chen Y. Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells inhibits hepatocyte apoptosis after acute liver injury. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2015; 8:107-116. [PMID: 25755697 PMCID: PMC4348892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the protective effect of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) transplantation on acute liver injury (ALI) rats. MATERIAL AND METHODS BMSCs were extracted from rat bone marrow, cultured and expansion in vitro, and identified by flow cytometer. Rat model with acute liver injury was established by employing D-galactosamine and Lipopolysaccharide. Male rats were randomly divided into ALI model group and BMSCs transplantation group. Rats were sacrificed 24 h, 72 h and 120 h after BMSCs injection to determine alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels in serum. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) immunohistochemistry staining and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) of α-fetoprotein (AFP) and glypican-3 (GPC3) were performed to analysis proliferation. Terminal deoxynucleontidyl Transferase Biotin-dUTP Nick End Labeling (TUNEL) assays were used to analyze apoptosis and mitochondria-dependent-pathway related factors Bax and Bcl-2 were examined by Western blot. RESULTS Compared with the ALI model group, the BMSCs transplantation group presented the lower levels of ALT, AST, decreased Bax proteins expression, and increased Bcl-2 expression. The mRNA levels of AFP and GPC3 and expression of PCNA were significantly higher in BMSCs transplantation group. CONCLUSIONS BMSCs transplantation could significantly restore liver function. These effects were supposed to be mediated by suppressing hepatocyte apoptosis as well as promoting proliferation. Reduction of apoptosis seemed to correlate with mitochondria-dependent-pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijing Cai
- Department of Infection Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of HepatologyWenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
- Hepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Zhuolin Zou
- Department of Infection Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of HepatologyWenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
- Hepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Liyuan Liu
- Department of Infection Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of HepatologyWenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
- Hepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Si Chen
- Department of Infection Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of HepatologyWenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
- Hepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Yi Chen
- Department of Infection Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of HepatologyWenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
- Hepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Zhuo Lin
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of HepatologyWenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
- Hepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Keqing Shi
- Department of Infection Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Lanman Xu
- Department of Infection Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Yongping Chen
- Department of Infection Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of HepatologyWenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
- Hepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
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Liu A, Huang L, Fan H, Fang H, Yang Y, Liu S, Hu J, Hu Q, Dirsch O, Dahmen U. Baicalein pretreatment protects against liver ischemia/reperfusion injury via inhibition of NF-κB pathway in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 24:72-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2014.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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214
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Tummala KS, Gomes AL, Yilmaz M, Graña O, Bakiri L, Ruppen I, Ximénez-Embún P, Sheshappanavar V, Rodriguez-Justo M, Pisano DG, Wagner EF, Djouder N. Inhibition of de novo NAD(+) synthesis by oncogenic URI causes liver tumorigenesis through DNA damage. Cancer Cell 2014; 26:826-839. [PMID: 25453901 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Molecular mechanisms responsible for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain largely unknown. Using genetically engineered mouse models, we show that hepatocyte-specific expression of unconventional prefoldin RPB5 interactor (URI) leads to a multistep process of HCC development, whereas its genetic reduction in hepatocytes protects against diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced HCC. URI inhibits aryl hydrocarbon (AhR)- and estrogen receptor (ER)-mediated transcription of enzymes implicated in L-tryptophan/kynurenine/nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+)) metabolism, thereby causing DNA damage at early stages of tumorigenesis. Restoring NAD(+) pools with nicotinamide riboside (NR) prevents DNA damage and tumor formation. Consistently, URI expression in human HCC is associated with poor survival and correlates negatively with L-tryptophan catabolism pathway. Our results suggest that boosting NAD(+) can be prophylactic or therapeutic in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna S Tummala
- Growth Factors, Nutrients and Cancer Group, BBVA Foundation-Cancer Cell Biology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, CNIO, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana L Gomes
- Growth Factors, Nutrients and Cancer Group, BBVA Foundation-Cancer Cell Biology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, CNIO, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mahmut Yilmaz
- Growth Factors, Nutrients and Cancer Group, BBVA Foundation-Cancer Cell Biology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, CNIO, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Osvaldo Graña
- Bioinformatics Unit, Structural Biology and Biocomputing Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, CNIO, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Latifa Bakiri
- Genes, Development, and Disease Group, BBVA Foundation-Cancer Cell Biology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, CNIO, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Ruppen
- Proteomics Core Unit, ProteoRed ISCIII, Biotechnology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, CNIO, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Ximénez-Embún
- Proteomics Core Unit, ProteoRed ISCIII, Biotechnology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, CNIO, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Manuel Rodriguez-Justo
- Department of Cellular Pathology, University College London NHS Trust, London NW1 2BU, UK
| | - David G Pisano
- Bioinformatics Unit, Structural Biology and Biocomputing Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, CNIO, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Erwin F Wagner
- Genes, Development, and Disease Group, BBVA Foundation-Cancer Cell Biology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, CNIO, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Nabil Djouder
- Growth Factors, Nutrients and Cancer Group, BBVA Foundation-Cancer Cell Biology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, CNIO, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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Urbanik T, Koehler BC, Wolpert L, Elßner C, Scherr AL, Longerich T, Kautz N, Welte S, Hövelmeyer N, Jäger D, Waisman A, Schulze-Bergkamen H. CYLD deletion triggers nuclear factor-κB-signaling and increases cell death resistance in murine hepatocytes. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:17049-17064. [PMID: 25493017 PMCID: PMC4258573 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i45.17049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To analyze the role of CYLD for receptor-mediated cell death of murine hepatocytes in acute liver injury models.
METHODS: Hepatocyte cell death in CYLD knockout mice (CYLD-/-) was analyzed by application of liver injury models for CD95- (Jo2) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α- [D-GalN/lipopolysaccharide (LPS)] induced apoptosis. Liver injury was assessed by measurement of serum transaminases and histological analysis. Apoptosis induction was quantified by cleaved PARP staining and Western blotting of activated caspases. Nuclear factor (NF)-κB, ERK, Akt and jun amino-terminal kinases signaling were assessed. Primary Hepatocytes were isolated by two step-collagenase perfusion and treated with recombinant TNF-α and with the CD95-ligand Jo2. Cell viability was analyzed by MTT-assay.
RESULTS: Livers of CYLD-/- mice showed increased anti-apoptotic NF-κB signaling. In both applied liver injury models CYLD-/- mice showed a significantly reduced apoptosis sensitivity. After D-GalN/LPS treatment CYLD-/- mice exhibited significantly lower levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (295 U/L vs 859 U/L, P < 0.05) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (560 U/L vs 1025 U/L, P < 0.01). After Jo injection CYLD-/- mice showed 2-fold lower ALT (50 U/L vs 110 U/L, P < 0.01) and lower AST (250 U/L vs 435 U/L, P < 0.01) serum-levels compared to WT mice. In addition, isolated CYLD-/- primary murine hepatocytes (PMH) were less sensitive towards death receptor-mediated apoptosis and showed increased levels of Bcl-2, XIAP, cIAP1/2, survivin and c-FLIP expression upon TNF- and CD95-receptor triggering, respectively. Inhibition of NF-κB activation by the inhibitor of NF-κB phosphorylation inhibitor BAY 11-7085 inhibited the expression of anti-apoptotic proteins and re-sensitized CYLD-/- PMH towards TNF- and CD95-receptor mediated cell death.
CONCLUSION: CYLD is a central regulator of apoptotic cell death in murine hepatocytes by controlling NF-κB dependent anti-apoptotic signaling.
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Bee venom phospholipase A2 protects against acetaminophen-induced acute liver injury by modulating regulatory T cells and IL-10 in mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114726. [PMID: 25478691 PMCID: PMC4257707 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effects of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) from bee venom against acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity through CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T cells (Treg) in mice. Acetaminophen (APAP) is a widely used antipyretic and analgesic, but an acute or cumulative overdose of acetaminophen can cause severe hepatic failure. Tregs have been reported to possess protective effects in various liver diseases and kidney toxicity. We previously found that bee venom strongly increased the Treg population in splenocytes and subsequently suppressed immune disorders. More recently, we found that the effective component of bee venom is PLA2. Thus, we hypothesized that PLA2 could protect against liver injury induced by acetaminophen. To evaluate the hepatoprotective effects of PLA2, C57BL/6 mice or interleukin-10-deficient (IL-10−/−) mice were injected with PLA2 once a day for five days and sacrificed 24 h (h) after acetaminophen injection. The blood sera were collected 0, 6, and 24 h after acetaminophen injection for the analysis of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT). PLA2-injected mice showed reduced levels of serum AST, ALT, proinflammatory cytokines, and nitric oxide (NO) compared with the PBS-injected control mice. However, IL-10 was significantly increased in the PLA2-injected mice. These hepatic protective effects were abolished in Treg-depleted mice by antibody treatment and in IL-10−/− mice. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that the protective effects of PLA2 against acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity can be mediated by modulating the Treg and IL-10 production.
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217
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Denk G, Omary AJ, Reiter FP, Hohenester S, Wimmer R, Holdenrieder S, Rust C. Soluble intracellular adhesion molecule, M30 and M65 as serum markers of disease activity and prognosis in cholestatic liver diseases. Hepatol Res 2014; 44:1286-98. [PMID: 24451045 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.12304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Revised: 01/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIM Hepatic apoptosis is involved in the pathogenesis of immune-mediated liver diseases such as autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). The aim of our study was to quantify distinct markers of apoptosis in sera of patients with AIH, PBC and PSC, and to evaluate correlation with markers of disease activity and prognosis. METHODS Sera of patients with AIH, PBC and PSC, and of healthy controls were collected and distinct cell death markers were quantified using a bead-based multiplex enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (soluble intracellular adhesion molecule [sICAM], macrophage migration inhibitory factor [MIF], soluble Fas [sFas], plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 [PAI-1]) or single enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (DNAse, M30, M65). RESULTS In comparison with healthy controls, the apoptotic markers sFas, sICAM (only in PSC patients), M30 and the cell death marker M65 were substantially elevated in sera of patients with immune-mediated liver diseases, whereas DNAse activity was reduced. Interestingly, patients with advanced PSC presented with higher levels of sICAM, M30 and M65 than patients with mild PSC. Regression analysis revealed correlations between serum levels of sICAM, M30 and M65 with the Mayo Risk Score for PSC, and of M65 with the Mayo Risk Score for PBC. CONCLUSION Concentrations of the serum markers of apoptosis sFas and M30 and of the marker of total cell death M65 are elevated in patients with immune-mediated liver diseases, whereas activity of DNAse is reduced. In patients with PSC, sICAM, M30 and M65 may serve as indicators for disease activity and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Denk
- Department of Medicine II - Grosshadern, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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218
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Moreira de Macêdo S, Guimarães TA, Feltenberger JD, Sousa Santos SH. The role of renin-angiotensin system modulation on treatment and prevention of liver diseases. Peptides 2014; 62:189-96. [PMID: 25453980 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is now recognized as an important modulator of body metabolic processes. The discovery of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) has renewed interest in the potential therapeutic role of RAS modulation. Recent studies have pointed out the importance of the local balance between ACE/Ang-II/AT1 and ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas arms to avoid liver metabolic diseases. Furthermore, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is an increasing health problem that includes a spectrum of hepatic steatosis, steatohepatitis and fibrosis. Some new studies revealed that RAS imbalance appears to promote hepatic fibrogenesis; while the activation of ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas counter-regulatory axis is able to prevent liver injuries. In this context, the aim of the present review is to discuss the importance of RAS in the development and prevention of liver disease. AT1 receptor activation by Ang II induces hepatic stellate cell contraction and proliferation, causes oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, cell growth and inflammation. In addition, both AT1 blocker administration and ACE inhibitors lead to a reduction in inflammation and improvement of hepatic fibrosis. Conversely, Ang-(1-7) infusion reduces fibrosis and proliferation mainly by suppression of hepatic stellate cell activation; Mas receptor antagonism aggravates liver fibrosis and severe liver steatosis. In conclusion, the use of ACE/Ang II/AT1 axis inhibitors associated with ACE2/Ang(1-7)/Mas axis activation is a promising new strategy serving as a novel therapeutic regimen to prevent and treat chronic liver diseases as well as acute liver injury.
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219
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Preciado MV, Valva P, Escobar-Gutierrez A, Rahal P, Ruiz-Tovar K, Yamasaki L, Vazquez-Chacon C, Martinez-Guarneros A, Carpio-Pedroza JC, Fonseca-Coronado S, Cruz-Rivera M. Hepatitis C virus molecular evolution: Transmission, disease progression and antiviral therapy. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:15992-16013. [PMID: 25473152 PMCID: PMC4239486 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i43.15992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Revised: 06/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection represents an important public health problem worldwide. Reduction of HCV morbidity and mortality is a current challenge owned to several viral and host factors. Virus molecular evolution plays an important role in HCV transmission, disease progression and therapy outcome. The high degree of genetic heterogeneity characteristic of HCV is a key element for the rapid adaptation of the intrahost viral population to different selection pressures (e.g., host immune responses and antiviral therapy). HCV molecular evolution is shaped by different mechanisms including a high mutation rate, genetic bottlenecks, genetic drift, recombination, temporal variations and compartmentalization. These evolutionary processes constantly rearrange the composition of the HCV intrahost population in a staging manner. Remarkable advances in the understanding of the molecular mechanism controlling HCV replication have facilitated the development of a plethora of direct-acting antiviral agents against HCV. As a result, superior sustained viral responses have been attained. The rapidly evolving field of anti-HCV therapy is expected to broad its landscape even further with newer, more potent antivirals, bringing us one step closer to the interferon-free era.
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220
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Duval F, Moreno-Cuevas JE, González-Garza MT, Rodríguez-Montalvo C, Cruz-Vega DE. Liver fibrosis and protection mechanisms action of medicinal plants targeting apoptosis of hepatocytes and hepatic stellate cells. Adv Pharmacol Sci 2014; 2014:373295. [PMID: 25505905 PMCID: PMC4258378 DOI: 10.1155/2014/373295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Following chronic liver injury, hepatocytes undergo apoptosis leading to activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSC). Consequently, activated HSC proliferate and produce excessive extracellular matrix, responsible for the scar formation. The pandemic trend of obesity, combined with the high incidence of alcohol intake and viral hepatitis infections, highlights the urgent need to find accessible antifibrotic therapies. Treatment strategies should take into account the versatility of its pathogenesis and act on all the cell lines involved to reduce liver fibrosis. Medicinal plants are achieving popularity as antifibrotic agents, supported by their safety, cost-effectiveness, and versatility. This review will describe the role of hepatocytes and HSC in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis and detail the mechanisms of modulation of apoptosis of both cell lines by twelve known hepatoprotective plants in order to reduce liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Duval
- Catedra de Terapia Celular, Escuela de Medicina, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Avenida Morones Prieto 3000 Pte., 64710 Monterrey, NL, Mexico
| | - Jorge E. Moreno-Cuevas
- Catedra de Terapia Celular, Escuela de Medicina, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Avenida Morones Prieto 3000 Pte., 64710 Monterrey, NL, Mexico
| | - Maria Teresa González-Garza
- Catedra de Terapia Celular, Escuela de Medicina, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Avenida Morones Prieto 3000 Pte., 64710 Monterrey, NL, Mexico
| | - Carlos Rodríguez-Montalvo
- Centro de Enfermedades Hepáticas-Digestivas y Nutrición, Hospital San José, Avenida Morones Prieto 3000, 64710 Monterrey, NL, Mexico
| | - Delia Elva Cruz-Vega
- Catedra de Terapia Celular, Escuela de Medicina, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Avenida Morones Prieto 3000 Pte., 64710 Monterrey, NL, Mexico
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221
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AbdulHameed MDM, Tawa GJ, Kumar K, Ippolito DL, Lewis JA, Stallings JD, Wallqvist A. Systems level analysis and identification of pathways and networks associated with liver fibrosis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112193. [PMID: 25380136 PMCID: PMC4224449 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxic liver injury causes necrosis and fibrosis, which may lead to cirrhosis and liver failure. Despite recent progress in understanding the mechanism of liver fibrosis, our knowledge of the molecular-level details of this disease is still incomplete. The elucidation of networks and pathways associated with liver fibrosis can provide insight into the underlying molecular mechanisms of the disease, as well as identify potential diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers. Towards this end, we analyzed rat gene expression data from a range of chemical exposures that produced observable periportal liver fibrosis as documented in DrugMatrix, a publicly available toxicogenomics database. We identified genes relevant to liver fibrosis using standard differential expression and co-expression analyses, and then used these genes in pathway enrichment and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analyses. We identified a PPI network module associated with liver fibrosis that includes known liver fibrosis-relevant genes, such as tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1, galectin-3, connective tissue growth factor, and lipocalin-2. We also identified several new genes, such as perilipin-3, legumain, and myocilin, which were associated with liver fibrosis. We further analyzed the expression pattern of the genes in the PPI network module across a wide range of 640 chemical exposure conditions in DrugMatrix and identified early indications of liver fibrosis for carbon tetrachloride and lipopolysaccharide exposures. Although it is well known that carbon tetrachloride and lipopolysaccharide can cause liver fibrosis, our network analysis was able to link these compounds to potential fibrotic damage before histopathological changes associated with liver fibrosis appeared. These results demonstrated that our approach is capable of identifying early-stage indicators of liver fibrosis and underscore its potential to aid in predictive toxicity, biomarker identification, and to generally identify disease-relevant pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Diwan M. AbdulHameed
- Department of Defense Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Gregory J. Tawa
- Department of Defense Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kamal Kumar
- Department of Defense Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Danielle L. Ippolito
- U.S. Army Center for Environmental Health Research, Fort Detrick, MD, United States of America
| | - John A. Lewis
- U.S. Army Center for Environmental Health Research, Fort Detrick, MD, United States of America
| | - Jonathan D. Stallings
- U.S. Army Center for Environmental Health Research, Fort Detrick, MD, United States of America
| | - Anders Wallqvist
- Department of Defense Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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CXCR4 expression affects overall survival of HCC patients whereas CXCR7 expression does not. Cell Mol Immunol 2014; 12:474-82. [PMID: 25363530 PMCID: PMC4496532 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2014.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a heterogeneous disease with a poor prognosis and limited markers for predicting patient survival. Because chemokines and chemokine receptors play numerous and integral roles in HCC disease progression, the CXCR4–CXCL12–CXCR7 axis was studied in HCC patients. CXCR4 and CXCR7 expression was analyzed by immunohistochemistry in 86 HCC patients (training cohort) and validated in 42 unrelated HCC patients (validation cohort). CXCR4 levels were low in 22.1% of patients, intermediate in 30.2%, and high in 47.7%, whereas CXCR7 levels were low in 9.3% of patients, intermediate in 44.2% and high in 46.5% of the patients in the training cohort. When correlated to patient outcome, only CXCR4 affected overall survival (P=0.03). CXCR4–CXCL12–CXCR7 mRNA levels were examined in 33/86 patients. Interestingly, the common CXCR4–CXCR7 ligand CXCL12 was expressed at significantly lower levels in tumor tissues compared to adjacent normal liver (P=0.032). The expression and function of CXCR4 and CXCR7 was also analyzed in several human HCC cell lines. CXCR4 was expressed in Huh7, Hep3B, SNU398, SNU449 and SNU475 cells, whereas CXCR7 was expressed in HepG2, Huh7, SNU449 and SNU475 cells. Huh7, SNU449 and SNU475 cells migrated toward CXCL12, and this migration was inhibited by AMD3100/anti-CXCR4 and by CCX771/anti-CXCR7. Moreover, SNU449 and Huh7 cells exhibited matrix invasion in the presence of CXCL12 and CXCL11, a ligand exclusive to CXCR7. In conclusion, CXCR4 affects the prognosis of HCC patients but CXCR7 does not. Therefore, the CXCR4–CXCL12–CXCR7 axis plays a role in the interaction of HCC with the surrounding normal tissue and represents a suitable therapeutic target.
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223
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Protective Effect of Sundarban Honey against Acetaminophen-Induced Acute Hepatonephrotoxicity in Rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2014; 2014:143782. [PMID: 25530774 PMCID: PMC4229961 DOI: 10.1155/2014/143782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Honey, a supersaturated natural product of honey bees, contains complex compounds with antioxidant properties and therefore has a wide a range of applications in both traditional and modern medicine. In the present study, the protective effects of Sundarban honey from Bangladesh against acetaminophen- (APAP-) induced hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity in experimental rats were investigated. Adult male Wistar rats were pretreated with honey (5 g/kg) for 4 weeks, followed by the induction of hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity via the oral administration of a single dose of APAP (2 g/kg). Organ damage was confirmed by measuring the elevation of serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), total protein (TP), total bilirubin (TB), urea, creatinine, and malondialdehyde (MDA). Histopathological alterations observed in the livers and the kidneys further confirmed oxidative damage to these tissues. Animals pretreated with Sundarban honey showed significantly markedly reduced levels of all of the investigated parameters. In addition, Sundarban honey ameliorated the altered hepatic and renal morphology in APAP-treated rats. Overall, our findings indicate that Sundarban honey protects against APAP-induced acute hepatic and renal damage, which could be attributed to the honey's antioxidant properties.
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224
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Yu T, Wang L, Lee H, O'Brien DK, Bronk SF, Gores GJ, Yoon Y. Decreasing mitochondrial fission prevents cholestatic liver injury. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:34074-88. [PMID: 25342755 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.588616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria frequently change their shape through fission and fusion in response to physiological stimuli as well as pathological insults. Disrupted mitochondrial morphology has been observed in cholestatic liver disease. However, the role of mitochondrial shape change in cholestasis is not defined. In this study, using in vitro and in vivo models of bile acid-induced liver injury, we investigated the contribution of mitochondrial morphology to the pathogenesis of cholestatic liver disease. We found that the toxic bile salt glycochenodeoxycholate (GCDC) rapidly fragmented mitochondria, both in primary mouse hepatocytes and in the bile transporter-expressing hepatic cell line McNtcp.24, leading to a significant increase in cell death. GCDC-induced mitochondrial fragmentation was associated with an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. We found that preventing mitochondrial fragmentation in GCDC by inhibiting mitochondrial fission significantly decreased not only ROS levels but also cell death. We also induced cholestasis in mouse livers via common bile duct ligation. Using a transgenic mouse model inducibly expressing a dominant-negative fission mutant specifically in the liver, we demonstrated that decreasing mitochondrial fission substantially diminished ROS levels, liver injury, and fibrosis under cholestatic conditions. Taken together, our results provide new evidence that controlling mitochondrial fission is an effective strategy for ameliorating cholestatic liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianzheng Yu
- From the Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912 and
| | - Li Wang
- From the Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912 and
| | - Hakjoo Lee
- From the Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912 and
| | - Dawn K O'Brien
- From the Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912 and
| | - Steven F Bronk
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Gregory J Gores
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Yisang Yoon
- From the Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912 and
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225
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Evidence of MAPK-JNK1/2 activation by hepatitis E virus ORF3 protein in cultured hepatoma cells. Cytotechnology 2014; 67:545-50. [PMID: 25280525 PMCID: PMC4371560 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-014-9785-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) has recently emerged to cause chronic infection in some immunosuppressed individuals, including extrahepatic manifestations in acute and chronic patients. Mammalian MAPK–JNK1/2 is expressed in hepatocytes, which is known to be involved in anti-apoptotic signaling pathway for the establishment of persistent infection. Though in vitro modulation of cellular MAPK–ERK cascade by HEV-ORF3 protein is suggested to have a role in host pathobiology, activation of the JNK module has not been studied so far. In this report, we have shown for the first time, evidence of MAPK–JNK1/2 activation by HEV-ORF3, using viral replicon as well as expression vector in human hepatoma cells. Phospho-ELISA based relative quantitaion has demonstrated ~54% and ~66% phosphorylation of JNK1/2 in replicon-RNA and ORF3-vector DNA transfected cells, respectively. Our finding however, suggests further molecular studies to validate a role of JNK1/2 in HEV pathogenesis.
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226
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Autophagy and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:120179. [PMID: 25295245 PMCID: PMC4175790 DOI: 10.1155/2014/120179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy, or cellular self-digestion, is a catabolic process that targets cell constituents including damaged organelles, unfolded proteins, and intracellular pathogens to lysosomes for degradation. Autophagy is crucial for development, differentiation, survival, and homeostasis. Important links between the regulation of autophagy and liver complications associated with obesity, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), have been reported. The spectrum of these hepatic abnormalities extends from isolated steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), steatofibrosis, which sometimes leads to cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. NAFLD is one of the three main causes of cirrhosis and increases the risk of liver-related death and hepatocellular carcinoma. The pathophysiological mechanisms of the progression of a normal liver to steatosis and then more severe disease are complex and still unclear. The regulation of the autophagic flux, a dynamic response, and the knowledge of the role of autophagy in specific cells including hepatocytes, hepatic stellate cells, immune cells, and hepatic cancer cells have been extensively studied these last years. This review will provide insight into the current understanding of autophagy and its role in the evolution of the hepatic complications associated with obesity, from steatosis to hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Pathil A, Mueller J, Ludwig JM, Wang J, Warth A, Chamulitrat W, Stremmel W. Ursodeoxycholyl lysophosphatidylethanolamide attenuates hepatofibrogenesis by impairment of TGF-β1/Smad2/3 signalling. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:5113-26. [PMID: 25041068 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2013] [Revised: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Chronic hepatic inflammation results in liver fibrosis. As effective anti-fibrogenic agents are lacking, we investigated ursodeoxycholyl lysophosphatidylethanolamide (UDCA-LPE), a synthetic bile acid-phospholipid conjugate with anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic properties for tis effects on hepatic fibrogenesis. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH To stimulate fibrogenesis, LX2 hepatic stellate cells were cultured with conditioned medium from CL48 liver cells after exposure to stress-inducing conditions - methionine-choline-deficient (MCD) medium or TNFα/cycloheximide (CHX) - with or without UDCA-LPE preincubation. Anti-fibrogenic effects of UDCA-LPE were further studied in CL48 and LX2 cells and in primary human hepatic stellate cells (HHStec) directly exposed to TGF-β1. To test UDCA-LPE in vivo, C57BL/6 mice were fed a MCD diet for 11 weeks followed by 30 mg·kg(-1) UDCA-LPE 3× per week for 2.5 weeks. KEY RESULTS Expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), α1-collagen, vimentin and TGF-β1 was down-regulated by up to 93% by UDCA-LPE in LX-2 cells cultured with conditioned medium. Also, UDCA-LPE inhibited Smad3 phosphorylation in CL48 cells incubated with MCD medium or TNFα/CHX and in LX2 cells exposed to conditioned medium. UDCA-LPE also decreased phosphorylated Smad3 and Smad2 directly induced by TGF-β1. Inhibition of TGF-β1/Smad2/3 signalling with down-regulation of target genes was confirmed in HHStec. In vivo, UDCA-LPE decreased hepatic α-SMA, α1-collagen and TGF-β1 expression and markedly lowered α-SMA protein and collagen deposition in MCD mice. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS By blocking TGF-β1/Smad2/3 signalling, UDCA-LPE suppressed key mediators of hepatic fibrogenesis. Thus, UDCA-LPE could be suitable for prevention of fibrotic progression of chronic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Pathil
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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228
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Rivera LR, Leung C, Pustovit RV, Hunne BL, Andrikopoulos S, Herath C, Testro A, Angus PW, Furness JB. Damage to enteric neurons occurs in mice that develop fatty liver disease but not diabetes in response to a high-fat diet. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2014; 26:1188-99. [PMID: 24952996 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disorders of gastrointestinal functions that are controlled by enteric neurons commonly accompany fatty liver disease. Established fatty liver disease is associated with diabetes, which itself induces enteric neuron damage. Here, we investigate the relationship between fatty liver disease and enteric neuropathy, in animals fed a high-fat, high-cholesterol diet in the absence of diabetes. METHODS Mice were fed a high-fat, high-cholesterol diet (21% fat, 2% cholesterol) or normal chow for 33 weeks. Liver injury was assessed by hematoxylin and eosin, picrosirius red staining, and measurement of plasma alanine aminotransaminase (ALT). Quantitative immunohistochemistry was performed for different types of enteric neurons. KEY RESULTS The mice developed steatosis, steatohepatitis, fibrosis, and a 10-fold increase in plasma ALT, indicative of liver disease. Oral glucose tolerance was unchanged. Loss and damage to enteric neurons occurred in the myenteric plexus of ileum, cecum, and colon. Total numbers of neurons were reduced by 15-30% and neurons expressing nitric oxide synthase were reduced by 20-40%. The RNA regulating protein, Hu, became more concentrated in the nuclei of enteric neurons after high-fat feeding, which is an indication of stress on the enteric nervous system. There was also disruption of the neuronal cytoskeletal protein, neurofilament medium. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES Enteric neuron loss and damage occurs in animals with fatty liver disease in the absence of glucose intolerance. The enteric neuron damage may contribute to the gastrointestinal complications of fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- L R Rivera
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia
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Xie C, Jingjing W, Li X, Zeng F, Ma L, Li C, Wei Z, Peng A, Chen L. Protective effect of SKLB010 against d-galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide-induced acute liver failure via nuclear factor-κB signaling pathway in macrophages. Int Immunopharmacol 2014; 21:261-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2014.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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230
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Xia J, Zhou XL, Zhao Y, Zhu YQ, Jiang S, Ni SZ. Roles of lipoxin A4 in preventing paracetamol-induced acute hepatic injury in a rabbit model. Inflammation 2014; 36:1431-9. [PMID: 23851615 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-013-9683-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this research is to investigate the potential role of lipoxin A4 in preventing paracetamol (PCM)-induced hepatic injury. One hundred male New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided into control group, PCM group, N-acetylcysteine (NAC) group, lipoxin A4 (LXA4) group, and LXA4 + NAC group. The rabbits were assigned to receive 300 mg/kg weight PCM in 0.9 % saline or equivalent volume of saline via gastric lavage. LXA4 (1.5 μg/kg) and equivalent volume of 2 % ethanol were separately given to the rabbits in LXA4-treated and PCM groups 24 h after PCM administration. Meanwhile, the rabbits in the NAC-treated groups received a loading dose of 140 mg/kg of N-acetylcysteine. The blood samples and liver tissue were collected for biochemical and histological evaluation 36 h after paracetamol administration. The administration of LXA4 24 h after paracetamol poisoning resulted in significant improvement in hepatic injury as represented by decrease of hepatocellular enzyme release and attenuation of hepatocyte apoptosis and necrosis. In LXA4-treated groups, the expression of TNF-α was significantly lower than those in PCM and NAC groups (p < 0.05). In contrast, the level of IL-10 was significantly higher than PCM and NAC groups (p < 0.05). Moreover, the expressions of NF-κB p65 in PCM and NAC groups were significantly increased compared with those of LXA4-treated groups and control group (respectively, p < 0.05 and p < 0.01). LXA4-treated groups also showed significantly higher survival rates. Lipoxin A4 significantly mitigates paracetamol-induced hepatic injury, in which anti-inflammation effect may play an important role, leading to hepatic apoptosis and necrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Xia
- Emergency Center, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Road, Wuchang, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China
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231
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Jia R, Cao LP, Du JL, Wang JH, Liu YJ, Jeney G, Xu P, Yin GJ. Effects of carbon tetrachloride on oxidative stress, inflammatory response and hepatocyte apoptosis in common carp (Cyprinus carpio). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2014; 152:11-19. [PMID: 24721155 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2014.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the cellular and molecular mechanism of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatotoxicity in fish was investigated by studying the effects of CCl4 on the oxidative stress, inflammatory response and hepatocyte apoptosis. Common carp were given an intraperitoneal injection of 30% CCl4 in arachis oil (0.5ml/kg body weight). At 72h post-injection, blood were collected to measure glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT), glutamate oxalate transaminase (GOT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT), glutathione (GSH), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and malondialdehyde (MDA), liver samples were taken to analyze toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) and gene expressions of inflammatory cytokines and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB/cREL). Cell viability and apoptosis were analyzed after treatment of the primary hepatocytes with CCl4 at 8mM. The results showed that CCl4 significantly increased the levels of GPT, GOT, MDA, TLR4 and CYP2E1, reduced the levels of SOD, GPx, CAT, GSH and T-AOC, and up-regulated the gene expressions of NF-κB/cREL and inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-12. In vitro, CCl4 caused a dramatic loss in cell viability and induced hepatocyte apoptosis. Overall results suggest that oxidative stress lipid peroxidation, and TNF-α/NF-κB and TRL4/NF-κB signaling pathways play important roles in CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Jia
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Li-Ping Cao
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Fish Immunopharmacology, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Jin-Liang Du
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Fish Immunopharmacology, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Jia-Hao Wang
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Ying-Juan Liu
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Galina Jeney
- National Agricultural Research Center, Research Institute for Fisherie and, Aquaculture, Anna Light 8, Szarvas 5440, Hungary
| | - Pao Xu
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China.
| | - Guo-Jun Yin
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Fish Immunopharmacology, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China.
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Castellaneta A, Yoshida O, Kimura S, Yokota S, Geller DA, Murase N, Thomson AW. Plasmacytoid dendritic cell-derived IFN-α promotes murine liver ischemia/reperfusion injury by induction of hepatocyte IRF-1. Hepatology 2014; 60:267-77. [PMID: 24493010 PMCID: PMC4077928 DOI: 10.1002/hep.27037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) constitute the body's principal source of type I interferon (IFN) and are comparatively abundant in the liver. Among various cytokines implicated in liver ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury, type I IFNs have been described recently as playing an essential role in its pathogenesis. Moreover, type I IFNs have been shown to up-regulate hepatocyte expression of IFN regulatory factor 1 (IRF-1), a key transcription factor that regulates apoptosis and induces liver damage after I/R. Our aim was to ascertain the capacity of IFN-α released by liver pDC to induce liver damage through hepatic IRF-1 up-regulation after I/R injury. Our findings show that liver pDC mature and produce IFN-α in response to liver I/R. Liver pDC isolated after I/R induced elevated levels of IRF-1 production by hepatocytes compared with liver pDC isolated from sham-operated mice. Notably, hepatic IRF-1 expression was reduced significantly by neutralizing IFN-α. In vivo, IFN-α neutralization protected the liver from I/R injury by reducing hepatocyte apoptosis. This was associated with impaired expression of IRF-1 and proapoptotic molecules such as Fas ligand, its receptor (Fas) and death receptor 5, which are regulated by IRF-1. Furthermore, pDC-depleted mice failed to up-regulate hepatic IFN-α and displayed less liver injury associated with reduced levels of hepatic interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, and hepatocyte apoptosis after I/R compared with controls. CONCLUSION these data support the hypothesis that IFN-α derived from liver pDC plays a key role in the pathogenesis of liver I/R injury by enhancing apoptosis as a consequence of induction of hepatocyte IRF-1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Castellaneta
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Osamu Yoshida
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Shoko Kimura
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Shinichiro Yokota
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - David A. Geller
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA,Liver Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Noriko Murase
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Angus W. Thomson
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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TRAIL enhances apoptosis of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells sensitized by hepatitis C virus infection: therapeutic implications. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98171. [PMID: 24927176 PMCID: PMC4057066 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection causes chronic liver diseases leading to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and liver failure. We have previously shown that HCV sensitizes hepatocytes to mitochondrial apoptosis via the TRAIL death receptors DR4 and DR5. Although TRAIL and its receptors are selective targets for cancer therapy, their potential against HCC with chronic HCV infection has not been explored yet. Here we show that HCV induces DR4/DR5-dependent activation of caspase-8 leading to elevation of apoptotic signaling in infected cells and also present TRAIL effect in HCV-induced apoptotic signaling. HCV induced proteolytic cleavage of caspase-9 by stimulating DR4 and DR5, resulting in subsequent cleavage of caspase-3. Further, HCV-induced proteolytic cleavage in caspase-8, caspase-9, and caspase-3 was enhanced in the presence of recombinant TRAIL. HCV-induced cleavage in caspase-9 and increase in caspase-3/7 activity was completely suppressed by silencing of either DR4 or DR5. Perturbing DR4/DR5-caspase-8 signaling complex by silencing DR4 and DR5 or by chemical inhibitor specific to caspase-8 led to decrease of HCV-induced cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), a substrate for caspase-3 during apoptosis, indicating the functional role of caspase-8 in HCV-induced apoptotic signaling network. Furthermore, TRAIL enhanced PARP cleavage in apoptotic response induced by HCV infection, indicating the effect of TRAIL for the induction of selective apoptosis of HCC cells infected with HCV. Given the importance of apoptosis in HCC development, our data suggest that HCV-induced DR4 and DR5 may be considered as an attractive target for TRAIL therapy against HCC with chronic HCV infection.
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234
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Nepal S, Kim MJ, Lee ES, Kim JA, Choi DY, Sohn DH, Lee SH, Song K, Kim SH, Jeong GS, Jeong TC, Park PH. Modulation of Atg5 expression by globular adiponectin contributes to autophagy flux and suppression of ethanol-induced cell death in liver cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 68:11-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Revised: 02/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Jedicke N, Struever N, Aggrawal N, Welte T, Manns MP, Malek NP, Zender L, Janciauskiene S, Wuestefeld T. α-1-antitrypsin inhibits acute liver failure in mice. Hepatology 2014; 59:2299-308. [PMID: 24449466 DOI: 10.1002/hep.27024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Acute liver failure remains a critical clinical condition, with high mortality rates, and increased apoptosis of hepatocytes represents a key event in the cause of liver failure. Alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT) is synthesized and secreted mainly by hepatocytes, and plasma purified AAT is used for augmentation therapy in patients with AAT deficiency. Because AAT therapy exerts antiinflammatory and immune modulatory activities in various experimental models, and it was recently suggested that AAT exerts antiapoptotic activities, we aimed to explore whether administration of AAT may represent a therapeutic strategy to treat acute liver failure in mice. Well-established preclinical models of acute liver failure such as the Jo2 FAS/CD95 activating model and models of acetaminophen and α-amanitin poisoning were used. Therapeutic effects of AAT were evaluated by monitoring animal survival, histopathological changes, measurement of caspase activity, and serum cytokine levels. Systemic treatment with AAT significantly decreased Jo2-induced liver cell apoptosis and prolonged survival of mice. Native and oxidized (lacking elastase inhibitory activity) forms of AAT were equally effective in preventing acute liver injury and showed direct inhibition of active caspase-3 and -8 in liver homogenates and in a cell-free system in vitro. Concomitantly, mice treated with AAT showed significantly lower serum levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), which also paralleled the reduced activity of ADAM17 (TACE). Noticeably, the increased survival and a reduction of apoptotic hepatocytes were also observed in the α-amanitin and acetaminophen-induced liver injury mouse models. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that systemic administration of AAT can be a promising therapy to treat acute liver failure and clinical studies to explore this treatment in humans should be initiated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Jedicke
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Chronic Infection and Cancer Group, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany; Division of Translational Gastrointestinal Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Kedarisetty CK, Anand L, Khanam A, Kumar A, Rastogi A, Maiwall R, Sarin SK. Growth factors enhance liver regeneration in acute-on-chronic liver failure. Hepatol Int 2014. [PMID: 26201333 DOI: 10.1007/s12072-014-9538-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Acute-on-chronic liver failure is a distinct syndrome characterized by a rapid progression of liver disease culminating in organ failure and death. The only definitive treatment is liver transplantation. However, there is a possible element of reversibility and hepatic regeneration if the acute insult can be tided over. Exogenously administered growth factors may stimulate hepatocytes, hepatic progenitor cells and bone marrow-derived cells to supplement hepatic regeneration. The proposed review is intended to provide an in-depth analysis of the individual components of hepatic and bone marrow niches and highlight the growing role of various growth factors in liver regeneration in health and in liver failure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lovkesh Anand
- Department of Hepatology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Arshi Khanam
- Department of Research, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Anupam Kumar
- Department of Research, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Archana Rastogi
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Rakhi Maiwall
- Department of Hepatology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Shiv Kumar Sarin
- Department of Hepatology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India.
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237
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Fan JH, Feng GG, Huang L, Tang GD, Jiang HX, Xu J. Naofen promotes TNF-α-mediated apoptosis of hepatocytes by activating caspase-3 in lipopolysaccharide-treated rats. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:4963-4971. [PMID: 24803807 PMCID: PMC4009528 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i17.4963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Revised: 12/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate whether naofen is involved in tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α-mediated apoptosis of hepatocytes induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS).
METHODS: In vivo, rats were treated with LPS or anti-TNF-α antibody, whereas in vitro, primary hepatocytes and Kupffer cells (KCs) were separately isolated from rat livers using collagenase perfusion, and primary hepatocytes were cultured in medium containing LPS or TNF-α, or in conditioned medium from LPS-treated KCs (KC-CM)/KC-CM + anti-TNF-α antibody. Naofen and TNF-α mRNA expression was examined by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Immunoblotting was used to measure protein expression. Hepatocyte apoptosis was determined by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay.
RESULTS: LPS significantly induced both naofen expression and caspase-3 activity in the rat liver, which coincided with an increase in the number of TUNEL-positive hepatocytes. The increase of TNF-α expression induced by LPS was preceded by increases in naofen and caspase-3 activity. Elevation of naofen expression and caspase-3 activity was abrogated by pretreatment with anti-TNF-α antibody. In KCs, LPS caused an increase in TNF-α that was almost consistent with that in the liver of LPS-treated rats. In hepatocytes, neither LPS nor TNF-α alone affected either naofen expression or caspase-3 activation. The incubation of hepatocytes with KC-CM significantly enhanced both naofen expression and caspase-3 activity. Moreover, the effects of the KC-CM-induced increase in naofen expression and caspase-3 activity were blocked by anti-TNF-α antibody.
CONCLUSION: TNF-α released from KCs treated with LPS may induce hepatic naofen expression, which then stimulates hepatocellular apoptosis through activation of caspase-3.
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Matsuda A, Yang WL, Jacob A, Aziz M, Matsuo S, Matsutani T, Uchida E, Wang P. FK866, a visfatin inhibitor, protects against acute lung injury after intestinal ischemia-reperfusion in mice via NF-κB pathway. Ann Surg 2014; 259:1007-17. [PMID: 24169192 DOI: 10.1097/sla.0000000000000329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether administration of FK866, a competitive inhibitor of visfatin, attenuates acute lung injury induced by intestinal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R). BACKGROUND Acute lung injury, a frequent complication of intestinal I/R, is an inflammatory disorder of the lung, which is characterized by an overproduction of proinflammatory cytokines and increased permeability of the alveolar-capillary barrier, resulting in multiple organ dysfunction. Therefore, the development of novel and effective therapies for intestinal I/R is critical for the improvement of patient outcome. Visfatin, a 54-kDa secretory protein, is known as a proinflammatory cytokine and plays a deleterious role in inflammatory diseases. METHODS Male C57BL/6J mice were subjected to intestinal I/R induced by occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery for 90 minutes, followed by reperfusion. During reperfusion period, mice were treated with vehicle or FK866 (10 mg/kg of body weight) by an intraperitoneal injection. The levels of visfatin, proinflammatory mediators, and other markers were assessed 4 hours after reperfusion. In addition, survival study was conducted in intestinal I/R mice with or without FK866 treatment. RESULTS Plasma and lung visfatin protein levels were significantly increased after intestinal I/R. FK866 treatment significantly attenuated intestinal and lung injury by inhibiting proinflammatory cytokine production, cellular apoptosis, and NF-κB activation, hence improving survival rate. In vitro studies showed that macrophages treated with lipopolysaccharides upregulated visfatin expression, whereas FK866 inhibited proinflammatory cytokine production via modulation of the NF-κB pathway. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these findings implicate FK866 as a novel therapeutic compound for intestinal I/R-induced attenuates acute lung injury via modulation of innate immune functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihisa Matsuda
- *Department of Surgery, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine and Center for Translational Research, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY †Department of Surgery, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
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239
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Xu XF, Zhang J. Saturated hydrogen saline attenuates endotoxin-induced acute liver dysfunction in rats. Physiol Res 2014; 62:395-403. [PMID: 23961899 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.932515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine the effect of saturated hydrogen saline on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute liver dysfunction, rats were divided into control, LPS, and LPS plus saturated hydrogen saline (LPS+H(2)) groups. Treatment with saturated hydrogen saline prolonged the median survival time and reduced liver dysfunction. Moreover, saturated hydrogen saline significantly reduced pathological alterations in liver tissues, the number of ballooned hepatocytes, serum tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interleukin (IL)-6 levels, and myeloperoxidase (MPO) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in liver tissues (P<0.05). Cell apoptosis was detected in liver tissues after LPS treatment, and attenuated by saturated hydrogen saline treatment. Saturated hydrogen saline also decreased phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (p-ERK), phosphorylated Jun kinase (p-JNK), nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB), and second mitochondria-derived activator of caspase (Smac) levels, and increased p38 activation (P<0.05). Thus, saturated hydrogen saline may attenuate LPS-induced acute liver dysfunction in rats, possibly by reducing inflammation and cell apoptosis. Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), NF-kappaB, and Smac may contribute to saturated hydrogen saline-mediated liver protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- X-F Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang City, PRC.
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Kutsukake M, Matsutani T, Tamura K, Matsuda A, Kobayashi M, Tachikawa E, Uchida E. Pioglitazone attenuates lung injury by modulating adipose inflammation. J Surg Res 2014; 189:295-303. [PMID: 24713471 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2014.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pioglitazone modulates adipocyte differentiation and enhances adiponectin promoter activity to increase plasma adiponectin levels. We investigated the effects of pioglitazone on cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-induced visceral-adipose-tissue inflammation and lung injury in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eight-wk-old male mice were assigned to three groups: (1) a sham-operated control group, (2) a CLP group, and (3) a pioglitazone-treated CLP group. Pioglitazone (10 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally for 7 d. Serum, lung, and visceral adipose tissue were collected 24 h after surgery. Tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) levels in peritoneal lavage fluid were measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and TNF-α and interleukin 6 messenger RNA (mRNA) expression levels in visceral adipose tissue were quantified by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Lung tissue specimens were stained with hematoxylin-eosin, and the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP-mediated nick-end labeling method was used to evaluate tissue damage. RESULTS TNF-α levels in peritoneal lavage fluid were significantly higher in the CLP group than in the sham group. TNF-α levels in the pioglitazone-treated CLP group were significantly lower than those in the CLP group. TNF-α and interleukin 6 mRNA expression levels of visceral adipose tissue were significantly higher in the CLP group than in the sham group. Pioglitazone treatment decreased the mRNA expression levels of these cytokines compared with the respective values in the CLP group. Histopathologic analysis of lung tissue revealed significantly increased numbers of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP-mediated nick-end labeling-positive cells in the CLP group compared with the sham group. CONCLUSIONS Pioglitazone effectively prevents lung injury caused by CLP-induced sepsis by maintaining the anti-inflammatory status of visceral adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiko Kutsukake
- Department of Endocrine Pharmacology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Matsutani
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Nippon Medical School, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Kazuhiro Tamura
- Department of Endocrine Pharmacology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihisa Matsuda
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Nippon Medical School, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Kobayashi
- Department of Endocrine Pharmacology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eiichi Tachikawa
- Department of Endocrine Pharmacology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eiji Uchida
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Nippon Medical School, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Zheng SJ, Liu S, Liu M, McCrae MA, Li JF, Han YP, Xu CH, Ren F, Chen Y, Duan ZP. Prognostic value of M30/M65 for outcome of hepatitis B virus-related acute-on-chronic liver failure. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:2403-2411. [PMID: 24605039 PMCID: PMC3942845 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i9.2403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Revised: 12/31/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To determine the prognostic value of circulating indicators of cell death in acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) patients with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection as the single etiology.
METHODS: Full length and caspase cleaved cytokeratin 18 (detected as M65 and M30 antigens) represent circulating indicators of necrosis and apoptosis. M65 and M30 were identified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 169 subjects including healthy controls (n = 33), patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB, n = 55) and patients with ACLF (n = 81). According to the 3-mo survival period, ACLF patients were defined as having spontaneous recovery (n = 33) and non-spontaneous recovery which included deceased patients and those who required liver transplantation (n = 48).
RESULTS: Both biomarker levels significantly increased gradually as liver disease progressed (for M65: P < 0.001 for all; for M30: control vs CHB, P = 0.072; others: P < 0.001 for all). In contrast, the M30/M65 ratio was significantly higher in controls compared with CHB patients (P = 0.010) or ACLF patients (P < 0.001). In addition, the area under receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) analysis demonstrated that both biomarkers had diagnostic value (AUC ≥ 0.80) in identifying ACLF from CHB patients. Interestingly, it is worth noting that the M30/M65 ratio was significantly different between spontaneous and non-spontaneous recovery in ACLF patients (P = 0.032). The prognostic value of the M30/M65 ratio was compared with the Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) and Child-Pugh scores at the 3-mo survival period, the AUC of the M30/M65 ratio was 0.66 with a sensitivity of 52.9% and the highest specificity of 92.6% (MELD:AUC = 0.71; sensitivity, 79.4%; specificity, 63.0%; Child-Pugh: AUC = 0.77; sensitivity, 61.8%; specificity, 88.9%).
CONCLUSION: M65 and M30 are strongly associated with liver disease severity. The M30/M65 ratio may be a potential prognostic marker for spontaneous recovery in patients with HBV-related ACLF.
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Intermittent selective clamping improves rat liver regeneration by attenuating oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1107. [PMID: 24603335 PMCID: PMC3973205 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Intermittent clamping of the portal trial is an effective method to avoid excessive blood loss during hepatic resection, but this procedure may cause ischemic damage to liver. Intermittent selective clamping of the lobes to be resected may represent a good alternative as it exposes the remnant liver only to the reperfusion stress. We compared the effect of intermittent total or selective clamping on hepatocellular injury and liver regeneration. Entire hepatic lobes or only lobes to be resected were subjected twice to 10 min of ischemia followed by 5 min of reperfusion before hepatectomy. We provided evidence that the effect of intermittent clamping can be damaging or beneficial depending to its mode of application. Although transaminase levels were similar in all groups, intermittent total clamping impaired liver regeneration and increased apoptosis. In contrast, intermittent selective clamping improved liver protein secretion and hepatocyte proliferation when compared with standard hepatectomy. This beneficial effect was linked to better adenosine-5′-triphosphate (ATP) recovery, nitric oxide production, antioxidant activities and endoplasmic reticulum adaptation leading to limit mitochondrial damage and apoptosis. Interestingly, transient and early chaperone inductions resulted in a controlled activation of the unfolded protein response concomitantly to endothelial nitric oxide synthase, extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1/2 (ERK1/2) and p38 MAPK activation that favors liver regeneration. Endoplasmic reticulum stress is a central target through which intermittent selective clamping exerts its cytoprotective effect and improves liver regeneration. This procedure could be applied as a powerful protective modality in the field of living donor liver transplantation and liver surgery.
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243
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Proteome analysis of hepatic non-parenchymal cells of immune liver fibrosis rats. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2014; 57:303-314. [PMID: 24562544 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-014-4619-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Elucidation of the mechanisms of liver fibrogenesis is important to treat liver fibrosis. In this study, we established rat models of liver fibrosis with stages from 0-1, 2, and 3-4 to 4 at 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks, respectively, by injection of pig serum. Liver fibrogenesis was detected by Masson's trichrome staining. Rat non-parenchymal cells (NPCs) were enriched 4-fold by Percoll density gradient centrifugation. Protein extracts from NPCs were prepared at 4 and 8 weeks, separated by two-dimensional electrophoresis, and then stained with Coomassie Blue G-250. At 4 weeks, we identified 18 non-redundant differentially expressed proteins of which protein disulfide-isomerase associated protein 3 (PDIA3) and NDUV showed consistent expression at protein and mRNA levels from 4 to 8 weeks. PDIA3 was found to be down-regulated by Western blotting in the rat model and immunohistochemically in human liver. Our results revealed important aspects of the pathogenesis/progression of liver fibrosis and demonstrated important changes in protein expression levels of NPCs at various stages of liver fibrosis.
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244
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Qiu SL, Xiao ZC, Piao CM, Xian YL, Jia LX, Qi YF, Han JH, Zhang YY, Du J. AMP-activated protein kinase α2 protects against liver injury from metastasized tumors via reduced glucose deprivation-induced oxidative stress. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:9449-59. [PMID: 24515110 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.543447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that tumors damage affected tissues; however, the specific mechanism underlying such damage remains elusive. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) senses energetic changes and regulates glucose metabolism. In this study, we examined the mechanisms by which AMPK promotes metabolic adaptation in the tumor-bearing liver using a murine model of colon cancer liver metastasis. Knock-out of AMPK α2 significantly enhanced tumor-induced glucose deprivation in the liver and increased the extent of liver injury and hepatocyte death. Mechanistically, we observed that AMPK α2 deficiency resulted in elevated reactive oxygen species, reduced mitophagy, and increased cell death in response to tumors or glucose deprivation in vitro. These results imply that AMPK α2 is essential for attenuation of liver injury during tumor metastasis via hepatic glucose deprivation and mitophagy-mediated inhibition of reactive oxygen species production. Therefore, AMPK α2 might represent an important therapeutic target for colon cancer metastasis-induced liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Lan Qiu
- From the Key Laboratory of Remodeling-related Cardiovascular Diseases, Capital Medical University, Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing Anzhen Hospital Affiliated to the Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, China
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El Bassat H, Ziada DH, Hasby EA, Nagy H, Abo Ryia MH. Apoptotic and anti-apoptotic seromarkers for assessment of disease severity of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Arab J Gastroenterol 2014; 15:6-11. [PMID: 24630506 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajg.2014.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS This study aimed to find out non-invasive markers for the assessment of severity of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in an attempt to decrease the need for liver biopsy. It also aimed to evaluate the key role of apoptosis in the pathogenesis of the disease and the suggested role of anti-apoptotic factors in therapeutic modalities and disease prognosis. PATIENTS AND METHODS The serum levels of soluble Fas (s. Fas), s. Fas ligand, cytokeratin 18 (CK-18) fragment and Bcl-2 were measured in 80 patients and 15 non-hepatic subjects as control. The patients were divided based on histological examination of liver biopsy into three groups. Group I included 40 patients with NASH, group II had 40 patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) non-NASH and group III had 15 non-hepatic subjects as control. Apoptosis of hepatocytes was assessed by morphological examination using a light microscope and expressed as number per square millimetre. RESULTS There was a significant increase in the serum levels of s. Fas, s. Fas ligand and CK-18 fragments in the NASH group. The anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 showed significantly low levels in NASH patients. Apoptosis of hepatocytes was significantly higher in the NASH group. The degree of apoptosis was inversely correlated with the level of Bcl-2. A significant correlation between both s. Fas and CK-18 fragment with liver histology with regard to lobular inflammation and ballooning was found. CONCLUSIONS Increased serum levels of s. Fas and CK-18 fragment in the NASH group and its correlation with the severity of disease suggested the key role of apoptosis in NASH pathogenesis which can be used for the assessment of the severity of NASH. A high level of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 in NAFLD suggests its protective role in disease progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanan El Bassat
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Dina H Ziada
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt.
| | - Eiman A Hasby
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Hala Nagy
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Mohammad H Abo Ryia
- Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
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246
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Ischemic preconditioning improves liver tolerance to congestion-reperfusion injury in mice. J Surg Res 2014; 189:152-8. [PMID: 24589179 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2014.01.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Revised: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Congestion-reperfusion injury (CRI) is a common complication after living donor liver transplantation, which has not been fully understood. It causes more severe inflammatory response as compared with ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI). Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) has been endowed with powerful protective properties toward IRI. This study aimed to investigate whether IPC also has a protective effect against CRI and potential underlying mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS Mice were randomly divided into sham operation, CRI, IPC-CRI, and congestion precondition (CPC-CRI) group. The hepatic vein of the left anterior hepatic lobe was occluded for 75 min followed by reperfusion in the CRI group. The blood inflow was previously clamped for 10 min followed by 10 min of reperfusion just before occluding the hepatic vein in the IPC-CRI group. To imitating IPC in the CPC-CRI group, 10 min of congestion followed by 10 min of reperfusion just before CRI was performed. The animals were sacrificed at 2, 6, 24, 48 h, and 7 d after reperfusion. The blood and liver samples were collected for hepatic function assay, histology, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling, myeloperoxidase, and real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis. RESULTS Mice in the CRI, IPC-CRI, and CPC-CRI group demonstrated elevated liver enzymes, histologic damage, cellular apoptosis, and inflammatory response compared with those in the sham operation group. Compared with the CRI group, mice in the IPC-CRI group expressed lower alanine transaminase activities (2 h: 839.2 ± 132.5 versus 384.2 ± 94.8, P < 0.01; and 6 h: 680 ± 142.4 versus 342.3 ± 99.7, P < 0.01) and lower myeloperoxidase levels (2 h: 7.1 ± 4.0 U/g versus 3.8 ± 1.6 U/g, P < 0.05; and 6 h: 8.1 ± 1.3 U/g versus 5.2 ± 3.0 U/g, P < 0.05). However, the alanine transaminase level in the CPC-CRI group was notably higher at 2 h (839.2 ± 132.5 versus 1087.5 ± 192.5, P < 0.05). Livers from mice in the IPC-CRI group showed better tissue integrity, diminished hepatocellular injury, and apoptosis at 2 and 6 h. The messenger RNA transcriptions of interleukin 1 and interleukin 6 were significantly lower after 2-24 h of reperfusion, whereas tumor necrosis factor α and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 were significantly lower after 24 h of reperfusion in the IPC-CRI group. CONCLUSIONS IPC can significantly improve liver tolerance to CRI by attenuating neutrophil infiltration, proinflammatory cytokine formation, and hepatocytes apoptosis. This pretreatment strategy holds greater prospect of being translated into clinical use in living donor liver transplantation.
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247
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Cao J, Feng XX, Yao L, Ning B, Yang ZX, Fang DL, Shen W. Saturated free fatty acid sodium palmitate-induced lipoapoptosis by targeting glycogen synthase kinase-3β activation in human liver cells. Dig Dis Sci 2014; 59:346-57. [PMID: 24132507 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-013-2896-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elevated serum saturated fatty acid levels and hepatocyte lipoapoptosis are features of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). AIM The purpose of this study was to investigate saturated fatty acid induction of lipoapoptosis in human liver cells and the underlying mechanisms. METHODS Human liver L02 and HepG2 cells were treated with sodium palmitate, a saturated fatty acid, for up to 48 h with or without lithium chloride, a glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) inhibitor, or GSK-3β shRNA transfection. Transmission electron microscopy was used to detect morphological changes, flow cytometry was used to detect apoptosis, a colorimetric assay was used to detect caspase-3 activity, and western blot analysis was used to detect protein expression. RESULTS The data showed that sodium palmitate was able to induce lipoapoptosis in L02 and HepG2 cells. Western blot analysis showed that sodium palmitate activated GSK-3β protein, which was indicated by dephosphorylation of GSK-3β at Ser-9. However, inhibition of GSK-3β activity with lithium chloride treatment or knockdown of GSK-3β expression with shRNA suppressed sodium palmitate-induced lipoapoptosis in L02 and HepG2 cells. On a molecular level, inhibition of GSK-3β expression or activity suppressed sodium palmitate-induced c-Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) phosphorylation and Bax upregulation, whereas GSK-3β inhibition did not affect endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced activation of unfolded protein response. CONCLUSIONS The present data demonstrated that saturated fatty acid sodium palmitate-induced lipoapoptosis in human liver L02 and HepG2 cells was regulated by GSK-3β activation, which led to JNK activation and Bax upregulation. This finding indicates that GSK-3β inhibition may be a potential therapeutic target to control NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Cao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 74 Linjiang Road, Chongqing, 400010, China,
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Haimerl M, Verloh N, Zeman F, Fellner C, Müller-Wille R, Schreyer AG, Stroszczynski C, Wiggermann P. Assessment of clinical signs of liver cirrhosis using T1 mapping on Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced 3T MRI. PLoS One 2013; 8:e85658. [PMID: 24392025 PMCID: PMC3877368 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the differences between normal and cirrhotic livers by means of T1 mapping of liver parenchyma on gadoxetic acid (Gd-EOB-DTPA)-enhanced 3 Tesla (3T) MR imaging (MRI). METHODS 162 patients with normal (n = 96) and cirrhotic livers (n = 66; Child-Pugh class A, n = 30; B, n = 28; C, n = 8) underwent Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced 3T MRI. To obtain T1 maps, two TurboFLASH sequences (TI = 400 ms and 1000 ms) before and 20 min after Gd-EOB-DTPA administration were acquired. T1 relaxation times of the liver and the reduction rate between pre- and post-contrast enhancement images were measured. RESULTS The T1 relaxation times for Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced MRI showed significant differences between patients with normal liver function and patients with Child-Pugh class A, B, and C (p < 0.001). The T1 relaxation times showed a constant significant increase from Child-Pugh class A up to class C (Child-Pugh class A, 335 ms ± 80 ms; B, 431 ms ± 75 ms; C, 557 ms ± 99 ms; Child-Pugh A to B, p < 0.001; Child-Pugh A to C, p < 0.001; Child-Pugh B to C, p < 0.001) and a constant decrease of the reduction rate of T1 relaxation times (Child-Pugh class A, 57.1% ± 8.8%; B, 44.3% ± 10.2%, C, 29.9% ± 6.9%; Child-Pugh A to B, p < 0.001; Child-Pugh A to C,p < 0.001; Child-Pugh B to C, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced T1 mapping of the liver parenchyma may present a useful method for determining severity of liver cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Haimerl
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Niklas Verloh
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Florian Zeman
- Center for Clinical Trials, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Fellner
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - René Müller-Wille
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Andreas G. Schreyer
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Philipp Wiggermann
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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Intrahepatic microcirculatory disorder, parenchymal hypoxia and NOX4 upregulation result in zonal differences in hepatocyte apoptosis following lipopolysaccharide- and D-galactosamine-induced acute liver failure in rats. Int J Mol Med 2013; 33:254-62. [PMID: 24317376 PMCID: PMC3896462 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2013.1573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the mechanisms responsible for acute liver failure (ALF) have not yet been fully elucidated, studies have indicated that intrahepatic macrophage activation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of ALF through intrahepatic microcirculatory disorder and consequent parenchymal cell death. Intrahepatic microcirculatory disorder has been demonstrated in animal models using intravital microscopy; however, the limitations of this method include simultaneously evaluating blood flow and the surrounding pathological changes. Therefore, in this study, we devised a novel method involving tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate (TRITC)-dextran administration for the pathological assessment of hepatic microcirculation. In addition, we aimed to elucidate the mechanisms through which intrahepatic microcirculatory disorder progresses with relation to activated macrophages. ALF was induced in Wistar rats by exposure to lipopolysaccharide and D-galactosamine. Intrahepatic microcirculation and microcirculatory disorder in zone 3 (pericentral zone) of the livers of rats with ALF was observed. Immunohistochemical examinations in conjunction with TRITC-dextran images revealed that the macrophages were mainly distributed in zone 2 (intermediate zone), while cleaved caspase-3-positive hepatocytes, pimonidazole and hypoxia-inducible factor 1-α were abundant in zone 3. We also found that 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NOX)4-positive cells were predominantly located in the zone 3 parenchyma. The majority of apoptotic hepatocytes in zone 3 were co-localized with NOX4. Our results revealed that the apoptotic cells in zone 3 were a result of hypoxic conditions induced by intrahepatic microcirculatory disorder, and were not induced by activated macrophages. The increased levels of oxidative stress in zone 3 may contribute to the progression of hepatocyte apoptosis.
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250
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Chen H, Zhang D, Wang S, Wang X, Yang C. Significance of correlation between interferon-γ and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and interleukin-17 in hepatitis B virus-related cirrhosis. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2013; 37:608-13. [PMID: 23796976 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2013.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Revised: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related cirrhosis is known to be associated with chronic hepatic inflammation. The present study aimed to examine the correlation between inflammatory mediators INF-γ, IL-17, and sICAM-1 in HBV cirrhotic patients. METHODS The levels of sICAM-1, interleukin-17, and IFN-γ were measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays in 120 cirrhotic patients with HBV and 270 sex- and age-matched healthy controls. Total bilirubin (TB) was measured and the association between TB and IFN-γ, sICAM-1, interleukin-17 were analyzed. The levels of these cytokines in serum and the association between IFN-γ and sICAM-1 as well as interleukin-17 were investigated. Relationships between these cytokines and Child-Pugh classes were analyzed in patients. RESULTS Age and sex were similar, but TB values were significantly different between the two groups (P<0.001). Serum levels of sICAM-1, interleukin-17, and IFN-γ were significantly higher in cirrhotic patients with HBV than in controls (P<0.001 for both). TB levels were positively correlated with IFN-γ, interleukin-17 and sICAM-1 levels. Significantly positive correlations were also found between IFN-γ and interleukin-17 as well as sICAM-1 (r=0.817 and r=0.561, respectively, P<0.01). There were significant differences between the studied cytokines (sICAM-1, interleukin-17, and IFN-γ) and Child-Pugh classes (P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS The increased IFN-γ level was correlated with both IL-17 and sICAM-1, and it may primarily play a role as cytokines trigger in liver injury. Both IL-17 and sICAM-1 may synergistically contribute to liver damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huisong Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Digestive Disease Institute, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, PR China
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