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Sjödin S, Brinkmalm G, Öhrfelt A, Parnetti L, Paciotti S, Hansson O, Hardy J, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, Brinkmalm A. Endo-lysosomal proteins and ubiquitin CSF concentrations in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. Alzheimers Res Ther 2019; 11:82. [PMID: 31521194 PMCID: PMC6745076 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-019-0533-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing evidence implicates dysfunctional proteostasis and the involvement of the autophagic and endo-lysosomal system and the ubiquitin-proteasome system in neurodegenerative diseases. In Alzheimer's disease (AD), there is an accumulation of autophagic vacuoles within the neurons. In Parkinson's disease (PD), susceptibility has been linked to genes encoding proteins involved in autophagy and lysosomal function, as well as mutations causing lysosomal disorders. Furthermore, both diseases are characterized by the accumulation of protein aggregates. METHODS Proteins associated with endocytosis, lysosomal function, and the ubiquitin-proteasome system were identified in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and targeted by combining solid-phase extraction and parallel reaction monitoring mass spectrometry. In total, 50 peptides from 18 proteins were quantified in three cross-sectional cohorts including AD (N = 61), PD (N = 21), prodromal AD (N = 10), stable mild cognitive impairment (N = 15), and controls (N = 68). RESULTS A pilot study, including subjects selected based on their AD CSF core biomarker concentrations, showed increased concentrations of several targeted proteins in subjects with core biomarker levels indicating AD pathology compared to controls. Next, in a clinically characterized cohort, lower concentrations in CSF of proteins in PD were found compared to subjects with prodromal AD. Further investigation in an additional clinical study again revealed lower concentrations in CSF of proteins in PD compared to controls and AD. CONCLUSION In summary, significantly different peptide CSF concentrations were identified from proteins AP2B1, C9, CTSB, CTSF, GM2A, LAMP1, LAMP2, TCN2, and ubiquitin. Proteins found to have altered concentrations in more than one study were AP2B1, CTSB, CTSF, GM2A, LAMP2, and ubiquitin. Interestingly, given the genetic implication of lysosomal function in PD, we did identify the CSF concentrations of CTSB, CTSF, GM2A, and LAMP2 to be altered. However, we also found differences in proteins associated with endocytosis (AP2B1) and the ubiquitin-proteasome system (ubiquitin). No difference in any peptide CSF concentration was found in clinically characterized subjects with AD compared to controls. In conclusion, CSF analyses of subjects with PD suggest a general lysosomal dysfunction, which resonates well with recent genetic findings, while such changes are minor or absent in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Sjödin
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, House V3, SU/Mölndal, SE-43180, Mölndal, Sweden.
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden.
| | - Gunnar Brinkmalm
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, House V3, SU/Mölndal, SE-43180, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Annika Öhrfelt
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, House V3, SU/Mölndal, SE-43180, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Lucilla Parnetti
- Laboratory of Clinical Neurochemistry, Neurology Clinic, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Silvia Paciotti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
- Laboratory of Clinical Neurochemistry, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Oskar Hansson
- Clinical Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Memory Clinic, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - John Hardy
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, University College London Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, House V3, SU/Mölndal, SE-43180, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, House V3, SU/Mölndal, SE-43180, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, University College London Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK
| | - Ann Brinkmalm
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, House V3, SU/Mölndal, SE-43180, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
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202
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Hervy J, Bicout DJ. Dynamical decoration of stabilized-microtubules by Tau-proteins. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12473. [PMID: 31462746 PMCID: PMC6713733 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48790-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tau is a microtubule-associated protein that regulates axonal transport, stabilizes and spatially organizes microtubules in parallel networks. The Tau-microtubule pair is crucial for maintaining the architecture and integrity of axons. Therefore, it is essential to understand how these two entities interact to ensure and modulate the normal axonal functions. Based on evidence from several published experiments, we have developed a two-dimensional model that describes the interaction between a population of Tau proteins and a stabilized microtubule at the scale of the tubulin dimers (binding sites) as an adsorption-desorption dynamical process in which Tau can bind on the microtubule outer surface via two distinct modes: a longitudinal (along a protofilament) and lateral (across adjacent protofilaments) modes. Such a process yields a dynamical distribution of Tau molecules on the microtubule surface referred to as microtubule decoration that we have characterized at the equilibrium using two observables: the total microtubule surface coverage with Tau's and the distribution of nearest neighbors Tau's. Using both analytical and numerical approaches, we have derived expressions and computed these observables as a function of key parameters controlling the binding reaction: the stoichiometries of the Taus in the two binding modes, the associated dissociation constants and the ratio of the Tau concentration to that of microtubule tubulin dimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Hervy
- Institut Laue-Langevin, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38042, Grenoble, France
- Laboratory of Physics and Modelling of Condensed Matter, Grenoble Alpes University, CNRS, Grenoble, France
| | - Dominique J Bicout
- Institut Laue-Langevin, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38042, Grenoble, France.
- EPSP, TIMC Laboratory, UMR CNRS 5525 Grenoble Alpes University, VetAgro Sup, Grenoble, France.
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203
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Crunfli F, Mazucanti CH, de Moraes RCM, Costa AP, Rodrigues AC, Scavone C, Torrão ADS. NO-Dependent Akt Inactivation by S-Nitrosylation as a Possible Mechanism of STZ-Induced Neuronal Insulin Resistance. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 65:1427-1443. [PMID: 30149447 DOI: 10.3233/jad-180284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Sporadic Alzheimer's disease (sAD) is associated with energy metabolism deficiency and impairment of insulin receptor (IR) signaling in the brain. In this context, low doses of intracerebroventricular (icv) injection of streptozotocin (STZ) in rodents has been used as an experimental model of sAD which leads to an insulin-resistant brain state and neurodegeneration. However, the STZ effects on brain insulin signaling-related proteins it is not appropriately elucidated. The aim of this study was to evaluate the beginning and progression of alterations in the brain IR pathway of rats after 1, 3, 5, and 7 days of STZ injection and investigate intracellular signaling involved on STZ induced insulin resistance. We observed that STZ injection causes cognitive impairment in the animals, a temporal variation of the insulin signaling-related proteins and apoptosis cell death in the hippocampus. We also have shown that STZ causes insulin resistance and impairment on phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) activity in the Neuro-2a cells through protein kinase B (Akt) inactivation by S-nitrosylation, which could upregulate GSK3-β activity. STZ ability to cause an insulin-resistant neuron state involves NO production and ROS production which may play an important role in the mechanism linked to STZ-induced neurotoxicity. The icv injection of STZ model and STZ exposed Neuro-2a cells may be potential experimental models for assessing molecules related to the pathogenesis of sAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Crunfli
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Caio Henrique Mazucanti
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ruan Carlos Macêdo de Moraes
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andressa Pereira Costa
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alice Cristina Rodrigues
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristoforo Scavone
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andréa da Silva Torrão
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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204
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Liu PP, Xie Y, Meng XY, Kang JS. History and progress of hypotheses and clinical trials for Alzheimer's disease. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2019; 4:29. [PMID: 31637009 PMCID: PMC6799833 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-019-0063-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 343] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive memory loss along with neuropsychiatric symptoms and a decline in activities of daily life. Its main pathological features are cerebral atrophy, amyloid plaques, and neurofibrillary tangles in the brains of patients. There are various descriptive hypotheses regarding the causes of AD, including the cholinergic hypothesis, amyloid hypothesis, tau propagation hypothesis, mitochondrial cascade hypothesis, calcium homeostasis hypothesis, neurovascular hypothesis, inflammatory hypothesis, metal ion hypothesis, and lymphatic system hypothesis. However, the ultimate etiology of AD remains obscure. In this review, we discuss the main hypotheses of AD and related clinical trials. Wealthy puzzles and lessons have made it possible to develop explanatory theories and identify potential strategies for therapeutic interventions for AD. The combination of hypometabolism and autophagy deficiency is likely to be a causative factor for AD. We further propose that fluoxetine, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, has the potential to treat AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Pei Liu
- Clinical Systems Biology Laboratories, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan China
| | - Yi Xie
- Clinical Systems Biology Laboratories, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan China
| | - Xiao-Yan Meng
- Clinical Systems Biology Laboratories, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan China
| | - Jian-Sheng Kang
- Clinical Systems Biology Laboratories, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan China
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205
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Kim J, Selvaraji S, Kang SW, Lee WT, Chen CLH, Choi H, Koo EH, Jo DG, Leong Lim K, Lim YA, Arumugam TV. Cerebral transcriptome analysis reveals age-dependent progression of neuroinflammation in P301S mutant tau transgenic male mice. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 80:344-357. [PMID: 30980950 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Aggregation of the microtubule-associated protein, tau, can lead to neurofibrillary tangle formation in neurons and glia which is the hallmark of tauopathy. The cellular damage induced by the formation of neurofibrillary tangles leads to neuroinflammation and consecutive neuronal death. However, detailed observation of transcriptomic changes under tauopathy together with the comparison of age-dependent progression of neuroinflammatory gene expressions mediated by tau overexpression is required. Employing RNA sequencing on PS19 transgenic mice that overexpress human mutant tau harboring the P301S mutation, we have examined the effects of age-dependent tau overexpression on transcriptomic changes of immune and inflammatory responses in the cerebral cortex. Compared to age-matched wild type control, P301S transgenic mice exhibit significant transcriptomic alterations. We have observed age-dependent neuroinflammatory gene expression changes in both wild type and P301S transgenic mice where tau overexpression further promoted the expression of neuroinflammatory genes in 10-month old P301S transgenic mice. Moreover, functional gene network analyses (gene ontology and pathway enrichment) and prospective target protein interactions predicted the potential involvement of multiple immune and inflammatory pathways that may contribute to tau-mediated neuronal pathology. Our current study on P301S transgenic mice model revealed for the first time, the differences of gene expression patterns in both early and late stage of tau pathology in cerebral cortex. Our analyses also revealed that tau overexpression alone induces multiple inflammatory and immune transcriptomic changes and may provide a roadmap to elucidate the targets of anti-inflammatory therapeutic strategy focused on tau pathology and related neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joonki Kim
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Natural Products Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sharmelee Selvaraji
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sung Wook Kang
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wei Thye Lee
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Christopher Li-Hsian Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Hyungwon Choi
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore
| | - Edward H Koo
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Dong-Gyu Jo
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Kah Leong Lim
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Neurodegeneration Research Laboratory, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore; Neurobiology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yun-An Lim
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Thiruma V Arumugam
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea; Neurobiology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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206
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Yeboah F, Kim TE, Bill A, Dettmer U. Dynamic behaviors of α-synuclein and tau in the cellular context: New mechanistic insights and therapeutic opportunities in neurodegeneration. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 132:104543. [PMID: 31351173 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.104543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Synuclein (αS) and tau have a lot in common. Dyshomeostasis and aggregation of both proteins are central in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases: Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, multi-system atrophy and other 'synucleinopathies' in the case of αS; Alzheimer's disease, frontotemporal dementia, progressive supranuclear palsy and other 'tauopathies' in the case of tau. The aggregated states of αS and tau are found to be (hyper)phosphorylated, but the relevance of the phosphorylation in health or disease is not well understood. Both tau and αS are typically characterized as 'intrinsically disordered' proteins, while both engage in transient interactions with cellular components, thereby undergoing structural changes and context-specific folding. αS transiently binds to (synaptic) vesicles forming a membrane-induced amphipathic helix; tau transiently interacts with microtubules forming an 'extended structure'. The regulation and exact nature of the interactions are not fully understood. Here we review recent and previous insights into the dynamic, transient nature of αS and tau with regard to the mode of interaction with their targets, the dwell-time while bound, and the cis and trans factors underlying the frequent switching between bound and unbound states. These aspects are intimately linked to hypotheses on how subtle changes in the transient behaviors may trigger the earliest steps in the pathogenesis of the respective brain diseases. Based on a deeper understanding of transient αS and tau conformations in the cellular context, new therapeutic strategies may emerge, and it may become clearer why existing approaches have failed or how they could be optimized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred Yeboah
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Tae-Eun Kim
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Anke Bill
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Ulf Dettmer
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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207
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Abstract
The brain-specific tau protein binds directly through microtubules to regulate dynamically its structure and function. It also plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of a number of neurodegenerative disorders collectively known as tauopathies, the most common of which is Alzheimer's disease (AD). Under pathological conditions, the natively unfolded tau protein self-assembles into filamentous structures of aggregated, hyperphosphorylated tau. In AD brains, tau accumulates in the neuronal perikarya and processes as paired helical filaments (PHF) forming the neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) characteristic of the disease. Prominent tau neurofibrillary pathology is a common feature in all tauopathies and its development is associated with progressive neuronal loss and cognitive decline. A precise understanding of the cellular, biochemical, and structural mechanisms involved in the process of tau protein aggregation and fibril formation is key to design strategies to prevent, slow down, or stop the neurodegenerative pathway leading to neuronal loss in AD and other tauopathies. Herein, we describe some complementary experimental procedures for PHF purification from human postmortem brain, tau expression and purification, as well as in vitro formation of tau filaments from purified recombinant tau.
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208
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Choudhary N, Singh V. Insights about multi-targeting and synergistic neuromodulators in Ayurvedic herbs against epilepsy: integrated computational studies on drug-target and protein-protein interaction networks. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10565. [PMID: 31332210 PMCID: PMC6646331 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46715-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy, that comprises a wide spectrum of neuronal disorders and accounts for about one percent of global disease burden affecting people of all age groups, is recognised as apasmara in the traditional medicinal system of Indian antiquity commonly known as Ayurveda. Towards exploring the molecular level complex regulatory mechanisms of 63 anti-epileptic Ayurvedic herbs and thoroughly examining the multi-targeting and synergistic potential of 349 drug-like phytochemicals (DPCs) found therein, in this study, we develop an integrated computational framework comprising of network pharmacology and molecular docking studies. Neuromodulatory prospects of anti-epileptic herbs are probed and, as a special case study, DPCs that can regulate metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are inspected. A novel methodology to screen and systematically analyse the DPCs having similar neuromodulatory potential vis-à-vis DrugBank compounds (NeuMoDs) is developed and 11 NeuMoDs are reported. A repertoire of 74 DPCs having poly-pharmacological similarity with anti-epileptic DrugBank compounds and those under clinical trials is also reported. Further, high-confidence PPI-network specific to epileptic protein-targets is developed and the potential of DPCs to regulate its functional modules is investigated. We believe that the presented schema can open-up exhaustive explorations of indigenous herbs towards meticulous identification of clinically relevant DPCs against various diseases and disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Choudhary
- Centre for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Dharamshala, 176206, India
| | - Vikram Singh
- Centre for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Dharamshala, 176206, India.
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209
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Chen XQ, Mobley WC. Alzheimer Disease Pathogenesis: Insights From Molecular and Cellular Biology Studies of Oligomeric Aβ and Tau Species. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:659. [PMID: 31293377 PMCID: PMC6598402 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) represents an oncoming epidemic that without an effective treatment promises to exact extraordinary human and financial burdens. Studies of pathogenesis are essential for defining targets for discovering disease-modifying treatments. Past studies of AD neuropathology provided valuable, albeit limited, insights. Nevertheless, building on these findings, recent studies have provided an increasingly rich harvest of genetic, molecular and cellular data that are creating unprecedented opportunities to both understand and treat AD. Among the most significant are those documenting the presence within the AD brain of toxic oligomeric species of Aβ and tau. Existing data support the view that such species can propagate and spread within neural circuits. To place these findings in context we first review the genetics and neuropathology of AD, including AD in Down syndrome (AD-DS). We detail studies that support the existence of toxic oligomeric species while noting the significant unanswered questions concerning their precise structures, the means by which they spread and undergo amplification and how they induce neuronal dysfunction and degeneration. We conclude by offering a speculative synthesis for how oligomers of Aβ and tau initiate and drive pathogenesis. While 100 years after Alzheimer's first report there is much still to learn about pathogenesis and the discovery of disease-modifying treatments, the application of new concepts and sophisticated new tools are poised to deliver important advances for combatting AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Qiao Chen
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - William C. Mobley
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
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210
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Early Electrophysiological Disintegration of Hippocampal Neural Networks in a Novel Locus Coeruleus Tau-Seeding Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Neural Plast 2019; 2019:6981268. [PMID: 31285742 PMCID: PMC6594257 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6981268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive, neurodegenerative disease characterized by loss of synapses and disrupted functional connectivity (FC) across different brain regions. Early in AD progression, tau pathology is found in the locus coeruleus (LC) prior to amyloid-induced exacerbation of clinical symptoms. Here, a tau-seeding model in which preformed synthetic tau fibrils (K18) were unilaterally injected into the LC of P301L mice, equipped with multichannel electrodes for recording EEG in frontal cortical and CA1-CA3 hippocampal areas, was used to longitudinally quantify over 20 weeks of functional network dynamics in (1) power spectra; (2) FC using intra- and intersite phase-amplitude theta-gamma coupling (PAC); (3) coherence, partial coherence, and global coherent network efficiency (Eglob) estimates; and (4) the directionality of functional connectivity using extended partial direct coherence (PDC). A sustained leftward shift in the theta peak frequency was found early in the power spectra of hippocampal CA1 networks ipsilateral to the injection site. Strikingly, hippocampal CA1 coherence and Eglob measures were impaired in K18-treated animals. Estimation of instantaneous EEG amplitudes revealed deficiency in the propagation directionality of gamma oscillations in the CA1 circuit. Impaired PAC strength evidenced by decreased modulation of the theta frequency phase on gamma frequency amplitude further confirms impairments of the neural CA1 network. The present results demonstrate early dysfunctional hippocampal networks, despite no spreading tau pathology to the hippocampus and frontal cortex. The ability of the K18 seed in the brainstem LC to elicit such robust functional alterations in distant hippocampal structures in the absence of pathology challenges the classic view that tau pathology spread to an area is necessary to elicit functional impairments in that area.
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211
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The standardization of cerebrospinal fluid markers and neuropathological diagnoses brings to light the frequent complexity of concomitant pathology in Alzheimer's disease: The next challenge for biochemical markers? Clin Biochem 2019; 72:15-23. [PMID: 31194969 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2019.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
During the last two decades, neuropathological examination of the brain has evolved both technically and scientifically. The increasing use of immunohistochemistry to detect protein aggregates paralleled a better understanding of neuroanatomical progression of protein deposition. As a consequence, an international effort was achieved to standardize hyperphosphorylated-Tau (phospho-TAU), ßAmyloid (Aß), alpha syncuclein (alpha-syn), phosphorylated transactive response DNA-binding protein 43 (phospho-TDP43) and vascular pathology detection. Meanwhile harmonized staging systems emerged in order to increase inter rater reproducibility. Therefore, a refined definition of Alzheimer's disease was recommended., a clearer picture of the neuropathological lesions diversity emerged secondarily to the systematic assessment of concomitant pathology highlighting finally a low rate of pure AD pathology. This brings new challenges to laboratory medicine in the field of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) markers of Alzheimer's disease: how to further validate total Tau, phospho-TAU, Aß40 and Aß42 and new marker level cut-offs while autopsy rates are declining?
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212
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Afreen S, Ferreira A. Altered Cytoskeletal Composition and Delayed Neurite Elongation in tau 45-230-Expressing Hippocampal Neurons. Neuroscience 2019; 412:1-15. [PMID: 31158440 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Calpain-mediated tau cleavage into the neurotoxic tau45-230 fragment plays an important role in Alzheimer's disease (AD). This tau fragment accumulates mainly in the cytoplasm of degenerating neurons. However, subcellular localization studies indicated that a pool of tau45-230 associates with the cytoskeleton in hippocampal neurons. In the present study, we assessed whether such localization could underlie tau45-230 neurotoxic effects. Quantitative Western blot analysis showed decreased levels of full-length tau bound to microtubules in tau45-230-expressing hippocampal neurons when compared to controls. In addition, the presence of this tau fragment induced a transient increase in tyrosinated tubulin, a marker of unstable microtubules, followed by a significant decrease in the levels of this tubulin isoform. The data obtained also showed a significant reduction in actin filaments in tau45-230-expressing neurons. These changes in microtubules and actin filaments correlated with delayed neurite elongation and axonal differentiation in the presence of this tau fragment. Together, these results suggest that tau45-230 could exert its toxic effects, at least in part, by modifying the composition of the neuronal cytoskeleton and impairing neurite elongation in neurons undergoing degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Afreen
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Adriana Ferreira
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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213
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Abstract
Tau protein, which was discovered in Prof. Kirschner's laboratory in 1975, has been the focus of my research over the last 40 years. In this issue of the Journal of Alzheimer's Disease commemorating its 20th year of publication, I will provide a short review of some of the features of my relationship with tau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Avila
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain.,CIBERNED, Madrid, Spain
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214
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Abstract
Tau is a microtubule-associated protein involved in the regulation of axonal microtubules in neurons. In pathological conditions, it forms fibrils that are molecular hallmarks of neurological disorders known as tauopathies. In the last 2 years, cryo-EM has given unprecedented high-resolution views of Tau in both physiological and pathological conditions. We review here these new findings and put them into the context of the knowledge about Tau before this structural breakthrough. The first structures of Tau fibrils, a molecular hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD), were based on fibrils from the brain of an individual with AD and, along with similar patient-derived structures, have set the gold standard for the field. Cryo-EM structures of Tau fibers in three distinct diseases, AD, Pick's disease, and chronic traumatic encephalopathy, represent the end points of Tau's molecular trajectory. We propose that the recent Tau structures may call for a re-examination of databases that link different Tau variants to various forms of dementia. We also address the question of how this structural information may link Tau's functional and pathological aspects. Because this structural information on Tau was obtained in a very short period, the new structures should be viewed in light of earlier structural observations and past and present functional data to shed additional light on Tau function and dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Lippens
- From the Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques (LISBP), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, 135 avenue de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 04, France and
| | - Benoît Gigant
- the Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
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215
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LRRK2, alpha-synuclein, and tau: partners in crime or unfortunate bystanders? Biochem Soc Trans 2019; 47:827-838. [PMID: 31085616 DOI: 10.1042/bst20180466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The identification of genetic forms of Parkinson's disease (PD) has tremendously expanded our understanding of the players and mechanisms involved. Mutations in the genes encoding for alpha-synuclein (aSyn), LRRK2, and tau have been associated with familial and sporadic forms of the disease. aSyn is the major component of Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites, which are pathognomonic protein inclusions in PD. Hyperphosphorylated tau protein accumulates in neurofibrillary tangles in the brains of Alzheimer's disease patients but is also seen in the brains of PD patients. LRRK2 is a complex multi-domain protein with kinase and GTPase enzymatic activity. Since aSyn and tau are phosphoproteins, we review the possible interplay between the three proteins. Understanding the interplay between LRRK2, aSyn and tau is extremely important, as this may enable the identification of novel targets and pathways for therapeutic intervention.
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216
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14-3-3/Tau Interaction and Tau Amyloidogenesis. J Mol Neurosci 2019; 68:620-630. [PMID: 31062171 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-019-01325-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The major function of microtubule-associated protein tau is to promote microtubule assembly in the central nervous system. However, aggregation of abnormally phosphorylated tau is a hallmark of tauopathies. Although the molecular mechanisms of conformational transitions and assembling of tau molecules into amyloid fibril remain largely unknown, several factors have been shown to promote tau aggregation, including mutations, polyanions, phosphorylation, and interactions with other proteins. 14-3-3 proteins are a family of highly conserved, multifunctional proteins that are mainly expressed in the central nervous system. Being a scaffolding protein, 14-3-3 proteins interact with tau and regulate tau phosphorylation by bridging tau with various protein kinases. 14-3-3 proteins also directly regulate tau aggregation via specific and non-specific interactions with tau. In this review, we summarize recent advances in characterization of tau conformation and tau/14-3-3 interaction. We discuss the connection between 14-3-3 binding and tau aggregation with a special emphasis on the regulatory role of 14-3-3 on tau conformation.
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217
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Mohajeri M, Behnam B, Barreto GE, Sahebkar A. Carbon nanomaterials and amyloid-beta interactions: potentials for the detection and treatment of Alzheimer's disease? Pharmacol Res 2019; 143:186-203. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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218
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Araman C, 't Hart BA. Neurodegeneration meets immunology - A chemical biology perspective. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:1911-1924. [PMID: 30910473 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C Araman
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry and the Institute for Chemical Immunology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - B A 't Hart
- University of Groningen, Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Centre, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department Anatomy and Neuroscience, Free University Medical Center (VUmc), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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219
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Vasili E, Dominguez-Meijide A, Outeiro TF. Spreading of α-Synuclein and Tau: A Systematic Comparison of the Mechanisms Involved. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:107. [PMID: 31105524 PMCID: PMC6494944 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) are age-associated neurodegenerative disorders characterized by the misfolding and aggregation of alpha-synuclein (aSyn) and tau, respectively. The coexistence of aSyn and tau aggregates suggests a strong overlap between tauopathies and synucleinopathies. Interestingly, misfolded forms of aSyn and tau can propagate from cell to cell, and throughout the brain, thereby templating the misfolding of native forms of the proteins. The exact mechanisms involved in the propagation of the two proteins show similarities, and are reminiscent of the spreading characteristic of prion diseases. Recently, several models were developed to study the spreading of aSyn and tau. Here, we discuss the mechanisms involved, the similarities and differences between the spreading of the two proteins and that of the prion protein, and the different cell and animal models used for studying these processes. Ultimately, a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved may lead to the identification of novel targets for therapeutic intervention in a variety of devastating neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eftychia Vasili
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Antonio Dominguez-Meijide
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Tiago Fleming Outeiro
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, Goettingen, Germany.,The Medical School, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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220
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Martinelli AHS, Lopes FC, John EBO, Carlini CR, Ligabue-Braun R. Modulation of Disordered Proteins with a Focus on Neurodegenerative Diseases and Other Pathologies. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20061322. [PMID: 30875980 PMCID: PMC6471803 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20061322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) do not have rigid 3D structures, showing changes in their folding depending on the environment or ligands. Intrinsically disordered proteins are widely spread in eukaryotic genomes, and these proteins participate in many cell regulatory metabolism processes. Some IDPs, when aberrantly folded, can be the cause of some diseases such as Alzheimer′s, Parkinson′s, and prionic, among others. In these diseases, there are modifications in parts of the protein or in its entirety. A common conformational variation of these IDPs is misfolding and aggregation, forming, for instance, neurotoxic amyloid plaques. In this review, we discuss some IDPs that are involved in neurodegenerative diseases (such as beta amyloid, alpha synuclein, tau, and the “IDP-like” PrP), cancer (p53, c-Myc), and diabetes (amylin), focusing on the structural changes of these IDPs that are linked to such pathologies. We also present the IDP modulation mechanisms that can be explored in new strategies for drug design. Lastly, we show some candidate drugs that can be used in the future for the treatment of diseases caused by misfolded IDPs, considering that cancer therapy has more advanced research in comparison to other diseases, while also discussing recent and future developments in this area of research. Therefore, we aim to provide support to the study of IDPs and their modulation mechanisms as promising approaches to combat such severe diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne H S Martinelli
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology & Department of Biophysics, Biosciences Institute-IB, (UFRGS), Porto Alegre CEP 91501-970, RS, Brazil.
| | - Fernanda C Lopes
- Center for Biotechnology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre CEP 91501-970, RS, Brazil.
- Graduate Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre CEP 91501-970, RS, Brazil.
| | - Elisa B O John
- Center for Biotechnology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre CEP 91501-970, RS, Brazil.
- Graduate Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre CEP 91501-970, RS, Brazil.
| | - Célia R Carlini
- Graduate Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre CEP 91501-970, RS, Brazil.
- Graduate Program in Medicine and Health Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre CEP 91410-000, RS, Brazil.
- Brain Institute-InsCer, Laboratory of Neurotoxins, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre CEP 90610-000, RS, Brazil.
| | - Rodrigo Ligabue-Braun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre CEP 90050-170, RS, Brazil.
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221
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Christensen KR, Beach TG, Serrano GE, Kanaan NM. Pathogenic tau modifications occur in axons before the somatodendritic compartment in mossy fiber and Schaffer collateral pathways. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2019; 7:29. [PMID: 30819250 PMCID: PMC6394076 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-019-0675-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The deposition of tau pathology in Alzheimer's disease (AD) may occur first in axons of neurons and then progress back into the cell bodies to form neurofibrillary tangles, however, studies have not directly analyzed this relationship in relatively discrete circuits within the human hippocampus. In the early phases of tau deposition, both AT8 phosphorylation and exposure of the amino terminus of tau occurs in tauopathies, and these modifications are linked to mechanisms of synaptic and axonal dysfunction. Here, we examined the localization of these tau pathologies in well-characterized post-mortem human tissue samples from the hippocampus of 44 cases ranging between non-demented and mild cognitively impaired to capture a time at which intrahippocampal pathways show a range in the extent of tau deposition. The tissue sections were analyzed for AT8 (AT8 antibody), amino terminus exposure (TNT2 antibody), and amyloid-β (MOAB2 antibody) pathology in hippocampal strata containing the axons and neuronal cell bodies of the CA3-Schaffer collateral and dentate granule-mossy fiber pathways. We show that tau pathology first appears in the axonal compartment of affected neurons in the absence of observable tau pathology in the corresponding cell bodies in several cases. Additionally, deposition of tau in these intrahippocampal pathways was independent of the presence of Aβ plaques. We confirmed that the majority of tau pathology positive neuropil threads were axonal in origin and not dendritic using an axonal marker (i.e. SMI312 antibody) and somatodendritic marker (i.e. MAP2 antibody). Taken together, these results support the hypothesis that AT8 phosphorylation and amino terminus exposure are early pathological events and that the deposition of tau pathology, at least in the studied pathways, occurs first in the axonal compartment prior to observable pathology in the somata. These findings highlight the importance on targeting tau deposition, ideally in the initial phases of its deposition in axons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle R Christensen
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, College of Human Medicine, 400 Monroe Ave NW, Grand Rapids, MI, 49053, USA
- Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | | | | | - Nicholas M Kanaan
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, College of Human Medicine, 400 Monroe Ave NW, Grand Rapids, MI, 49053, USA.
- Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
- Hauenstein Neuroscience Center, Mercy Health Saint Mary's, Grand Rapids, MI, USA.
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222
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Jadhav S, Avila J, Schöll M, Kovacs GG, Kövari E, Skrabana R, Evans LD, Kontsekova E, Malawska B, de Silva R, Buee L, Zilka N. A walk through tau therapeutic strategies. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2019; 7:22. [PMID: 30767766 PMCID: PMC6376692 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-019-0664-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tau neuronal and glial pathologies drive the clinical presentation of Alzheimer's disease and related human tauopathies. There is a growing body of evidence indicating that pathological tau species can travel from cell to cell and spread the pathology through the brain. Throughout the last decade, physiological and pathological tau have become attractive targets for AD therapies. Several therapeutic approaches have been proposed, including the inhibition of protein kinases or protein-3-O-(N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl)-L-serine/threonine Nacetylglucosaminyl hydrolase, the inhibition of tau aggregation, active and passive immunotherapies, and tau silencing by antisense oligonucleotides. New tau therapeutics, across the board, have demonstrated the ability to prevent or reduce tau lesions and improve either cognitive or motor impairment in a variety of animal models developing neurofibrillary pathology. The most advanced strategy for the treatment of human tauopathies remains immunotherapy, which has already reached the clinical stage of drug development. Tau vaccines or humanised antibodies target a variety of tau species either in the intracellular or extracellular spaces. Some of them recognise the amino-terminus or carboxy-terminus, while others display binding abilities to the proline-rich area or microtubule binding domains. The main therapeutic foci in existing clinical trials are on Alzheimer's disease, progressive supranuclear palsy and non-fluent primary progressive aphasia. Tau therapy offers a new hope for the treatment of many fatal brain disorders. First efficacy data from clinical trials will be available by the end of this decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Jadhav
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska 9, 845 10, Bratislava, Slovakia
- AXON Neuroscience R&D Services SE, Dvorakovo nabrezie 10, 811 02, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jesus Avila
- Centro de Biologia Molecular "Severo Ochoa", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones, Cientificas, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, C/ Nicolas Cabrera, 1. Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
- Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative, Diseases (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Michael Schöll
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of, Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Clinical Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Dementia Research Centre, University College London, London, UK
| | - Gabor G Kovacs
- Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, AKH 4J, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1097, Vienna, Austria
| | - Enikö Kövari
- Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Rostislav Skrabana
- AXON Neuroscience R&D Services SE, Dvorakovo nabrezie 10, 811 02, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lewis D Evans
- Gurdon Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Eva Kontsekova
- AXON Neuroscience R&D Services SE, Dvorakovo nabrezie 10, 811 02, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Barbara Malawska
- Department of Physicochemical Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688, Cracow, Poland
| | - Rohan de Silva
- Reta Lila Weston Institute and Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, 1 Wakefield Street, London, WC1N 1PJ, UK
| | - Luc Buee
- Universite of Lille, Inserm, CHU-Lille, UMRS1172, Alzheimer & Tauopathies, Place de Verdun, 59045, Lille cedex, France.
| | - Norbert Zilka
- AXON Neuroscience R&D Services SE, Dvorakovo nabrezie 10, 811 02, Bratislava, Slovakia.
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223
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Ellmer D, Brehs M, Haj‐Yahya M, Lashuel HA, Becker CFW. Single Posttranslational Modifications in the Central Repeat Domains of Tau4 Impact its Aggregation and Tubulin Binding. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:1616-1620. [PMID: 30549369 PMCID: PMC6391969 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201805238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A variety of methods have been employed to study the impact of posttranslational modifications on Tau protein function. Here, a semisynthesis strategy is described that enables selective modification within the central repeat domain of Tau4 (residues 291-321), comprising a major interaction motive with tubulin as well as one of the key hexapeptides involved in Tau aggregation. This strategy has led to the preparation of four semisynthetic Tau variants with phosphoserine residues in different positions and one with a so far largely ignored carboxymethyllysine modification that results from a non-enzymatic posttranslational modification (nPTM). The latter modification inhibits tubulin polymerization but exhibits an aggregation behavior very similar to unmodified Tau. In contrast, phosphorylated Tau variants exhibit similar binding to tubulin as unmodified Tau4 but show lower tendencies to aggregate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris Ellmer
- University of ViennaFaculty of ChemistryInstitute of Biological ChemistryWähringer Str. 381090ViennaAustria
| | - Manuel Brehs
- University of ViennaFaculty of ChemistryInstitute of Biological ChemistryWähringer Str. 381090ViennaAustria
| | - Mahmood Haj‐Yahya
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Brain Mind InstituteLaboratory of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration1015LausanneSwitzerland
| | - Hilal A. Lashuel
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Brain Mind InstituteLaboratory of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration1015LausanneSwitzerland
| | - Christian F. W. Becker
- University of ViennaFaculty of ChemistryInstitute of Biological ChemistryWähringer Str. 381090ViennaAustria
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224
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Turner M, Mutter ST, Platts JA. Molecular dynamics simulation on the effect of transition metal binding to the N-terminal fragment of amyloid-β. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2019; 37:4590-4600. [PMID: 30526382 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2018.1555490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We report molecular dynamics simulations of three possible adducts of Fe(II) to the N-terminal 1-16 fragments of the amyloid-β peptide, along with analogous simulations of Cu(II) and Zn(II) adducts. We find that multiple simulations from different starting points reach pseudo-equilibration within 100-300 ns, leading to over 900 ns of equilibrated trajectory data for each system. The specifics of the coordination modes for Fe(II) have only a weak effect on peptide secondary and tertiary structures, and we therefore compare one of these with analogous models of Cu(II) and Zn(II) complexes. All share broadly similar structural features, with mixture of coil, turn and bend in the N-terminal region and helical structure for residues 11-16. Within this overall pattern, subtle effects due to changes in metal are evident: Fe(II) complexes are more compact and are more likely to occupy bridge and ribbon regions of Ramachandran maps, while Cu(II) coordination leads to greater occupancy of the poly-proline region. Analysis of representative clusters in terms of molecular mechanics energy and atoms-in-molecules properties indicates similarity of four-coordinate Cu and Zn complexes, compared to five-coordinate Fe complex that exhibits lower stability and weaker metal-ligand bonding. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Turner
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University , Park Place , Cardiff , UK
| | - Shaun T Mutter
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University , Park Place , Cardiff , UK
| | - James A Platts
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University , Park Place , Cardiff , UK
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225
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Ellmer D, Brehs M, Haj‐Yahya M, Lashuel HA, Becker CFW. Single Posttranslational Modifications in the Central Repeat Domains of Tau4 Impact its Aggregation and Tubulin Binding. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201805238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Doris Ellmer
- University of ViennaFaculty of ChemistryInstitute of Biological Chemistry Währinger Str. 38 1090 Vienna Austria
| | - Manuel Brehs
- University of ViennaFaculty of ChemistryInstitute of Biological Chemistry Währinger Str. 38 1090 Vienna Austria
| | - Mahmood Haj‐Yahya
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Brain Mind InstituteLaboratory of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Hilal A. Lashuel
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Brain Mind InstituteLaboratory of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Christian F. W. Becker
- University of ViennaFaculty of ChemistryInstitute of Biological Chemistry Währinger Str. 38 1090 Vienna Austria
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226
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Crunfli F, Vrechi TA, Costa AP, Torrão AS. Cannabinoid Receptor Type 1 Agonist ACEA Improves Cognitive Deficit on STZ-Induced Neurotoxicity Through Apoptosis Pathway and NO Modulation. Neurotox Res 2019; 35:516-529. [PMID: 30607903 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-018-9991-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The cannabinoid system has the ability to modulate cellular and molecular mechanisms, including excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammation, acting as a neuroprotective agent, by its relationship with signaling pathways associated to the control of cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival. Recent reports have raised new perspectives on the possible role of cannabinoid system in neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer disease's (AD). AD is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the presence of amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, neuronal death, and progressive cognitive loss, which could be caused by energy metabolism impairment, changes in insulin signaling, chronic oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, Tau hyperphosphorylation, and Aβ deposition in the brain. Thus, we investigated the presumptive protective effect of the cannabinoid type 1 (CB1)-selective receptor agonist arachidonyl-2'-chloroethylamide (ACEA) against streptozotocin (STZ) exposure stimuli in an in vitro neuronal model (Neuro-2a neuroblastoma cells) and in vivo model (intracerebroventricular STZ injection), experimental models of sporadic AD. Our results demonstrated that ACEA treatment reversed cognitive impairment and increased activity of Akt and ERK triggered by STZ, and increased IR expression and increased the anti-apoptotic proteins levels, Bcl-2. In the in vitro model, ACEA was able to rescue cells from STZ-triggered death and modulated the NO release by STZ. Our study has demonstrated a participation of the cannabinoid system in cellular survival, involving the CB1 receptor, which occurs by positive regulation of the anti-apoptotic proteins, suggesting the participation of this system in neurodegenerative processes. Our data suggest that the cannabinoid system is an interesting therapeutic target for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Crunfli
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1524, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil.
| | - Talita A Vrechi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1524, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Andressa P Costa
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1524, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Andréa S Torrão
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1524, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
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227
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Belikov AV. Age-related diseases as vicious cycles. Ageing Res Rev 2019; 49:11-26. [PMID: 30458244 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The mortality rates of age-related diseases (ARDs) increase exponentially with age. Processes described by the exponential growth function typically involve a branching chain reaction or, more generally, a positive feedback loop. Here I propose that each ARD is mediated by one or several positive feedback loops (vicious cycles). I then identify critical vicious cycles in five major ARDs: atherosclerosis, hypertension, diabetes, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. I also propose that the progression of ARDs can be halted by selectively interrupting the vicious cycles and suggest the most promising targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksey V Belikov
- Laboratory of Innovative Medicine, School of Biological and Medical Physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Institutsky per., 9, 141701 Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, Russia.
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228
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Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) dementia refers to a particular onset and course of cognitive and functional decline associated with age together with a particular neuropathology. It was first described by Alois Alzheimer in 1906 about a patient whom he first encountered in 1901. Modern clinical diagnostic criteria have been developed, and criteria have also been proposed to recognize preclinical (or presymptomatic) stages of the disease with the use of biomarkers. The primary neuropathology was described by Alzheimer, and in the mid-1980s subsequently evolved into a more specific neuropathologic definition that recognizes the comorbid neuropathologies that frequently contribute to clinical dementia. Alzheimer's disease is now the most common form of neurodegenerative dementia in the United States with a disproportionate disease burden in minority populations. Deficits in the ability to encode and store new memories characterizes the initial stages of the disease. Subsequent progressive changes in cognition and behavior accompany the later stages. Changes in amyloid precursor protein (APP) cleavage and production of the APP fragment beta-amyloid (Aβ) along with hyperphosphorylated tau protein aggregation coalesce to cause reduction in synaptic strength, synaptic loss, and neurodegeneration. Metabolic, vascular, and inflammatory changes, as well as comorbid pathologies are key components of the disease process. Symptomatic treatment offers a modest, clinically measurable effect in cognition, but disease-modifying therapies are desperately needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose A Soria Lopez
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States; Shiley-Marcos Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Hector M González
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States; Shiley-Marcos Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Gabriel C Léger
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States; Shiley-Marcos Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.
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229
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Lim HR, Kim SY, Jeon EH, Kim YL, Shin YM, Koo TS, Park SJ, Hong KB, Choi S. A highly sensitive fluorescent probe that quantifies transthyretin in human plasma as an early diagnostic tool of Alzheimer's disease. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:10424-10427. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc04172a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A robust and simple fluorescent assay for the quantification of TTR in human plasma was developed by utilizing an indole-based fluorophore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Rim Lim
- Graduate School of New Drug Discovery and Development
- Chungnam National University
- Daejon
- Republic of Korea
| | - Seo Yun Kim
- Graduate School of New Drug Discovery and Development
- Chungnam National University
- Daejon
- Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Hee Jeon
- Graduate School of New Drug Discovery and Development
- Chungnam National University
- Daejon
- Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Lan Kim
- Graduate School of New Drug Discovery and Development
- Chungnam National University
- Daejon
- Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Mi Shin
- Graduate School of New Drug Discovery and Development
- Chungnam National University
- Daejon
- Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Sung Koo
- Graduate School of New Drug Discovery and Development
- Chungnam National University
- Daejon
- Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Jean Park
- College of Pharmacy and Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Gachon University
- Incheon 406-799
- Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Bum Hong
- New Drug Development Center (NDDC)
- Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation (DGMIF)
- Daegu 701-310
- Republic of Korea
| | - Sungwook Choi
- Graduate School of New Drug Discovery and Development
- Chungnam National University
- Daejon
- Republic of Korea
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230
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Tapia-Rojas C, Cabezas-Opazo F, Deaton CA, Vergara EH, Johnson GVW, Quintanilla RA. It's all about tau. Prog Neurobiol 2018; 175:54-76. [PMID: 30605723 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tau is a protein that is highly enriched in neurons and was originally defined by its ability to bind and stabilize microtubules. However, it is now becoming evident that the functions of tau extend beyond its ability to modulate microtubule dynamics. Tau plays a role in mediating axonal transport, synaptic structure and function, and neuronal signaling pathways. Although tau plays important physiological roles in neurons, its involvement in neurodegenerative diseases, and most prominently in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease (AD), has directed the majority of tau studies. However, a thorough knowledge of the physiological functions of tau and its post-translational modifications under normal conditions are necessary to provide the foundation for understanding its role in pathological settings. In this review, we will focus on human tau, summarizing tau structure and organization, as well as its posttranslational modifications associated with physiological processes. We will highlight possible mechanisms involved in mediating the turnover of tau and finally discuss newly elucidated tau functions in a physiological context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheril Tapia-Rojas
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Aging, Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina (CEBICEM), Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fabian Cabezas-Opazo
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carol A Deaton
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, NY, USA
| | - Erick H Vergara
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gail V W Johnson
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, NY, USA
| | - Rodrigo A Quintanilla
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Centro de Investigación y Estudio del Consumo de Alcohol en Adolescentes (CIIA), Santiago, Chile.
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231
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Schöll M, Maass A, Mattsson N, Ashton NJ, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, Jagust W. Biomarkers for tau pathology. Mol Cell Neurosci 2018; 97:18-33. [PMID: 30529601 PMCID: PMC6584358 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The aggregation of fibrils of hyperphosphorylated and C-terminally truncated microtubule-associated tau protein characterizes 80% of all dementia disorders, the most common neurodegenerative disorders. These so-called tauopathies are hitherto not curable and their diagnosis, especially at early disease stages, has traditionally proven difficult. A keystone in the diagnosis of tauopathies was the development of methods to assess levels of tau protein in vivo in cerebrospinal fluid, which has significantly improved our knowledge about these conditions. Tau proteins have also been measured in blood, but the importance of tau-related changes in blood is still unclear. The recent addition of positron emission tomography ligands to visualize, map and quantify tau pathology has further contributed with information about the temporal and spatial characteristics of tau accumulation in the living brain. Together, the measurement of tau with fluid biomarkers and positron emission tomography constitutes the basis for a highly active field of research. This review describes the current state of biomarkers for tau biomarkers derived from neuroimaging and from the analysis of bodily fluids and their roles in the detection, diagnosis and prognosis of tau-associated neurodegenerative disorders, as well as their associations with neuropathological findings, and aims to provide a perspective on how these biomarkers might be employed prospectively in research and clinical settings. Biomarkers for tau pathology are now essential to the research framework in the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) Measurement of t- and p-tau has been possible in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for some time, the recent development of positron emission tomography (PET) ligands binding to tau has added the possibility to map and quantify tau in the living brain First-generation tau PET ligands bind predominantly to AD-typical 3R/4R tau isoforms and exhibit off-target binding that can limit accurate ligand uptake quantification Second-generation tau PET ligands appear to bind to comparable binding sites but exhibit fewer issues with brain off-target binding Biomarkers for tau derived from CSF analysis and PET could provide complementary information about disease state and stage At this time, T-tau, but not p-tau, can be reliably measured in plasma using ultra-sensitive immunoassays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schöll
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine and the Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Clinical Memory Research Unit, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK.
| | - Anne Maass
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Magdeburg, Germany; Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - Niklas Mattsson
- Clinical Memory Research Unit, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden; Department of Neurology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Nicholas J Ashton
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine and the Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, London, UK
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden; UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK
| | - William Jagust
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, USA; Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
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232
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Administration of the benzodiazepine midazolam increases tau phosphorylation in the mouse brain. Neurobiol Aging 2018; 75:11-24. [PMID: 30508732 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2018.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical studies have shown that anesthesia might accelerate the clinical progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and can have an impact on tau pathology, a hallmark of AD. Although benzodiazepines have been suggested to increase the risk of incident dementia, their impact on tau pathology in vivo is unknown. We thus examined the impact of midazolam, a benzodiazepine that is often administered perioperatively as an anxiolytic, on tau hyperphosphorylation in nontransgenic and in hTau mice, the latter a model of AD-like tau pathology. The acute administration of midazolam in C57BL/6 mice was associated with downregulation of protein phosphatase-1 and a significant and persistent increase in brain tau phosphorylation. In hTau mice, tau hyperphosphorylation was also observed; however, midazolam was neither associated with proaggregant changes nor spatial reference memory impairment. In C57BL/6 mice, chronic midazolam administration immediately increased hippocampal tau phosphorylation, and this effect was more pronounced in older mice. Interestingly, in young C57BL/6 mice, chronic midazolam administration induced hippocampal tau hyperphosphorylation, which persisted for 1 week. In hTau mice, chronic midazolam administration increased hippocampal tau phosphorylation and, although this was not associated with proaggregant changes, this correlated with a decreased capacity of tau to bind to preassembled microtubules. These findings suggest that midazolam can induce significant tau hyperphosphorylation in vivo, which persists well beyond recovery from its sedative effects. Moreover, it can disrupt one of tau's critical functions. Hence, future studies should focus on the impact of more prolonged or repeated benzodiazepine exposure on tau pathology and cognitive decline.
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233
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Popugaeva E, Pchitskaya E, Bezprozvanny I. Dysregulation of Intracellular Calcium Signaling in Alzheimer's Disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2018; 29:1176-1188. [PMID: 29890840 PMCID: PMC6157344 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2018.7506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Calcium (Ca2+) hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) gains popularity. It points to new signaling pathways that may underlie AD pathogenesis. Based on calcium hypothesis, novel targets for the development of potential AD therapies are identified. Recent Advances: Recently, the key role of neuronal store-operated calcium entry (nSOCE) in the development of AD has been described. Correct regulation of nSOCE is necessary for the stability of postsynaptic contacts to preserve the memory formation. Molecular identity of hippocampal nSOCE is defined. Perspective nSOCE-activating molecule, prototype of future anti-AD drugs, is described. CRITICAL ISSUES Endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ overload happens in many but not in all AD models. The nSOCE targeting therapy described in this review may not be universally applicable. FUTURE DIRECTIONS There is a need to determine whether AD is a syndrome with one critical signaling pathway that initiates pathology, or it is a disorder with many different signaling pathways that are disrupted simultaneously or one after each other. It is necessary to validate applicability of nSOCE-activating therapy for the development of anti-AD medication. There is an experimental correlation between downregulated nSOCE and disrupted postsynaptic contacts in AD mouse models. Signaling mechanisms downstream of nSOCE which are responsible for the regulation of stability of postsynaptic contacts have to be discovered. That will bring new targets for the development of AD-preventing therapies. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 29, 1176-1188.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Popugaeva
- 1 Laboratory of Molecular Neurodegeneration, Department of Medical Physics, Peter the Great St.Petersburg Polytechnic University , St.Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Ekaterina Pchitskaya
- 1 Laboratory of Molecular Neurodegeneration, Department of Medical Physics, Peter the Great St.Petersburg Polytechnic University , St.Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Ilya Bezprozvanny
- 1 Laboratory of Molecular Neurodegeneration, Department of Medical Physics, Peter the Great St.Petersburg Polytechnic University , St.Petersburg, Russian Federation.,2 Department of Physiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas , Dallas, Texas
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234
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Reza-Zaldivar EE, Hernández-Sapiéns MA, Minjarez B, Gutiérrez-Mercado YK, Márquez-Aguirre AL, Canales-Aguirre AA. Potential Effects of MSC-Derived Exosomes in Neuroplasticity in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:317. [PMID: 30319358 PMCID: PMC6165870 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia affecting regions of the central nervous system that exhibit synaptic plasticity and are involved in higher brain functions such as learning and memory. AD is characterized by progressive cognitive dysfunction, memory loss and behavioral disturbances of synaptic plasticity and energy metabolism. Cell therapy has emerged as an alternative treatment of AD. The use of adult stem cells, such as neural stem cells and Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) from bone marrow and adipose tissue, have the potential to decrease cognitive deficits, possibly by reducing neuronal loss through blocking apoptosis, increasing neurogenesis, synaptogenesis and angiogenesis. These processes are mediated primarily by the secretion of many growth factors, anti-inflammatory proteins, membrane receptors, microRNAs (miRNA) and exosomes. Exosomes encapsulate and transfer several functional molecules like proteins, lipids and regulatory RNA which can modify cell metabolism. In the proteomic characterization of the content of MSC-derived exosomes, more than 730 proteins have been identified, some of which are specific cell type markers and others are involved in the regulation of binding and fusion of exosomes with adjacent cells. Furthermore, some factors were found that promote the recruitment, proliferation and differentiation of other cells like neural stem cells. Moreover, within exosomal cargo, a wide range of miRNAs were found, which can control functions related to neural remodeling as well as angiogenic and neurogenic processes. Taking this into consideration, the use of exosomes could be part of a strategy to promote neuroplasticity, improve cognitive impairment and neural replacement in AD. In this review, we describe how exosomes are involved in AD pathology and discuss the therapeutic potential of MSC-derived exosomes mediated by miRNA and protein cargo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin E Reza-Zaldivar
- Unidad de Evaluación Preclínica, Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, CONACYT Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco (CIATEJ), Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Mercedes A Hernández-Sapiéns
- Unidad de Evaluación Preclínica, Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, CONACYT Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco (CIATEJ), Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Benito Minjarez
- Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias (CUCBA), Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Yanet K Gutiérrez-Mercado
- Unidad de Evaluación Preclínica, Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, CONACYT Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco (CIATEJ), Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Ana L Márquez-Aguirre
- Unidad de Evaluación Preclínica, Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, CONACYT Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco (CIATEJ), Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Alejandro A Canales-Aguirre
- Unidad de Evaluación Preclínica, Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, CONACYT Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco (CIATEJ), Guadalajara, Mexico.,Profesor del programa de Maestría en Ciencias de la Salud Ambiental, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias (CUCBA), Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
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235
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Understanding the Role of ApoE Fragments in Alzheimer's Disease. Neurochem Res 2018; 44:1297-1305. [PMID: 30225748 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-018-2629-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most devastating neurodegenerative diseases. It has been known for decades that the APOE ɛ4 allele is the most significant genetic risk factor for late-onset AD and yet its precise role in the disease remains unclear. The APOE gene encodes apolipoprotein E (apoE), a 35 kDa glycoprotein highly expressed in the brain. There are three different isoforms: apoE3 is the most common allele in the population, whilst apoE2 decreases, and apoE4 increases AD risk. ApoE has numerous functions that affect neuronal and non-neuronal cells, thus how it contributes to disease onset and progression is hotly debated. The apoE4 isoform has been linked to the accumulation of both of the major pathological hallmarks of AD, amyloid plaques containing amyloid β peptides, and neurofibrillary tangles containing hyperphosphorylated tau protein, as well as other hallmarks of the disease, including inflammation and oxidative stress. Numerous studies have shown that apoE undergoes fragmentation in the human brain, and that the fragmentation pattern varies between isoforms. It was previously shown that apoE4 has neurotoxic functions, however recent data has also identified a neuroprotective role for the apoE N-terminal 25 kDa fragment, which is more prevalent in apoE3 individuals. The ability of the apoE 25 kDa fragment to promote neurite outgrowth was recently demonstrated and this suggests there is a potential loss of neuroprotection in apoE4 individuals in addition to the previously described gain of toxic function for specific apoE4 fragments. Here we review the enzymes proposed to be responsible for apoE fragmentation, the specific functions of different apoE fragments and their possible links with AD.
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236
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Balaji V, Kaniyappan S, Mandelkow E, Wang Y, Mandelkow EM. Pathological missorting of endogenous MAPT/Tau in neurons caused by failure of protein degradation systems. Autophagy 2018; 14:2139-2154. [PMID: 30145931 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2018.1509607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Missorting of MAPT/Tau represents one of the early signs of neurodegeneration in Alzheimer disease. The triggers for this are still a matter of debate. Here we investigated the sorting mechanisms of endogenous MAPT in mature primary neurons using microfluidic chambers (MFCs) where cell compartments can be observed separately. Blocking protein degradation pathways with proteasomal or autophagy inhibitors dramatically increased the missorting of MAPT in dendrites on the neuritic side, suggesting that degradation of MAPT in dendrites is a major determinant for the physiological axonal distribution of MAPT. Such missorted dendritic MAPT differed in its phosphorylation pattern from axonal MAPT. By contrast, enhancing autophagy or proteasomal pathways strongly reduced MAPT missorting, thereby confirming the role of protein degradation pathways in the polar distribution of MAPT. Dendritic missorting of MAPT by blocking protein degradation resulted in the loss of spines but not in overall cell toxicity. Inhibition of local protein synthesis in dendrites eliminated the missorting of MAPT, indicating that the accumulation of dendritic MAPT is locally generated. In support of this, a substantial fraction of Mapt/Tau mRNA was detected in dendrites. Taken together, our results indicate that the autophagy and proteasomal pathways play important roles in fine-tuning dendritic MAPT levels and thereby prevent synaptic toxicity caused by MAPT accumulation. Abbreviations Ani: anisomycin; Baf: bafilomycin A1; BSA: bovine serum albumin; cAMP: cyclic adenosine monophosphate; CHX: cycloheximide; DMSO: dimethyl sulfoxide; DIV: days in vitro; Epo: epoxomicin; E18: embryonic day 18; FISH: fluorescence in situ hybridization; IgG: immunoglobulin; kDa: kilodalton; Lac: lactacystin; LDH: lactate dehydrogenase; MFC: microfluidic chambers; MAPs: microtubule-associated proteins; MAPT/Tau: microtubule-associated protein tau; PVDF: polyvinylidene difluoride; PBS: phosphate-buffered saline; PRKA: protein kinase AMP-activated; RD150: round device 150; RT: room temperature; SDS: sodium dodecyl sulfate; SEM: standard error of the mean; Wor: wortmannin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varun Balaji
- a DZNE, German Center for Neurodeg. Diseases , Bonn , Germany
| | | | - Eckhard Mandelkow
- a DZNE, German Center for Neurodeg. Diseases , Bonn , Germany.,b CAESAR Research Center , Bonn , Germany.,c MPI for Metabolism Research, Hamburg Outstation c/o DESY , Hamburg , Germany
| | - Yipeng Wang
- a DZNE, German Center for Neurodeg. Diseases , Bonn , Germany
| | - Eva-Maria Mandelkow
- a DZNE, German Center for Neurodeg. Diseases , Bonn , Germany.,b CAESAR Research Center , Bonn , Germany.,c MPI for Metabolism Research, Hamburg Outstation c/o DESY , Hamburg , Germany
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237
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Bressloff PC, Maclaurin JN. Stochastic Hybrid Systems in Cellular Neuroscience. JOURNAL OF MATHEMATICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2018; 8:12. [PMID: 30136005 PMCID: PMC6104574 DOI: 10.1186/s13408-018-0067-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We review recent work on the theory and applications of stochastic hybrid systems in cellular neuroscience. A stochastic hybrid system or piecewise deterministic Markov process involves the coupling between a piecewise deterministic differential equation and a time-homogeneous Markov chain on some discrete space. The latter typically represents some random switching process. We begin by summarizing the basic theory of stochastic hybrid systems, including various approximation schemes in the fast switching (weak noise) limit. In subsequent sections, we consider various applications of stochastic hybrid systems, including stochastic ion channels and membrane voltage fluctuations, stochastic gap junctions and diffusion in randomly switching environments, and intracellular transport in axons and dendrites. Finally, we describe recent work on phase reduction methods for stochastic hybrid limit cycle oscillators.
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238
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Current Screening Methodologies in Drug Discovery for Selected Human Diseases. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:md16080279. [PMID: 30110923 PMCID: PMC6117650 DOI: 10.3390/md16080279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The increase of many deadly diseases like infections by multidrug-resistant bacteria implies re-inventing the wheel on drug discovery. A better comprehension of the metabolisms and regulation of diseases, the increase in knowledge based on the study of disease-born microorganisms’ genomes, the development of more representative disease models and improvement of techniques, technologies, and computation applied to biology are advances that will foster drug discovery in upcoming years. In this paper, several aspects of current methodologies for drug discovery of antibacterial and antifungals, anti-tropical diseases, antibiofilm and antiquorum sensing, anticancer and neuroprotectors are considered. For drug discovery, two different complementary approaches can be applied: classical pharmacology, also known as phenotypic drug discovery, which is the historical basis of drug discovery, and reverse pharmacology, also designated target-based drug discovery. Screening methods based on phenotypic drug discovery have been used to discover new natural products mainly from terrestrial origin. Examples of the discovery of marine natural products are provided. A section on future trends provides a comprehensive overview on recent advances that will foster the pharmaceutical industry.
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239
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Abstract
Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), the most common non-AD neurodegenerative disease has in the past several decades attracted the attention of the neurological scientific community due to its highly negative impact on the quality of life of both the affected individuals and those caring for them. The strong hereditary component in related conditions such as PD and AD and the description of a number of DLB families suggest that genetic factors may play a role in the pathogenesis of DLB. This chapter focuses on currently proposed causal and risk genes and their role in the pathophysiology of DLB, discusses the feasibility of genetic therapy and genetic testing in the diagnostic and treatment of DLB and provides directions for future research. While no single mutation is specific enough to support its regular use in the diagnosis/treatment of DLB, identification of combinations of causative gene or single-gene point mutations and risk genes interfering with the pathogenesis of DLB may help elucidate the genetic mechanisms involved in DLB and inform development of gene-specific therapies.
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240
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Pérez MJ, Jara C, Quintanilla RA. Contribution of Tau Pathology to Mitochondrial Impairment in Neurodegeneration. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:441. [PMID: 30026680 PMCID: PMC6041396 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tau is an essential protein that physiologically promotes the assembly and stabilization of microtubules, and participates in neuronal development, axonal transport, and neuronal polarity. However, in a number of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), tau undergoes pathological modifications in which soluble tau assembles into insoluble filaments, leading to synaptic failure and neurodegeneration. Mitochondria are responsible for energy supply, detoxification, and communication in brain cells, and important evidence suggests that mitochondrial failure could have a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of AD. In this context, our group and others investigated the negative effects of tau pathology on specific neuronal functions. In particular, we observed that the presence of these tau forms could affect mitochondrial function at three different levels: (i) mitochondrial transport, (ii) morphology, and (iii) bioenergetics. Therefore, mitochondrial dysfunction mediated by anomalous tau modifications represents a novel mechanism by which these forms contribute to the pathogenesis of AD. In this review, we will discuss the main results reported on pathological tau modifications and their effects on mitochondrial function and their importance for the synaptic communication and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- María J Pérez
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Centro de Investigación y Estudio del Consumo de Alcohol en Adolescentes (CIAA), Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia Jara
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Centro de Investigación y Estudio del Consumo de Alcohol en Adolescentes (CIAA), Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo A Quintanilla
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Centro de Investigación y Estudio del Consumo de Alcohol en Adolescentes (CIAA), Santiago, Chile
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241
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Swanton T, Cook J, Beswick JA, Freeman S, Lawrence CB, Brough D. Is Targeting the Inflammasome a Way Forward for Neuroscience Drug Discovery? SLAS DISCOVERY 2018; 23:991-1017. [PMID: 29969573 DOI: 10.1177/2472555218786210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is becoming increasingly recognized as a critical factor in the pathology of both acute and chronic neurological conditions. Inflammasomes such as the one formed by NACHT, LRR, and PYD domains containing protein 3 (NLRP3) are key regulators of inflammation due to their ability to induce the processing and secretion of interleukin 1β (IL-1β). IL-1β has previously been identified as a potential therapeutic target in a variety of conditions due to its ability to promote neuronal damage under conditions of injury. Thus, inflammasome inhibition has the potential to curtail inflammatory signaling, which could prove beneficial in certain diseases. In this review, we discuss the evidence for inflammasome contributions to the pathology of neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, and acute degeneration following brain trauma or stroke. In addition, we review the current landscape of drug development targeting the NLRP3 inflammasome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa Swanton
- 1 Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - James Cook
- 1 Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - James A Beswick
- 2 Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Sally Freeman
- 2 Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Catherine B Lawrence
- 1 Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - David Brough
- 1 Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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242
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Maiti P, Dunbar GL. Use of Curcumin, a Natural Polyphenol for Targeting Molecular Pathways in Treating Age-Related Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1637. [PMID: 29857538 PMCID: PMC6032333 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Progressive accumulation of misfolded amyloid proteins in intracellular and extracellular spaces is one of the principal reasons for synaptic damage and impairment of neuronal communication in several neurodegenerative diseases. Effective treatments for these diseases are still lacking but remain the focus of much active investigation. Despite testing several synthesized compounds, small molecules, and drugs over the past few decades, very few of them can inhibit aggregation of amyloid proteins and lessen their neurotoxic effects. Recently, the natural polyphenol curcumin (Cur) has been shown to be a promising anti-amyloid, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective agent for several neurodegenerative diseases. Because of its pleotropic actions on the central nervous system, including preferential binding to amyloid proteins, Cur is being touted as a promising treatment for age-related brain diseases. Here, we focus on molecular targeting of Cur to reduce amyloid burden, rescue neuronal damage, and restore normal cognitive and sensory motor functions in different animal models of neurodegenerative diseases. We specifically highlight Cur as a potential treatment for Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Huntington's, and prion diseases. In addition, we discuss the major issues and limitations of using Cur for treating these diseases, along with ways of circumventing those shortcomings. Finally, we provide specific recommendations for optimal dosing with Cur for treating neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panchanan Maiti
- Field Neurosciences Institute Laboratory for Restorative Neurology, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
- Program in Neuroscience, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
- Department of Psychology, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
- Field Neurosciences Institute, St. Mary's of Michigan, Saginaw, MI 48604, USA.
- Department of Biology, Saginaw Valley State University, Saginaw, MI 48610, USA.
- Brain Research Laboratory, Saginaw Valley State University, Saginaw, MI 48610, USA.
| | - Gary Leo Dunbar
- Field Neurosciences Institute Laboratory for Restorative Neurology, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
- Program in Neuroscience, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
- Department of Psychology, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
- Field Neurosciences Institute, St. Mary's of Michigan, Saginaw, MI 48604, USA.
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243
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Brown J, Horrocks MH. A sticky situation: Aberrant protein-protein interactions in Parkinson's disease. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 99:65-77. [PMID: 29738882 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The aberrant aggregation of normally soluble proteins into amyloid fibrils is the pathological hallmark of several neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Understanding this process will be key to developing both diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for neurodegenerative diseases. Recent advances in biophysical techniques, coupled with kinetic analyses have enabled a thorough description of the key molecular steps involved in protein aggregation. In this review, we discuss these advances and how they have been applied to study the ability of one such protein, α-Synuclein, to form neurotoxic oligomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Brown
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2032, Australia.
| | - Mathew H Horrocks
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK.
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244
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Wu J, Zhou SL, Pi LH, Shi XJ, Ma LR, Chen Z, Qu ML, Li X, Nie SD, Liao DF, Pei JJ, Wang S. High glucose induces formation of tau hyperphosphorylation via Cav-1-mTOR pathway: A potential molecular mechanism for diabetes-induced cognitive dysfunction. Oncotarget 2018; 8:40843-40856. [PMID: 28489581 PMCID: PMC5522306 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The abnormally hyperphosphorylated tau is thought to be implicated in diabetes-associated cognitive deficits. The role of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) / S6 kinase (S6K) signalling in the formation of tau hyperphosphorylation has been previously studied. Caveolin-1 (Cav-1), the essential structure protein of caveolae, promotes neuronal survival and growth, and inhibits glucose metabolism. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of Cav-1 in the formation of tau hyperphosphorylation under chronic hyperglycemic condition (HGC). Diabetic rats were induced by streptozotocin (STZ). Primary hippocampal neurons with or without molecular intervention such as the transient over-expression or knock-down were subjected to HGC. The obtained experimental samples were analyzed by real time quantitative RT-PCR, Western blot, immunofluorescence or immunohistochemisty. We found: 1) that a chronic HGC directly decreases Cav-1 expression, increases tau phosphorylation and activates mTOR/S6K signalling in the brain neurons of diabetic rats, 2) that overexpression of Cav-1 attenuates tau hyperphosphorylation induced by chronic HGC in primary hippocampal neurons, whereas down-regulation of Cav-1 using Cav-1 siRNA dramatically worsens tau hyperphosphorylation via mTOR/S6K signalling pathway, and 3) that the down-regulation of Cav-1 induced by HGC is independent of mTOR signalling. Our results suggest that tau hyperphosphorylation and the sustained over-activated mTOR signalling under hyperglycemia may be due to the suppression of Cav-1. Therefore, Cav-1 is a potential therapeutic target for diabetes-induced cognitive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shan-Lei Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lin-Hua Pi
- Department of Endocrinology, Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xia-Jie Shi
- Department of Endocrinology, Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ling-Ran Ma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zi Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Min-Li Qu
- Department of Endocrinology, Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Sheng-Dan Nie
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, People's Hospital of Hunan province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Duan-Fang Liao
- Division of Stem Cell Regulation and Application, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jin-Jing Pei
- KI-Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, Novum, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Neurology, Xuan Wu Hospital, Capital Medical University, China.,Center of Alzheimer's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Shan Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
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245
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Haj-Yahya M, Lashuel HA. Protein Semisynthesis Provides Access to Tau Disease-Associated Post-translational Modifications (PTMs) and Paves the Way to Deciphering the Tau PTM Code in Health and Diseased States. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:6611-6621. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b02668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahmood Haj-Yahya
- Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration, Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hilal A. Lashuel
- Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration, Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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246
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Lacosta AM, Insua D, Badi H, Pesini P, Sarasa M. Neurofibrillary Tangles of Aβx-40 in Alzheimer's Disease Brains. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 58:661-667. [PMID: 28453491 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The two pathognomonic lesions in the brain of AD patients are senile plaques and intraneuronal neurofibrillary tangles (NFT). Previous studies have demonstrated that amyloid-β (Aβ) is a component of both senile plaques and NFTs, and have showed that intracellular accumulation of Aβ is toxic for cells and precedes the appearance of extracellular amyloid deposits. Here we report that there are numerous intraneuronal NFT and extraneuronal NFT immunoreactive for Aβx-40 in which there is no co-localization with tau staining suggesting the existence of two different neurodegenerating populations associated with the intracellular accumulation of either tau protein or Aβx-40 in AD.
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247
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Ortiz-Guerrero G, Amador-Muñoz D, Calderón-Ospina CA, López-Fuentes D, Nava Mesa MO. Proton Pump Inhibitors and Dementia: Physiopathological Mechanisms and Clinical Consequences. Neural Plast 2018; 2018:5257285. [PMID: 29755512 PMCID: PMC5883984 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5257285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia, mainly encompassing cognitive decline in subjects aged ≥65 years. Further, AD is characterized by selective synaptic and neuronal degeneration, vascular dysfunction, and two histopathological features: extracellular amyloid plaques composed of amyloid beta peptide (Aβ) and neurofibrillary tangles formed by hyperphosphorylated tau protein. Dementia and AD are chronic neurodegenerative conditions with a complex physiopathology involving both genetic and environmental factors. Recent clinical studies have shown that proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are associated with risk of dementia, including AD. However, a recent case-control study reported decreased risk of dementia. PPIs are a widely indicated class of drugs for gastric acid-related disorders, although most older adult users are not treated for the correct indication. Although neurological side effects secondary to PPIs are rare, several preclinical reports indicate that PPIs might increase Aβ levels, interact with tau protein, and affect the neuronal microenvironment through several mechanisms. Considering the controversy between PPI use and dementia risk, as well as both cognitive and neuroprotective effects, the aim of this review is to examine the relationship between PPI use and brain effects from a neurobiological and clinical perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Ortiz-Guerrero
- Individualized Research Learner Program, Neuromuscular Research Division, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Diana Amador-Muñoz
- Neuroscience (NEUROS) Research Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Carrera 24 No. 63C–69, Bogotá 111221, Colombia
| | - Carlos Alberto Calderón-Ospina
- Unidad de Farmacología, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Carrera 24 No. 63C–69, Bogotá 111221, Colombia
| | - Daniel López-Fuentes
- Medical Social Service, Hospital de San Francisco, Kra 8 No. 6A–121, Gacheta 251230, Colombia
| | - Mauricio Orlando Nava Mesa
- Neuroscience (NEUROS) Research Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Carrera 24 No. 63C–69, Bogotá 111221, Colombia
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248
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Yuan H, Du L, Ge P, Wang X, Xia Q. Association of microtubule-associated protein tau gene polymorphisms with the risk of sporadic Alzheimer's disease: a meta-analysis. Int J Neurosci 2018; 128:577-585. [PMID: 29098924 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2017.1400972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hai Yuan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second People's Hospital of Hefei City, Hefei, China
| | - Lingling Du
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second People's Hospital of Hefei City, Hefei, China
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Affiliated Hefei Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Pingping Ge
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second People's Hospital of Hefei City, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaotong Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Qing Xia
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second People's Hospital of Hefei City, Hefei, China
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249
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Scullion SE, Barker GRI, Warburton EC, Randall AD, Brown JT. Muscarinic Receptor-Dependent Long Term Depression in the Perirhinal Cortex and Recognition Memory are Impaired in the rTg4510 Mouse Model of Tauopathy. Neurochem Res 2018; 44:617-626. [PMID: 29484523 PMCID: PMC6420433 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-018-2487-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Revised: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases affecting cognitive dysfunction, such as Alzheimer's disease and fronto-temporal dementia, are often associated impairments in the visual recognition memory system. Recent evidence suggests that synaptic plasticity, in particular long term depression (LTD), in the perirhinal cortex (PRh) is a critical cellular mechanism underlying recognition memory. In this study, we have examined novel object recognition and PRh LTD in rTg4510 mice, which transgenically overexpress tauP301L. We found that 8-9 month old rTg4510 mice had significant deficits in long- but not short-term novel object recognition memory. Furthermore, we also established that PRh slices prepared from rTg4510 mice, unlike those prepared from wildtype littermates, could not support a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor-dependent form of LTD, induced by a 5 Hz stimulation protocol. In contrast, bath application of the muscarinic agonist carbachol induced a form of chemical LTD in both WT and rTg4510 slices. Finally, when rTg4510 slices were preincubated with the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor donepezil, the 5 Hz stimulation protocol was capable of inducing significant levels of LTD. These data suggest that dysfunctional cholinergic innervation of the PRh of rTg4510 mice, results in deficits in synaptic LTD which may contribute to aberrant recognition memory in this rodent model of tauopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Scullion
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Medical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Gareth R I Barker
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Medical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - E Clea Warburton
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Medical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Andrew D Randall
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Medical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK. .,Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Hatherly Laboratories, Prince of Wales Road, Exeter, EX4 4PS, UK.
| | - Jonathan T Brown
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Medical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK.,Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Hatherly Laboratories, Prince of Wales Road, Exeter, EX4 4PS, UK
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250
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Lim PH, Wert SL, Tunc-Ozcan E, Marr R, Ferreira A, Redei EE. Premature hippocampus-dependent memory decline in middle-aged females of a genetic rat model of depression. Behav Brain Res 2018; 353:242-249. [PMID: 29490235 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Aging and major depressive disorder are risk factors for dementia, including Alzheimer's Disease (AD), but the mechanism(s) linking depression and dementia are not known. Both AD and depression show greater prevalence in women. We began to investigate this connection using females of the genetic model of depression, the inbred Wistar Kyoto More Immobile (WMI) rat. These rats consistently display depression-like behavior compared to the genetically close control, the Wistar Kyoto Less Immobile (WLI) strain. Hippocampus-dependent contextual fear memory did not differ between young WLI and WMI females, but, by middle-age, female WMIs showed memory deficits compared to same age WLIs. This deficit, measured as duration of freezing in the fear provoking-context was not related to activity differences between the strains prior to fear conditioning. Hippocampal expression of AD-related genes, such as amyloid precursor protein, amyloid beta 42, beta secretase, synucleins, total and dephosphorylated tau, and synaptophysin, did not differ between WLIs and WMIs in either age group. However, hippocampal transcript levels of catalase (Cat) and hippocampal and frontal cortex expression of insulin-like growth factor 2 (Igf2) and Igf2 receptor (Igf2r) paralleled fear memory differences between middle-aged WLIs and WMIs. This data suggests that chronic depression-like behavior that is present in this genetic model is a risk factor for early spatial memory decline in females. The molecular mechanisms of this early memory decline likely involve the interaction of aging processes with the genetic components responsible for the depression-like behavior in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick H Lim
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, United States
| | - Stephanie L Wert
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, United States
| | - Elif Tunc-Ozcan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, United States
| | - Robert Marr
- Department of Neuroscience, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064, United States
| | - Adriana Ferreira
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, United States
| | - Eva E Redei
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, United States.
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